Evening Star Newspaper, January 27, 1929, Page 33

|"__.{Continued From Third Page.) which living tissues are composed. In the sea, therefore, vast multitudes of creatures live suspended, swimming or drifting more or less inertly in the ‘water. What is the result of this? The re- sult is that the waters of the sea almost everywhere teem with living things, some large, but many very small. Thus, whereas on land all creatures must be able to get about in order to secure sufficient food, the creatures in the sea are ‘able to get food in three, different ways. Many sea creatures are capable of rapid locomotion, as the whales, most kinds of fish and crabs. But locomo- tion is not really necessary for creatures living in water teeming with smaller living things. There are two additional ways for them—or some of them at least—to secure sufficient food. Very many animals of the sea fasten themselves securely to the bottom, as do the oysters and the corals and a host of other types with strange and unfamiliar names, and let the water do the. work of bringing food to them. Others, like certain jelly fishes, simply float about, surrounded by their food supply. It is commonly remarked that life |is not incompatible with other econo- | came from the sea and that in the sea are to be found those primitive ani- mal types trom which land animals and the active animals of the sea arose. ‘There seems to be no logic in this sup- position. Distribution of Life. About three-fourths of all the known kinds of animals live on the land, but this formidable array is distributed among only a few of the major types. Less than one-fourth of all the differ- ent kinds of animals that so far have been described live in the sea, but these sea animals are distributed among about three times as many major types as are the anumals inhabiting the land. ‘Thus of the major types of animals, nearly half again as many as all land living types together, are exclusively ‘marine. These include such creatures as the starfishes, the sea-urchins and various others unfamiliar to any but zoologists. ‘Three times as many different kinds of animals are found on land as are found living in the sea. But in the sea there are three times as many major types of animals as are found on land. ‘The occurrence in the sea of so very many different types of animals having a structure showing a wide departure from the structure of those creatures with which we are most familiar, natu- rally has.given-rise to the idea that in the sea we find the reservoir of prim- itive types of life from which all other types arose. But this phenomenon is capable of another and much more logical explana- tion. - Land animals can secure their food in only a single way—by going after it. Sea animals secure their food in three quite different ways. Three times as many ways of muflngu{m means three times as many possibi of variation in the bodily form and structure of the animals concerned. ‘Thus the excess of major animal types found in the sea is simply in agreement ‘with the increased possibilities of secur- ing food and implies no evolutionary inferiority of sea animals as compared with animals on land. ‘What can we learn in regard to the ‘major groups of animals from the fossil record? The earliest aquatic fauna that we know, that of the Cambrian rocks, was in its broader aspects singularly -similar to the aquatic fauna of the present day. Every one of the numer- ous component species falls at once within a definite phylum as outlined by the living forms, and in a definite class within that phylum. Many of the dif- ferent kinds of animals can be recog- nized as members of families still exist- ing, while a few may be assigned even to recent genera. 3 Life Status Unchanged. ‘The long list of animal types sented by the fossils ian and immediately succeeding rocks and their general agreement with the ani- mals of the present day can have only one meaning. that as far back as Cambrian time the status of the animal world was, fn its| tak broader features, just what it is today. Of course it is-quite likely, indeed it s most probable, that animals existed }vng before the commencement of the t day, we may safely predicate a correspondence between the animals of the Cambrian and those of a more distant past. Within each major group of animals we see in the fossil record a very dif- ferent picture. There is a constant change from one horizon to another. ‘These successive variations are prob- 2bly simply indications of a direct re- m to physical alterations in en- ent favoring now one type or !ubtl{&e. now ariother . This continuous alteration in the ele- ments within restricted groups is per- haps best illustrated in the vertebrates, since these are the most familiar of all animals. The progressive changes in the reptiles from the Carboniferous to the end of the Cretaceous and of the mammals from the top of the basal Eocene to the rresent day, or rather to the period just past, the Pleistocene, forms a story of most absorbing interest. Here we can trace the gradual development from :ompl!d‘!.r!'vellynmflcrll\nmc-?t beginning to ‘wonderful flowe) of specialization and perfection. ¥ i But it is well to emphasize the fact that every developmental line has cer- tain gaps. Some have these gaps large and broad, while in others, as for in- stance in the horses, the gaps are rela- tively small. But they are always there, ‘They are, therefore, natural, and not due to a deficlency in the record. Apes and Man. As an {llustration of such a gap from the latter fossil record there n"l’ly be mentioned the difference between the man-like apes and man. No one can deny that the great apes are in their eral form very much like man. Yet is no fossil evidence whatever that the most ancient man was not a man. . The very different from the men we see today. But all the earliest skeletal remain: have been determined by the most mp:fznmt authorities d“in definitely er man or ape, an no case intermediate. i g Other gaps are found between the monkeys and the lemure, between the cats and dogs and bears, and between the bats and other mammals. As we contemplate the animals without back bones, as snalls, insects, felly fish and earth worms, we notice that the gaps between the different groups become still more pronounced and wider. That these gaps between the different types of animals are real there can be no question. Yet it is just this that Is denled by the modern” evolutionists who assume various sorts of missing links to complete the picture. These missing links are for the most part wholly imaginary. If these gaps are real there should be at least an indication of them to be found within each separate type of animal. ‘We find that. this is true. Among the vertebrates there are two well marked lines of deviation from the structural average both of which are character- Istic of certain types and also occur as so-called deformities or abnormali- ties in other in which they are incom- patible with other features necessary for existence. Cows Like Kangaroos. In all the backboned animals there Is a marked tendency toward a great enlargement of the hinder pair of limbs, with a corresponding reduction “In the sizes of the anterior pair. This feature is characteristic of the frogs, dinosaurs, moas, ostriches and other birds, certain fishes, and such mammals a8 the kangaroos, rabbits and hares, perboas and jumping mice, and others. 1t shows conclusively | by early men were quite : It is a not infrequent deformity in cats and cattle, and probably in other ver- tebrates; but in these it only appears occassionally and the individuals so malformed usually die young, being un- able to meet the competition of their velatives of the usual type. | cats and cattle shows that in these animals there is a latent tendency to | develop types with the same build as he rabbit or the kangaroo. A kan- garoo-like cat, however, could not hold its prey, while the feet of a kangaroo- |like cow would be wholly unsuited to a | leaping mode of progress. Nature con- stantly is striving to produce these | creatures which in the modern world |are impossible anomalies. | Among the butterfiies and moths in- | dividuals occassionally are found which | are male on one side and female on the | other. Sometimes the wings of a single individual are divided into regular or more or less irregular patches some of which show the male and others the | female. type of coloration. |stances of hermaphroditism are also | known from other insects and from all | the groups of vertebrates. | Such bisexualism is a characteristic |features of all the individuals in a {number- of different types of animals where its fixation as a normal feature | mically necessary features. Summing up the statements made above, we find that a satisfactory theory of evolution must explain a certain cor- respondence indicated, but mnot vet worked out in detail, between the or- ganic and the inorganic worlds; the curious correspondence in all the broad- er features between the very earliest fossils and the living animals, and the occurrence of gaps of all degrees be- tween the different sorts of animals. It is not concerned with the explana- tion of the excess of different animal Evolutionary Tree Picture. Clearly three requirements cannot be met by a single straight evolutionary line. Neither will the usual figure of an evolutionary tree with numerous branches leading nowhere serve the pur- pose. The numerous gaps, often very broad, between the animal types renders a straight line, or a branching tree-like | figure, quite inadequate to portray the | truth. |~ Within restricted groups there might be shown an evolutionary line, broken at intervals and more or less devicus in_direction, or even a sketchy tree- like figure, that would approximate the truth. But for animals as a whole some other scheme is necessary. A study of the development of ani- mals points out the way to such a scheme. All animals originate from single cells. Some remain all their lives as single cells, while in others the original single cells divide and become 8 more or less complex mass of cells. Assuming that the earliest animals, like those of the present day, began life as a single cell, there are three alternatives which subsequent develop- ment might follow. There is no reason for believing that these three paths were not followed simultaneously—that is, that animal life did not from the first develop in three divergent ways, As the original cells divide the re- sultant cells may separate from each other so that the individual animals always remain composed of a single cell. In other words, on the division into two of the original cell, each half may separate from the other and become a separate animal half the size of the original. Further division would give Tise to a corresponding number of en- tirely separate animals, all when they reach the maximum size increasing by simple division into two. The so-called protozoans or single-celled animals il- lustrate this process. Cells in Contact. But after division into two the cells might remain in contact and this con- tact might be maintained through suc- cessive cell divisions. Here there are two alternatives. The cells may adhere more or less irregularly so that a poorly differentiated mass of cells results, the hole being more or less distinctly radial in symmetry. The result oi such development is illustrated the sponges. On the other hand, cell division may e place by regular geometrical progression, the original cell dividing into 2, 4, 16, 32, 64, and so on, until g hollow ball of cells, known as a blastula, is formed, which, by collapsing, would known as a opposite pole, I.nl;fl thfi radii. such an animal form should con- tinue its development to the ndl}llt stage, following to its logical conclusion the preceding line of geometrical de- velopment, the result would be an animal radially symmetrical and com- posed of two layers of cells. Such an | :;ur;:le;smreprese: {lh:y the hydra, the | - ne, ang Vel flfl;:d t(:l‘:anil‘l]'(‘s. R lost significant is the fact that ey animal, excepting for those just n:’:xxz tioned, has a gastrula or hydra stage in its development. But at this stage something goes wrong with the radial development, and later development gives rise to a creature with a head end at which sense organs are developed and to which the mouth migrates. Groups of Animals, There are four great groups of animals which retain, to a large S:lent, evidences of the fundamental radial Symmetry, yet are to an equal, or even greater, extent, bilaterally symmetrical, Wwith a more or less indefinite head. Between each two of these four 8roups is another animal group com- bining the characters of those on either side, though widely different from them. Within this inner circle are four others, bearing the same rela- tion to them that they do to the first | four. Three other circlets of four | groups, each arranged in the same way, complete the picture, and in the center stand the vertebrates or back-boned animals. Unfortunately the names of these varlous groups are without mean- ing save to zoologists, By this arrangement of the numerous different types of animals we get a logical place for each and every group. Each is sharply cut off from all the Test as if the major types of animals were a recrystallization of features in- herent in animals as a whole. Such a diagram brings this out, In such a plan of evolution no time element is involved, and there is no reason for assuming that any of the major groups of animals in their ap- pearance preceded any other, | Harmonizing of Theories. The essence of this concept of evo- lution may be stated in a few words. In the first place, it is rather a harmo- ;nézing of previous theories than a new ea. While the idea of linear evolution in- volving a time element is in general quite valid within restricted’groups, as, for instance, in the horses, yet it must undergo a certain modification, for gaps are found in all of these evolutionary lines which appear to be real—that is, | were never, so far as we have been able to learn, bridged by so-called missing links. This i3 a modification of the com- monly accepted ideas of evolution in the direction of the mutation theory of De Vries. It is quite obvious that the gap be- tween cats and dogs and their imme- diate relatives is quite broad, and it re- mains broad throughout the fossil rec- ord. Cats never become dogs, but both are carnivorous mammals. Between the backboned animals and the invertebrates, such as the insects, the gaps are very broad, and those pe- culiar types which are intermediate be- tween them are widely different from either. Between the various . invertebrate groups, as insects, shells, starfishes and so forth, the gaps are still wider. These gaps go back %o the earliest fossils that we know unchanged, so fhat so far as { A study of the malformed young of | types occurring in the sea. | | these cannot be arranged in any sort of THE SUNDAY (Continued From First Page.)- store the religion to its primitive sim- plicity, but they abstain from alcohol and tobacco, keep the fast of Ramazan on the burning sands of torrid Arabia and carry abstinence from drink to the extent of not even swallowing their saliva. The watchword of their religion is “the Koran or the.Sword,” and their fanatical belief that death in war against infidels wipes out all past sins and opens wide the gates of Paradise makes them dangerous foes. They al- | ready have raided the British mandates | of Mesopotamia and the Transjordan.| 1t is said that their object is the con- | quest of Egypt and the expulsion of the British from all Moslem countries, ‘The experience of the British during the Boer War in South Africa shows the dangers of guerrilla warfare, even when the enemies are without arsenals, | heavy artillery and the resources of :modcrn industry. Have Burning Resentment. ‘The Mahometans, formerly so docile, |are filled with a burning resentment, | convinced, as they are, that the Euro- peans are determined to blot out their religion and their whole culture, of which they are intensely proud. The doctrine of the right of all races to self-determination, which has over- spread the whole world as the result of the war, is largely responsible for the smoldering insubordination which is constantly breaking out in riots and in- surrections against Europeans. The in- surrections in Egypt were so serious that the British withdrew their pro- tectorate and gave that country virtual independence. Moslem sentiment in In- dia caused England tq, alter its whole policy toward Turkey and cancel tle Treaty of Sevres at the end of the war. ‘When Moslem princes, either independ- ent or allied, visit Europe, they are re- ceived by the crowned heads with all the pomp due to equals. ‘Thousands of Mahometans fought against Turkey in Mesopotamia, Syria and elsewhere and rendered loyal serv- ice. Now they feel that they have been ceceived and betrayed, and after dusk, in their remote viilages, they plot re- venge. This ferment is working in all Mahometan countries like yeast in dough. The laws, as well as the customs, of Moslem countries are based upon the Koran and are entirely unsuited to mod- ern needs. The prohibition against re-1 ceiving interesth on money prevents Moslems from being bankers or mer- chants on a ‘large scale. Art is hampered by the law which forbids the making of representations of any living thing. The whole organization of their society has been petrified by hidebound Koranic traditions. The result has been that finance, commerce and industry, have been al- most monopolized by Jews and Greek, Armenian and other Christian mer- chants. _ Primitive agriculture and handicrafts have been left to the Ma- hometans. Decay has been inevitable. Towns have been deserted. forests de- stroyed and flelds lie untilled. “Where the Sultan’s horse’s hoof treads, grass never grows again.” ‘Wkite Prestige Goes. Until the time of the World War any thought among the Moslems of revolt against. the white man was ecrushed by memory of the defeats suffered by their armies from Morocco, through Egypt and Syria to the Balkans, Persia and Afghanistan in the days of European conquest. Though they had fought bravely and perseveringly, they had been no match for the heavy artillery, motor transport and other products. of European science. Beaten, cowed and hopeless, there had seemed no alterna- tive to complete submission. The whiie man ruled the earth through prestige, superior intelligence, mastery of ma- chines. But Orientals served in the armies of the Allies and learned to use the| shattering high explosives and to oper- ate the devilish machines. They saw white men prostrate in defeat. They visited the slums of our great cities and knew us at our worst. The pres- tige of the white man was gone. All over the East ran the whispers in the darkness, “These Europeans are not e demigods. They are as weak and as these creatures are concerned we have no justification in assuming a time ele- ment in the broader aspects of the evolutionary process. So wide are the gaps between these various types of humbler creatures that evolutionary line. But they do seem to fit perfectly well into a somewhat com- plicated diagram, showing each to have aflinities with several others, not merely with a single one. This portion of the idea is wholly new, but it is very technical, and it deals with creatures having names fa- miliar only to specialists in zoology. It might possibly be described as an ex- aggerated application of the views of De Vries. - N St. Moer Has Right Idea For over fifty years, physicians have recommended it and mothers all over the world have recognized this fine old medicine as the stan- dard remedy for those ills of child- hood, such as biliousness, sallow, “broken-out” skin, constipation, nervousness, indigestion, feverish- ness, no appetite or energy, etc. Children love the rich, fruity taste of California Fig Syrup and their whole system benefits from its gentle influence. It quickly purges the child’s system of all waste; it regulates the bowels and stomach. and gives these organs tone and strength so they continue to act normally, of their own accord. A Washigton mother, Mrs. W. L. Boswell, 1223 N St. N.W. says: “My little son, Edward, became consti- pated when he was just two months old. His stomach and bowels seemed to be weak. Then we started him on California Fig Syrup. It regulated him quick. Soon he began picking up and he hasn’t had a bit of his old trouble since. He’s a strong, healthy boy now at two years.” Always ask for California Fig Syrup by the full name to protect yourself from imitations. 1 drug stores have it. Four million| bottles used a year shows its popularity. CALIFORNI FIG SYRU | Turkey; STAR. WASHINGTON, Growing Threat of Islam bad as we are. Perhaps worse.” Every- where the subject races plucked up courage. They tried boycotts, riots, mu- tinies. The war-weary Europeans vac- illated and failed to inflict the ex- pected punishment. Concession follow- ed concession under pressure from pac- ifists, alfruists and anti-imperialists at home. Autonomy, once granted, be- came the basis for further demands. The flood tide of Moslem revival had begun. . Fighting Fire With™ Fire. “Fight fire with fire” is an old proverb, and the more intelligent Ma- hometan leaders are convinced that the only way to hold their own against the pressure of European imperialism is to adopt the economic processes of Eu- rope. The decision of the Japanese in 868 to do this was the only thing that saved them from the fate of China and India. Mustapha Kemal Pasha, “Conqueror of the Infidels” in Reza, Shah of Persia, and Amanullah, former Ameer of Afghanis- tan, have tried feverishly to:carry out this plan before it is too late. Mus- tapha Kemal and Reza have accom- plished wonders in political reorganiza- tion, in new legislation and in chang- ing manners and customs. Mustapha Kemal Pasha tore their red fezzes and flowing robes trom the Turks and the veils from the hidden faces of the women. Amanullah tried to cramp the free legs of the Afghan mountain- eers in second-hand American pants, but lost his throne as a result. Reza has his troubles with an obstreperous Parlia- ment. Conservatism is fundamental in Oriental character. Stubborn opposi~ tion to all these sacrilegious changes and blasphemous defiances of the pre- cepts of the Koran is active among the clergy, peasants and lower classes. It took two mobilizations and four army cdrps to put down the revolt of the Kurdish mountaineers against Musta- pha's confiscation of religious endow- ments for the benefit of the new schools, the closing of monasteries and other D. C.. JANUARY..2T, reforms. Reza had to take command of his armies in various rebellions. Amanullah, after a fight for his life against the rebels, could not even save his throne by canceling his “blas- phemous” orders and withdrawing near- ly all his program of Western. reforms. Have They Gone Too Fast? Have these and other reformers gone too fast? Have they committed the unforgivable sin of the Orient in at- tempting to “hustle the East™? Have they imposed upon unwilling peoples a thin veneer of sham foreign civili- zation which - will - crack away when subjected to strain? This is what was done by Peter the Great of Russia, and Bolshevism is fundamentally the sweep- ing away of all these' outlandish con- traptions and the restoration of insti- tutions consistent with true Russian character and ideals. Amanullah of Afghanistan is not the only one of these rulers who have been troubled by revolt and treason. Mus- tapha has found it necessary to order that all those who oppose him are to be exiled, imprisoned or executed. It is rumored that Reza refused to renew the contract of the American, Mr. Millspaugh, who performed the miracu- lous reorganization of Persian finance, because the latter impeded the ac- cumulation of deposits in foreign banks to provide for the time when the Shah would be driven out by rebels. In every Moslem country we see similar struggles between the old and the new, between the machine and the artisan, the indolent inefficiency of the East and . the exasperating precision of the West. The result is the unrest, misery and chaos which for years have crushed the working classes all over the Orient. Formerly the artisans were sure of a modest livelihood in supplying the wants of their neighbors. Each could estimate what his trade required and had no fear of being undersold, as the costs of raw materials and labor were the same for all his competitors. Now, however, he is constantly undersold by goods made by tireless and soulless ma- chines, while his raw materials soar in price to fill the demands of their in- satiable steel maws. Ground between the upper and nether millstones of modern industrialism, his misery makes him receptive of the propaganda of ' 000 / mm?andsome 4-Piece Bedroom Suite The pieces are all large handsome French Vanity, with large mirror; large Dresser, Chest with two rows of drawers size, comprising on- top, "and stylish return - end bed. walnut veneers, with overlays. square Selected carved Dustproof con- struction and careful finish. A truly beautiful suite. e U Mahogany-Finished Governor Winthrop Desk $55.00 Genuine Mahogany Veneer. Popular Colonial Style. End Table $1.00 No Mail or Phone Orders | 1929—PART 2. v every radical, and the bolshevists are overlooking no opportunity. The only salvation of any of the Moslem lands is the adoption of the complete economic organization of the West. Poverty and death are the fruits of trying to assume part of the po- litical and social methods without in- dustrialization. None of the Ma- hometan races has so far shown any skill in manufacture or business. Their fear of oppression and their hate of foreigners prevent them from employ- ing the indispensable European capital, managers and technical employes. The complete failure of Mustapha to solve the industrial problems of Turkey is the main cause of the opposition of his liberal former associates. Persia and Afghanistan are countries without in- dustries. All these lands are inconceivably poor, for backward agriculture and handicrafts cannot produce much in- come for farmers, merchants or govern- ments. The overtaxed people cannot furnish the funds for roads, railroads, sanitation, education and other mod- ern improvements. Yet most of these lands are poten- tially rich. Turkey and Persia possess oil fields which may rival those of Rus- sia and Mexico. Undeveloped mines of copper, gold, coal, iron and other minerals abound and are coveted by European and American capitalists. American oil companies have been bid- ding on the Persian oil fields, some of which are being operated by British companies. The “Chester Concessions” promise vast wealth to those who de- velop the mines and build the railroads of Turkey. Development Is Needed. Europeans are now at work exploring | | the possibilities of Afghanistan. ‘The competition of different groups of Euro- pean_capitalists for the iron mines of the Riff was the underlying cause for the disastrous Riffan War. There are few good roads or railroads, and neither the peoples nor the governments have the money to build them. Yet the rulers will not grant concessions to foreigners on terms which would attract capital, develop the resources and make the. whole region prosperous. It is quite possible that in the near future—if the governments should have a lucid interval in their mad fear of i) 2 \5‘).\‘." Il “Quality That Endures™ A\ - Convenient LR e - \ Deferred Payments - x:cc e e foreigners—Americah capital will find the development of the lands of North- ern_Africa and Western Asia more profitable than similar investments in South America. The problems are those of new countries, with which American engineers are quite familiar. Even now Americans are planning to build Persian railways. Various Europeans are inter- ested in those of Turkey. licited to buy the securities of Persia and Turkey, for the governments are not afraid that American capital will pave the way for territorial annexation. On the other hand, they have not for- gotten that British and French bond-~ holders caused the Britisn control of Egypt, and that foreign bankers domi- nated Turkish finance. What will be the result? Famine, civil war, ruin and death, as in China? Peace, prosperity, good administration, as in British-administered ypt before the war? European political, economic tions, independent, successful, rising rapidly like Japan to places in the fam- ily of nations? Opinions differ widely, according to the individual’s philosophy of life. We can be sure, however, that the civiliza- | tion of the Mahometan races will not be an imitation of our own, as is that of South and Central America. As Japan borrowed largely from tne cultures of Korea, China, India and Europe, but remained basically Japanese, so Moslem social orders zm assimilate European elements, which, however, will be out- numbered by thosz of the ages past. Christianity has made slow progre y{n ;vllhnmetan. Hindu and | lands. ess Buddhist voted, self-sacrificing, conscientious mis- | slonaries have not borne adequate fruit. | The millions of American and European | money have succeeded in improving | sanitation and education, but the genu- ine converts are few, except among the lower classes. This is particularly true among the Moslems. The day when the | whole world will be Christian seems far away. We even now can see the future of the Moslem revival, although dimly, without details. The day of European domination by force of the races of Northern Africa and Asia has gone for- ever. IWis useless to attempt to stem the tide. We should hasten to offer Special January Values Featured _by The Julius Lansburgh Furniture Co. - On Convenient Deferred Payments === = = (P .0‘4’ ‘?':‘:‘,"' ) TR fl‘v Natural Willow Bar Harbor Chair $ No Mail or Phone Orders 2.95 Automatic Double Couch Bed $19.75 Opens with sin- gle motion. Com- plete with com- fortable pad. 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