Evening Star Newspaper, January 27, 1929, Page 31

! THE SUNDAY "STAR,” WASHINGTON, 'D. C, JANUARY 27, 1929—PART 2. NEW STRIFE IMPENDS IN LATIN COUNTRIES Reasons Why It Is Difficult to Maintain ¥4 Peace in Central America Are EX-KAISER STILL HOPES FOR RETURN TO POWER !Devotes- Large Part of Energy to [ - Fighting Charges of War Responsibility. | a L Tracing Life’s Pathway Origin of Man From Lower Animals Denied in New Theory of Evolution s and ten today, William | favor of his beard—for a reason]have >0(Tl-}l‘;§1:nsz%?{eem may summon through | never been able to discover. FIs epe memory ghosts of former imperial| ergy is so enormous that he can | splendor to visit the anniversary feast | farther an(lnsaw more wood than ez ¢ where he lives in exile un- | younger men. i | Ger Daten Tiveillance. Tn the past 10 | © *‘What pleasures does life hold for ! 5f those years of the banished ex-Em- | you, your majesty2’ I asked when I peror's life changes have taken place BY GASTON NERVAL, |leaders who overthrew the government | of the dictator Estrada Cabrera some | Pointed Out. i B | ( Authority on Latin American Affairs. tght Lat thar | i | eight years ago. Later on, after having | THOSE who believe that the po-|peig the position of minister of war for | time immemorial have been agi- 3 | presidency of Guatemala against Gen. tating the Central American re- | [azaro Chacon, who was finally clected publics have come to an end, or | anq today is the chief executive of the | litical disturbances which from | quite a period, Gen. Ubico ran for the | that the present <fate of peace and | republic. Thus these versions which at- | visited him at Doorn last year. which, if once| joy a good story.' he replied. ‘T enjoy k order now prevailing s enduring, are, indeed, mistaken. And those who take for granted that the internal unrest of those republics has forever given way to tranquillity, will very soon be rebel leaders choose to give the seat of | disappointed. ‘The reason for this unfortunate state of affairs may be explained as follows: They are still in the infancy of their independent, life, for a century is a Dot be violated, for these same treaties | short period within which to expect a nation to reach its most advanced stage of civilization—they are at the beginning of their political experiences —and the foundation for good things is always arduous and cumbersome. Another factor, and not the least, is the limited development of their national industries and their commerce, and independent activities have made of politics a means of livelthood: some- what of a pecuniary source for the majority of the inhabitants, who find themselves necessarily bound to follow its peculiar course. | ‘To these reasons—democratic inex- perience, psychological heritage and material necessities—should be attrib- | uted the fact that the internal politics of the Latin republics of the Western Hemisphere and -particularly Central America are somewhat distinct to that in practice in this country, of Anglo-Saxon origin and so absorbed in the field of industry. Question of Presidents. Beveral days ago a well known Amer- ican writer asked in The Sunday Star, the following question: “What shall we do with our former Presidents?” and pointed out that their vast knowledge and experience were indispensable and that they should be given high Gov- ernmental posts so that they could con- tinue to collaborate with the Govern- ment after the expiration of their term of office. However, in Central America and also in several Southern American republics, things hold quite different. A retiring President is an infallible candi- date for exile. upon the expiration of their terms of office, must abandon their country to escape the consequences of personal hatreds and vengeance which their ad- ministrative acts may have sown. Few are they who leave their presidential office enjoying the same popularity and fellowship which were theirs prior to taking office. It is because of this un- usual state of affairs that today we see quite & number of former Latin Amer- ican Presidents drowning their disap- pointments on European shores while political hatreds in their native lands or are totally forgotten. It would seem, therefore, quite ridiculous for any one to ask in those countries the same question propounded by the American writer, or to even mention or indicate the appointment of former Presidents to high government offices 30 that they could, with their knowledge and experience, aid in the public func- tions. And this because rarely does a former President preserve his prestige intact after four years in office—more than sufficient time for his countrymen to become disappointed with him; to deny the virtues before attributed to ‘him and to hold him responsible for the nation's misfortunes and adversities. We refer here only to those who com- plete their term, for many are they who even have not that fortune. Political Life Has Changed. It is true that the political life of Spanish America has greatly changed during past years, that thcse re- publics no longer are “indergoing that same degree of internal unrest, that ‘coup d'etats” are not so frequent, that Tevolutions in the majority of them have passed and that in general things have followed a more tolerable course, but nevertheless the internal ty and political education of those countries are not yet what could be desired. There still remains a cer- tain 1ll current of that anarchical tradi- tion which for many years has been a barrier to the progress, especially of the Central American republics. There still . prevails among their people quite an ardent, rebellious and ambitious tem- perament for politics. And as yet there exist political groups who instead of having a specific platform or ideals to follow, they prefer to be guided by the ambitious designs of their leaders. The government party as a rule is composed of peno,‘r‘l_:‘le friends of the leaders in wer, opposing party generally is Eugntefl by those who failed to ohlyatn high government posts and by the en- vious politicians, who attribute to the men in power all imaginable habits and malpractices. Hence that the internal nsions and quarrels are everlasting and without quarter. As long as this condition of affairs continues to exist and the political ac tivities constitute 80 per cent of their national life, which in fact is the case, it would be unreasonable to hope that 3’.;. ldlmubmg b:' h:heirmgovemment cease the main character- istics of those nations. * Sources of Trouble. ‘The cable has brought to us during Tecent days startling news of serious mg ternal complications in_three Central American republics. In Guatemala ge-ce no longer reigns. At this writing he rebels and the Federal troops are engaged in an incessant warfare on the Pacific Coast, and the political leaders are once more on the warpath. In Honduras and Nicaragua the internal | situation becomes more complex day by day and serious disturbances are ex- “ l‘n’d.ny ’molment ;hat will bring chao: confusion and perhaps new Sy perhaps new At this time the republic facing the most serious situation is Guatemala. Both factions are openly engaged in war and the political fate of the repub- lic rests upon the outcome of the armed conflagration. The case is one involving & military movement of the customary characteristics—two or three high- ranked army officers who find them- selves dissatisfled because their ambi- tions were not fully realized and who accuse the legally constituted govern- ment of having betrayed the trust placed upon it by the people, now pro- pose to substitute it, “giving back to the nation it lost liberties,” thereby sat- =dying in the meantime, although they do not say so, their personal designs. Immediately upon the opening of hos- tilities the rebel forces captured two important western cities, and shortly afterward the Guatemalan legation in Washington announced that one of them had been captured by the loyal troops. Although the news which has reached Washington is not clear and definite enough to explain the true sit- uation, the fact remains that the Re- public of Guatemala finds herself once more suffering the rigors of civil war and sacrificing innumerable lives to po- litical passion. Leaders in Revolution. ‘The rumors are diversified respect- ing the true identity of the instigator of this revolutionary movement in Guatemala. Gen. Rivas and Col. M rales’ appear to be the apparent active leaders of the revolt, who are heading the insurgent host who took arms in [+ the northern part of the republic, but information comes to us from a reliable sourge that the “head” of the movement 1s Gen. Ubico, an old and highly reputed chieftain, who twice has found himself on the verge of occupying the presi- €ency. Gea. Ubico was one of the three Practically all of them, | tribute to Gen. Ubico the leadership of the present revolution may have some foundation. On the other hand, should Ithe revolution be successful, and the |the government to Gen. Ubico, by so |doing the Washington treaties which | forbid *“coup d'etats” chieftains from | taking control of the government would do not prohibit the election of a third |person 'to the presidency who has (maintained himself aloof from all en- | tanglements, as is the case with Gen. | Ubico, who is “peacefully” residing in | the capital of Guatemala. Neither Mo- rales nor Rivas, now heading the revo- | lution, would be recognized by the | United States as successors to Chacon, |but there could be no legal justifica- tion to deny recognition of Gen. Ubico. However, these are simply conjectures, | for perhaps by the time this goes to | press the whole situation may have | changed somewhat. Situation in Honduras. In the republic of Honduras things | have not as yet reached a crisis, but | this becomes more apparent as the days |80 by, and it suffices to observe the | present attitude of the Honduran gov- ernment leaders to understand their | fears for the “storm,” which is already | somewhat outlined in the not distant | horizon. It has been but several weeks | that the presidential election was held |in Honduras. The former President, prior to his retirement from office, ac- corded ample guarantees to all citizens alike, and so ample were they that his own party, the government party, was defeated, and, to the surprise of all, the opposing candidtte, Mejia Colindres, won the electic4 by a good margin. Thus the interns! politics of that coun- try is now facfwg a new problem—a peaceful changé bf men in power. How- ever, it is well kflown that these changes in Latin Ameri¢a are peaceful only in |name. The situation is further compli- cated by the fact that the Conserva- tives, who so unexpectedly were de- feated in the presidential election, still have a majority in Congress, control both houses and practically hold all the administrative and executive positions in the government, and they- do not seem to entertain a good disposition to give up their posts. It must be borne in mind in this connection that the le- gality of Mejia Colindres’ election to the presidency depends upon the approval of Congress. It seems probable, there- fore, that certain difficulties will be encountered before the President-elect formally takes the oath of office. Not very long ago when Mr. Hoover, the ambassador of good will, visited the Republic of Honduras both political parties promised to lay aside their dif- ferences and to-operate in avoiding any internal complications. Nevertheless, the defeated candidate, Gen. Carias, whose friends are still holding all the government posts, enjoys great popu- larity in Honduras, and the rumor goes, most _insistently during recent days, that he will endeavor to impede that his adversary take the high office in- trusted to him by the will of the people. Unrest in Nicaragua. ‘The political situation in Nicaragua already shows sigm of unrest. The Nicaraguan situation is very similar to that of Honduras: the change of a Conservative President for a Liberal one. And, the same as in Honduras, the Liberal President faces the task of dic- tating to a Conservative Congress. How- ever, in Nicaragua the situation is some- what more clearly defined, for Gen. Moncada, who was appointed President during the last election, has already taken office, and it would be more feasi- ble for him to counteract any rebellious movement. Notwithstanding, the oppo- sition is quite strong, for the Conserva- tive party, who has been replaced, as well as the Libefals who refuse to rec- ognize the Moncada government, are menacing to once more start that bon- fire which the “bluejackets” thought to have extinguished forever. Even San- dino, the novelistic revolutionary chief- tain, promises to renew once more his activities in the North. The cable speaks daily of a new and great offen- sive which the native forces are plan- ning to undertake under his leadership. For the present President Moncada has emphatically declared that his first ef- forts will be concentrated “in the pacifi- cation of the country,” which action proves that the internal situation is not so satisfactory in the Nicaraguan re- public and that political peace exists only in the minds of those who observe things from a distance. “Foes” of Marines Change, A very curious and peculiar situation is at the present time prevailing in icaragua. The Liberals, who during a Whole year took arms to oppose the in- tervention of the United States, and un- der the very command of Gen. Mon- cada were engaged in fighting the Con- servatives, who were then in power, as well as their friends, Uncle Sam's Ma- rines, now that they find themselves in power, are the first to insist that the United States forces remain on Nica- raguan soil; and the Conservatives be- gin to ask the withdrawal of the Ma- rines, because they know that the Marines would interfere with their plans if the opportunity arises. It so happens, therefore, that the course of things has suffered quite a change. The Marines may no longer have to pursue Liberals in Nicaragua, but Conservatives. The United States is specially inter- ested in maintaining peace in Nicara- | jgua, for when her Marines landed on | Nicaraguan shores she promised to| bring the civil war to an end and to re- store to that country its internal tran- quillity; and thus the United States finds herself duty bound to impede the recurrance of new complications and iuprisings. Since the very moment that { Uncle Sam set foot on Nicaraguan soil his international prestige has been at stake in this hemisphere and he must consequently do everything possible to successfully carry out the undertaking. Swedish Home Life May Be Portrayed| Swedish home life, long the object | of admiration by the people of other { countries, will be glorified by a large ‘exposition to be held at Stockholm in 1930. E. G. Asplund, a leading Swedish architect of the ultra-mod- ern school, is now designing the build- ings which will be located on the fa- mous island of Djurgaarden, ancient royal deer park lying to the east of the city proper. ‘The exposition, according to the prospectus, will include a large collec- tion of modern Swedish homes rang- ing from modest Summer cottages’to the most imposing villas, together with model gardens, streets, shops and pub- lic rooms. Special efforts will be made to display the best and latest products of Swedish industry, textiles, glassware, forged and hammered 1ron, silver, pew- ter and jewelry, all of which have won wide attention at foreign expositions during recent years. Officials are planning to secure spe- cial low rates for those coming to the exposition from the United States and the countries of Europe, . | Editor's note—Few scientific pro- nouncements of owr day have at- tracted wider attention than the supplemental theory of evolution formulated by Austin H. Clark of the Smithsonian Institution, which was announced exclusively in last Sunday’s Star. By providing a framework for evolution which removes the time element and the assumption that higher forms of life descended from lower, Dr. Clark has provided evolu- tionists and jundamentalists a com- mon ground where they may get to- gether. Dr. Clark herewith discusses his conclusions at greater length. BY AUSTIN H. CLARK, Smithsonian Institution. HERE is no valid excuse for a scientific dogma. Dogma and science are con- tradictory terms. In practice, however, all branches of science continually must combat a tendency toward dogmatism. Such has been the case in biology. The concept of evolution—of a partic- ular type of evolution, at that—has been given practically the status of a dogma. True enough, the theory of the origin of the vast number of life forms through the operation of natural selec- tion and the survival of the fittest, has an almost irresistible appeal. It fits a vast number of observed facts. Within experimental 'limits it “works.” The purely pragmatic argument in its favor is demolishing. Tree Picture Created. So we have formed a mental picture of life growing like a tree, its roots buried in the slime of Archean beaches and its highest branches represented by ourselves. This tree picture seems to have become a bit of scientific scrip- ure. Front, the first there have been doubte! ‘The tree picture calls for a continual growth from lower to higher forms of life. There can be no gaps in the growth. The gaps in the sclen- tific record—the “missing links"—have been filled in either by assumptions or by fossil evidence of questionable validity. In our scientific dogmatism we have been inclined to dismiss those who in- sisted on questioning the assumptions or the evidence as “cranks.” We have been too busy hurling epithets at them BY HENRY W. BUNN, HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended January 26: ARABIA —1t is gratifying to be told that Ibn Saud, Sultan of Nejd, King of the Hejas, boss of the greater part of the Arabian Peninsula (area, about 1,200,000 square miles), and head of the ‘Wahhabites, the dourest of the funda- mentalists of Islam, has at last, by clever employment of an ancient expedi- ent, firmly re-established his ascend- Lancy over his wild tribal chiefs, the which ascendancy had for years past been in very dublous light. According to this account, the chief causes of dissatisfaction against Ibn Saud were certain Western jnnovations introduced or connived at by him, and his refusal to countenance raids across his northern borders into Iraq or Trans- Jordan. The rajders, of course, claimed that their little ¢ffairs were undertaken for the greater glory of Allah in a spirit of disinterest plety, but Ibn Saud insisted that their object was loot, and loot alone, and he complained that they kept him intolerably embroiled with the neighbor states, including the British mandatary authorities. So Ibn Saud assembled his chiefs at his capital, Riyadh, in Nejd, very near the center of the peninsula. The situa- tion, he told them, had become unen- durable. What with internal bickerings and raids over the borders, they had made his position one absolutely not to be desired. Therefore they must find another ruler in place of Ibn Saud, resigned. . The effect was what he had contem- plated. The chiefs were really thunder- struck. They knew quite well that there was no other fit to fill his shoes, that he was one of a million—one, as Lord Raglan observed of him, of the true Caliph mettle. An impulse seized the assembly as it had been one man. The universal voice implored Ibn Saud to retain the scepter. With proper show of reluctance he consented. over. * ok ok ok ‘TIBET.—Tibet appears to be in a condition of much admired confusion, not to say anarchy. From the time of Kublai Khan (middle of thirteenth cen- tury) until the fall of the Manchu dynasty in China, the greater part of Tibet was a theocracy of sorts ruled by the Dalai Lama, or Grand Lama, from his palace (one of the wonders of the world) on Potala Hill at Ihasa, a host of abbots exercising both spirit- ual and temporal rule over yamaserals, or monasteries, and attached domains being subject to him, these including the chutuktus, or abbots of the greater monasteries, and the chubilkhans, or abbots of the lesser monasteries. ,‘The chutuktus, each of whom is an incarna- tion of one of the celestial Bodhisats, remarkably correspond in many re- spects to the Roman cardinals. Secu- lar affairs were administered by a re- gent (an ecclesiastic), assisted by four ministers of state, all under the super- vision of two imperial A Chinese resi- dents. For the Grand Lamas admitted the temporal overlordship of the Em- perors of China. The considerable parts of Tibet not ruled from Lhasa were ruled by tribal chiefs admitting Chinese sovereignty. Rather considerable Chinese <orces were generally garrisoned in the coun. try. The Chinese suzerainty was not uniformly exercised; over some periods it was very loosely asserted, at other times strictly. But I think we may say that on the whole it worked for Tibet's benefit, When, in 1911, the Manchu dynasty fell, the Tibetans ejected the Chinese civil authorities and the Chinese sol- sliery, and they. have since- AUSTIN H. CLARK. | path of life through time. our dogmatism. We find that the ex- supposed. Such a retracing of the route of life's pligrimage does not destroy our faith in the evolutionary origin of things. Quite to the contrary, it makes us firmer evolutionists than ever because it _shows us where we have wandered off the road in the past. It explains the mystery of the “missing links.” It shows us the beautiful harmony in the plan of things—the universal law which holds throughout the organic and inorganic worlds. It gives us a scientific basis for that sense of kinship with all things such as was sensed by the mystical mind of St. Francis. Natural Laboratories. Each animal or plant is a natural laboratory wherein are continually carried on multitudes of chemical re- actions which are made possible through constant replenishment from food substances and from the air of materials used up. So lhlt'si D. What has all this to do with evolu. complete independence of China. Suc- cessive Chinese repiblican governments, including the present Nanking govern- ment, have claimed Tibet as a federated element of the Chinese republic, but there has been no fighting over the mat- ter since 1917. One inclines to think that a consolidated Chinese republic would proceed to establish the claim. But meantime, as I observed, all is confusion in Tibet. The lamas are fighting. The tribal chiefs are harry- ing each other; everybody is fighting nation. The Chinese overlordship did maintain Tibetan unity of sorts, did prevent chaos, over nearly seven cen- turies; with its ending, the centrifugal forces irrestibly asserted themselves. I spoke of the Grand Lama as though he were the whole cheese. and wasn't. There were, indeed still are, two Great Lamas, the Dalai Lama and the Pantshen Lama (or Tashi Feel of Your HIS is one of the greatest tragedies of modern life. Men are forgetting how to walk. They travel by taxicabs and they travel by auto- ey project their per- over telephone wire. But they no not walk. There is a double loss in this. A loss in health, first. Most of the of modern men igi the intestines. Formerly men and women walked enough to keep the stomach muscles firm, the in- testines healthfully agitated. Now men—and women even more so—sit all day slumped in. Germs settle down inside them gladly; and Death, his work made easy for him, laughs. There is another loss, equally great. A loss in mental keenness and mental wealth, Did you ever take a walk in the country with some one who knows really how to walk? Some one of the type of the naturalist Linnaeus, for in- stance? Linnaeus walked into Oland, and found the lands of the farmers ruined by sand blown from the beaches. He discovered that the roots of a certain beach grass were long and firm: he taught the farmers to sow that grass along the beach, and so preserved their lands from ruin. He walked Ints Therre, and found that at a certain period in every year the cattle fel and died. It was a curse, the ~the act of angry s But Linnaeus, exami pastures, uncovered a noxious weed, and showed the farmers how the work of one laborer for a few days every season would root it out. (Copyright, 1929.) everybody else in every sort of combi- | ‘Well, he was | to do the one logical thing—retrace the tion? The various elements—carbon, | hydrogen, oxygen, iron and the rest— When we do this, I believe, we en- | entering into the composition of a counter some astonishing challenges to | living body do not thereby lose any of their essential peculiarities. It is there- planation is not so simple as we had | fore to be expected that the interrela- tionships between various animals and plants will be to some extent a reflec- tion of the peculiarities of certain fun- damental compounds existing within their bodies—in other words that the interrelationships between inorganic compounds will be carried over into the organic compounds making up living tissue. For instance, in igneous magmas and in the minerals formed from them, | potassium and magnesium on the one hand and sodium and iron on the other, tend to vary in correlation. That is, the igneous rocks and minerals which ‘are high in potassium contain much | magnesium and but little iron, while af the rock or maneral be dominantly | sodie, fron will be high and magnesium wow, 1f these be present. ‘vmus relationship between these pairs o1 ewements appears to be carried over wto he living world, magnesium and potassium being essential to the inter- nal chemistry of plants, the other pair being of minor importance; while iron and sodium are necessary for animal Lama, head of the monastery of Tashil- hunpo near Shigatse). In a spiritual sense the latter should be (and by many is) regarded as superior to the former, since he is an incarnation of Amitabha, whereas the Dalai Lama is only an in- carnation of Avalokitsvara, a very holy being, but far less holy than Amitabha. Apparently until quite lately the Pant- shen Lamas were content with a purely spiritual role of peculiar exquisitions- ness, without challengnig the temporal superiority arrogated by the Dalai Lamas and the relations between the two lamas seemed entirely harmonious. But, for whatever reason, in 1925 the Pantshen Lama fled for his life from Tibet, finally taking refuge in Mukden, where he has since been splendidly entertained along with a large retinue. Now, if reports are to be believed, the Dalai Lama might well wish that he could change places with his expatriate ex-colleague, as his own temporal au-| Legs to Test Your Brain. BY BRUCE BARTON. In his walks he examined and catalogued 8,000 plants, vege- tables and flowers. How many plants, vegetables and flowers do you think you could identify if you were to see them in their native state? “Few men,” said Dr. Johnson, “know how to take a walk.” It was so in his day. It is even more true now. But those favored few enjoy a glorious and mysterious privilege. To discover where the violets first bloom in the Spring— To be able to tell directions in the woods, by knowing that large pine trees bear more numerous branches on their southern side— Or that grass grows on the south side of ant-hills and whortle-berries on the north— To learn to greet the wild flowers by name— ‘ There are few pleasures more richly satisfying; none that pay larger dividends in health. The man who goes into the country once a week citizen than the ma goes, even though nothing more inspi walk than a golf ball. But for more to be envied that little inner circle of Natur favorites who speak her. guage intimately; who read her thoughts in her woods and brooks and flowers. “You shall never break down in a ep=coh,” said a great Eng- lish statesman, “on the day that you have walked 12 miles.” Flabby legs usually mean flabby brains. If you would think clearly, speak forcefully, work effectively, get out into the country when you can—and walk, | metabolism, magnesium and potassium | are very much less so. In addition to this it has been pointed out that all living forms may be terpreted as falling roughly under one >r other of the six systems of crystalliza- tion. All animals—the larger number of the single celled animals or pro- tozoans and at least the early stages of the other types—are ultimately re- ducible to the isometric system, with three equal axes at right angles to cach other, and throughout the animal kingdom there is a marked tendency for the adults of the more complex | types to revert to this simple form. System of Plants, Plants, on the other hand, are funda- mentally reducible to the orthorhombic right angles to each other, or to the tetragonal system, with three axes at right angles to each other, two equal and the third longer or shorter, So much for the possibility of animal and plant interrelationships being to some extent determined by the funda- | mental properties of the compounds of | which their bodies are composed. This field is almost wholly unexplored, and at present we can do no more than to suggest that the indicated possibilities must veceive due weight in any con- sideration of the complex phenomenon known as evolution. While we are almost totally in ignor- ance of the influence on body form of | th? internal chemistry of animals, we | see an obvious relationship between the bodily form of animals and their en- 7ironment. Thus on land all animals must seek their food—it will not come to them. They must, therefore, be endowed with locomotion. A cow must walk about in order to get sufficient grass to eat, a caterpillar must walk about in order to get sufficient leaves, and even an earth- worm must be able to go from one place to another, So very nearly all the animals on land | belong “to the two great groups, the backboned animals, or vertebrates, and | the arthropods (insects and crusta- ceans), which from their bodily struc- ture are best fitted for locomotion—by walking, by crawling or by flying. Life in the Sea. Life in the sea is a very different from, life on land. Water is nearly as heavy as the substance of (Continued on Fifth Page.) The Story the Week Has Told thority is practically confined to Lhasa, and is precarious even there, while no end of petty lamas are setting them- selves up for more august avatars than the incarnation of Avalokitesvara. Lamaism is now in decay and corrup- tion, but in its prime it produced in Tsongkapa (born 1357) a religious genius of the first order. * %k ¥ % AFRICA.—Tt is curious how slow has | recognition of the immensely important role Africa is destined to Plly in_ the new economic scheme of things. Com- pletion of the stupendous engineering constructions at Lake Tsana, source of the Blue Nile, and Lake Albert, source of the White, and along those streams, either now in process or soon about to be, will, in addition to putting beyond peradventure adequate regular supply of water to Egypt (nor forget in this connection the proposed en- largement of the Assuan Dam so as practically to double its capacity), no less amply insure realization of the Sudanese irrigation projects. Comple- tion of the Cape to Cairo Railway and commencement of construction of a Transsaharan railway from French Northern to French Western Africa are in prospect. Already the railway mileage of British Africa exceeds 20,000; easily one of the most remark- able of latter-day phenomena. Before many years the cotton of Uganda and the Sudan should go very far toward making the British commonwealth of nations self-sufficient in respect of cot- ton: and, though a good deal more tardily, West Africa should in time be performing a like service for France. Kenya coffee, Tanganyika sisal, Rho- desian tobacco and frozen meat, each of these commodities, now, playing a considerable, will soon be playing a very important, role in the foreign markets. The two great bars to economic de- velopment In Africa have been trans- portation difficulties and tropical diseases. The transportation problem is to be solved ‘pnrtly by construction or completion of a few railway grand trunk lines, each with a few branches, lbut each fed by a magnificent service of automotive vehicles variously adapt- ed to various terrain; partly by im- provement of the waterways and the linking of them up to other systems; * partly by highway construction, where- | of some of the British colonies afford + remarkable examples, and partly by : development of aviation, still an infant, | but growing like the infant Hermes. As for the tropical diseases, the un- speakably hideous menace thereof is ( by way of being dissipated. Soon will the tsetse fly be foiled of his dreadful trade and the sleeping-sickness be put to sleep. At any rate, within a few years no one will be deterred from Africa enterprises by fear of tropical diseases. On January 1 a motor road through the darkest of darkest Africa was opened to general traffic. It runs from Stanleyville in Belgian Kongo north to Buta in the same, then northeasterly to Rejaf, opposite Gondokoro, on the Bar El-Jebel branch of the White Nile in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The length is 700 miles. Stanleyville, just north of Stanley Falls, is the terminus of uninterrupted navigation from the mouth of the Kongo (about 2,000 miles)” while Rejaf is the terminus of naviga- tion for steamers plying south from Khartum. We are told that 75 tour- ing cars and 50 motor vans will ply in regular service on the new road. The tariff for passengers is the equivalent of about 12 cents per mile. > * K K X AVIATION.—The International League of Aviation at Paris, whose awards are not decisive as to relative merit or fame, but are at least highly 4= (Continged G Fourth Pege.), -~ system, with three unequal axes at |P® been the development of adequate! in his former realm, predicted to Wilhelm II, would have | been received by him as something al- most equal to one of his own sardonic ]ml;nsplace of the throne has been built | a constitution. France took 80 years| to become accustomed to her republic: Germany in the nine years since the drawing up of a constitution has set. | tled down at least outwardly satisfied. | In the February issue of the Sur- | vey Graphic—the new Germany num- | ber—this adaptability in German char- acter is stressed by Willi Hellpach.! member of the Reichstag and of the faculty of the University of Heidelburg, in writing of the “Hazards of Democ- racy.” In that number John Palmer Gavit brings up also the question of | the recurring suspicion that theuex-‘ Kaiser may “come back” and that “any | political overturn might welcome Wil- helm der Zweite ‘home’ * * * or that,| feeling that, the Crown Prince might slip back under the crown of Prussia.| “There are lots of people in Germany | who would have them and their au-| tocracy back if they could, but I should | say,” Gavit writes, “that George vV oof | Great Britain is just as likely to come | back as ruler of Bunker Hill and York- town as Hohenzollern is to return to any sort of political power in Germany. Royalism Persists. | e “die-hards” live on, in thou- mnY::l lhAnd in Doorn, every night, there is a fine show of the old cus- toms: The Kaiser, lest he forget, ap- ars at dinner in one of his many resplendent uniforms, his consort and guests wear evening dress and the servants formal livery. Throughout is shown due deference to that high rank which the Hohenzollern was finally compelled to abjure for himself, his heirs and assigns. On the nnniggrsadry of his blrt:xé rcr;l:- of letters and messages a er- é?ixx‘ls to pour in, while in Berlin, through the Brandenburg Tor, the great guarded gate where once the im- perial vehicle alone came through to awe the populace, now busses lumber along and_taxicabs hurry. 2 “The Hohenzollerns,” Gavit says, siderable portion of the German people. In Prussia, where their kingly rights were centered, they are regarded with a kind of levity. The kindest thing or elsewhere was * * * ‘he was always more or less crazy’ Very many Ger- mans * * * hold him and his group re- wreckage.” His second marriage, furthermore, the German people, for they had al- ways loved their Empress Augusta Vic- toria. Although to this day Wilhelm is faithful to her memory—daily plac- ing a rose in her former room at Doorn and wearing a mourning band (which some attribute to grief over his coun- try's fate)—he married, in November, 1922, the Princess Hermine, widow of Prince Johann von Schoenaich-Caro- lath, and mother of five children. Germany must say something good about the ex-Kaiser, since it decided some time ago that his flight into Hol- land was actually the most patriotic act he could have performed at the time. He was severely blamed, how- ever, for running off, in spite of the fact that von Hindenburg and other officers of the general staff were not adverse to the project. Herr von Ilse- mann, his aide-de-camp, went along on :’re:e llc;lzer's self-banishment of Novem- T, 1918, Daily Life Simple. Virtually a prisoner, the ex-Kaiser plays with the former perquisites of imperialism. He has introduced a daily program at Roorn not unlike an army routine. It has been said that he has even ventured to tell the feminine part | of the personnel what to wear and how | to behave on occasion. In January of | last year the rumor went abroad that | the Kaiser wanted to travel as in the {old days when his fondness for trips { was so great that he was called the "Reisekaiser,” traveling Kaiser. Other countries seemed to think well of the notion, but to all such plans Germany remained cold. So-called “Kaiser-true” Germans want to put up a memorial to their former ruler and would like to see this monu- ment placed in a private park dedi- cated to the erstwhile “All-Highest.” From such sources the exile receives much mail. The answering of it must be a godsend to an old man who, for all his companions and comfort in Doorn, cannot help but be lonely with- out the stimulating sound of trumpets and the throng. At Doorn the ex-Kaiser rises at 7, | breakfasts, and at 8:30 is ready to con- duct religious exercises, which every one on the estate must attend. He | then retires to his study, where he | puts in the morning with his corre- spondence, part of which comes from archeologists, in whose exploits Wil helm has always taken a keen intere: | If his garden needs his attention or if a tree must be cut down—and the exile i is so disposed—he attends to the task. Dinner Is Ceremonial. After the 1 o'clock lunch the house | falls into quiet. when the ex-Kaiser and his family take a nap. At 4 there is coffee, at 7 the evening stroll in the open, with the white-bearded ex-sover- ! eign going at a brisk pace, receiving the ! respectful salutes of neighbors, return. ing them, with a brave flourish when ., the passerby happens to be of noble | birth. Al the children in the neigh. borhood know the Kaiser and watch for him to come along, one of his own | officers at his side and their dach-! shund companion barking at every one, encountered on the road. A few yards | behind the party Mynheer Bolthuis, the secret service man, pedals along slowly on a bicycle. | On his return, dressing for the cere- | monial dinner, held at 8 every evening, | must begin, the pomp and circumstance | of this nightly occasion apparently sus- : taining Wilhelm's sense of dignity. At | Doorn a hall has been rigged up for a i | projection room, where the latest films | are shown. Also there is a radio, but the Princess Hermine dislikes tl in discriminate entertainment of the air ! and prefers the phonograph, wh!ch[ plays just what she puts on it and offers no tiresome surprises. At Wilhelm's disposal are four auto- mobiles, so that he and his household are able to visit such of the neighbor- ing aristocratic Dutch as they may find congenial. From a French newspaper Germany learned that “the Kaiser has crossed the border three times,” but it | sible to the deposed monarch. Enjoys Good Health. “Wilhelm II is a healthy, happy man | who still hopes that the German peo-| ple will recall him and right the wrong which he believes they have done him,” declares George Sylvester Viereck, in- timate mzm: :r':d:my lulh&l;hed biographer of ‘monarch. “Since the Emperor’s marriage with the Princess Hermine he has looked 30 years younger than his age. His face is bronzed and his health rugged. His head is still crowned with white curls ahd his beard is silver gray. Shortly after his abdication he foresook his colebrated. imperial mustachios in . oS : “are not taken seriously by any con-| I heard about the ex-Kaiser in Berlin | sponsible for the war and the resulting | did nothing to endear the ex-Kaiser to| | denies that any such ventures are pos- | by work in the garden. I enjoy observing the blunders of so-called statesmen. I enjoy a good meal. I enjoy the study of archeology. Above all I am happy in the love of my wife. I only miss the opportunity to work on a large scale for the redemption of my people and of those in the world.'” The former Kaiser takes deep pleas- ure in religious contemplation, accord- ing to Mr. Viereck. He reads sermons by famous preachers, prepares some on his own account, and never wavers from the conviction that his critics are all wrong. Criticism Hurt Kaiser. “I asked him why Germany lost the war,” said Mr. Viereck. * ‘Because we hesitated to bear the worst—to face all risks in preserving faith.” The Emperor tells me that he has determined to devote his life to elimi- nating the poisonous underbrush of war propaganda “which lays war guilty to Germany. He works constantly on historical writings which he believes will rout the argument of his ecritics. “On the whole, the Emperor appears to be resigned to his present exile. ‘I have learned much that I did not know before. Perhaps God wants me to teach th2 world the truth about the origin of the war.’ “The antagonism of the German peo- ple toward his second marriage angered the Kaiser. He maintained that it was possible for him to love two wom- en, one living and one dead, with equal devotion. The criticism of his enemies was prompted, he said, by fear that the Empress Hermine would re- veal court scandal to him which would bode ill for former courtiers when he returned to the throne. “‘Do they talk? Let them talk’ is the motto which he has adopted at Doorn. Nevertheless he devotes a large part of his energy to demolishing the lie that attributes to Getrmany and to her Emperor the sole responsibility for the slaughter of 10,000,000 men. He feels that he might have done miracles it his plans for German greatness had been understood by his {)eopl& He still has hope that they will be understood before he dies. He still hopes that his reign, instead of ending in ruin, will mark a new epoch in human annals. With the vigorous good health which he enjoys he may well live to the age of 90 as did his grandfather.” ‘The personnel at Doorn numbers about 30 and includes Admiral H. von Rebeur-Paschwitz and a Maj. von Houten assigned by Queen Wilhelmina to control the movements of the ex- Kaiser and to accompany him on his drives around Doorn. The Dutch min- ister of agriculture is a neighbor, and with him Wilhelm frequently plays games of tennis. There are also four members of the National Rural Con- stabulary at hand, and the secret serv- ice man, Bolthuis, on the 30-acre estate which was given to the ex-Kalser by a friend and sympathizer, Count Bentinck. To Wilhelm, one possible consolation is left, not aiways available to men of his years, that. other things being equal. he need not be held a “back number” at the age of 70, since Germany is ruled | today by men well over 50, with Paul von Hindenburg, in his eighty-second year, the President of the republic. No Danger of Monarchy. In the new nation there is a return to the idealism of the old Germany from which spirit it was separated only by the period of the Hohenzollern Kaisership, as the Survey Graphic de- scribes it. France and Germany, hav- ing similar economic interests, are again close together. German tourists swarm to France. German is frequent- ly heafd in Paris. German plays and moving pictures are popular in Paris. There is an exchange of students in private families, and each year France and Germany trade 500 workmen to study new production methods. ‘Willi Helpach, member of the Reichs- tag and of the faculty of the University of Heidelburg, in his article in the New Germany number points out that a present danger to the German nation. is that, with a capable ruler, the people may fall into the political indifference that characterized the days of Bis- marck. Also, that since 1890 the Ger- | mans permitted Wilhelm II to play his dangerous game and that, generally, Germany is too much inclined to leave its affairs to officialdom. . Today, Hellpach points out, Germany is ruled by men born since 1875, or 1880. The new generation is about 25 years old, the intervening group having been badly depleted by the war. The Young German Order is like the old idealistic order of the period of the Crusades. it has today practical political objects, is Ishevistic and it combats “party- The average German borrows a ges- ture from his French neighbor with whom he is now on excellent terms. shrugging his shoulders indifferently at | the prospect of a possible Hohenzoilern restoration. Copenhagen Prbspers Despite Its Adversity COPENHAGEN.—Copenhagen, in com« mon with many other cities, has been the victim of the slogan makers. On the highly illuminated literature which they hand out in American steamship offices you may read that it is “the Paris of the North,” the “Capital of Agriculture” or “the Pearl of the Bal- tic Countries.” Such phrases are generally more or less unsatisfactory, but in this case they vork an injustice on one of the most enterprising cities of Europe and throw a false cloak of romantic fancy over a scene which, to the modern individual, is typically twentieth century and American. Although some of the old school Danes themselves seem blind to the fact, the city is spreading out like a mushroom, industry is going at a faster pace than ever before and business is being conducted in an astoundingly rapid manner, as in the “City of Go” itself. past The most casual survey of its makes one wonder that there is any city at all left standing on the Island of Zealand, least of all this throbbing, forward-driving metropolis of 670,000 persons. But its misadventures have gone quite as far toward rejuvenating it as the co-operatives, high finance and the other model systems which make Denmark stand out in the politi- | cal economy books as a modern Utopia. Copenhagen is a veritable monument to catastrophe. The city per nas been burned five times, by the Lubeckers in 1248 and 1368, twice by accident in 1728 and 1759, and 23,000 people third of its “flu'fldd:: X e, a o D E mdonndounomrmmuhhu been starved by siege, bombarder armies and navies and victimized tyrannical kirgs in a manner £i5 to ruin it for all time. As the capil~]l cf Dermark e hagen has borne the brunt of the blows which have been directed at the na- tion itself time after time during the past thousand years. “golden ages” which Denmark has enjoyed at lon{ intervals have been rudely intere rupted by wars and economic strain, ‘The last extensive period of peace and rosperity was that directly before tha nr' Ware Tise