Evening Star Newspaper, May 18, 1930, Page 33

ANTI.U. S. TARIFF LEADS CANADIAN VOTE ISSUES Preference Given British Goods Is Tre- mendously Increased, but Retaliatory | Measures Are Denied. ORONTO.—For the first time since reciprocity with the United States falled in 1911 Canada faces an election with the tariff question as the main issue. Ana, as in 1911, the issue is created by the fiscal policy of the United States. Because the tariff now being whipped | into final shape at Washington is be- | lieved to aim a fatal blow ai many mil- lions of Canada’s export trade, the Do- | minion has suddenly tremendously in- | creased the preference it accords British | goods and has taken retaliatory action on certain types of United States prod- ucts. ‘The proposed United States tariff has put new life in Lord Beaverbrook’s em- pire free trade crusade by forcing Can- ada to take the lead in throwing down empire tariff barriers. Additional pref- erence, covering a trade range of $200,- 000,000 has been granted to Britain in the same budget that inaugurated countervailing duties aimed at the United States. Budget Leading Issue. : ‘The election this Summer will be fought almost entirely on the budget which was brought down a few days ago at Ottawa by Charles Dunning, Canada’s new minister of finance. The budget contains the most sweeping tariff changes made in the Dominion since 1896, and in addition inaugurates the entirely new countervailing duties, 0 designed that on a limited range of roducts the duty fixed in Washington omes automatically the duty levied by Canada on the same product. For nearly two s the King gov- ernment insisted that it had no inten- tion of starting a tariff battle with the United States. It resisted the demands of the opposition for a special session last. Eur to frame a sharp swer to the United States tariff ms re. It ignored taunts that it was turning the other cheek to the Washington smiter. Premier King insisted that there was no need of the United States tariff be- law before Canada would be in a position at a regular session to take any needed action. Retaliation Disavowed. In bringing down the budget the government again declazred that the aim was not retaliation. In no place does the budget mention the United States. ‘The countervailing duties are aimed at any country in the world taking un- friendly action against Canadian prod- g:u. But it is the United States they basis of present imports it will effect Joss “than. $40,000,000 of United States trade. From an American trade point of view the extension of the British preference and_the very definite in- crease in the British free list means a great deal more. The government frankly admits that the budget aims to switch trade as far as possible to the mother country, to bulld up a sentiment in Britain that will aild in marketing Canada's wheat. And with the imperial con- ference coming on in September, it plans to use the favors already granted Britain as a lever to get imperial favors in return. New Tariff in Force. And while the United States tariff) that has caused the most radical bud- get in 35 ye: still is being debated, the new Ca n tariff is already in force. At 3:10 p.m. one day recently the minister of finance rose to speak and at once, according to Canadian custom, the changes in the tariff out- lined became effective. They are still being debated. But there is no business uncertainty. The debate is a matter of election propa- ganda. Canadian business knew the | decree was both final and effective the moment they were uttered. ‘With the fiscal policy the main issue, it already is predicted that the elec- tion will give rise to the greatest show of fiag flourishing Canada has known in_years. ‘The Conservalive answer to ihe gov- ernment’s drastic British preference in- creases is the slogan, “Canada First.” It seems as if conditions will be re- versed in the contest. The Conserva- tivés always have been the ultra-im- perial party. Premier King has been attacked for being too Canadian; he has even been assailed as a separatist. He has taken the lead in the consti- tutional changes that have led to the complete recognition of Canada as an autonomous nation. Liberals Wave Union Jack. Now, however, the Liberals, under ! Premier King, are entering the conflict waving the Union Jack and erying for closer trade ties with the motherland, while the Conservatives already are complaining of the danger of British competition and demanding that in trade, above everything else, Canada should come first, It is affording some amusement to those who remember the hue raised by Conservatives a few years ago when it The countervailing tariff only covers ® small range of products. On the was ‘proposed to create a distinctive Canadian flag. Heat, Air and Humidity Charted To Fix Safety for Human Body “It isn't the heat, but the humidity” that makes one suffer in Summer—an old one, true, but only partly true. The heat and the humidity and the air mo- tior 1 three, deter human com- fort and working efficiency. If the air were not moving and were saturated with water vapor, work could not be done in safety, and one could not exist indefini‘ely in any t:mperature higher than 90 degrees Fahrenheit. But if there were a breeze blowing at the rate of only 200 feet a minute (or 215 miles an hour, hardly strong enough to make a flag unfold on a flag pole) one could stand up to 95 degrees under the same conditions. Increase the breeze fo 400 feet & minute (nearly 5 miles an hour) and the upper limit is raised a few degrees more. By further increasing the breeze the temperature can be safely raised to 98.6 degrees, the normal temperature of the body. Past that point, in moisture-saturated air, blowing more air on the body only tends to raise its temperature, fans do no good, but make matters worse. Stands High Temperatures. These facts have been developed, among others, in a series of experi- ments conducted by the United States U of Mines, co-operating with the Tesearch laboratory of the American Soclety of Heating and Ventilating En- fi:leen, at Pittsburgh. The results have t been reported to the American In- stitute of Mining and Metallurgical ers by Dr. W. J. McConnell, who was the physiclan among the scientists and engineers conducting the tests. The resudts of these tests are par- $lcularly valuable for engineers in charge of ventilating mines, where heat and humidity frequently exceed the danger point, and where cooler, drier air must be pumped in constantly if l';prlklc::hw 'lfl o:’ Th:]il are directly , too, worl conditions h'lm'h: “hot r;ndunl'kl," x experimenters were rather as- tonished at the high temperatures a normal human body can stand, while working, provided air is kept in motion and humidity is kept down. The hu- man body, as a matter fact, does mnot need to be “kept cool”; that is a misnomer. It needs only to be enabled to throw off any heat it generates by natural processss of metabolism (burning of food and tissue by which 1t keeps alive and working) in excess of 98.6 degrees. To cool the body below that point is dangerous. Existence is a continual struggle to keep the body just that warm, no warmer and no cooler. In a blanket of still air 100 per cent humid, at exact body temperature per- :Bl.rlflo‘n could not evaporate to cool blood in the surface capillaries, so that the body, unable to throw off its excess heat, would burn itself out. The two saving factors are that relative hu- midity is almost never, in nature, up to0 100 per cent and that air is normally in motion, thanks to the rotation of the earth and the succession of day and night. If it weren't for the wind, the air along the seashore and around large lakes would be saturated with moisture most of the time and man could not live in Summer in territory that now oontains most of the greatest cities and the densest population. Only on s few calm, hot days in Bummer do the heat and the humidity Tise beyond the danger point. Then come heat xroltrltlonx. which accu- rately should be called heat-and-hu- midity strokes. More than 500 experiments were made on subjects of various ages, weights, physical types and temperaments to discover what happens to the bodily processes when the body is exposed to ing combinations of heat, humidity and air motion. Thus the experimenters were able to work out & “comfort chart that gave heating and ventilating engi- Beers an accurate basis from which to figure actual problems. Own Ventllating System. Comfort and physioloj 1 efficiency both depend upon the balance of h ing of the body to its cooling; that is, the rate at which the body is throwing off heat compared to the rate it is gen- erating heat in excess of its normal 98.6 degrees. ‘The body has its own system of deli- eate thermostatic control. It dissipates heat from the skin and from the lining of the lungs d the respiratory pas- sages by radiation and convection. Obviously if the surrounding air be hotter than 98.6 degrees the body can- not lose any heat by radiation or con vection. It then depends upon the third fas tor: Cooling by evaporation of perspir: tion. If the surrounding air is satu- rated with water vapor, perspiration will not evaporate. In a combination of these two conditions, above 98.6 degrees, air motion only brings more heat to the body. Heat stroke, coma and even death distress. It was those symptoms scien- tists studied carefully—increased circu- lation, the heart pumping more hot blood into the “radiator” (the capil- laries at the surface of the skin) in an effort to cool off; congestion of the blood under the skin; flushing; profuse perspiration; further heart strain, re- duction of the blood supply going back to the heart; palpitation of the heart: extreme thirst; dizziness; loss of the power to concentrate; extreme irrita- bility at nolses and lights, and finally a feeling of “floating in the air” that led up to heat stroke. Short of that golnt the subjects were always hastily rought out of the hot chamber. After drinking considerable of water, they complained of no ill effects except ex- treme lassitude. Ninety Degrees Average Limit, It was found that temperature could be raised, without perceptible effect, as much as 10 degrees by reducing the relative humidity, thus increasing the cooling rate of evaporation. Reducing relative humidity and increasing the air motion made it possible to run the temperature even higher without the change being perceptible to the sub- Ject. The results of these tests, reduced to a simple diagram, are shown in the accompanying chart. The upper limit, beyond which the body could not dissipate its own heat without effort and distress, was 90 de- grees, average, in still air saturated with water vapor. That was for per- sons at rest and relaxed. When the subject was doing physical work that | high limit dropped in relation to the amount of muscular work being done. When the amount of work was brought to a peak of hard labor (90,000 foot- pounds an hour) the limit of tempera- ture under which the body compensated itself without distress dropped to 80 de- grees Farenheit in calm, saturatetd air. A man lifing a 16-pound sledge 6 feet and letting it fall once every four sec- onds is doing 90,000 foot-pounds of work an hour. Under those conditions, in air above 80 degrees, he creates heat faster than he can give it off. Miners, stokers, steel-mill workers, potters and many others customarily work under conditions hotter than that. Averages 60 Per Cent. Reducing humidity to 30 per cent in air at 100 degrees Fahrenheit enabled | men to do four times as much physical | work as they could do with the air sat- urated with moisture. With & humidity of 60 per cent (which is an average figure outdoors on & Sum- | mer day) they could do only one-fifth| as much at 120 degrees as they could at 90 degrees. The maximum amount of | work, it was found, could be performed | between the effective temperatures (a temperature arrived at by reckoning in| relative humidity with actual heat) of | 40 degrees to 75 degrees. This merely supported the experience of man throufih many thousands of years. No civilization of any impor- tance has grown up outside the tem-| perate zones, where the range of effec- | tive temperatures through most of the year is between 40 degrees and 75 de- grees. This is based upon effective tem- perature, not mere thermometer read- ings. Colder conditions produce the barbarism of the Eskimo or the Pata- gonian, whose struggle to survive gives him no time or energy for rrogress. Hotter conditions produce the tropical native whose shiftlessness extends in a broad belt around the 3lobe. It isn't only the heat, then, but the humidity and the air motion’that af- fect the destiny of whole races. Weather to primitive man was the most important factor in life. In the tropics and the subpolar regions it still re- mains master of the situation Civilized man, however, from the time of the domestication of fire has been progressing slowly in the ar: of making his own weather indoors. It Is now possible to control h2a’, relative hu- midity and rate of motion in any space between four wails, a ceiling and a floor. From factoriss and public buildings the art of manufacturing weather and controlling it is spreading into homes and apartments. “The next few years will see radical progress. Rk No Taxes Are Paid By Ebern Citizens Germans, groaning under a load of heavy taxes, have reason to envy the inhabitants of the small city of Ebern, [near Bamberg, in Franconia, who not {only pay no taxes, but have just re- ceived $15 aplece and three loads of wood from the city. Ebern owns exten- sive forestf, all the municipal expenses will ensue unless there is relief. Before the heat stroke come certain eactions which produce discomfort and are covered by the profits on the sale of wood and there is a surplus for distri- bution amchg the fortunate inhabitants, ASHINGLUN X 18, 1930—PART TWO. Machado—He Who Rules Cuba Pesident Breaks Political Pledge, but Gives Island Efficient, Constructive Government. CAPITOL BUILDING. BY HENRY KITTREDGE NORTON, Noted American Author. HE weird music of the danzon, with its uneven, prdvacative | rhythm, floated through the balmy Cuban night. It came from a long, low building where | an orchestra measured the time for in- numerable dancers. Most of the men were in uniform. Frayed and torn those uniforms might be, but still they | were uniforms. Cuba was fighting for her independence and the nearby camp afforded no skillful tailors to keep the officers spick and span. They were Inone the less ready to take advantage of a lull in the military operations to indulge in the pleasures of the dance. “What a formidable dancer!" ex- claimed one of the senoritas, follow- ing a large and perhaps the best dressed figure on the floor as he swung :u pariner through the mazes of the a . , hat is Machado,” was the reply. e is the chief.” And far into the morning hours Machado trod every measure, grace- fully, vigorously—formidably. The camp was astir at 5 in the moming, and among the first to ap- pear was Machado, carrying on with- out a suggestion of fatigue, seeing everything, hearing everything, know- ing everything and using everything. Suspicious, they said he was. And well he might be, His father before him had been a rebel against Spain, and so fearful had he been of betrayal that he never slept twice in the sante place. Small wonder that young Gerardo was overcautious. Devoted to His Cuba. Grown to man's estate, he was still wary; but he was a born leader, de- voted to his Cuba, and his men trusted him and followed him as far as they could. Few could keep up with him long. He seemed endowed with super- human strength and endurance. No amount of work tired him, and when his aldes were exhausted he sought recrea- tion in the dance. All this was some 35 vears ago. But PRESIDENT MACHADO, HEAD OF THE CUBAN GOVERNMENT. Gerardo Machado, as President of the republic he helped to bring into exist- ence, retains the characteristics which marked him then. A leader of men. an indefatigable worker, suspicious beyond all need—and a formidible dancer—he is today. In the intervening years he has watched his republic gain its feet and go through many of the trials and vicissitudes of infancy. He himself has matured in experience and wisdom, and in the process, as one of the few Cuban leaders of industry, has accumulated a moderate fortune. He has always taken a keen interest in politics and on at least two occasions has supported rebellion against the government. Politics in Cuba is not a petty thing The form is a democratic republic modeled after the United States; but the spirit which animates it is that of the old Spanish colonial tradition—in which government was the instrumen- tality of those who controlled it to ex- tract wealth from those it controlled. We have our official corruption in this country, but here it is a parasite on a fairly healthy body politic. In Cuba, through much of its brief history, it has been an overwhelming incubus which all but crushed the better aspirations of the people. Machado watched the trail of Cuban politics. He saw Estrada Palma carry | on the Gen. Wood tradition through his four years as the first President, only to surrender to the older tradition when it | came time for election. He watched this older tradition of corruption and dis- honesty slowly gain the upper hand through the administrations of later presidents, until it got completely out of control under Zayas. He saw the cost of government in Cuba rise from $8 per capita to $45. He saw illiteracy on the increase while the cost of the school mounted gayly. He saw the public debt steadily mounting, adding new burdens | of taxation to the country, although no corresponding constructive work went forward. He saw the national lottery 'and all public contracts milked for | enormous sums. Peculation of the first | magnitude seemed only to whet the | appetites of the politicians. And they were careful to avoid po- litical indigestion. Their favorite meas- ure was the amnesty bill. This not only enabled them to grant amnesty for all their own crimes d those of their friends, but to charge an appreci- able sum for including those of out- siders. Thus, once in so often the slate was wiped clean, all criminal acts were charged off and the merry round could begin again. It seemed to many—and Machado was among them—that one of the out- standing causes of all this corruption IS PRESIDENTIAL PALACE. was the attempt of the President to | |secure his own re-election.. They | strongly urged a constitutional amend- | ment to limit e President to one | term, at the sam8 time extending that term to six years. In this way it was | hoped to incline the presidential heart | toward making a good record while he was in office instead of toward insuring his return to power. In 1924 Machado became the Liberal candidate for President. He was hailed as an able and honest man who, while he might not be able to eliminate the rapacity of the politicians completely, would at least not encourage them. And his pledge not to seek re-election appeared to equip him with the moral | power to hold the corruptionists in check. How he did pledge himself! “A Liberal President cannot be re-elected. ‘This is now a noble tradition—the most noble of this party.” “When I hand over the power to my successor after four years in office, no power on earth will keep me in it one single day longer.” “A man who has never failed to keep his word, a man whose lips have never been defiled by a lie, would lower his dignity and dishonor himself, if after a political labor of 25 years during which he opposed the principle of re-election with word and sword in two revolutions, he should now accept this principle for himself.” Machado was elected and assumed office on May 20, 1925. From the be- ginning an improvement was apparent. There was a general tightening up of the machinery of government. Politi- cians found the old easy roads to pecu- lation blocked at every turn. Public improvements began to appear in bodily form instead of merely in bills to au- thorize the expendiutre of money for them. There began to be the semblance of government for the benefit of the country. Evidently there was a man in_the saddle . Real attention was given to the eco- nomic needs of the country. If the measures adopted were not always suc- cessful, nevertheless their intentions (Continued on F “Page) jued on Fourth Page.) FRANCE ACTIVELY TRYING TO CATER TO ITS TOURISTS Tardieu Ministry Takes Lead to Hav-' ing Nation’s Visitors Return to Country. BY LELAND STOWE. ARIS.—France, at’ least official France, is in the process of try- ing to learn what might be celled a_comparatively modern pel. It is the gospel of the satisfied customer, the client who comes back. In this case the person in ques- tion is not precisely a customer—he is the tourist and particularly the Ameri- can_tourlst. 2 After what has seemed to some almost too long a period of blindness t6 actualities, .the French government in the past few months has discovered the tourist as a national asset—not merely a casual asset, but one of tre- mendously far-reaching potentialities. At last the powers that be in councils of state have recognized the tourist in France as both a material and psycho- logical blessing. Since this recognition is based on the hoary maxim that any man’s good will is worth more than his il will, it would seem they might have discovered it soomer. But the Frenchman's ideas—as well as those of all governments, perhaps—have always been slow to change. ‘The important thing from the Ameri- can viewpoint, taking into aceount the thousands upon thousands of American tourists who annually visit France, is that the French government has be- come tourist conscious, and is sin- cerely rying to make matters easier for strangers within French gates. It must be admitted by Americans who have lived in France for any length of time that since the war much has been neglected which might make the tourist feel at home. This has not hap- pened maliclously, as some have been inclined to interpret it. Rather it has been the result of a certain indubitable defect in the French habits of thought. The average Frenchman in business, as in pleasure, lives for today. In sharp contrast to American precepts of business relationships, 16 is consti- tutionally difficult for a Frenchman to sell shoes, shirts or cigarettes with the day after' tomorrow in his mind. The theory of satisfied customers, of long- term “business good will, is learned by most Frenchmen only gradually and through experience, He does not have it thrust upon him when he takes his first job as we do in America. That is one reason why it is difficult for Americans to understand the Prench. Especially, it explains why American tourists always find it difficult to under- stand the French, and why many of them returned home the past decade convinced they were imposed upon. Sometimes this happened on account of the avarice of certain Frenchmen, but perhaps more often the impression was solidified by the fatal error of many travelers in trying to apply the Ameri- can slide rule of conduct and ideas to a Latin country which thinks in centi- meters instead of inches and whose habits run on quite as contrasting a scale, Accordingly American tourists have frequently misjudgeod France, and by acting here on rigid American lines have caused Frenchmen as often sadly to mis- judge us. Surely this breach in tem- peraments can never be completely bridged. What the Tardleu government is now occupled with, however, is to remove the most rankiing sore spots to visitors ance. Last yesr the cost of French m": reducedyf!om $10 to 82. ‘With the formation ef Tardieu's second cab- inet in February, he appointed for the first time in the republic's history a high commissioner of tourism. Pri- marily this was recognition of the fact that France annually profits through tourists’ expenditures—what econom- ists term “invisible imports” to a vast sum well surpassing $500,000,000. Amer- ican tourists alone spend $225,000,000 in France yearly. Last year tourist ex- penditures in France fell off sharply. High taxes much increased the cost of living in France and senseless red tape obstacles to travelers caused this and awakened authorities to the impor- tance of France's goose which lays the golden egg—tourist trade. Since the appointment of a tourist commissioner Parliament has eradicat- ed expensive landing and embarkation taxes at the French ports—an act which saves Americans from $2 to $7 each way. Likewise the government reduced taxes on luxury goods which were the chief item of tourist purchases from 10 and 12 to 6 per cent, and hotel taxes were similarly slashed. ‘The new department has also stabil- ized hotel prices in all parts of Fran and is providing the most up-to-dal tourist travel information yet available in the country. In a word, France at last has turned -toward making tour- ists satisfied customers. There will be less trouble, less expense and greater facilities for visitors to France. It may require several years for this worthy transition to be completed, but the im- portant thing to the American tourist of 1930 is that it is already well on the way. Even the little French shop- keepers may some day learn that it pays to have a customer’s good will. (Copyright, 1930.) Brother of Emperor Selects Military Career Prince Sumi, youngest brother of the Emperor, will enter the army, it has been decided. For some time there has been a great deal of speculation as to what the prince would decide to do. His joining was thought likely, but because of the fact that Prince Chichibu is in the army and Prince Takamatsu, his other brother, is in the navy, there seemed no special precedents to follow. It is understood that several confer- ences on the subject were held by the imperial household officials, and that the prince's grandmother, the empress dowager, had something to say in the matter. Prince Sumi, however, was asked to express his own wishes before it was settled, and decided that he pre- ferred a military career. The prince is now in the middle school department of the Peers’ School, in Tokio, and will leave next year to enter a military academy. Spanish Sub Built By Bilbao Shipowner Horacio Echevarrieta, millionaire shipowner of Bilboa, who also holds the monopoly for manufacturing torpedoes for the Spanish nav; supervising the construction of Spal newest subma- rine, which is said to be a 600-ton (sur- face) craft of most original design, em- bodying the latest improvements Ger- man sclence and experience have been able to devise. y BY EDGAR ANSEL MOWRER. ERLIN—The worst prophecies of Seymour Parker Gilbert, agent general for reparations payments, and other foreign observers, who warned the Germans of the out- come of their unlimited spending policy coupled with an internal monopoly of prices and fixed wages, seem to be con- firmed by the latest public statement of Labor Minister Adam Stegerwald, be- fore the social committee of the Reichstag. According to Herr Stegerwald approx- imately 20 per cent of all Germans are living on one form or another of doles, charities, pensions and other subsidies. His figure is reached in the following | manner: | Of unemployed receiving help in some | form there are 4,200,000; pensioned, 4,- 800,000; war disabled, 3.400,000, and ac- cident victims, 1,000,000, for a total of 15,000,000. Allowing for doubling, Herr Stegerwald calculates that 12,000,000 persons with their families are living on the backs of the other 40-odd mil- lions, at least half of whom are under 20 years of age. Unemployed Paid $240. The actual money ‘paid these unpro- ductive millions is probably about $240 per head, or nearly as much as the aver- age per capita income of Germany. ‘The proportions of all public ex- penses are seen from the fact that they reach 20,000,000,000 marks (about $5,- 000,000,000) from an estimated income of from 70,000,000,000 to 80,000,000,000 (about $17,500,000,000 to $19,000,000,~ 000). Add 3,000,000,000 for reparations and the interest on loans and the total of 23,000,000,000 results. Herr Stergerwald believes that proper simplification could relleve this situa- tion, but it is not certain. ‘The first conclusion is that the lack of capital is not the root of German distress. Were the German capital which now is abroad to be brought home, the capital market would be amazingly lightened. But the rich sim- ply refuse to bring the money back to Germany and see it distributed in the form of taxation to various sorts of un- productive people. Spending Policy A Failure. ‘The second conclusion is that the spending policy, by which Germany since its stabilization has seemed the richest country in the world, is a com- plete failure. It has resulted in keep- |nf prices high when they should have fallen and has not so much created labor as maintained high wages for the employed at the expense of an increas- ing army of unemployed. Instead of pulling its belt together in the first years following stabilization and endeavoring to keep internal Ger- man prices at or below the world price level, the government has allowed a eontinuance of a complete monopoly of the price level exploiting the masses, who_retorted with increasing demands for higher salaries. ‘This worked so long as world econo- mic conditions favored expansion. When last year a crisis lp?elred a vast drop in eonsumption resulted, hitting indus- tries, which reduced the number of em- Rationalization along American lowed for a further increase of unemployment. Yet the German government, bound by semi-socialistic conceptions and a veiled desire to spend money rather GERMAN SPENDING-POLICY WARNINGS SEEM REALIZED Reichstag Report Shows 20 Per Cent of Population Is Living on Subsidies. than to pay it as reparations, did noth- ing to fight the price cartels which have kept retail prices at boom level and did nothing to break production monopolies and understandings which demanded enormous profits for the purpose of “coHecting capital,” which, in turn, once distributed, was promptly in part ex- ported to untaxable places by private awners. Luxu ments, tinued. ‘The result is the worst crisis of un- employment ever seen in any country. workers want unemployment doles and oppose subsidies for agricul- Iture and industry. Industrial owners and farmers claim subsidies and favors of all sorts, but want unemployment subsidies reduced. It would therefore appear that only a change for the bet- ter throughout the world is likely to bring any great relief for the German situation. spending and luxury invest- ed by the government, con- (Copyr! Author Views Chicago As “Town of Beauty” . 19%0.) M. Yvon Lapaquellerie, a Prench lecturer, who recently toured the United States pays, in his book, “Impressions of America,” an admiring tribute to Chicago. He writes: “Life in Chicago, be it on the side of business, art or crime—for gangsters can't be left aside —finds a setting more harmonious, more imposing than in New York. The mass aspects are not so harshly out. lined, the open spaces are larger, the drives of a nobler design, the’ parks more numerous and magnificent. New York regrets that it is not more like Europe. Chicago boasts its purely Amer- ican character. The diadem of sky- scrapers, bordering its inland sea, seems to have been premeditated as a whole. Town of beauty? Yes, without a doubt. There is no denying that some sec- tions, such as the Negro quarters and the poor neighborhoods, are squalid and miserable. But what big town escapes that kind of leprosy?” Talkie Movie in Latvia In Three-Tongue Texts Whether talkies are permissible - in the Latvian movies is a question eagerly discussed by both the authorities and the exhibitors. Regulations governing movies are very strict. All texts must first of all be in the Latvian language with the optional addition of texts in German and Russian, which is com- monly spoken in Latvia. Whatever is spoken or sung on movie stages must be at least 50 per cent Latvian. It is curfous to attend the perfermance of a sketch often included on the bill of Latvian movie—the three languages are simultaneously spoken, suggesting the unp: red foreign visitor a repeti- tion of what happened in ¢ld Babylon. ‘The visit of representatives of Ameri- can sound film producers to Latvia with the object of introducing the talkies has caused considerable embarrassment be- cause the language problem will require an amendment of the laws. The sound film will necessarily be American and how the fifty-fifty rule can be ever- eome is & pnl e. DUAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT CONCEPT DECLARED FALSE Acceptance of Theory of Two Distinct Entities Blamed for Unneces- sary Controversy. BY CHARLES F. CARUSI HE casual visitor to Washington. who should see by our local | press that a debate is now going | on in_the Capitol as to whether | the United States con- tribute 9 millions or 12 millions to the expenses of our municipality, would probably feel that the residents of ‘Washington were specially (nvorod.l Should this person be himself a tax- | payer in a city of comparable size, it is not._unlikely that he would envy the| residents of Washington their good for- tune, and regret that his own city was not equally favored by such a generous donation from the public purse. Per- haps .this envy would be commingled with pride as he viewed the splendid buildings, the streets and avenues of royal dimensions, and the charming parks. ‘When told that in addition to his own native town or city, Washing- ton was in a sense also his city, he would probably consider this an ami- able expression of hospitality. Appears Like Ordinary City. Superficially, except for the splendid public buildings and parks, Washing- ton would seem to be very much like any other American city. The occu- pants would seem to be engaged in or- dinary civic occupations: building, buy- ing, selling, transporting, amusing. He would perhaps notice that the police and fire protection seemed to be about the same as that of other cities. Some of the fine school buildings he would admire, some perhaps he would astonished at: but the thing that would astonish him most perhaps would be to be told that there is a growing senti- ment of resentment between the resi- dents of Washington and a certain group of legislative representatives of the people, due to a mutual misunder- standing just upon the question as to ‘whether Washington is really an ordi- gsry u:mencln ocsi‘ty. begenmclmy y ~the generosity of s, or whether it is a unique city in America, and that what looks like generosity i | streets in fact something less than justice. Members of Congress come and ;'c Many of them come to Washington for the first time with no previous famil- farity with the city, its history or its relationship to the Federal Government. They not infrequently take the view of the "casual visitor, and even in some instances find this view a popular one with their constituents. ~Of course, many other members of Congress in both Houses, who have given a study to the situation, would be prepared to take a different view, but unless they are on particular committees, or for some reason are especially interested, they are not apt to insist very strongly upon their views. Both Sides Misunderstand. Nor is the misunderstanding on one side only. Many residents of Washing- ton view the city as a typical American municipality. They talk of its local government as if that were a thing apart from the National Government, and not infrequently they make com- plaints from which they would refrain if they had a more clear-cut apprehen- sion of the real status of our National Capital. To some of both groups, Federal of- cers and citizens alike, the Capital City is looked upon as an ordinary American municipality in which the Pederal Gov- ernment happens to maintain its head- quarters, and to which, in return for the privilege of occupancy tax free of the necessary buildings to house its offi- cers and employes, it makes an annual contribution roughly equal to reason- able taxes upon the value of the prop- erty it occuples, A quite different view, shared also by many citizens and officials, and the one believed to be more nearly correct, is that hington, in its more impor- tant aspegts—legal, pelitical and fiscal— is not a’typical American municipality at all. The local government. except for certain bookkeeping and other spe- clal purposes based upon convenience, should not be regarded as a separate corporate entity from the Federal Gov- ernment. It is the Federal Government itself, acting municipally and locally, that we really ought to have in mind when we speak of the District govern- ment. The chief executive is the Presi- dent of the United States, and he ad- ministers the city through three Com- missioners appointed by him and re- sponsible to him. All revenues, from whatever source, are brought into the Federal Treasury, and are expended w ‘when appropriated by the Federal gress. ‘The residents of Washington have no voice either in national or municipal affairs, although the city in which they reside is managed and controlled by the elected representatives of the people at large. As far as the local residents have gone has been to ask that they shall have a small voice along with the 120,000,000 persons who elect the gov- erning powers over the city of Wash- ington in the selection of the President and Vice President. Also in the choice of a representative or spokesman in the legislative halls, who may from time decisions, has led to which are uncalled for. tion properly understood, such adjec~ tives as “generous,” on the one or “ungrateful” on the other would be heard. Congress has not only the legal right, guaranteed to it in terms by the Constitution, to I for whatever kind of a Federal city it may, in the interest of the entire peo- ple of the United States, consider neces- sary or desirable, but it has, of course, the right as weil as the power to fix the limit of expenditures of public funds for that purpose. Taxes Must Be Proportionate. On the other hand, taxes upon pri- vately owned property must, in the in- terest of justice and in accordance with sound economic policy, be levied not in proportion to Federal municipal ex- penditures, but in proportion to the taxable resources of the resident popu- lation. If Congress desires to limit these resources by a restriction, for instance, upon the height and charac- ter of buildings, by zoning the city, §y devoting enormous areas to streets ang avenues, by exempting large tracts used for religious and educational and recrea- tional purposes, by forbidding certain types of manufacturing industry and other sources of municipal wealth, all in the interest of having the kind of city Congress wants and without reference to the economic welfare of the resident population, Congress is en- tirely within its rights. The whole point be | is, however, that you cannot manage & municipality as a national project expect a limited residential population to build and maintain it on a footing commensurate with the dignity and “sfim;che! o:k the United States. e ‘WS expressed have been sound, the fallacy g{ arguments baged upon comparison between Wi and other American cities is at onmce lpp&lr!nt. Clear as the difference is in principle, it may admittedly be difieult of application in detail. For instance, and avenues are nontaxable property in most municipalities. If Washington were an ordinary muniei- pality, could it have been lai day make it the most beautiful and nified capital in the world? = the reception that would be ac to & suggestion that the Federal Govern. ment would lay out & national park in a particular State or city, provided such State or city would pay for the pur- chase of the land and the expense of its upkeep. Yet the taxpayers of Wash- ington have been invited to approve the idea of the expenditure of $15,000,000 to acquire a park, the fitle to which would be in Federal Government, but, the payment, for which would be re. couped an additional burden of ‘& million a’ year upon the taxable prop- erty owned by the resident population. In such a case it is not even claimed that there is any bl tation in the income producing the taxable property by reason of such a project. To some extent the same observation would apply to an expen- sive airport. Comparisons Misleading. Comparisons with other American cities are necessarily illogical and mise leading. Yet they are constantly made. If a particular project is one in which the interest of the National Govern- ment is but remote, and the interest of the resident is obvious and direct, the United States as a municipal expenditure; but if the ect is one in which the National: ernment is specially interested, such a8 the erection of a $30,000,000 eomnunlx center, then the nature of.the city as capital project is mv&dw and the locah! taxpayer l‘; in' jw such a magnificent project, course no statistics are %muht forward to show that cities of a comparable sise would feel justified in even h‘nllx pfllm a sum for such a purely mu= nicipal purpose. 1t is admitted, of course, that Con- gress has the right to fix the taxable value and the tax rate. It is quite clear from what has been said that has no logical relation to Federal nicipal expenditure, but here comparisons with other cities of parable size are indulged that a particular rate does not exceed a particular average. These sons are again worthless because of the municipalities included in the mtisflulld blbh:u:ll"ed had recent very rapid growth and are for municipal projects vhuri’:' ington have long. since been financed and paid for in full. ,hh'.= turn and now ‘ash- net income return after E payment taxes which should determine the rate. In a residential city the rel prot:rty occupled by the ownt sen to time call to the attention of the | Property. national legislators the viewpoints and in wishes of an electorate as large as that git'".’o.me entire States in the United City Is Federal Territory. Washington, then, is Federal terri- tory, in which, in addition to some quarter of a_million (at a guesswork te) of Federal officials, employes, their families and dependents, a like number of other persons own property and participate in' the activities of city life. Prom this point of view the pri- mary obligation is, of course, upon the | Federal Government to finance the Government’s own municipal project. ‘This obligation is not incidental to the maintenance of headquarters in Wash- ington and to the ownership of tax- y therein, but because City is a national project. to contribute is upon icial residents or the private roperty owners in the Mederal terri- The measure of the Federal expendi- ture is limited only by the resources of the Federal Government and by the scope and character of munici ac- tivity it desires to see carried on. On the other hand, the measures of the resident property holder’s contribution is based upon no such obligation at all and is necessarily limited by his tax- able resources. How futile, therefore, to make appropriations under the guise of loans, which upon anslysis amount to no more than expenditures accom- panied by threats of increased taxation. High taxes, which, of course, are paid by the occupier or consumer of taxable property, in so far as they are paid on property occupled by the official and employe half of the resident population or in so far as they are by busi- ness properties catering to the needs of this group, represent pro tanto a de- crease in the compensation for services rendered by them to the Federal Gov- ernment for the benefit of the entire Nation. In so far as taxes are rM by the non-official approximate half of the local population, the law of diminishing return automatically places a limit which has no necessary relation to the upbuild! and maintenance of such a municipality as the Federal Government carries on and desires to have carried on. The appropriations from the bal- ances 13 the Treasury, from whatever source derived, represent the will of the Nation as to what it wants. The amounts contributed in taxes by the resident population represent what it is able to pay. ‘The perfectly honest confusion be- tween these conflicting viewpoints, which is evidenced in discussions by the tizllen"l, ‘which :nldnl a.‘l ‘l.’n.'i into acts of Congress, an e rpre- tations of the latter somstimes in court o—, o “u, o tles concerned in the hulldiné and maintenance of the National Capital id have a well-thought-out and consistent attitude of mind as to the resident population of Wi the other. The greatest contril cause to confusion of mind is the acceptance of the theory that there ex. ist two separate and distinct ment entities, one the Federal ment, representing all of the the United States, and on t hand the District go sent to impose upon the other ;Jesr‘onsllbtgty'(o]r the finan atlonal Capital, no satisfactory agres- ment is likely to emerge. 8 It should be recognized that the twe parties 1o any controversy invol the fiscal relations of the inhabitants of the District of Columbia to the Federal Government are, on the one hand, Federal Government, in full ment and control, in principle and tall, of every municipal activity; on the other hand. the unrepresent Tesidents of the District of On the one hand it is the the Government to finance the of Columbia in the interests of ple of the United States and ulld and maintain the Capital national project. On the other 1t is the duty and privilege of zens of Washington cheerfully into the Federal Treasury by way of national taxes as other citizens of the United national taxes, and, in addition to pay such a part of their other taxable resources = g’sfi fue i i D tain type civic activi place of residence, not selves but for official W the representatives ments and for all citizens of States who may from time to the city on business or pleasure. ———e. » Thehm lgom.h Africa, luces rid's 8U) gold, estimated for 1m’3’&"m,w Eé M § g Bl