Evening Star Newspaper, September 9, 1928, Page 25

§Piri 233 Pages WASHINGTON, D. ALIEN SMUGGLING GIVES GOVERNMENT PROBLEM Limited Border Pol Check Flow of Thousands “Boot- legged” From Canada Yearly. BY REX COLLIER. RING the scrul Am‘cd immigration_inspectors by means of camoufiage, or elud- ing their far-flung nets alto- gether by means ug_tc_n‘\;(;lulilg v undercover expeditions :::::\[;(;!:,CG\xxx:\lardrd stretches, gnlold thousands of aliens are being “boot- legged” acrcss the Canadian border an- Ilug‘l‘lq,"gd“d into the United States by r. land and water, these unwelcome Vi rs from foreign lands :\Y‘K; being apprehended by immigration authorities at the rate of 1,000 a month, according to Harry E. Hull. United States Com- missioner General of Immigration. But there are thousands more who escape detection, remaining here to preach un-American doctrines, spread discase or disturb employment condi- y of keen- | { of insp ice Force Unable to er popular method of illicit m(\rx\‘-mig fo rets as @ ralivoad hand. steal aboard a train bound for the United States and thus escape inspec- tion at the border. Freights usually are chosen for this purpose, aithough passenger trains :flsa(mrry a good many s into the country. ah(gxt‘;clx:fnlrarful of subjecting them- selves and their disguises to the gaze ectors at recognized ports oi te. unguarded border to enter. Au entry, select remo | spots " for their attempts r | uninhabited forest, far from ci town, supplies an admirable the activities of the smugglel 1 Iy scction of shoreline on a lake or vhere a boatload of “contraband nay be shipped over the line under cover of darkness. is almost as good. There are hundreds of miles of \\r-md» and rivers and lakes adaptable for suc- cessful smuggling. ay do they get into this country? his question, put to Commissioner | upon his Teturn®from a tour of | ection of border activitics, prompted Guerulous reply Force Is Small. “How are we going to keep them out | when we have only a limited force of nspectors and patrolmen to cover five | or six thousand miles of territory? That is a question which has Com- mussioner Hull at his wit's end. It is a problem he had put before Congress for several successive years, but which so far has not produced the desired results in the way of remedial legisla- jor = I: is a protlem which is susceptible of solution with congressional help, however, in Mr. Hull's opinion. While | it to use the commissioner’s phrase- | ology, “humanly impossible to stem the | tide of aliens with the present inade- quate force,” a greatly eniarged inspec- | tion and patrol personncl could raise | £n almost impenctrable barrier against | these undesirables. | Commissioner Hull is informed (l_'lat’ 100,000 persons cross the Canadian | border each day of the year. The mag- nitude of the task imposed on American inspection officials is readily apparent. The influx vastly increases with the tide of seasonal touring. To handle this influx Un=le Sam has 500 inspectors and 1,000 patrolmen—scattered over a boundary line nearly 6,000 miles long. + Some Use Planes. Across this boundary come countless | highways and many railroads. Only | 10 per cent of all the roads leadirg | acrcss the border have inspectors on | them. There are toc many roads, too many bodies of water, too many wooded wildernesses and mountains for the existing patrol forces to handle. Of Jate even the skiss have beccme a path- way into ihe United States for alien smugglers, and Americea has no planes available for the use of immigration officers. | Bootlegging of aliens has grown with | | other oda jobs to be found on big ships | t] the. wi of ‘the Canadian Northwest. American | o immigration officials gasped when they [ Did you smugeling appears to have S pmnngrnons of an international | business. There arc organized rings which bring the intruders from E\lm\)!i and smuggle them into America for specified sums. per alien. Ofttimes the stipend is $500 or even $1.000 per per- son, but the smuggler will take less, providing he is sure the alien has no more money to spend. Many of the| foreigners get HE mosi conscrvative of news- papers, the Springfield Republi- can. in its issuc of August 22, 1928, carried on its first page a dispatch which began as follows: HOLYOKE. August 21.—Holyoke was thrilled to tears by the news that flashed * over the wires today that President Cool- idge had selected William F. Whiting as into Canada and_the | United States disguised as scamen. That | is, they “sign on” as seamen in Euro- pean ports solely for the purpose of reaching this side of the Atlentic, and oo ity then deserting. Anclent maritime rules | Herbert Hoover's successor in the cabinet of the sea have served to clothe the | Everybody kncws tht the Springfield sailor in a cloak of immunity, so far as | Republican cver a span of 80 years has internation immigration regulations go. | specialized in facts. Its reporters are The old-time sailor had no home Rut |trained to specialize in facts, if they the sea. He was a citizen of the world. |are interested in holding their jobs. And that cosmopolitan citizenship al- | Therefore it may be assumed that if | ways has been respected. the Holyoke correspondent reported that | Modern_oceanic transportation has | his city was “thrilled to tears” he was sounded the knell of the ancient mar- | stating a fact. iner, however. The sailor of today may| On that eveatful afternoon when know nothinz of navigation, and yet | Holyoke could scarcely resist the im- land a job on a liner. If he can stoke | pulse to ring every firebell in the city boilers, or clean cabins, or wash déishes and declare a general g(?xx]daai ;h:mng; indred and one ublican reporter moves | e e ound o The cmv:dedp(;obbi of the Nonotuck Ho- 5 to be- | tel. and because he saw the eyes of ol gg,,'.i‘e,”-‘fgffi',fi_g‘-.y-mhigfi: "{%‘\? I:Iuor of | Mike Bowler -nc Jens Madsen and John today is using his position only as a |Shea, and even Democrats like Danny means of transportation, sans fare. Martin and Petey Clark, grow moist as tl Two Kinds of Sailors. t xmmigmmnd"i’nspecgrs are unntbge 4 accurately to differentiate between the | geiq whiting doesn't look like a man bona fide seaman who is leaving one | who could thrill a sizable city to tears. ship in port to seek a better berth on | girajgnt as a ramrod, clad Summer or another ship, and the sailor Who says | winter in somber black, he is almost he is going to change ships, but intends | stern~ But get up close to him, half actually to desert the sea and seek his a dozen feet away or thereabouts, as fortune among the land lubbers. Holyoke has been doing in the 40 years To make matters wdrse with respect | of his manhood, and presto! that isn't to the Canadian border situation, the | the same man at all. British government recently announced | “Did you expect eyes of flinty gray? its *intention of shipping 20,000 un-|wrong. They ar blue, and at their employed miners to Canada for work in | corners is a smile which has never dis- it fields and on cattle ranches .Ppe-red. even in the gloomiest hours a dozen red-hot political campaigns. heir enthusiasm bubbled, he sat down hat evening and reported nothing but he facts. Seen from a distance, William Fair- expect a weather-beaten s at Predecesse WILLIAM F. which continued the tradition with the silent Calvin Coolidge, and which now produce a third in the series of silent statesmen. For Secretary Whiting doesn't talk much. Like Crane and Coolidge before him, his chief joy comes in_ listening. His taciturnity has already justified | itself. An ordinary politician—a de- featedl candidate for something or other for whom the party must find solace— would have bubbled over with words it selected to fill the shoes of Herbert Hoover. Secretary Whiting did not b to resist the impulse to talk. He be- haved naturally. As a business man he was thoroughly familiar with the | amazing accomplishments of the De- partment of Commerce in_its seven years under Hoover. As a Republican he realized that his party's best asset | was the character and ability of its presidential nominee. Follows Hoover Policies. EDITORIAL SECTION Filling Hoover’s Shoes W. F. Whiting Mary« Ability as He Assumes Department of Commerce Reins. WHITING. mation—little forgotten incidents in the life of its most distinguished citizen, his habits, his hobbies, his methods. Incidentally, there has come a new flood of Coolidge anecdotes, for this new cabinet officer happens to be the only rival of Frank W. Stearns for the honor aving been the “original Coolidge man.” ‘Was Born to Politics. Secretary Whiting virtually was born to be in politics. His father, the first Willlam Whiting, began to hold public office when his elder son was toddling and went to Congress the same year that young William rode up the river to enter the freshman class at Amherst. In later years, therefore, it seemed only natural | that the younger man, then become “W. F.” to all Holyoke, should assume the leadership of the Republican organi- zation of his city and as he reached his full maturity should play a major part such astounding leaps that it now com- | Fares favorably with bootlegging of | 1 liquor as a source of ili~gal profits along the border. In fact, Mr. Hull declares, the two “professions” now go hand in | hand. liens and liquor often are smuggled over the line in one consign- ment. When the rum-running business gets “low,” the international boofleegcrs‘ are perfectly willing to turn their hand | to alien rmaning. Smuggling liquor is safer than deal- ing in aliens. however. The liquor sent into this country surreptitiously quickly disappears, but aliens cannot losc their identity so readily. Their manner of dress, their broken speech, their actions, their whole appearance set them apart from ordinary American citizens. Be- fore long the immigration authorities get word of the strangers, investigations are made and deportation proceedings instituted. Slipping by the immigration blockade along the United States-Canada border heard of this plan. They fear that the | countenance, the stern features of a miners will find agriculture in Canada | captain of 'industry? Wrong again. not so profitable, or not so much to|And when he speaks the voice is not their liking for other reasons, and that | crisp, sharp; it is soft, musical and the they xl]]lturn] toward the United States | enunciation is that of a man of culture. as a final goal. ! Commissioner Hull obtained a first- | R EE I e hand report on the border outlook dur-| This is the William F. ‘Whiting that | ing conferences with immigration offi- | Holyoke has known since he came home | cials at St. johns, New Brunswick, and | with his Amherst degree, donned over- Yarmouth and Halifax, Nova Scotia.|alls and jumper and began to lean He visited also the northern border |paper manufacturing in the humblest patrols of Maine, New Hampshire and | job in his father's mill. |in the political development of that When President Coolidge asked Lim | child of destiny—Calvin Coolidge. if he would accept the appointment he | Yel Holyoke insisis that neither hered- said “Yes.” When Holyoke asked him | ity nor environment really brought W. F. why he had broken his lifelong rule | Whiting into politics, but that a simple not to hold public office he said: * cause I was interested.” When the | tion. Y7ashington newspaper men asked him what his “policies” would be he said /man is working long hours in a paper they would be Mr. Hoover's policies. | mill he is disinclined in the evening to ‘To demonstrate that he meant what he | fraternize in the drug stores and the said he did not bring a single assistant | clubs with those of his own age. And or secretary to Washington with him, 50 he did not learn that there is a prac- He aiways voted and he was a Be- | incident shaped his course in that direc- | regular Republican, but when a young | Vermont. said. getting over the border. As a result our border patrol forces are kept busy all the time. | T 5 | Washington some tim> to get the same The immigration officers on border | view of the picture because cabinet of- patrol duty are doing wonderful work in | ficers their efforts to keep out of the United | But States aliens desirous of entering.” he | new ““Pressure of aliens to get into this | his job Washington will learn that here country is increasing all the time. They|is a man with the attributes of a de- are adopting new and novel means for | j in a single word, restful. It may take usually seen from a distance. ke is certain that before the cretary of Commerce is settled in ightful neighbor. He is, if the idea can be expressed He is some- | that his party is not looking for im- and he intends to carry on with the | men and women who executed Mr. Hoover's orders. Successful in every- thing he has ever undertaken, Secretary | Whiting is a big enough man to knowl provements on the Hoover policies. | As the man selected to succeed | Hoover, Secretary Whiting became a subject of national interest the moment tical side to politics. There was a vacancy in the teaching | system of Holyoke. One of the men in the miil had a daughter who was eager to obtain the place. “W. F.” offered to | nelp. He knew some of the members of the school committee and all of them knew who he was. Therefore he inter~ viewed all of them in the interest of i3 friend’s daughter. Each committee- | 'RHINELAND EVACUATION |Stresemann’s Plea for Withdrawal of he lost out. F.” experienced deep chagrin. On his way home that eve- ning he dropped in for a moment at | Ball's drug store and voiced his opinion. | " “Say.” spoke up one of the listeners, “you wasted an awful lot of time run- | ning around interviewing those fellows. | Do you know Mike Bowler?" “W. F.” admitted he had a speaking 2cquaintance with the man who was |then boss of the city's politics. | “Well, go see Mike. You'll save time and you'll get more action.” Then Gets Results. “W. F." “saw” Mike, and undoubtedly Mike “saw” the school committeemen. /hen the next vacancy occurred, the | choice of the board. The incident taught young Whiting several things—the need of honest young men to take part in practical politics, that there was a so*t of personal thrill in being able to do a constructive job for the public without selfish interest, and that Mike Bowler was a charming gentleman. A friend- ship began that day which has endured the vicissitudes of more than 30 years. In 30 years, however, these bosom friends have transposed parts. First Bowler was the teacher and Whiting the pupil. But many years ago Bowler be- gan to realize that the other was more | surely destined for leadership. He grad- | ully yielded his place to his younger Luend. Whiting was already the political dictator of the community, as far as the | Republican party was concerned, when | his father's death made him also Hol- | yoke's leading business man. The first campaign which Willlam F. | Whiting tackled was in 1898. Holyoke was a Democratic city, and it regularly elected Democratic mayors. But the margin of victory was never large, and it_was generally superior organization which carried the Democrats to success. In 1898 Whiting's brother-in-law, Ar- thur B. Chapin, agreed to stand as the Republican cAndidate for mayor, and Bowler and Whiting decided to build an organization from th- ground up. Scorned Old System. They scorned the old system of trust- ing everything to the ward committees. If the ward chairman was lazy the vote didn’t come out. If the ward chairman was peeved there were costly defections. ‘Whiting, Chapin and Bowler procured a full set of ward maps and they cut each ward into man~ portions. For each tiny subdivision they selected a captain and it was his j>b to Interview every voter and to submit a report in writing. The plan worked to perfection. Chapin was elected and served, in all, six terms as mayor. Then the State organization, its thing after the order of those restful | “Neither the border patrol nor the | hills of his native western Massachu- | is a_comparatively simple undertaking for those willing to run the risk of de- | tection. The favorite method is to fit the alien out in typical American cloth- ing. put him into a car in the midst of a group of bona fide citizens, and boia- 1y submit to inspection by the American officers. Usually a quick ocvlar exami- nation of the occupants and a few ! words of inquiry directed at the groun generally is sufficient to satisfy the busy inspector that everything is all right. He waves a cheery “O.K.” ard the car with its illegal occupant is on its way. Of course, if the inspector is suspicious and insists on asking a lot of embarrassing questions of each occn- ant, the situation barrassing for the alien in his nice Broadway hat and suit—unable to un- 1 derstand the English language, or. at most, to reply in good American dia- lect. proves very em- | immigration inspectors are numerous enough to cope with the situation. They are, however, doing a very wonderful work and are doing it despite the han- dicap of inadequate forces. | *“The local authorities and the people | in general co-operate well with the im- | migration officials in their endeavors to exclude undesirable aliens. American | citizens are very helpful in furnishing papers of identification and in answer- | ing all questions put to them in the | | great majority of questions. | “I found some minor cases, however, | where improvements in the service | could be made and I made suggestions | to the affected districts to put them into effect wherever possible. “I shall continue to recommend to | Congress a very large increase in the | | force of border patrol and immigration | Inspectors, to the end that the Amer- | |ican immigration laws may receive A setts—the hills which sent quiet Murray Crane to Washington a generation ago, BY COL. CHARLES A. LINDBERGH. | FEW pople in the Uniled States have recently seen an airplane which seems almost to | | proper enforcement.” | hover in the air. With its mo- Britain Sees Many C Since Nation Emerged From World War BY CONSTANTINE BROWN. Correspondent of The Star and Chicego Daily News in England, . HERE are few countries in the world which since the war have undergone greater social changes than England. There are, here and there, a few who try to uphold the old tradition of family and home life. But the hectic four years from 1914 to 1918, when men and women had as a slogan, “Let’s enjoy curselves the most we can today, for we don't know what bring,” the beginning of the present one. As in other European countries. war Fas brought proverty to many familics. With the father and the sons at the foont, the mother had to begin work- to make both ends meet But 1other, in most cases, was brought up 10 be able to look after her family— sew, cook and rear the children. When the allowance paid her by the gov ernment did not suffice, and she her- celf was unable to make a living, she| allowed her youngsters to take up some | work at an age which in the old days| would have been considered a disgrace.] ‘Women Turn to Labor. With the men fighting there werel yieaty of opportunities for any one to find a job. The governmental offices | demanded assistance, business houses | needed clerks regardless of inexperi- |a higher social class from getting mar- | ried to somebody below him have dis- | o0 wnere was plenty | appeared completely. Members of the | of emplayment “for everybody—young | aristocracy think nothing of marrying | ence, ammunition and arms factories | 1ea workers. or old. When the war was over the tor wide open and its nose poked up toward the sky at an angle which would have meant an instant fall and probable spin toward the earth in any | other ship, it settled gently instead of hanges in Home Life President Coolidge presented him to the | man promised to give the matter “seri- | news-hungry correspondents in northern | ous consideration.” “W. F.” reported to Wisconsin. For several weeks Holyoke | his friend that the young woman un- has been supplying all necessary infor- ' questionably would get the job. But Airplanes Now Much Safer Great Strides Taken Toward Reducing Hazards of Flying—More Care in Construction. tomorrow ~ will | has materially changed that | home life so characteristic of the Eng- | Yish people during the last century and ! members were no longer dependent on their parents for their pocket money. The fact that daddy might get angry had no longer much importance. The young peopie earning $15 to $30 a week felt independent. When the old folks seemed “too rusty” the young | men and girls simply moved into their | own “diggings,” and the shocked par- ents could do nothing but protest. 0ld Conventions Gone. This independence and possibility of making a living at an early age un- doubtedly has weakened family tles as they were understood in pre-war days. Young men and women working side by side in an office or a factory have | ! discarded many of the old-fashioned | | conventions. i ! Mothers in England complain fre- | i quently that young folks shun marriage because they have a much better time |if they remain single. The question of “getting settled” is one that still worries | old-fashioned parents. Getting married is a complex question in England. { First of all, women outnumber men by three or four to one; then. the cost of living has gone up to such an extent that young people prefer to remain single than suffer hardships in company of a mate. Social Barriers Disappear. The social barriers which in pre-war days prevented a man or a woman in inot only actiess or chorus girls—this voung people who had learned 10 ap- | sccurred frequently in the old days, too Dreciate, earning a living for themselves | —but ordinary working girls, stenogra- could not get used again to the old phers or barmaids. The fact that a way of living and continued to work|man or a woman comes from an old whenever possible. Girls of good fami- | family with a coat of arms and a handle lies found home and social life dull,{to his name means nothing nowadays and in spite of the objection of their iwhen son of peers are shopwalkers or parents, went on working when they motor car dealers, and daughters of | careening downward to disaster. The pilot then cut his motor and the | plane, instead of falling off on one side and crashing, dropped its nose, gathered speed and then swung up into its curi- | ous hovering position again. It repeated this maneuve> several times, while those | on the groun ho had not seen it be- fore wondered audibly at its per- formance. | The plane was fitted with the new | automatic wing slots which give control | of a plane at an angle and slow speed at which ordinarily a plane gets out of control. The slots so act upon the air which flows over the surface of the wing that the lift of the wing is main- tained far beyond its normal stalling | position, the position at which the lift on the wing of the plane usually ends abruptly because of the eddies set up.! An Interesting Device. This is one of the latest and most | interesting of the devices that have been | recently werfected to add to the safety : of flying, and more has been done in | this respect in the last few years than | in all the 20 years preceding. The | plane has become such an efficient in- | strument, that the attention of design- ers has been diverted more and more to the important problems of safety and control, preferably automatic control. The average plane, even without slots or other devices, is a far safer vehicle of transportation now, because of care- ful design and engineering, than it was five years ago. There are various ways of approach- g the safety problem. Airplane en- gineers are themselves divided as to the best way to maintain control beyond stalling speed. Some contend that the slot, or a similar device, such as the autogyro, 15 the proper method, while others say that by a careful design of the wing and the other parts of the plane and by obtaining better balance the same results may be reached Whichever group may be right, and only time can settle that question, the present experiments are among the most interesting ever undertaken and the only original work in this respect since the airplane was born. NEW “SAFETY SLOT” A military plane must_be strong and easily maneuverable. The pilot must be able to dive, spin, loop and roll, and do many things that impose strains FOR THE TOP Wit This has imposed a much greater responsibility upon the designers and builders of aircraft, and has brought | which the average commercial airplane | rapidly to the fore the ingenious de- | seldom undergoes. The great thing| vices for securing such safety. The | which grew out of military construction | greatest number of accidents oceur ! in the doldrum days of barnstorming | when a plane is either taking off or! was better aero-dynamic design and a | landing, and they frequently occur to| larger factor of safety in construction. | the new pilot, who because of his lack | The modern fighting plane will stand | of experience gets into a tight place | almost unbelievable strains. Recently | without realizing it. If the motor of | one was put through a maneuver at| a plane cuts out on the take-off or Langley Field which imposed in an in- | soon after the plane gets into the air | stant a calculated pressure of 27,000 and before it has attained a safe aiti- pounds on its tiny wings. | tude, even experienced pilots are often But with the new interest in aviation, | unable to find a suitable place to land. commercial production has increased to | The slotted wings are designed to mini- a point where many people who a few | mize the danger of a serious crash under such conditions | certain to follow, and the department years ago would not have dreamed of | *flying are taking to the air, and they demand safety. There were only 432 planes of all types produced in_the United States in 1919. Last year 2,111 planes were produced and it is esti- mated that this year 4,000 will be built. A plane with a slotted wing will | settle to the ground at a reasonably safe speed, although it is possible for a new pilot to get Into a position even | with the slots in which he will have a bad smash. But the slots, when in- attention attracted by a man who could upset Democratic majorities so regular- ly, reached into Hampden County and (Continued on Third Page.) | be serious. In England recently a | plane with a slotted wing was allowed | to settle from a height of several hun- | | dred feet. The plane landed at slow | speed, and although the landing gear, | which had not been designed for such a strain, gave way, and the fuselage | | cracked in two, the pilot was not hurt. Built With Great Care. Planes are also being built with much greater care than was the case a few vears ago. There has been marked im- provement even in the last year, and it is one of the most encouraging things about aviation that several light planes Which had weaknesses due to improper | engineering have been strengthened and | made structurally safe. The almost | universal use of the steel fuselage has also heiped to make planes safer. In a miner crash the steel fuselage gives much greater protection to the pilot and ‘ bassengers than was the case with the | lighter wooden framework. | There is still marked room for im- | provement in the construction of some planes, largely due to the fact that a few builders did not seem to realize the | value of analyzing the stresses on the | various parts of their planes, and there were few engineers in the industry who were able to work out a stress analysis. | The result was that planes were turned | out which were not only aerodynami- ! cally unsafe, but which were also weak | structurally. | Condition Overcome. This condition is being gradually ' overcome, owing partly to the realiza- tion of the manufacturers themselves | that they were not doing their work properly, and to the Department of Commerce, which has been inspecting types of planes and insisting on bet- ter design. This is a difficult and deli- cate task, for it is sometimes hard to convince a manufacturer doing a good business in light planes that he should stop his work, improve his design, and slow up production and profits. But it must be done, and is being done. The Department of Commerce started this work slowly because eriticism and ! misunderstanaing of 1Lz efforts wor: did not wish to ru'. itself in the position to checking an industry which had just got going after years of meager sup- port and little profit. Now. however, the effort is under way in earnest. No airplane can be manufactured for com- mercial use unless it has an approved type certificate granted by the depart- |ity. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. HILE the presence of a Ger- | man foreign minister in Paris for the first time since the Franco-Prussian War was in itself an event of first-rate importance and the meet- ing between Stresemann and Poincare might easily have marked a new date in European reconciliation, there can be no question that what had been hoped for, at least in Germany and the world outside of France and her allies, did not come off. Having signed the Kellogg treaty, Stresemann went back to resume his cure and European prospects became unmistakably less romising. E ggvlouily what Stresemann had hoped, what the mass of the German people had expected, was some gesture on the French part in respect of the evacuation of the Rhineland. The ges- ture was pretty well outlined as the promise of an immediate evacuation of that portion of the Rhineland which, under the treaty of Versailles, will be cleared of allied troops automatically on January 1, 1930. Evacuations for Sale. Instead of the gesture. Stresemann met from Poincare the perfectly courteous and friendly suggestion that France was prepared to discuss, not merely the evacuation of the second zone, but also withdrawal from the third and last area, which must be cleared by January 1, 1935. Such a discussion, however, the French premier indicated, must be based upon the principle of compensation. In a word, evacuation was for sale. Nor were the terms which France would consider less clearly indicated. Aside from some form of League of Nations supervision, which would in- sure that immediate evacuation did not lead to prompt militarization of the Rhine zones, in violation of fi:j treat); Versailles, France expec! som nflfmncm advantage to be derived from the marketing of German bonds which are a detail in the reparations plan. Under the Dawes plan Germany is bound to sell a relatively enormous number of bonds, based tipon her rail- ways and other nationally-owned as- sets, and turn over the proceeds to her conquerors. From this source it has been calculated between $2,000,000,000 and $4,000,000,000 could be raised. This sum would go to the allies, and the French share would be a little more than half. The bonds would be sold on the world market, the transaction would be between the investor and the German government and the relation between allied and German govern- ments would be terminated. But such an enormous transaction depends primarily upon the condition of the world market and upon the willingness and capacity of American investors to such a tremendo! amount of foreign securities. Nor is less manifest that the approval of the American Government would be essen- tial to the flotation in the United States. And during the progress of a presi- dential election nothing of the sort would be possible. Stresemann Without Resources. Stresemann was, then, frankly with- out any resource to meet the demands of Poincare. He was empty handed and unable to buy what the French told him was for sale. What the Ger- mans had hoped for, what the very considerable and influential section of German public opinion which favors a Franco-German reconciliation and even an entente between the traditional en- emies desired, was some signs, some rel- atively inexpensive bit of generosity. which might render less difficult their home situation in the face of the Na- tionalists, who at all times maintain that all reconciliation is impossible and that | French purpose remains hostile. ‘When one examines the French view. which Poincare represents, it is clear that many circumstances have com- bined to create the present state of mind. There is, first, the Kellogg treaty. Nothing that the President or Sec- retary of State have said or may say will convince the French government or the French people that the treaty is not the first step in the series which will bring the United States back to Europe under conditions at least similar to those we rejected in 1919-20. The United States is coming back to Europe, thus the French reason. It is going to take a hand in the last stages of reconstruction. The first and most obvious step is to share in the necessary liquidation of the Dawes plan, along with which goes the final settlement of the debt question. We have become enormous investors in Germany, and if the issue of German securities to meet reparations requirements takes place we shall expand our holdings. We are, then, interested financially in the sol- { vency of Germany. Y. In that situation will not the holders of private securities perceive that the value of their investments depends largely upon the size of reparations, that the more Germany is bound to pay directly to her war creditors the less she will have to pay to the pri- vate investor? But this raises the question of debts. A reduction of the sums which are now fixed by the Dawes plan will be permitted by France only as it is balanced by a reduction of the amounts now payable to the United States and Great Britain on account of allied debts. Still Hopes for Debt Cut. | Germany asks for a revision of the | Dawes plan. Europe believes that the payments henceforth called for by the | Dawes plan are beyond German capac- France agrees, provided that no reduction affects her. Italy is in the same situation. so is Belgium. The) British still adhere to the old Balfour plan. insisting that they must get from Gewaany and their allies of the war enough to pay the Baldwin-Mellon debt | settlement contributions annually. France, then, expects to say to the United States. “Your share in the gen- eral clearing up of the post-war mess must be the reduction of your claims upon your European associates for war debts ™ She expects to balance this by her assent to the reduction of rep- arations pari passu and by her consent to the premature evacuation of the Rhineland. ~ Without her consent neither thing is possible, but both are essential to prosperity and order in Eu- Against the great international con- ference France expects, with the Dawes plan and interallied debts both on the dar, to hold all of her cards—and cuation is one. She holds it against Germany, primarily. If Germany finds the money herself, then the card goes and there is no need of using it against the United States and Great Britain. But as long as Germany cannot find the money, France keeps the card. There are, of course, many other rea- sons on_which France can find her ment, and_the requirements for ob- ‘There was little demand for such new coudd have enjoyed quiet at home.|dukes and lords are mannekins, keep Thiz naturally had a serious effect upon millinery shops or are ordinary sales- q the unity of family life. The junior women, ’ ) inventions while the mafority of the planes built were for military purposes. That is & great increase and shows|stalled properly, give amazing control how people are demanding air trans- | of the plane at speeds below the stalling portation and also learning to fly their | point, and If the engine quits on the own planes, \ 4 take-off the result would be less apt to taining such certificates are much more | many and Austria looking to the union | ways of Adriatic léusu-t-. rigid than they were last vear. As a result planes are becoming much safer. ’,/ (Copsright, 1928.) policy. The present agitation in Ger- of the two republics has awakened an enormous amount of apprehension in the French public :r,u!n. If such a French Troops Brings Only Offer Which Germany Cannot Meet. union took place the whole system of Europe created at Paris in 1319 would be destroved. A Germany of nearly 175,000,000 would dominate central Eu= rope and almost automatically acquire that hegemony which only narrowly es caped her during the World War. In addition to the money price of evacuation there is then the political, and the political consideration is un- mistakably further assurances on the German side that the German repub- lic will accept as immutable the fron= tiers fixed at Paris, both as they relate to Austria and as they concern Poland and Czechoslovakia. By the Locarno treaty Germany agreed not to disturb them by force. But alongside this | pledge stands the fact that for all Ger- mans the revision of the Polish fron- tiers is a fixed purpose, while for the republican parties, notably the Social Democrats and the Catholics, union with Austria is a partisan issue, because such union would enormously swell the numbers of both groups. No Danger of Attack. ‘The French are not now disturbed over the possibility of any immediate military attack by Germany. Security for the moment seems assured. But they are looking to the future and they do see in the desire of the Germans to free their territory from armies of occupation before the date fixed in the treaties a valuable thing to trade against German agreement to respect the status quo. Were Germany to of- fer tomorrow to take the same pledge with respect of the eastern frontiers that she took for the western at Lo- carno. France would undoubtedly agree to evacuate and depend upon her right tgnzv;t: mt“fmt;ll"m :‘mendmen(s to e T out of the erican and Brit- ish debt difficulties. " But the Germans will not take such a pledge. No German public man could live if he committed his country to permanent acceptance of the Polish Corridor. The present cabinet, based upon a fusion of the Socialists and Centrists, could not face its constituents if it made any new sacrifice which might constitute an obstacle to union with Austria. No German believes either the Corridor or the Anscluss question can be settled now. But in both cases it is national policy to keep for the future hands as free as may be. And there, after all, is the fatal bar- rier to any real Franco-German en- tente. What Germany desires is dan- gerous for France and fatal for the Polish_and Czech friends of France. Were Germany to acquire the Corridgr and Austria, France would be reduced to the position of a second class state and Poland and Czechoslovakia would be the economic and the political vas- sals of the new Germany. Nor could Hungary escape & similar situation. France, Italy and Great Britain, even if they were joined in a close aliiance, which is at least doubtful, could hardly make head against such a combina- tion, which might in due course find ;h Il:a;u for alliance with the Russia ich- miust tually eme: from the present chaos. s | Germany Would Be Dominant. | In any event. with Russia out of the situation, paralyzed and impotent, a Germany which was formed by the union of the present Reich with Austria would be far and away the greatest Dower on the continent. It might be wholly dominated by pacific purposes and utterly lacking in any purpose or wish to disturb the integrity or security of France. But, on the other hand, it might presently revert to the post-war policles and seek to expand its frontiers or its influence in Europe, and then it could hardly be prevented by any new combination of forces which is dis- coverable. So the French, the Pbles, the Czecho- slovaks and the Italians have “dug in” to defend the status quo in Europe, so far as Germany is concerned, while the German nation, without regard to party, is resolved to obtain revision. Neither side desires war or is today thinking about war, but what must be recognized is that the two purposes are irreconcil- able and so far in European history war has always resulted from such sit- uations. No people has ever yet con- sented to abandon its pursuit of na- tional unity because that pursuit dis- turbed world peace. Thus, behind all the brilliant scene of the Paris assembly lurked the dark chadow of new dangers, utterly like the old. Poincare and Stresemann met and that was something. Stresemann was cheered in the streets of the French capital and the German flag was shown exactly on the tenth anniversary of the tremendous German victories over the French armies which marked the open- ing phase of the World War—that again is something. Finally all hands solemnly signed a treaty renouncing aggressive war, which is a third fact. But no cause of war was thus af- fected. no purpose of any nation to ac- quire or maintain what seemed inher- ent and impreseriptible rights was aban- doned. And the pursuit of these rights was perceived by all to involve rew rivalries and fresh collisions of inter- est. That was what moved Briand to say in his address that what remained to be done was to organize peace, that the Kellogg treaty was a beautiful promise. but all depended upon the translation of words into facts. Meantime Stresemann went home empty-handed and gravely disillusioned and the German press and public equal- Iy disclosed their disappointment. (Covyright. 1928.) Panama Mosquitoes Hot fuel oil, sprayed along the shores of the lakes in the Canal Zone, 8 a most efficaclous weapon against malaria- laden mosquitoes. This oil, a big factor in the fight which is culminating in certain abolition of the insect. has de- stroyed breeding places in the Pedro Miguel and Gatun Lakes. The method used to spray the oil necessitates the use of a rowboat car- rying a tank containing 150 gallons of oil, and a crew of three men.- One man rows, one works a hand pump and the other handles the spray nozzle. The hot ofl is sprayed on the shore line as fast as the boat can be propelled. This surface filming has been found positive and complete. Wind action and wavelets carry the oil into every nook and cranny, even to a considerable distance from ine point of application. A rigid inspec- tion follows every oiling to determine 1f it has been done thoroughly. Elsewhere than in the lake areas, {’nos!qu:wmbu?dlgrge. is con:’mlled chiefly y training of streams an drainin and filling. o " L The prolonged rate war between rail- Italy, Jugo- and North Sea ports slavia, Hungary, Poland and German has been settled.