Evening Star Newspaper, June 6, 1937, Page 33

THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, JUNE 6, 1937—PART TW Wage and Hour Bill Portents Success in Redistributing Wealth Expected to Hinge on Extent It Causes Production Cost Increase D3 FRENCH DEFICIT RISES TO CRITICAL HEIGHTS Devaluation Proves False Blessing—All Europe in Same Boat, but Secret Figures Hide Plight. BY WILLIAM BIRD. ARIS.—After amassing a total deficit estimated for the year 1937 at just short of $2,000,- 000,000, the French treasury faces the virtual certainty that the deficit for 1938 will exceed that figure by at least 25 per cent. Taking into consideration the fact that France's population is only one- third that of the United States, these deficits would be equivalent to a Washington Treasury deficit of be- tween six billion and seven and a half billion dollars annually. The most alarming feature of the situation is that the annual deficit curve is rising, and there apparently is no promise of its abating. On the the royal intelligence. He spoke with simplicity of simple things. And he had the same rounded Oxford-Scottish intonation as her beloved Davidson. But Davidson was married. The Queen asked him how many curates he had to run his enormous industrial parish, and when she heard “fifteen,” she said: “I am sure that if you had a wife to help you, you would not need so many curates.” “Ah, madam,” said Dr. Lang, “if a curate fails me, I can always dismiss him. But a wife * * * The Queen made him one of her chaplains. But he was no courtier- ecclesiastic. Son of a humble parish minister of Aberdeenshire, who rose to be principal of Aberdeen University, the virtues of toil had been early in- culcated into him. He was the out- standing man of his time at Oxford University. Then he came to London and settled down to study law in the | old walled lawyers’ quarters in the temple. Course of Life Changed. He passed his examination and seemed all set for a career which inevitably would have carried him to Parliament, the bench of judges, the House of Lords and the Woolsack—the traditional chair on which sits the head of the upper chamber, the second subject of the realm, who ap- points judges and bishops. But one day a friend took him down to the East End slums. There he met 4 lean man with the eyes of a saint— finance minister, M. Vincent Auriol, in & most uncomfortable position, asking him how he proposes to re- plenish the nationa! treasury. If ther were any sign of a healthy resumption of trade the outlook would not be 3o black, but nothing of the kind is happening. The fillip given to commerce by the devaluation of the franc last Fall has spent ftself |in price increases, and what 1s par- | ticularly discowraging is that prices continue to rise and are again on | the point of exceeding the world levei, a difficulty that devaluation was sup- posed to overcome. It must not be thought, however. | that France is alone in its financia worries. Every other important eon- g | tinental country is in very much the contrary, there are reasons to fear same fix or worse. But the princi- that the reality may prove to be | g . | pal ones, Italy and Germany, do not - even worse than the most pessimistic publish their treasury figures in such predictions. 7 Even the so-called “ordinary” budg- | or? (st any. critical study can e et covering normal government ex- United stares. andti Er‘xgln.nd all penditures, will show a large deficit, treasur y operations are matters of estimated by former Finance Minister public reecord. parcel RReenter snd by Beng\orbADRU(LS R ioeth couldihelleasned abotit Gardey, ‘the “rapporteur” of the Germa n and Italian finance it would budget, at 12,000,000,000 francs, ou‘iundoubledly arouse mich wonder of a total appropriation of 47,000,- | 3 £ 000,000. This will rise in 1938, they | AMON8 financial experts the world over calculate, to at least 15,000,000,000 :;’;‘:;;e;’r‘ ‘;,“‘;:m:"‘;n“";"n';‘:; ]"“:: ($675,000,000), even if there is no | 3 Y e etin foestt e TioE seema‘or arithmetic, but to be based on unlikeely prices, ! | some as yet undiscovered Einsteinian hypothesis. Arms Add Billions More. REVITALIZES. CHURCH Prestige of His Religion. Edward VIII Cosmo Gordon pishop of Canterbury and the first he most criticized man in the island Today, only five months later, he has tands for on the peaks of universal estation of a powerful personality anship. He dominated the entire vhat words of his own and just what hrough the medinm of waves in the ere precisely those which refuted the he King to a life devoted to duty and hurch come first and foremost. osmo Gordon Lang Uses Statecraft BY C. PATRICK THOMPSON, Lang, the Scots village minis- ubject of the British realm by ingdom, and, indeed, in an intensely einstated the church he heads and espect. perating steadfastly and skillfully in oronation ceremony in Westminister ‘ords of the new King should reach ther; and the words of George VI hilosophy and outlook of Edward role in which the defense of faith | Edits Movie Film. ING-MAKER ARCHBISHOP and Showmanship in Furthering A T THE time of the abdication of ter's son who is now the Arch- firtue of his high religious office, was nterested United States of America. verything he austerely and resolutely He has done this by the rare mani- he domain of statecraft—and show- bbey from first to last. He decided just he listening and spellbound world vhich he isolated for broadcasting VIII. They were the words pledging nd of the principles of the Christian And after the ceremony was over 5 : 5 4 % % F = s TR More Devaluation Expected. nd the film camaras and microphones | - 3 : e “extraordinary” budget, which| The accelerated rate at which ad been carried out the old arch- ::’::il;rrmz;:ar I;lgrl;lémul g;fl;:;p h; Child operator in a Yonkers, Girl, 10, making lamp | covers expenditures for rearmament | deficits are piling up can only lead, pishop sat alone with one other man i,ondoh N. Y., curtain factory. shades at home. She has been : Jp a darkened theater and saw the oronation film run, through and had cut to his liking before he sanctionéd s release. He now heads a recall to eligion and Christian principles in rivate and public life which may be raught with the most momentous onsequences, not only for Great pritain and her world-ranging empire, ut for all of Christendom in a dis- urbed and changing world divided tween the forces of war and the orces of peace. Back in 1911, when the princes of and which is to be paid for entirely |in the opinion of most experts of by borrowing, amounts officially 0| the classical school, to further eur- 14,000,000,000 francs, but on account | rency devaluations. Few believe that of price increases since its adoption | the era of stabilization is approach- is more likely to reach 18,000,000,000 |ing, for the simple reason that, in Finally there are some 14,000,000, | spite of the repeated devaluations 000 to 16,000,000,000 francs of ex-|that have taken place in the ma. penditures which have to come out of | jority of the cofintries of Europe, the the treasury, but which are not €OV- | public debt has continued to pile up ered by either ordinary or extraordi- | and to exceed the carrying capacity nary budgets. These expenditures | of taxation are for pension fund deflcits, post | office deficits, railways deficits and the deficits of municipal and other working since she was 7Y,. Be- cause she must be fresh for school work, as she puts it, she works only until 10 or 10:30 o'clock on weekday nights, but on Fridays and Saturdays she works until midnight. 40 hours. In individual industries, however, the average was considerably higher. Were a national standard for all industries to be set up below the actual work week, some industries | would be affected materially. Dis- | One of those mysterious sparks was struck which changes a man's whole life and outlook. Lang abandoned th law and took holy orders instead. He Wwas 26 when he was ordained to the curacy of Leeds, one of the great manufacturing cities of the industrial North. It was & novitate useful to him in his subsequent career. He stayed | three years and then returned to | Oxford as fellow and dean of divinity at Magdalen, a post of which two years later he added the incumbency LMOST on the eve of congres- A working hours for men and a vital spot. Representative Kvale of our business or the source of our in- BY HERBERT M. BRATTER. sional action to establish a minimum wage and maximum women on & Nation-wide basis, & liberal Congressman puts his finger on | Minnesota asks a question that is of importance to each of us, whatever come. “Is the manufacturer to go on raising retail prices at fast as in- It is realized, too, that the pre- | carious condition of national finances s [fensite fot, mu: | throughout Europe constitutes in it- v . creased wages and shorter hours equilibria would undoubtedly appear | . s | self a serious menace to international h;,e,-:.l:,i?,,slf,‘:,zvdmnthi,hs,,?,;‘;i(f,i of the university church. aflect his prgoducnon costs? Or is he | In our national economic system, not | The total, it is frankly admitted. | peace. Financial difficulties, as the { King George V. a witty Biitien |, HiS scintillating intellect ravished | ¢~ do his part by applying modern'| only as between industries, but even | Will have to be made up by bond | last war demonstrated, are easily tatesman murmured to the American | L1, G005, His influence among the | (once'to his production methods and | within industries operating under | lssues. But how are such enormous overcome in wartime. Each nation b e ‘God's | Undersraduates in the church became | o oninc” coats 50 that prices may be | different regional conditions. These | issues to be floated? The recent na- mbassador Here comes ‘God's | guare of a glowing new star rising in | | spends recklessly, and nobody que:- tions how the bill is to be paid. Tne French firmly believed from 1914 unti 1922 that Germany would have to make good France's war expenditures. It never occurred to anybody that Germany was not even sble 10 pay her own putler,’ followed by ‘God's guide. The round bland countenance and umble mien of Randall Davidson, hen Archbishop of Canterbury, had | arned him the first nick-name; and | ou had only to iake one look at the i all figure, the strong aquiline face, | he inflexible aspect of “The Most | kept down?” In other words, what Mr. Kvale | fears is that a rise in the cost of living | will follow any material increase in | pay rolls. We cannot raise production costs | overnight without incurring higher retail prices. If manufacturers do disequilibria would affect employes as | well as employers; and they also would | affect the rest of the community. It is not a question of mere incon- | venience, of reducing, perhaps, scant | profits of shareholders. A material | increase in labor costs, being certain | to be reflected fairly soon in higher tional defense loan, although it pays 4'; per cent, and although holders are guaranteed against currency de- preciation by a proviso that both principal and interest may be claimed by the holder in either francs, pounds or dollars at the present exchange the ecclesiastical firmament. Qualities of Tenderness. Nobody called him ‘“lovable” even then: and yet he could be very tender, in a patriarchal way, with young people. He could put children at their | As a curate he liked to tell | chsa Pt Sl ‘fl{;x-]h !1;“3{ selling below par. Although it is true that nobody o 1l costs prices for the products of th: abor, € public in France will not be- | actually desires w: the: arav Rev. S - | stories to children, and they liked to | Successfully meet larger pay rol | y desires war, there is grave nr\\erbe;l;_)T\’:;l(:e;r?‘vlg::‘.GCSEDA(::.:_ Tleh Ve it ;im:g to | by technological improvements, many ‘wfll rl‘fu“ in dlmup hed salss,_le_»e;md come aware of the gravity of this danger that war may be welcomed [Ehop 6T ETesk S Eri e orimnsr o | eite e b P straightforward | Of the workers now employed in fac- | production, and consequently in less situation until the 1938 budget is in- troduced in Parliament next October. At that time the Finance Committees of both the Senate and the Chamber | | of Deputies undoubtedly will put the | some day soon As a blessing in dis- guise, in the fond belief that it will solve financial problems which states- men seem unable to solve without ft. (Copsrizht. 1937.) tories will be earning more, but some | of them will probably have to be laid | off. The matter is not to be simply disposed of. The proposed national wages and hours legislation is explained as &n “resl wealth” to be shared by labor. A fatter pay envelope loses its mean- ing to the worker and his family when the things that pay roll money buys | go up in price. Besides. any important diminution in production as a result | camp-fire yarn of lore and adventure, \' titled “The Young Clanroy.” If he had gone on writing. he might | have become a second John Buchan. But he did not go on. The Scot in | him was stimulated by the life of the nd Metropolitan,” to understand how he came to get his “myth” name. Since he became Cosmo Cantuar, | rchbishop of Canterbury, on the etirement of the aged Davidson nine | ears ago, he has done nothing to A 4-year-old child, who works intermittently on a farm help- cademy, and was then transferred to he archbishop's palace. There, Lang owed it to a visiting bishop. “I hear that Your Grace doesn't ke it,” observed the bishop. “Like it? No,” said the archbishop. (It makes me a complacent, dicta- orial, pompous prelate.” “And to which of these adjectives,” sked the visitor blandly, “does Your race take exception?” Both Grim and Impressive. In his black ecclesiastical uniform ge; in his ceremonial vestments of | carlet and gold, with his long crooked | model for any | ainter depicting the high priest of great imperial tribe. Nobody who | aw him perform the elaborate 1100- | year-old, 135-minute coronation ser- vice (as revised slightly by himself) | n the gray old Thames-side abbey on ay 12, and solemnly place on the poung head of King George VI the housand-year-old crown of Edward he Confessor, is likely to mistake im for less than what—because of his eadship of the Church of England— e is: The first subject of the realm. When they have state business to iscuss—and they had plenty at the | ime of Edward VIII's abdication— he Archbishop of Canterbury goes 0 see the prime minister in Downing treet. But on state and ceremonial ccasions, the archbishop, as primate | of all England and occupier of the | hair of St. Augustine, walks first, Reading Only Relaxation, He does not smoke, is a sparse eater pnd a teetotaler, ‘'works a 15 and metimes an 18 hour day, and beyond eading, has no relaxations. Books and flowers are his only earthly pleasures. Dean Inge, the celebrated 'gloomy dean” of St. Paul's (ap- pointed by the premier, and so having othing to fear from his superior in he ecclesiastical hierarchy), once sat at dinner in a royal house with their graces of Canterbury and York, and made a witty comment on this usterit; Inge ad accepted a glass of wine; Brchbishops. “Thank you, yes” said the dean. Then came the cigars nnd} the archbishops shook their heads. Baid the dean to their august host, as he took a cigar with care; “But, sir, is not a personal pride. He believes jin pomp and circumstance on great pceasions, because they impress men ith the majesty of the church. hrist and His Church are his cause nd he thinks it helps the cause if he bears himself with a high and aloof dignity, performs his public work with great ceremony, fits himself grandly jinto the picture of traditional pageant- fy. He is always the archbishop, ecause he has no family background. le meets nobody, knows nobody to whom he is anything except “his ce, the archbishop.” Remains a Bachelor. He has no family ties or affections nd not even a héme life—he has jnever married. Queen Victoria used tell a story of him when he was icar of Portses, a crowned seaport rish on the south coast opposite he Isle of Wight, where the old Queen had a Summer residence. She summoned him to preach to her. The keen-eyed, handsome, manly vicar, & brilliant scholar and a fine orator, made an excellent impression. He looked well, and he did not strain \ Only 11 years | | bishop of York was failing, and Bishop | ]Lang did not want to be far away | | when the see of York fell vacant. Death called the old archbishop and Herbert Asquith, then premier and himself a great scholar, mlde‘ Lang Archbishop of York. Lang was only 44. Sces Religion as Basis. Priest, statesman, lawyer and diplo- | matist, the archbishop believes that | enlightened government can rest only | on a broad basis of religion. After | parliamentaries in the great Parlia- ment Building opposite Westminster post-abdication radio | speech, which condemned Edwerd for failing in duty as a King and as a Christian. There was even one among them who had publicly regretted that Edward VIII was not in a position to talk to his grace of Canterbury as tersely as Queen Elizabeth once talked to Bishop Heton, who showed a reluc- tance to give up his palace to her favorite, Sir Christopher Hatton. “Proud prelate,” wrote the Queen, * * I would have you know that I, who made you what you are, can unmake you; and if you do not forth- with fulfill your engagement, by God, I will immediately unfrock you! Yours as you demean yourself, Eliza- beth.” The assembled parliamentarians all knew that the archbishop dislikes cen- sure and is impatient of criticism. They looked for signs of hurt and resentment. But the old man im- pressed them as the embodiment of calm strength and self-command. The river and its boats made a background for the imposing figure standing, back to the committee room windows, talking without gestures. He reminded the parliamentarians that the only policy that can cure the political ills of the world is the one enunciated by Jesus Christ. He stressed the importance of the “open habit” of churchgoing, the religious observance of the Sabbath. He said that a public man has a special in- fluence and therefore a special re- e in Parliament more real and less a concession to formality. The parlia- mentarians were, to a man, deeply moved. of emotion—has always been able to move men by the magic of eloquence and the force of a great personality, The solid Yorkshire Ppolitico-lawyer, Asquith, who put him on the road to the highest church office, said pri- vately of him to a friend: “He is a good sound man. He is never ill—and %0 his work will be continuous. He knows enough law to be very careful what hé does and says—no one will be able to trip him up. And he has eloquence without passion—he im- presses everybody, and thrills nobody. Clerics who thrill the people are dan- gerous!” Perhaps Cosmo Gordon Lang does not thrill because he is always inde- structibly composed and controlled; a beautifully balanced human mechan- ism and one so physically robust that he had been functioning for 60 years before he knew what it was to have his temperature taken. ‘There are men who suggect the “life hereafter,” men around whom hangs like a faintly-glowing mist the magic of the unseen, the mystery of the eternal world. But the Arch of Canterbury is not one of them. ‘ . lmn.llol'ul. Yet there is a real danger resources with which nature has | endowed this country. Black-Connery Bill. While the Black-Connery bill spec- ifiles no minimum wage, $15 is the smallest amount that is currently mentioned. Eighteen dollars is a more likely figure. According to Assistant Secretary of Commerce Draper, not more than about 25 per cent of the | manufacturers engaged in, interstate commerce would be affected by the imposition of fair labor standards, and these are in any case a charge on drive down wages to the lowest pos- sible depths, the more progressive their workers also.” A minimum wage law gives the public ‘“protection against subsidizing industry through supplementing low wages by relief.” It is pointed out, for example, that in a certain food-products industry the N. R. A. raised prevalent wages from $5 or $6 to $14; yet, within a few months after N. R. A's invalida- | tion, the rate slipped back to $8 for & 48-50-hour week. Obviously this is not a living wage, and workers receiving it cannot support themselves in decency. The payment of such low wages has come to be regarded by many as a matter of more than local concern. That the unemployed shall not roam the land hungry and in rags is, with us, & fixed principle. We take it for granted. Why, then, should not all those who haVe employment earn enough to conform to at least a mini- mum national standard? To this question there is only one answer: They should. But this minimum can- not in the nature of things be guaran- teed without legislation, because there are always some who for one reason or another will not voluntarily pay labor more than they have to. Encouraged to Seek Law. Now that the Supreme Court has upheld the administration in a series of decisions, and with Mr. Justice Van Devanter's place on the bench vacated, the administration is en- couraged to seek a Federal law. The Black-Connery bill, containing as likely to meet any opposition, has now been introduced. The bill would create 2 powerful labor board. Some such measure promises to be passed tant dangers. There is risk, if the bill is to satisfy its more ambitious backers. For example, the measure has the full support of the C. I. O. During the recent hearings on the Ellenbogen bill Sidney Hillman, textile labor leader, announced that he favors & 35-hour maximum week and an $18 minimum wage. If -applied universally, these standards might prove very burdensome to recovery. Rightly or wrongly, the impression has got abroad that those groups of organized labor which support the Black-Connery type of bill do so only because they see in it & means of increasing the weekly pay envelope of all workers, and not merely of those in sweatshops. Not a shorter week actually worked, but & pay envelope swelled by more overtime is what this faction of labor 13 said to be after. They help milk the cow, and they want a bigger dipper of the milk than they have been getting. Well, we can’t really blame them for that. But we should be mightly care- ful not to apill any of the milk in the process. If we do, therell be less Representative Connery are reported | to favor a 30-hour week. although | willing for the present to compromise ' Now, in March, 1937, the average factory worker was employed about 41 hours per week, or very littie above Buenos Aires Formula for Peace In Americas Defended as Adequate | BY GASTON NERVAL. | OW that President Roosevelt | has sent to the Senate for rat- | ification the treaties and con- | ventions signed at the Buenos N correct, once more, the misunder- standing responsible for the charge instruments. Most of the criticism of futility is directed against the pledge of consul- tation in the event of war or threat of war, which was the basis of the | major instruments signed at Buenos | Aires. It is argued that consultation Is nothing new; that always govern- ments were ready to consult and in many cases had actually consulted one another for the sake of international peace. It is further charged that | consultatjon is a vague and empirical | term, and that the Buenos Aires conventions fail to set down the lines and the scope of such consultation. Both allegations are mistaken. The pledge of joint consultation for the maintenance of peace in the Americas did not exist before. Governments might have consulted one another in order to restore peace between their neighbors, and then again they might not, and, in many instances they did not, for fear of alienating the good | will of one of the parties or provoking charges of interference. Now for the first time, there is a written obliga- tion to consult jointly whenever the | peace of the continent is endangered and at the request of any one of the signatory parties, whether involved or not in the controversy. Aims and Rules Specified. Even more serious, and more un- fair, is the other reproach, The com- promise of consultation is neither vague nor simply theoretical. Those general terms, but not to the main one, which in eight long articles pro- vides the aims, the means and the rules of such consultation, intended, The language of Article I of this latter convention provides specifically that the joint consultation should be for the definite purpose of assisting “in the fulfillment by the American republics of existing obligations of pacific settlement,” and it takes great pains in describing one by one what such obligations are, from the agree- ment to submit all controversies to s commission of inqufty, as specied in the Gondra convention of 1933, to the pledge to apply diplomatic and economic sanctions in the case of non-compliance with those obligations, #s provided in the Seavedra Lamas pact of 1933, passing through the various commitments of the Kellogg- Briand pact, the Washington concilia- tion convention and the Washington arbitrary treaty of 1929. Machinery Provided. In other words, consultation is not agreed upon in a vague and abstract way, but, on the contrary, is given a definite and for the first time co-ordi- nated machinery, Article II reiter- ates that “the high contracting par- ties shall have the duty of furthering the observance of the several agree- ments enumerated in Article I'" and, then, the subsequent six articles de- scribe in detail the steps to be taken for that purpose, up to the time when, all bther means having been embargoes, may be adopted against the reluctant parties. the American republics now have, not merely the obligation to consult one another in order to preserve peace, but also the machinery to render that consultalion effective. of course, in the absence of good faith no machinery, short of military force, could avail, but that is another mat- ter. In order to pass upon the neces- sarily slow progress of international law, one must, at least, give the con- tracting governments the benefit of the doubt. Otherwise, all discussion would be superfluous. Loopholes Plugged. But the gains involved in the Buenos | Aires convention do not stop there. Several important loopholes which the experience of the past few years had revealed are now remedied, as may be seen by the following instances: The provision specifying that any state, by its single action, may put into motion the machinery for con- sultation; the one establishing that all parties to a controversy which has gone beyond the stage of direct diplo- matic action must keep the other sig- natory states informed of the prog- ress of negotiations; the binding agreement that during cognizance of the dispute by the high contracting parties the states in controversy will not resort to hostilities or take mili- tary action preliminary to hostilities; the innovating rule that for the pur- pose of applying the neutrality policy, with all its consequences, it will not parties to a conflict, but each indi- vidual state reserves the right to take notice of the situation and declare that a state of war exists between any two or more of them, not exclud- Each one of these gains is an evi- dent improvement over the state of things prior to the Buenos Aires Conference. Added to the main ac- complishment of a pledge of joint consultation within a definite and co-ordinated machinery for peace, they should suffice to lay at rest all charges of futility. Yet, there were other concrete achievements at Buenos Aires, be- sides those embodied in the two ma- jor peace conventions, as may be seen by a simple enumeration of the other instruments just sent to the Senate for ratification: Protocol on non-intervention, treaty on the pre- vention of controversies, inter-Ameri- can treaty of good offices and media- tion, convention on the Pan-Ameri- can Highway, convention for the pro- motion of inter-American cultural relations, and convention concern- ing artistic exhibitions. As for the merits of these, no ar- gument is required, for they stand for some of the things which have been for years among the most ur- gent needs of Pan-Americanism. (Copyrisht, 1937.) \ Recently Dr. Harold G. Moulton of pointed out that the volume of pro- | duction in the United States. or what we term the manufacture of wealth, is not only_ still depressed below the 1929 level, but will have to be increased materially beyond that level if the per capita standard of living that | then prevailed is to be recaptured. For, naturally, our population has increased during the interval. If, in addition, we are to catch up to the rate of progress we had been making in | production per worker during the | Y€ars prior to the depression, an even | mining production and in commercial activity will be necessary. up of prduction within the next five years to the extent indicated would require the services of all those now employed and unemployed, and more; this is assuming that every worker would be occupied 43 hours per week. In otherwords, on the basis of a shorter work week, and assuming no material increase in the efficiency of industry per worker employed, this country’s standard of living cannot be restored to 1929 levels within five years. Effect of Sharp Hour Cut. Since a drastic reduction of hours of work per worker, even if followed by an increase in the number of workers 80 as to give no net reduction in the number of man hours worked, would reduce the efficiency of the total employed labor force, the product of our national industry would tend to decline from its present level and there would be less produced wealth to divide. N. R. A. experience does not support the assumption that an in- crease in wage rates, resulting from shorter hours, increases the proportion of the total output of industry going to the masses. Because of the sharp increases in costs that would be entailed, legislation requiring a uni- versal (substantial) shortening of the working week would be certain to halt the present recovery movement and precipitate a new period of reaction, Brookings concludes. ‘The above conclusions may be con- sidered to apply more to a drastic who support the idea of wage legis- lation, “no drastic change is planned. We are seeking to raise costs only in the case of the chiseling who are oppressing labor. This is only the | the Connery bill. Some are thinking of the chiselers, others of increasing labor’s share of the national incoine, and still others of reabsorbing the unemployment. These aims may be irreproachable from a national view- point. But are they consistent? Can we give those now employed more real income and at the same time reduce the ranks of the unemployed, by shortening the work week? Roosevelt Labor Message. In his message on labor, President Roosevelt spoke of a purpose “to re- duce the lag in the purchasing power of industrial workers and to strengthen ahd stabilize the markets for the farmers’ products.” Data published by the Commerce Department in 1936 show that the employed workers, even before strikes of 1937, were as & grcep already participating fully in the country's. recovery. Comparing 1935 with 1929 estimates, the department found that total compensation of em- ployes “had recovered to 70 per cent of the pre-depression level,” while “dividends pald out” in 1935 were the highest out. lature in but he zation. cents. Hughes, the years. dentally, only 47% per eer_\t_ g( their former (Continued on Page D-10.) , vestigator. land could offer. has aspects of that none-t50-s; of the assembly, 1 i i | of higher prices would entail less re- | . | oS ‘hic attempt to eliminate unfair labor | ing the family to dig potatoes. | tigate his m; ) n- | great institution to whick had | | em m " mploy ¢ . ::;fanndh::uer{m‘é inz"u i ot \fie\'oted his hre0 He w:m;c; -hf-m:f [practicesion theparbior sweatshops or ? y s ty Th [ A L et Imml“l ant RefO] l ] S Lo = . S %o land be o e it the | chiselers. The idea is to insure to that we shall by legislation do that)on & somewhat longer one. “i Brookings Institution Report. o) mS . . hot f::eu g”»:lo“,\h;:.hw; hl’,:.‘”;}mh:‘: | technique of l:’ Cg” yr e wipod el unorganized and economically helpless | very thing. To realize this danger | largest figure being mentioned by any family decided that Robert should go to college—despite the fact that this|such reform laws as would be a serious strain on the | family finances. The decision once made, promptly executed and Robert entered the College of the City of New York | was appointed to the appellate divi- which had no tuition charge. during his college years, Wagner con- tinued to work, New York Law Schoo! and was the road that was to lead him to the elective office his With Jeremiah T. Mahoney, later s justice of the New | operate if their system is to be saved. York Supreme Court, he opened a|In the adventuresome days of the tiny law office at 265 Broadway. TWO | past, strife against the forces of na- other lawyers were already established there and the quarters were so small that when a client came in one of the | hopeful young attorneys had to get Joins With Tammany. In the meantime, his family had moved to the Yorkville district and it was there that young Wagner's interest in politics began. He joined the Tammany organiza- tion and was elected to the Legi.;-‘ Wagner has always kept up his Tammany membership, best, avory organi- | 1905. represented the Upon his arrival at Albany, Wagner | met Alfred E. Smith, also a member for the first time. This was the first of a series of con- | tacts Wagner was to roake wi i sons whose names later ¥ recorded prominently in tie annals of American politics. Under the tutelage of Al Smith, the | new assemblyman soon “learned the |been put on exhibition in the press ropes,” and in 1907 he took his first step in behalf of the masses. drafted and introduced a hill to re- duce the fare to Coney Isiend to 5| ‘The old Tammany 'nderfi! cal suicide, but the bill passed, only to be vetoed by the Governor, who, curiously enough, was Charles Evans destined 30 years later lend his approval to more significant election, but the 5-cent fare bill sent ‘Wagner to the State Senate, where he soon became Democratic leader. that capacity he first met Franklin D. Roosevelt, an energetic youngster who had caused something of a furore in staid Dutchess County by defeating the Republican. candidate for the State Senate. Senator Roosevelt listened to the counsel of the Democratic leader and worked with him in drafting the ‘one-day-of-rest-in-seve: of the earliest measures submitted by | the Dutchess County legislator. was formed another friendship that Wagner _has kept alive thmughou»} bill, The Triangle factory fire of 1911, ip. which 150 women were burned to death, gave Wagner his first real opportunity to drive through the Legislature New York's model set of laws to improve the working con- ditions of factory employes. while conducting an in- vestigation into the fire, he gave a young woman named Frances Perkins her first job, an assignment as an in- Todsy she is the first ) it was Even | sion, He was so suc- | Congress cessful in the role of tutor that he‘ the side of liberality. almost made up his mind to become | adopted | just begun. Thus Inci- e does not imply a lack of sympathy advocate of this type of 1abor- | {he Brookings Institution summanrized \yth—; after hadi 3 | workers in the depressed stratum of | dc imply ; | pe Ry ; Hi‘)l}:c px‘:rlluxl:i. % s'polllghtk on ;{he was’n";uh"d ":‘t“fo '}’1’: :,h‘";:‘":; | the employed working population | with labor's ambitions. | standards law is 40 hours. Somewhere | {he reults of staff research on the (Continued From First Page.) | woman ever to hold a cabinet post in el R i por-. | Promotion s Bishop of Montreal 1o | CéTtain minimum pey and working | For iy lnsk: the matter Odr‘ belm:end 30.and 40 hours is to be the | subject of The Recovery Problem in | — o oos Ll | ocancher | i ol op ; 2 ; er weel tor Black and | standard. | | i Vi r R L val | declined, and stayed home, The Arch. | conditions in keeping with the m‘hlhours per w NALol the United States. Dr. Moulton | in the public schools, the Wagner Wagner remained in the New York Senate until 1918, driving through the workmen's compensation act and the statute | setting up the State Industrial Board. | He became a justice of the Btate | Supreme Court in 1918 and Iater remaining on the bench until | 1926, when he resigned and was elected “hopping bells” at the | to the United States Senate New York Athletic Club and tutoring | backward students. His record in the upper house of consistently has been on 5 A firm believer in co-operation, he is Grace of Canterbury looks a|the abdication of Edward VIII he | society. As the Labor Department | Alres Conference for the Maintenance | exhausted, “a common and solidary R’“": fl"h""r"f "C?“‘tfy in ‘h; a teacher, but his friends persuaded | thinks harmony between worker and powerful, grim and brooding person- | Went along to address a number of | has stated: “When other employers | of Peace, it might be appropriate to | attitude of neutrality,” with possible | Present rate of manufacturing and | nim to study law instead. He entered | employer is & necessity. something more than He terms it a “moral admitted to the bar just 15 years mandate.” tafl and his snow-white tonsure, he | Abbey. He had critics in the crowd, | employers are forced by this unfair |of futility which skeptical critics in-| Provided they proceed in good | Brocbmpane polnt about | the |utierilanding tn thisicountry; . America, he said, is only at the nakes a splendid and impressive (and men who disliked and had de- competition to lower the wages of |sist on hurling at the Buenos Aires | faith, therefore, the governments of 'S y 8 | At this point he began to visualize | threshold of social reform. gure, a matchless nounced his “This fight,” he added, “has only I believe in the capitalist system, but the capitalists must co- ture may have been an enobling in- fluence. Strife in modern life has been a degrading factor. It has turned men against men and nation against nation. It has bullt up a scale of values which has directed much human will power and brains towards plunder rather than toward social service.” These words summed up his philos- ophy of government, but he added a note that is characteristic of the man. “We must push forward,” he said, almly but firmly. But we will mov by the established procescas of orderly government.” News Gathering Shown At Paris Exposition To iliustrate the travels of speeial | hews correspondents while on assign- i menit from the end of the last century to today, & large illuminated map has Ipcv:lnon at the Paris Fxposition. Doc- Hel iments and photographs iliustrative | of the dangers and difficulties encoun- | tered by correspondents while gath- ering news also are exhibited as part who make the imputation must refer | be necessary to wait for an official | than a moderate change in labor costs. shook their heads and predicted tha of the display. the archbishops drank water. The |SPORSibility toward the church. He| reinforcement provisions for the elim- only fo the first convention, which | declaration of war from one of the | “But,” it is argued by some of those | young Wagner was committing politi- | the display. pavillion port was passed. “No said the | UrBed them to make the daily prayers | ination of child labor which are un- |is short and drafted in more of less a reconstruction of Gutenberg's print- Renandent, who published the first to e Power Lies in Eloquence. easily this Summer, following de‘"; precisely, to co-ordinate and make | ing—and this is quite important— unlfllr r;lnge.” i T laws drafted by the same legtslnwr”“"‘ SVATAYS oiher ploes 1t Cosmo La greatest | Mination by Congress of the exact | ofective the various instruments |states which have failed to ratify the | In this connection it shou . : e — Pride may be one vice of Which | orsgars of & h’e‘lh‘;nuih?: p:::inl wo‘:‘l'; number of hours, dollars, etc. which | yyich have falled to preserve peace | convention, noted, however, that there is no tini- . Uses Bill to Step Upward. ‘PI i T Riv rchbishop Lang could be accused. 5 4 are to constitute the national standard. Other Gains Made. formity of aim among the backers of v. Hughes was defeated for re- | an to eve. Op ver —and one who never uses the cliches in the past. Go 2 [But if you probed it you would find it But just there lie the most impor- By “Industrial Unity’ In River will be started at Hekido the result of a compact signed at Tokio, Japan, by representatives of Korea. policy lately announced. pany by both governments. The Chos ON€ | sen Nitrogen Co. and the South Mane capital of the power corporation. 1,000 Divorces Held - In English Court Jam Congestion in the divorce courts of England is worse than ever. When the three divorce judges at London ended the last session 1,000 cases, & high record, were awaiting trial. judges had been holding court lala at night, yet ecould try only s third of the cases set for hearing st the beginning of the session. A Power development on the Yaly_, Property will be given the new com=" churia Railway will subecribe to the The - ing office and the office of Theophraste- newspapers in Paris about 300 years the governments of Manchukuo and - The project is regarded ag . the first under the “industrial unity”