Evening Star Newspaper, September 9, 1928, Page 91

SUNDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER 9, 1928 FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS MAKE DISTRICT "CENTER OF LEARNING™ | :Education Bfireau Official Cites Various i Agencies Which Give Knowledge to LADDER OF OPPORTUNITY AIM OF PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM Organization So Formed as to Give Every" Student the Kind of Train- Any One for Asking. BY LEWIS A. KALBACH, Acting United States Commissioner of Education ‘Washington, in one respect. occupies a unigue position: it is essentially a Government city. In writing of Washngton one must always remember that it was bult exclusively for the purpose of a National Capital, and all of its interests revolve around that idea. It is, as every citizen knows, the political and diplo- matic headquarters of the United States: the mecca of journalists and authors; and the nucleus of a most brilliant social life, rivaling that of foreign capitals. BY DR. FRANK W. BALLOU, Superintendent of Schools. District of Columbla. The organization of the public school system may be thought of as a ladder in which each child may find an opportunity to climb as high as his ability and initiative will carry him. The educational program of each community, munici- | pality or State must, therefore, be as varied as are the purposes, interests, and | capacities of young people. i , v The public school system recognize: of the educational ladder and others wil der. The educational work carried on in and presented that every pupil will find that kind of training which s that some pupils will climb to the end 1l progress varying distances up the lad- the public schools must be so organized dapted to his individual needs. An equal educational opportunity must be provided all | upils whether their progress in the school system is slow and limited or whether | t is rapid or unlimted. The elementary school. consisting of kindergarten and grades 1 to 6, is the foundation from which pupils climb the ecducational ladder through the Jjunior high school, the senior #chool, or college and university. foundation must be both ex ve and intensive. While the varying capacities of children are recognized and the edu- cational program is adapted to those varying capacities, the educational pro gram of the elementary schools must Pprovide instruction and training in that common knowledge and those general ideals which should be the acquisition of every citizen. The elementary schonl provides a general educational program which represents the minimum of n- struction and training which may be considered as necessary for ali young people. That At Earning Age. The junior high school consists of rades 7, and 9. Pupils of he junior high school range in age from 12 to 15 or 16 years. During this period of instruction many children will reach the age when, under the law, it 15 permissible for them to leave school to engage in gainful occupation. The junior high school, therefore, must be 80 organized and conducted that those pupils preparing for a long educational career, as well as those who contem: plate leaving school at an early dal will have equal educational opportunity to secure the desired education and training. | Hence ‘at about the middle of the| high | junior ‘high school course, namely in | the eighth year, pupils are offered limit- | ed opportunities for specialization look- | ing toward their future educational | career. In general pupils are divided | into three groups: first, those preparing ! for college and university education; | second. those looking toward the com- | pletion of commercial courses in the scnior high school; and, third, those lvoking toward industrial or trade edu- cation in the high schools, or fitting | themselves for gainful occupations in | industry immediately following their junior high school course. | The senior high school consists of grades, 10 11 and 12. Its educational program is more extensive and differ- | entiated than the educational program | of the junior high school. In the | senior high school preparatory courses for college are offered. These courses are organized to meet the varying re- quirements of admission to liberal arts and engineering colleges. The commer- cial courses cover stenography and | typewriting, general clerical work, sales- | manship, filing, and the performance | of those activities which are carried | on in the business offices of today. Since the future educational program | of a boy or girl in the senior high school, or in the college or university, is fairly definitely known, it has been easy to set up an educational program for pupils in the junior and senior high schools which would adequately pre- pare boys and girls to_continue_their | (Continued on Fifth Page.) | Top, left to right: Entrance to ne day of the new year, and the Gordon Junior Center: Marjorie Webster School of Expression and Ph: Bottom: Garnet-Patterson Junior High School for colored pu begins, and the John Mullen Memorial Library on the Catholic University campus, w McKinley High School at Second and T streets northeast, High School at Thirty-fifth and T streets, which wi ysical Education at Sixteenth and Kalmia streets, pils at Tenth and U streets, now being compl "W Uinuun S which will house the old “Tech” student body from the first ill be occupied soon after the opening date. which is ready for occupancy now. eted for occupancy shortly after the school year which was completed during the vacation period and which now is occupied. COURSES N 0L NILS. S Agriculture Department Of- fers Graduate Study Be- ginning October 15. The 1928-29 sessions of the graduate | school of the United States Department of Agriculture will open Monday, Octo- ber 15. with probably 4 graduate and | 11 undergraduate courses, according to an announcement by the department yesterday. ‘The four graduate courses, to be of- fered if the student demand exists for those subjects, are: Soil genetics, clas- sification and erosion; plant genetics; plant physiology, and instrumentation. | The undergraduate courses, likewise | to be given as the demand exists, are: | Principles and practices in agricultural co-operation; advanced statistical meth- ods; prices and price relationship; re- view of mathematics: history of Ameri- can agriculture; poultry husbandry (second semester): scientific French: Intermediate scientific German: com- ‘mercial Spanish, and advanced Russian. The course is soil genetics, classifi- cation and erosion, which will run | through one semester, probably will be- gin “December 17 in order to give field men who come to Washington for the Winter opportunity to take the course, and also one or two other courses may for the same reason start some time in_December. In connection with the school it fre- quently is possible for adequately pre- pared students to arrange to do special work on definite problems under super- vision in the department’s research | laboratories. Such work and the credit to be granted should be arranged through the deans of accredited grad- uate schools. A limited number of such problems probably will be avail- able this year. FRANKLIN BUSINESS X CLASSES OPEN SEPT. 17| University Now Second in Enroll- ment Among 35 Institutions of Type in Country. ! The Benjamin Franklin Business | ‘University will open its Fall night ses- | sions September 17 and its day classes October 1, with the same faculty and curricula which afforded it a success- ful year of operation during the last term. Specializing in accountancy, which it characterizes as the profession of fact- finding in modern business, the Ben- jamin Franklin School, successor to the Pace Institute here, has expanded in enrollment and student accommodation until it is the second largest of the 35 institutions in various cities of the Na- ( tion teaching the Pace course. The Pace Institute here was founded in 1907, while the institution was incor- porated three years ago as the Ben- Jemin Franklin University. Basing the estimate on the number of applications for information con- cerning its courses and the past yearly increase, the school is expecting a 15 or 20 per cent larger enroliment dur- i ming term than its last | showed. Last year, how- hool experienced its great- | est increase, when 30 per cent larger Tolls than two years ago were regis- t About a fifth of the school's tal enrollment embraces out-of-town students. John T. Kennedy is president of the Benjamin Franklin Universit Students Rent Books. A large number of duplicate books %0 be rented have been purchased by the library of the University of Chicago. They are rented in sets or individually and for different periods to suit the needs of students. Books in the rented library at present number more than 30,000, and the business is increasing rapidly. A “speech department” has been in- pugurated in the Pontiac (Mich.) High School. It offers six courses, for which credit is allowed by the State colleges sad universitiez, ’Temple School Now Enrolling Stu- | “Star Stuff. CLASSES FORMING. i dents of Business. 1‘ | Enrollment in business subject classes now is going on at the Temple School, 1420 K street, where modern facilities for study are provided in a fireproof building. Classes are being formed in typewriting, Gregg and Graham-Pit- man shorthand systems, bookkeeping, spelling, filing and secretarial training. At the completion of the courses cer- tificates are awarded to graduates, while diplomas are given to those stu- dents who qualify at 100 words a min- ute in shorthand and 50 words a minute in_typewriting. Mrs, Caroline B. Stephen is president of the school, Mrs. Pauline E. Everhart 1s vice president and Miss Alice Terrell is office manager. COMMUNITY CENTER LISTS TEN EVENTS Music, Drama and Lectures In- cluded in Institute's Com- ing Season. Ten outstanding events of cultural and educational interest have been an- nounced as the Community Center In- stitute’s program for the coming Fall and Winter season. Including music, drama and lectures on art, astronomy, international affairs and philosophy, the events will be pre- sented at 8:15 o'clock on Wednesday and Thursday evenings in the Central High School auditorium. Tickets for the entire course are available at the Community Center offices in the Frank- lin Administration Building, Thirteenth and K streets. The season’s program will include Dr. Richard E. Burton in “The Younger Generation Speaks,” October 31; Dalsy Jean in a recital of cello and harp, with songs, November 14; Sydney Thompson in original plays and old legends in cos- tume, December 5; Henry Turner Bai- !ley in “How to Look at a Picture and What to Get Out of It.” December 20; Norman Angell in “The Crises in De- mocracy,” January 3; Flonzaley Quartet, January 17; Dr. Bruno Roselli in “Lep- tis Magna,” illustrated, February 7; Will Durant in “Is Progress a Delusion?” February 21; Dr. Harlow Shapley in " illustrated, March 6, and Thornton Wilder in “The Bridge of San Luis Rey,” March 27. The Community Institute is given un- der the auspices of the Community Cen- ter Department of the Public Schools, with the co-operation of the Washing- ton Society of Fine Arts and the Public Library. The library will supply, on re- quest, Teferences and reading matter on speakers and subjects listed by the in- stitute. {Organized Play Is Stressed, at Well as Study. Mrs. Cook’s School, at 2344 Massa; chusetts avenue, for boys and girls from kindergarten to sixth grade ages, will resume classes October 1. Stressing | the importance of organized play and recreation as well as study, the school’s pupils are taken on jaunts through Rock Creek Park, which adjoins the school premises. B. H. Hardin is director of the ath- Jetic classes, while Mrs. Helen Corbin Heinl is instructor in the piano. Mrs. Frank C. Cook, principal of the school since the beginning of last year, re- mains in that office for the coming season. Tex;ch Other Subjects. employed in schools and colleges of the demic courses in addition to their own | special work was brought out at a con- ference on professional training in physical education arranged by the United States Bureau of Education and recently held in this city. Of all the applications received at the University of Tllinols for specialists in phys- ical education, more than half called for men able to teach some academic That approximately 33 per cent of | the specialists .in physical education | United States are teaching some aca- | 00 10 ENRDL N PUBLE SHOLS System Officials’ Estimate Represents an Increase of 3,000 Over Last Year. Public school officials are preparing to receive an estimated enrollment of 75,000 students in the city's element- ary, junior high, senior high and nor- mal schools when they open their doors for the 1928-20 school year, Mon- day, September 17, it was announced at the Franklin Administration Building yesterday. With a peak enrollment of 72,031 registered last year during the month of December, the school officials’ esti- mates anticipate a total increase in both white and colored schools of near- ly 3,000 pupils. Of this total increase nearly 1,000 will go to the schools for colored pupils since the District’s col- ored school population is slightly less than one-third of the white school population. While school opens one week from tomorrow for the students, the teach- ers and officers of the system will be- gin their year's work on Friday of this week, when elementary school teachers meet with their respective supervising principals and high school teachers meet with their principals in their respective buildings. Official summons of the teaching personnel of the school system will be issued from the office of the superintendent of schools within a day or two. At the initial conferences Friday, the teachers and their officers will set into opera- tion the machinery which will steer Washington youth down their educa- tional courses for another year's progress. Admission Boards to Sit. Concurrent with the first teachers’ meetings of the season Friday, the two boards of admission will sit from 9 am. to 4 pm. Thursday and Friday for the purpose of examining the cre= dentials of graduates of private and parochial elementary schools and those of out-of-town institutions to determine their eligibility for entrance in the District high schools, Where the cre- dentials of applicants are found satis- factory, pupils will be assigned to in- stitutions _within proximity of ~their homes by Stephen E. Kramer and Gar- net C. Wilkinson, first assistant super- intendents in charge of high schools in the while and colored divisions, re- spectively. In those cases where un- satisfactory credentials are presented written examinations will be admin- istered before the students will be de- clared eligible for entrance in a high | school of the system. These examina- | tions probably will be given next Sat- urday. While assignments to the high ! schools will be made principally in ac- | cordance with the addresses of the applicants, it was indicated at Franklin Administration Building yesterday that the wishes of parents regarding the enrollment, of their children in specific | institutions will be earnestly considered | and where practical in the opinion of the school officials, the wishes of | parents will be granted. | School Board Already at Work. | 'The board of admissions for the | white_schools—those of divisions 1-9— will sit at the Franklin Administration Building, Thirteenth and K streets, | while the board for the colored schools { —divisions 10-13—will meet at the Dunbar High School, First and N streets. The divisions 1-9 board is composed of W. P. Hay of McKinley High School, chairman: Miss M. C. Hawes of Eastern, secretary; Dr. A. L. Howard of Business, Miss D. F. Sher- man of Central, Miss J. B. Edmondson of Western and Miss Ella Monk' of . Eastern. ‘The divisions 10-13 board consists of Clarence O. Lewis of Dunbar, chair- | man; Cato W. Adams of Armstrong, | W. P. DeBardeleben of Miner Normal School and Walker Savoy of the Francis Junior High School, representing the junior high schools. With preparations for the launch- | ing of the school year by the various schools themselves scheduled for this week. the Board of Education already subject in addition to physical educa- tion, | has returned to its 1928-29 sessions, having met in the boardroom at the | | | Beauty, Culture and Art Cited as City’s Offering to Young Women. Climate and Location Also Seen Assets by Woman Educator. ‘Washington's natural advantages for girls' schools, of which there are more here than in any other city of like size in the country, surpass every other school center in the United States, in the opinion of Mrs, Jessie Holton, of Holton Arms School, a junior college for girls, at 2125 S street. In this opinion Mrs. Holton is upheld by the officials of the other schools in and about the District, who find the peculiar equipment of the National Cap- | ital admirably fitted for the carrying out of girls’ educational enterprises. Mrs. Holton particularly stresses the climatic conditions of the Capital. The geographical location of the Capital lends itself very well, she believes, for a home-center of education for girls from all parts of the country. Situated as it is about midway of the Nation, moving here involves no great change of climate trom any section, and it is particularly adapted to pupils from the West and Middle West, due to its prox- imity to the Atlantic seaboard and the great municipal centers along the coast. Drawing both from the North and South, as well as from the West, the best minds of the Nation on art, liter- ature, science and education, Washing- ton constitutes the premier educational center of the country for women and girls, she believes. Stresses Beauty of City. ‘Then Mrs. Holton stresses the beauty | of the Capital. By far the most beau- tiful city in the country, Mrs Holton believes Washington gives girls and young women attending school here, a measure of pride in civic beauty that is of inestimable benefit to cities and towns throughout the country. “Washington inculcates in the girl student a love of the beautiful city that will make her in after years a great factor in movements to beautify other American cities, bringing them up to and even beyond the standard Wash- ington has set for them,” she says. The girls, she believes, get ideas for which impel them to action in later years. Another point she brings out as of great value to the girls attending school here is that Washington is not a busi- ness town. It is more of a country | town, she says, free from the influences | and factors that run contrary to such enterprises as here in the large indus- { trial cities of the East. the development of their own towns | ADVANTAGES OF D. C. AS GIRLS' | | JESSIE_HOLTON. | “I believe educational institutions for women should be kept as far away as possible from business centers. Busi- | ness and education, the education that | the girl who attends a Washington | school receives, at least, are not kin- dred.” Mrs. Holton did not refer to the schools primarily for training in business subjects, but adds that there is taught in practically all schools some n‘l the fundamentals of business prac- tice | Study of Governmeni. | And as the seat of the National Gov- ernment, with its opportunities for a close study of the administration of the Nation and its relations with the other great powers of the world, the city pre- sents advantages that are unexcelled, she believes. “We believe girls attending schools | here get a touch of interest in national | and international political affairs that molds them into citizens who are more | cognizant of what is going on in the iwnrld than those who attend schools in any other city. “Our girls take from 8 to 10 trips | during the year to the points of in- terest in the Capital, where they will see the machinery of government func- tioning, and in this manner gain an insight into their country’s affairs that book studs Practically invaluable to her own school, Mrs. Holton believes that the every line afforded by the government activities and such institutions as the Congressional Library are factors that | point to the establishment here in time of great universities. “Washington does not belong to the District of Columbia. It is the prop- erty of the entire country and thus is the logical gathering place for men and v':omen of the entire Nation for educa- tion.” SEEK $150,000. ‘ i {Sum Would Be Used to Teach American History in England. | Committees have been appointed in New York and London to raise gn en- dowment for the establishment in the University of London, England, of a | chair for teaching and research in American history. The plan is to raise a capital sum of approximately $150,000 to provide the salary of a professor and to some extent for the maintenance of a library in connection with the de- partment. | The university has at present a lec- tureship in American history, which has made it possible for undergraduate stu- dents studying history for their degree to devote one-third of their time to American history after 1783, and for organized postgraduate study of Amer- ican history. Franklin Bullding last Wednesday un- der the chairmanship of Charles F. Carusi, president. A special meeting of the board will be held in the board- room at 3 p.m. Wednesday, however, when the members will be called upon to act on certain business connected with the opening of the schools. : { '|COUNTIES FIGHT DISEASE Virginia Employs Larger Number of Health Officers. Counties in Virginia conducting rural health service under the direction of a whole-time health officer increased from six in 1920 to 15 in 1928. In 10 counties a sanitation officer is employed, according to recent study of rural heaith problems in Virginia made by a graduate student at the University of Virginia. In 14 counties rural health service Is in charge of a sanitation officer and a nurse; in 11 counties a public health nurse heads the work. In all, 50 of the 100 counties in Vir- ginia maintain some form of public health service. Students Suypor-t Selves. Average weekly wage of man students in Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio, where students by alternating produc- tive work and study may be practically self-supporting, is $22 in the freshman year and $35 in the senior year. For woman students the figures are $15 and $25. Co-operative work of students is with 180 employers in 13 States. Half of last year's graduates affiliated with lege. they could not possibly get merely from research study opportunities in almost | employers who co-operate with the col-‘ COLORED SEHDDS FACE ACTVE YEAR Opening of First Business High School and Curricula Study on Schedule. | With the launching of the Cardozo High School, the first senior high school in the United States to be devoted ex- clusively to the training of colored youth in business practice, and the maintenance of close study of the senior high school curricula with a view to recommending progressive changes in the existing courses of study, Garnet C. Wwilkinson, first assistant superintendent of schools in charge of the colored pub- lic schools, is confronted with problems in the coming school year the solution of which will demand real labor—tut labor tempered for him with the knowl- edge that he is pursuing an ideal. In addition to founding an entirely new institution and keeping watch over those already in operation, Mr. Wilkin- son this year also must watch closely the experimentation to be conducted in the Miner Normal School in the estab- lishment of a more intensified curri- culum in accordance with the action of the Board of Education last Spring in making the District normal school courses three years in length instead of WO. While these three major projects must be steered into proper construc- tive channels during a period of pro- gressive pioneering, the assistant super- intendent in charge of divisions 10-13 of the school system still must carry forward his routine business of admin- istering the affairs of his charges Hence the year 1928-29 will be one of the busiest of his career. Perhaps the greatest single task con- fronting the administrative staff of the District’s schools for colored youth lies in the proper founding of the Cardozo High School. It is in this work which Mr. Wilkinson sees opportunity for the most widesweeping _results, for with particular attention being given for tlie first time to instruction of colored boys and girls in business methods and busi- ness practice, the Washington school system will be providing the nucleus for a future fleld of colored business houses and business men. Enroll Dunbar Students. Located in the old M Street High School Building between First street !and New Jersey avenue, which untfl Ilast Spring housed the Shaw Junior {High School, the new Cardozo High ! School of business practice will draw its first enrollment from the depart- | ment of business practice of the Dun- bar High School. This cepactment. | transferred back and forth across the city many times in recent years before it was allowed to rest for a period in {the senior academic high school of divisions 10-13, has provided the only {business education to Washington’s | colored youth. As a “department ?( a {larger institution, it has been accorded [ the less specific attention usually con- ! ferred upon “branch” institutions. Mr. Wilkinson has consistently nrged {the creation of a separate senior high | ¢chool similar in scope and standing to | the Business High School of the first [ten divisions in the school system and |last Spring the Board of Education | formally designated the new institution as the Cardozo High School. R. N. Mattingly was appointed principal and a staff of teachers was chosen. By moving bodily the old department of business practice from the Dunbar, a student body representative of the en- tire four years of study along with the evening classes which were organized for the departmental school, was a all- able. “I regard the creation of the Car- dozo High School as a real challenge to the teachers and administrative officers to found an institution which in its particular scope will be akin to Dunbar High School, which today is admittedly the foremost colored high school any- where,” Mr. Wilkinson said yesterday. “We want to establish at Cardozo not only an institution where our boys and girls may prepare themselves for careers in the business world—almost a virgin land of endeavor for our people —but a plant where the adult small “(Continued on Seventh Page) < But Washington is something more they are; it is a “ | it cannot boast of a “national university.” center of learning” unsurpassed in the Nation, han all these things, important though even though " It was the dream of George Wash- t | ington that such an institution be founded. He urged its creation in a message | to Congress, an the importance of a great | a certain specified part of his estate, valued “toward the endowment of a university lumbia under the auspices of the General Government.” project for a national university never d in letters to Thomas Jefferson and John Adams he emphasized Federal seat of learning. In his will he provided that at about $25,000, should be set aside be established in the District of Co- Although Washington's materialized, his dreams were destined to to come true—perhaps in a larger sense of the word “universit; With the formation of the different departments of the Government, with ’bureaus engaged in work of a scientific | character, the Capital of the Nation be- came the seat of learning in a grander, more comprehensive, and more cosmo- politan way-than if its work were con- fined to the walls of a prescribed insti- tution of higher education. The Fed- eral departments fulfill many of the agencies of a post-graduate institution where pure and applied sciences are pursued. Washington, as the seat of Government, offers peculiar advantages for the study of civics and governmental administration. “Washington,” says a brilliant writer, “is the library, the storehouse, and at the same time the distributing center of the Nation’s knowledge and accomplishments. There is no science, no branch of learning, no vital feature of national life that is not embodied in the Government at ‘Washington. Libraries, scientific bu- reaus, experiment stations, laboratories, museums, all form an essential and im- portant part of the Government's equipment.” The scientific bureaus of the Federal Government may be likened to the schools or departments of a university in their functions of disseminating knowledge, though of course the methods and the sources of material are different. Universities impart in- formation directly to small bodies of students; the Government scientific bureaus make their knowledge available to the entire public through their printed reports, bulletins, correspond- ence, lectures and personal interviews. Congress Orders Availability. In the year 1892 the Fifty-second Congress passed a joint resolution “to encourage the establishment and en- dowment of institutions of learning at the National Capital by defining the policy of the Government with refer- ence to the use of its literary and scientific collections by students.” It was resolved that “the facilities for re- search and illustration in the following and any other governmental collections now existing or hereafter to be estab- lished in the city of Washington for the promotion of knowledge shall be accessible under such rules and restric- tions as the officers in charge of each collection may prescribe,” etc., to th2 scientific investigators and students of any institution of higher education now incorporated or hereafter to be incorpn- rated under the laws of Congress or of the District of Columbia, to wit: (1) Of the Library of Congress; (2) of the National Museum; (3) of the Patent Office; (4) of the Bureau of Education; (5) of the Bureau of Ethnology; (6) of the Army Medical Museum; (7) of the Department of Agriculture; (8) of the Bureau of Fisheries; (9) of the Botanic Garden: (10) of the Coast and Geo- detic Survey; (11) of the Geological Survey, and (12) of the Naval Observa- tory. Nine years later the foregoing was supplemented by a further resolu- tion, approved March 3, 1901, which extended “the facilities for study and research in the Government depart- ments to sclentific investigators and to duly qualified individuals, students, and graduates of institutions of learning i the several States and Territories, as well as the District of Columbia.” The first of these acts was avowedly an attempt to encourage the incorpora- tion of educational institutions in the District of Columbia; the second. an attempt to extend privileges to indi- vidual students without reference their connection with any organized educational body. Quotes Hadley of Yale. President A. T. Hadley of Yale Uni- versity, in summing up the facilities for study and research in Washington, pub- lished in Bulletin, 1909, No. 1. of tte United States Bureau of Education, s ays: “The existing facilities for study and research divide themselves into three groups: (1) Facilities open to the gen- eral public, to wit, libraries and mu- seums:; (2) training schools for class in- struction in preparation for specific de- partments of the Government service: 3) laboratory facilities and personal instruction available to individual in- vestigators in the various Government offices, whether these investigators be actually in the employ of the Govern- not.” meflfe Oftudents now enrolled in the various colleges and universities in the National Capital, such as Georgetown University, George Washington Univer- sity, American University, the Catholic University of America, Howard Uni- versity, and other institutions of learn- ing, to say nothing of specialists who come to the city to pursue post-graduate investigations, are afforded unlimited opportunities for study and research work, such as exist in no other city in the United States. The Library of Con- gress is the great nucleus around which Irevolve the educational interests of the city, for it is the repository of the finest collection of books to be found any- where. Says President Hadley: “In the year 1800, when the seat of Government was established at Washington, provision was at once made for creating a Library of Congress, under the direct control of the United States authorities, which should be the best institution of its kind in the Western Hemisphere. In spite of two fires—one in 1814 and the other in 1851—by which the collections of books were destroyed or greatly im- paired, these intentions have been con- sistently realized. The Library of Con- gress is not only the largest collection of books in the country; it is, of all the large libraries in the world, the one whose collections are made most read- ily available for the scientific investi- gator of every grade.” It contains more than 3,500,000 volumes under one roof and about 2,000,000 volumes under its supervision in other places. Among this vast collection of books are thou- sands of valuable prints, engravings, and manuscripts relating to the history of the United States, and students are afforded facilities for copying and re- pmduc\n, these rare treasures. By a system of interlibrary loans the mate- rial in the Library of Congress is actu- 1 ally put at the disposal of responsible investigators all over the United States. Each bureau of the Government is equipped with a technical library con- sonant with its particular work. The most important of these libraries, in public use as well as in number of books, is that of the surgeon general’s office. This library deals with all branches of medicine, surgery and the allied sciences. Great use of the facill- ties here offered is made by the medical profession of -the country and by in- vestigators from abroad. The Interior Department, with its Geololgical Survey, Bureau of Reclama- tion, General Land Office, Bureau of Pensions and Bureau of Education, car- ries on research work in chemistry and mineralogy, engineering, irrigation and hydraulic engineering, geological for~ mations, cartography, history, anthro- pology, genealogy. education, etc., that is of great value to the student in pure and applied science. The General Land Office of the In- terior Department is rich in records dating back to the beginning of the Republic. The entire story of the pio- neer movement to the West, which comprises a fascinating and epochal chapter in the making of the Nation, is available to students of history in the files of the land office. In 1907 the General Land Office published a map of the United States, showing the routes of principal explorers and early roads and highways that is of particu- lar interest’ to schools and students of history in general. For records of the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican ‘War, the Civil War, the Spanish-Amer- ican War and the various Indian wars, the Bureau of Pensions of the Interior Department is a mine of information for the history student. St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, which is recognized by the American Medical Association as a class A institution, gives instruction to students of the Army Medical School, George Washing- ton, Georgetown and Howard Univer- sities and to various medical officers detailed from the Navy and the United States Veterans’ Bureau. Cites Education Bureau. The Bureau of Education was estab- lished originally as an independent de- partment of the Government by an act of Congress, approved March 2, 1867, and continued as such until July 1, 1869, when it was constituted an office or bureau in the Department of the Interior. The subject of education is not spe- cifically mentioned in the Cmutltuifi:n of the United States. The establish- ment of schools was left to the individ- ual States as an unmentioned power by the tenth amendment, ratified in 1791. But from the inception of the Republic the Federal Government has encour- aged education in the several States and made provision for schools in its Territories. In the District of Colum- bia it helps to maintain Howard Uni- versity, the largest university for the negro race in the world; it supports laboratories for the study of compara- tive psychology and psychiatry in con- nection with St. Elizabeth's and it conducts expe: work of great value to the Nation at large in its Bureau of Standards, etc. The necessity of some central agency for the collection and study of educa- tional statistics and data was early seen and appreciated by school men. In response to this need the United States Bureau of Education was insti- tuted “for the purpose of collecting such statistics in the several States and Ter- ritories, and of diffusing such informa- tion respecting the organization and management of schools and school sys- tems, and methods of teaching as shall aid the people of the United States in the establishment and maintenance of efficient school systems, and otherwise promote the cause of education throughout the country.” The library of the bureau contains the largest collection of books on edu- cation in this country and is open for study and research to students and investigators in the field of education. has available bibliographies on large numbers of subjects. The mem- bers of the bureau's staff are avail able at all time for consultation. Military Students Aided. To those interested in military and naval affairs the War and Navy De- partments offer facilites that are un- surpassed. The War Department main- tains the Army War College at Wash- ington for the training of selected of- ficers for duty in the War Department general staff, etc, and this college possesses a unique collection of books appertaining to military science. The Department of Labor, with its Bureau of Immigration, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Children’s Bureau, Bureau of Naturalization and Women'’s Bureau, affords the student of eco- nomics and labor conditions most val- uable data. The Department of Commerce, un- der which are bureaus devoted to aero- nautics, radio, the census, fisheries, Coast and Geodetic Survey, mines, pat- ents and standards, represents many fields of pure and applied science. The Bureau of Standards aids industry “di- rectly or through co-operating com- mittees to determine the best standards of dimension, quality, performance and ractice. Its unique research and test- ing facilities are used to discover and ev]nluakt’e 1mutm-):11| standards and to solve basic technical proble of in- dustry.” P In the laboratories of the Depart- ment of Agriculture and of the Naval Hospital and Public Health Service all kinds of bacteriological and chem- ical investigations are continuously carried on, together with studies in biochemistry, comparative pathology and parasitology. Law Study Also Promoted. Special advantages are afforded in Washington to students of law and diplomacy. The Supreme.Court is in session from October to May, and on each Monday morning delivers opinions orally. The Department of State, which possesses a library rich in the study of diplomacy and intéernations! (Continued on Eighth Page.)