Evening Star Newspaper, April 6, 1930, Page 38

° ~dians 8o (Continued From First Page.) the enterprise. The Lewis and Clark expedition to the mouth of the Co- Jumbia 26 years before had consumed 2 years and 4 months and had been made mostly by waterways. Under the guidance of the Shoshone Indian woman, Sacajawea, the explorers had reached their geal, but their journals held ovt no encouragement to any one ‘who thought of breaking a wagon trail through the wilderness. The long- haired men of the mountains, who brought their é)eltrlu! down to St. Louis in bateaux and went back to the beaver country the same way, were generally of the opinion that wagons could not make the trip. Pack horses, yes—but the mention of “them farm contrap- tions” was good for & laugh, One solicitous writer addressed the “fanat- ics” who were about to undertake the trip “in the hope that they will read and pause.” But Smith, Jackson and Sublette had trapped for years along the Rocky Mountain Chain. They were confident that a wagon route could be estab- lished along the Great Platte and over the Wind River Mountains to the Ore- gon country, so they set out with their caravan of 12 wagons and 81 men. Beveral months later, in a letter to John H. Eaton, Secretary of War, they told how they had made their way northwest to the head of the Wind River where it issues from the Rocky Mountains. “Here,” the letter says, “the wagons could easily have crossed the Rocky Mountains, it being what is called Southern Pass, had it been de- sirable for them to do so.” Smith, Jackson and Sublette had proved that wagons could be taken across the mountain barrier and that it was going to be possible for settlers, with their household implements, to reach the Oregon country. Colonization Society Formed. An Oregon Colonization Society was organized in 1831 and issued “a gen- eral circular to all persons of good character who wish to emigrate to the Oregon country.” The object of the society was ‘“patriotic and philan- thropic,” its circular stating: “The so- clety views with alarm the progress which the subjects of England have made in the subjugation of the Oregon Territory. Already they have flourish- ing towns, strong fortifications and cul- tivated farms,” and concluding with the surmise that in Oregon each emi- grant “will receive gratuitously a landed ‘estate of great value.” Even such a temptingly worded ad- vertisement did not bring about a rush of emigration. It was not until the missionary, Marcus Whitman, came back from the Oregon country in 1842 with a wagon party that the rush began. And such a rush! Wagons by thou- sands lumbered and creaked along the trail to Oregon. Some were drawn by horses and mules, others by oxen. St. Louis was no longer the only starting int. From all parts of the East and iddle West and Squth the emigrants made for the great roadway up the Platte. Farmers and city men were mingied—artisans and professional men in one democracy. Most of these peo- le left good homes. Many of them been accustomed to all the luxuries which wealth could buy. But there was mo denying the “Oregon fever” once its symptoms had become manifest. e people who did not emigrate made money selling to the homeseek- ers. Every Middle Western village had ing to offer the emigrant— ‘wagons, harness, yokes, farm tools, camp utensils, rifies, ammunition and clothing. Vacant lots were used for exhibits of wagons or were stacked high with corn and oats. Emigrant in Irresistible Tide. Once on the trail, the emigrant soon found himself caught in an irresistible tide. A few new graves and an aban- doned wagon meant that an entire fam- ily had “laid down,” but there was no pausing at the scene. Estimates of the mortality on the trail vary from 10,000 1o 20, persons. The cholera epidemic of 1852, which almost swept the trail bare, accounted for many thousands of Indians and hardships—mostly ips—accounted for the rest. As travel grew, the trail widened. No longer in single file, but in double line the wagons rolled on. Sometimes there would be no break in the line for miles. Dust rose in great clouds until it was almost intolerable. Not only the wagons, but an army of loose stock—at least five or six animals to a wagon—contributed to this dust-cloud. On either side of the trail the grass was eaten off for hundreds of yards. This meant that the stock had to be grazed far from the camp at night—a temptation to the In- dians. Abandoned property strewed the trailside—cook stoves, cupboards, beds, tables, blankets and even excess provi- . Many of the emigrants arrived in Oregon with little more than the clothes they wore. As soon as a paiy of emigrants crossed the Missouri River and reached “gnjun country,” it became a law unto elf. Actual travel was under a wagon tfss. Sometimes his word was supreme 1§ all things, but usually a culprit, in t§e case of any serious offense, was /en the benefit of trial by judge and . One of the most common breaches of discipline, for which punishment was ovided in the form of a public lash- , was failure to stand guard. . A con- viction of murder carried the death penalty. Ezra Meeker tells of one case where a jury deliberated for three days before deciding to hang a murderer. ‘Then the sentence was carried out only after it was made certain that a driver had been provided afmd that the mur- derer’s family was assured of getting through to Oregon. . Forms of Government Vary. In some instances the government of outfits varied in accordance with chang- ing ideas of the emigrants. One outfit started from Peoria, Ill, on a commu- nistic basis. It reached Independence 1n a disorderly condition, and thereupon ‘went to the other extreme—organizing along strictly military lines, assembling at bugle call and marching in platoon formation. This, t00, proved unaccept- able, and the company was completely disorgal d before reaching the moun- s. ‘When a “scare” was on, any emigrant ‘who was found guilty of provoking trou- ble with Indians was subjected to_the severest punishment. .iilling an Indian, except in defense of one's life or prop- erty, was punishable by death. The captain of an emigrant outfit which had struggled through to Idaho. eonstantly menaced by Indians, came into camp one day-to find excitement rife. Some one had killed an Indian and a reprisal seemed certain. “Whoever killed that Indian must die” was the stern command of the cap- tain. Nor did he recede from his posi- tion when he learned that the one who imperiled the train was his son. youth, knowing his father’s stern- #s a disciplinarian, had taken his supplies he could carry and had fled the camp, later to be killed in s brawl in a frontier settlement. And “movie” writers in Hollywood wmpm of the difficulty of getting stirring scenarios ‘fno; e\tihfixr ":;Vtsuma'r ds were pro advance - 5 Some outfits tried many lives, these picturesque, long- haired men of the moglu\ns not only because they “knew Injuns,” but be- cause they gave the emigrants their first Ym :flhem- e s ke o selves in’ the wilderness. m and scores of others initi- Pitspatrick, Sublette, Kit Carson, ated Westward-bound America in the of trailcraft. well. vel cautious and ¢'ral your wagons sign trouble,” was o ‘mml’lflfl it . | day, saved many & wagon train from anni- hilation. Bridger had trapped and fought In- dians ip every part of the Rockies and on the plains. He knew every stream and every mountain top, and & mysteri- ous sixth sense seemed to tell him when “Injun trouble” was brewing. ‘Without “book larnin’” he was pos- sessed of an imagination which found an outlet in numerous “tall stories” which are current today in the West. When passing Scotts Bluffs, nearly 400 feet in height, Bridger would invariably inform his traveling companions that “When I fust come to this country them thar bluffs was a deep valley.” And in the Rockies it was his habit to tell of traveling 30 miles one stormy night by the light of a huge diamond in a moun- tain top. Bridger's Personality Depicted. A trail traveler who was in a party Zukli;d by Bréflxer wrote of him: “He cannot read, but enjoys reading. He was charged by Shakespeare ln'd would hear the ?lnys read until mid- night with unfeigned pleasure. { The murder of the two princes in_the tower startled him to indignation. He désired it to be read a second and third time. Upon positive conviction that the text had been properly read to him he burned the whole set, commented that ‘Shakespeare must have had a bad heart and been as devilish mean as a Sioux to have wrote such scoundrelism as that,’ But Bridger's prize literary test came when some wag brought forth a volume of Munchausen’s stories from one of the traveling libraries carried in many an emigrant wagon. Bridger listened attentively to the tales and then gave it as his opinion that the author was ‘con- siderable of a liar, which he followed up with the statement that some of his own adventures among the Blackfeet ;’ould und no less wonderful ‘if wrote own.’ Bridger was more than trapper and guide. He ranks with the gpr‘;at ex- plorers of the West. He was part owner of Fort Laramie before that post was finally sold to the Government as a military protection on the great tral, and he built Fort Bridger, where many an emigrant outfit found supplies, shel- ter and wagon repairs. Indians Prey on Travelers. Indian depredations along the trail ‘were numerous. Not only did the In- dians, particularly the Sioux and Chey- ennes, run off thousands of head of live stock belonging to emigrants, but when opportunity offered they killed and scalped individuals who had strayed a short distance from their out- fits. Many direct attacks were made on wagon trains which were surprised at some lonely point on the trail. And always the emigrants were subject to visits from warriors whose bearing was ostensibly friendly, but whose demands for sugar and tobacco frequently grew threatening. Rather than provoke trouble, the emigrants paid heavy toll to_these unwelcome visitors. If a wagon train was destroyed by Indians, the men in the party were killed and the women and children carried into captivity. But the Indians were not always to blame for the up- risings that occurred along the trail. “The War of the Lame Cow,” which Tesulted in the loss of many lives among emigrants and settlers, remains as a glaring example of stupidity in handling Indian affairs. This war took its name from the fact that it was,| precipitated by a lame cow, which had' been left in the Platte Valley by emi- grants and was to be brought along by friends who were coming in a later detachment. When the friends arrived at Fort Laramie they reported that the cow had been killed by an Indian. Soldiers All Perish. ‘The commandant at the fort sent Lieut. Grattan and 28 soldiers to bring in the Indian. The Sfoux Chief Mat- tioway refused to comply with the or- der, whereupon the soldiers opened fire. The Indians surrounded the soldiers and killed every one. At the time there were fewer than 100 soldiers at the | fort, and a general attack was expect- ed, but the Sioux contented themselves with making reprisals upon emigrants and settlers and it is estimated that this one episode eventually cost the lives of several hundred travelers. Wyoming is now preparing to mark the site of the Grattan massacre—one of the many spots along the way where history was written in blood. One of the best known spots was In- dependence Rock, Wyo. This huge rock, rising hundreds of feet out of the plain, was given its name by emigrants who held a Fourth of July celebration there, just prior to the great rush. These emigrants carved their names in_ the rock, as others had done before them, giving it the additional title of “the register of the desert.” The first wagon trains to go through were organized in parties of from 200 to 300. Sometimes there were several “sectlons” of a train, and it was only in the high tide of emigration that single wagons went through “on their own.” Outfits of from 25 to 60 wagons were common, and many ran even larger. The average number of emi- grants was five to a wagon. Trail Full of Hardships. ‘The trail from South Pass to Oregon was full of hardship. Its difficulties caused Fort Hall to become a graveyard of wagons for years, the emigrants going on from there to the Columbia on foot and horseback. An Oregon ploneer who, as a boy of 10, participated in the great trek, tells of reaching the summit of the Cascades only to be confronted with a precipice 1,000 feet high. Their only. hope was to take the wagons to pieces and lower them down the cliff. But all the hopes and chains put together were not long enough. The leader directed that one of the oxen be killed and his hide cut into strips. Even this was not sufficient. “Kill two more oxen,” came the com- mand. The rope was lengthened and the 20 wagons were lowered. The goods, carried on the backs of men, women and children down the craggy trail, were reloaded in the reassembled wag- ons and the journey was successfully centinued. Mormon_emigration, starting in 1847, and the California gold rush of 1849 added their quotas to the great trail along_the Platte. The first California- bound parties usually “went through whooping.” with fine outfits, drawn by strong, splendid horses. They were ad- venturers, out for excitement—a differ- ent crowd from the homeseekers who were headed for Oregon. But the Oregon travelers were not to be turned aside by the lure of California gold. They plodded on, strewing the roadside with their graves, the survivors eating the dust of discouragement and priva- tion. The homeseeker had staked his all on getting through to receive that promised “landed estate of great value,” and he kept doggedly on until he had “settled’ Oregon. Urges Trail Be Marked. As one of the pioneers who had trav- eled over the great highway to the Northwest in 1852, Ezra Meeker took it upon himself to arouse public sentiment in behalf of marking the Ore{on 3 and preserving the remnants of its fast- vanishing history. In 1906 he rigged up a replica of a wagon of ploneer days and behind two oxen made the overland trip from the Puget Sound country to New York City. And the Oregon Trail Memorial Assoclation was organized. Dr. Howard R. Driggs of New York University is Mr. Meeker’s successor as president of the Oregon Trail Memorial Assoclation. This association, in co- en’s clubs, historical and civic groups and the public schools will encourage commemoration exercises at various dates through the months given over to the centennial celebration. May 2 will be celebrated as Oregon (Champoeg) ‘markin, government Oregon. May 30, Me- bserved h | morial day, will be generally ol throt wit operation with Parent-Teacher Associa- | final tions, Campfire Girls, Girl Scouts, wom- | giy AM getting old enough now so that some of the little acorns which I saw plant- ed are beginning to show up as quite sizable oaks. For example, there was an office boy in the place where I worked afler leaving college. He was not a bright office boy. ‘We did not think that he would ever amount to very much. He did not think so himself. He had none of the Vision which we read about. He just kept on keeping on. Well, the other day I picked up a trade paper, and there was a big photograph of our ex- office boy, and the announce- ment that he had just been Japanese Inaugurate “Buy at Home” Policy The ministry of railways has publicly announced that it will give preference to Japanese owned and managed firms in the purchase of railway equipment, thus putting in concrete form what has heretofore been a purely theoretical, but none the less accepted, proposition. Some consternation resulted when Vice Minister of Railways Aokl said without mincing matters that when other things were equal the foreign trading companies here would have to give way to the Japanese. Interviewed by foreign newspaper men, however. he pointed out that this was only natural and had happened in any country which had gradually developed its industry to a place where it could supply local needs. The gradual lessening of the activity of foreign business men in Japan has been the subject of many discussions. The recent decision of the railway authorities to buy whenever possible from Japanese firms. virtually shows how the place of the foreign trader has been taken by the Japanese. Foreigners, who have a place in the business world here now are those who are trained in special lines and find an opportunity to serve as technical ad- TS to large Japanese concerns. Saharan Possibilities Are Stressed at Meeting A congress of “The Rose and Orange” was held recently at the enchanting oasis of “El Golea,” in the heart of the Sahara. Among the distinguished guests of the meet included M. Mal- larme, undersecretary of public works; M. Ricard, former minister of agricul- ture: Owen Dawson, representative of the Department of Agriculture of the United States; Sir Harvey Mason of the Royal Soclety of Agriculture of London, and many prominent persons from both Russia and Germany. The aim of the congress was to show to the world the possibilities lying in the Saharan oasis for the creation of beautiful gardens nd orchards like those of “El Golea,” where, owi..g to the ideal Winter temperature and the ex- ceptional quality of its subterranean water, every fruit, flower and vegetable of the Old and the New World grow easily, including oranges and dates. It is really a sight which can never be forgotten, when after a motor drive started at 5 in the morning along the lifeless and dreary sandhills, and across rocky plateaux, one glances at sunset on the first well-watered palm groves ericircling the small half-Arab, half- Negro city. . Nanking Given Aspect Of Nine 0’Clock Town | Nanking, new China's newest capital, may well be described todsy as a 9 o'clock town ruled by Puritanical vir- tues, but with a- history behind it de- scribing it as formerly one of the gayest spots of Old Cathay. After 9 o'clock hardly a soul is to be found on its streets, and a few foreigners living there, residing at the one and only foreign ho- tel, are in by tnat hour, if mot sooner. Nanking's purity of spirit is the result of the Nationalist govern- ment's determination to make the city a model capital, harboring all of the virtues and none of the vices of mod- ern civilizations. The minister of the Interior, or social affairs, has done his work so thoroughly that thousands of emall resorts along the once familiar lakeside “Broadway” have been forced to close. ,Government office hours are from 8 . to 6 pm. and then comes supper and bed. As a result week end trains to Shanghai are packed and ac- commodations are booked days in ad- vance, for though Nanking is in fact the capital of China five and a half days a week Shanghal becomes the capital from Saturday noon to Monday morn- ing. and more particularly by a covered pflrrlgmle taken by Boy Scouts ndence Rock, Wyoming. In e Rree by . Eiey: pioneer pageant, prepar . grounds and Recreation Association of America. Date to Be Celebra a:: : tober 10 the hundredth anni- vegryoco{ the return of the first cov- S a2 0 S , and on 3 Sirehds med"”k" and closing movemetits, W] in libraries and State mu- So through this centennial celebra- tion America will learn long since ronu‘l: the beginning of civil | seums. tennial. be | O r- ce | cle elected preSident «of a rather important company. As years go on, and the busi- ness of the country expands, his company will expand with it, for he will be a careful ad- ministrator. And some day his associates will give him a din- ner, and hail him as a great leader, and his picture wil hung in the board room. Perhaps you have read Mr. Woodward’s biography of Gen. Grant. If so, you remember that he stood low in his classes at West Point, and was later discharged from the ' Army. When the Civil War broke out he was such a failure that his letter offering his’ services to ’ his country was not even swered by the War Department. The Army was full of more brilliant men. Halleck, for in- stance, knew all about tactics. In any crisis he could tell just what Napoleon would have done. McClellan had a touch of genius. What did Grant have? He had a superstition. When he started out on anything he hated to turn back. It applied even to small things. If, when he left the house in the morn- ing, he found he had forgotten something he never retraced his steps. Always he went for- ward. And when he came, to command armies he did the (Copyright, 1930.) Women Taking Advantage of Suffrage; Hold Offices and Places of Party Power (Continued From Third Page.) are, and that, too, is as much as any one should expect. - say women don't stand to- gether. Women should not be ex- pected to stand together, and fihel would not be intelligent if they di They got over being sheep when they worked for the vote. An example of how impossible it is to expect women to stand together or to vote for an- other woman just because she is a woman is evidenced in the campaign of Mrs. Medill McCormick for the Re- publican nomination for Senator in I- linols. Mrs. McCormick is as clever as any woman in political life, but she is running on a platform of opposition to the World Court, while the leader of her party, the Republican President of the United States, favors the World Court. Now, then, women who believe in the World*®Court and women who want to be loyal to their President and yany find_themselves unable to vote for ‘Mrs. McCormick, much as they would like to if her personality alone were concerned. “I never expected we would get many women in Congress. In the organiza- tion of American politics, the members of Congress carry party patronage, and no party has yet reached the point where it can quite trust women to hand out patronage which has so marked an effect on elections. “I do find women much more intelli- gent on political problems. Put it this way. In any given community you could undoubtedly find a few who were experts on difficult political problems, such as the World Court. tariff, farm relief and control of blic utilities, but I believe that in that community you would find more women than men Mrs. McCormick’s Campaigq for Senate Brings New Contest to American Politics (Continued From First Page.) with almost equal continuity. The re- maining three—Iowa, Montana and New Mexico—are States in which the Democrats may suffer losses. To say the same thing the other way round, of these 13 seats now held by Democrats, the outside reasonable chance of the Republicans is limited to three. One may put it this wng’ The Republicans this year cannot hope to take more than three seats away from the Democrats. Republicans Face Different Task. ‘When we turn to the Republicans we find a different story. The 22 Repub- licans whose seats must be filled during this political year are: Allen . ....Kansas +...New Jersey .New Hampshire .Delaware .Wyoming One need no more than glance at the geographical _distribution of these 22 seats now held by Republicans, to realize that fully nine of these are doubtful States. For the Republicans to hold all of those 22 seats would be nothing less than a political miracle. The States now held by Republicans that may fairly be described as in one degree or another fighting ground be- tween the Republicans and the Demo- crats are: New Jersey, Massachusetts, West Virginia, Delaware, Rhode Island. Colorado, Oklahoma, Kentucky and Minnesota. This-statement of the seats now held by Republicans, but doubtful in the coming election, may be queried by the litical managers of the two 3 —or _rather, his working understudy. Jouett Shouse—may say there are one or two more States in which the Demo- crats have a chance. The blican the cther hand, -may say is too ll';ge. Either may be lons ob | board. then State separately and recite the conditions—and that process would be 80 detailed as to interest few persons except politicians. Democatic Gains Foreseen. The sum of it is that the Republicans take three senatorial Democrat 0 | man is simply administering well-earned in| Increase in Suicides .| clash of individual ideas with the tra- them. | ditjonal ideas and who were able to carry on an intelli- | gent conversation about those topics | and who had the and mental energy to study them. Problems of na- | tional finance might be an exception, | for women as a rule are not in busi- | ness and they do not take easily to the study of financial problems. “Women are more interested in local problems than they are in national ones, and so are men. All over the country there have been instances of local ‘clean-ups’ since women got the vote, and the direct influence of women on their small community politics has | been very great, although, of course, it is difficult to measure this in Nation- wide terms. 3 “Another way of measuring the ef- fect of woman suffrage is to recall that when the amendment was first ratified | many men politiclans who had not ap- ved of it threatened to repeal the m and put women back in their homes. Nobody talks of such a thing now, and I cannot imagine any poli- tician proposing to attempt to take the | vote away from women. he did, all those women who seem indifferent to- day and more interested in their own affairs than the Nation’s, would rise up in arms. “No, there -is nothing to be discour- aged about. I always believe that there | is some great omnipotent law of evo- | lution which has got its strong hands under s and around, and is constantly rushing us forward, so that we are never going to stop. Now and then we let ourselves get invoived in a war or something contrary to the forward moving processes, we have a set-back, | and it takes longer than we like to get moving forward again, but I belleve we always shall, and that little by little | we arevlearning how to avoid some of those set-backs.” Republicans—if you include the In-| surgent Republicans—will have a nomi. nal majority. But the Democrats added | to the Insurgent Republicans will have | a real majority. Anybody who thinks our_recent and present experience with coalition government in the Senate is good—is very likely to.enjoy more of it. e b Rome Purse Snatcher Slaps Face of Victim In Italy there is no unwritten law exempting women from corporal pun- ishment and if & man’s mistress hap- pens to be unfaithful it is more or less in order for him to resort to cave- man methods. Thus it happens ‘hat a Roman purse snatcher with a yen for the original has been able to defy the local police successfully for many weeks. The method of attack which he follows is to approach a good-looking woman (who might reasonably be supposed to have a_ lover) on the street and, no matter how many people happen to be standing about, to be?n calling her names and slapping her face. Onlookers generally take it for granted that the punishment to his unfaithful lover and view the proceedings with interest, if not with sympathy. man stops benLElg his victim and walks away before she is able to explain that she doesn't know him and that—what is more to the point—her purse is missing. 8o far the number of purse. snatched in this manner has reached three and the police have no clue to the identity of the crook. Appalling to Tokio Suicides in Greater Tokio are increas- Ing in number at a rate alarming to of- ficials, of the metropolitan police board, who have been investigating the situa- tion. In 1918 the total number of those who took their lives was 1,164, while in 1928 it exceeded the 2,000 mark. Up to September suicides in Tokio had totaled | 1,500 this year. “Suicide is a by-product | of modern civilization,” declared Dr. Ka- | neko of the health section of the police . “In older Japan suicides were almost unheard of, but with the advent of western customs and the resulting economic, social and industrial up- heaval the number 1n rapidly.” Unemployment is X m-li.c. ly responsible. Other catises cited the police authorities are the doctrines of society; the inability to satisfy one’s wants and | a consequent determination to end all Tine i the Rumber of suieides by cline numl es . Ing, it is revealed. ; e ———— Miss Margaret Bondfield, Great Brit- ' zn’zh:‘bot been active same thing. dingly, pushed ahead. Eventually the | gy, e Doggedly, plod- but lnexon‘lyp he When I was in college, the President said, “Henry Ward Beecher, Ambherst Coll near, Nearly & hundred years have gaued. and Amherst College when a student in e, stood at, or the foot of his class. as produced no second Henry Ward Beecher, though many men have stood at, or near, the foot of their class. Just. being dull, or standing at the foot of the class, is no assurance of success, of course. On the other hand, it is nothing to be discouraged about—a fact of which I see more evidence almost every day. Neurotics Prove Best In College Classes ‘There is no relation between neurotic personality and either intelligence or scholarship, personality tests of nearly 700 freshmen at the University of Chi- cago indicate. Those freshrhen classi- fled as neurotic on the is of their answers to a personality questionnaire proved to be on the average bett students than their well-adjusted class- mates. An explanation advanced for this superiority 1s that the neurotic student has few social distractions and therefore concentrates more on scholas- tic_attainments. The study, made under direction of L. L. Thurstone, professor of psychol 'y also suggests tI the fundamen characteristic of the neurotic personality is an imagination which fails to express itself effectively on external social reality. Neurotic students betrayed an extreme diffidence and feeling of social inferiority. “In the more serious forms of emotional maladjustment the in- dividual either gives up his attempt to adjust or he makes erratic and con- spicuously ineffective attempts to gain his social ends,” Dr. Thurstone's report says. A much larger percentage of the neurotic students came from homes wltltll “:)h":z family lfe than did the well adjus group. The investiga- tors believe that the explanation llltlllllt neurotic personality is inherited, and that the child of unhappily married neurotic parents cannot overcome the double handicap of an unstable con- stitution and unfavorable home en- vironment. PUBLIC LIBRARY Recent accessions to the Public Li- brary and lists of recommended read- ing will appear in this column every Sunday. Miscellaneous Non-Fiction. fshbee. €. R. Caricature. WMV-As3. owles, Mrs. E. t 2 m“;]"zh"f“ ut - Antiques. ch, Mrs. B. M., and Maxwell, Mrs. L. R. The Red Fog. JI-B96r. Dilnot, George. Great Detectives and Their Methods. 1928. IE-D58. | Gallishaw, John. Twenty Problems of the Fiction Writer. ZCF- Gardner, st The Principles of Christian_ATt. W144-G 17. Graves, W. B, ed. Readings in Public - ODLnlanHAO-G'IBr. rows, A, E. Playwriting for Profit. ral Z'(;D—K”. > mbert, A. W., jr. Modern Archery. VC-L 17m. ¥ih Mackenzie, J. G. Souls in the Making. CX: 19s. Macmillen, R. D. Black Horse of the Sea. -M22. Malory, Sir Thomas. The Symbolic Meaning of the Story of King Ar- thur. YL-M29s. Pressey, Mrs. L. C. Some College Stu- dents and Their Problems. IX-P927s. Saunders, A. A. Bird Song. PE-Sa8s. Waterman, P. F. The Story of Buper- stition. BU-WS31. English Language. Anderson, J. M. A New St = lish Words. x-Anz‘dvnA gkl Chlcpargl.n. L. H. Using English. ZB- u. Hadida, S. C. Pitfalls in English and How to Avoid Them. X-H 113p. Jnn'?. G. ng l'x;l. Ynie:'sl. lArt.hm.‘ ur. Prace ical an ry English. ZB-J71 p. Sterling, E. L., and Cole, M. E. mxu% for Daily Use. XG-Std7. Essays. rton, Bruce. O 3 Y-B2880. Bl aia Bell, Mrs. Hugh. Landmarks. Y-B4131. Burrell, Martin. Betwixt Heaven and Charing Cross. Y-B94. Huneker, J. G. Essays. Y-H804. Taft, K. B, ed. Coritemporary Atti- tudes. Y-9T 12. Games. Curtis, D. A. The Science of Draw Poker. l;ol.BXOP-CNl. T, 3 for Advanced Players. VOWB-F813ba. ireig, E. A. One Hundred Pitfalls on the Chessboard. 1914. VNC-G86. Hattersley, Mrs. Leila. Contract De- velopments. VOWB-H28. La Roux, Maxim. A Complete Guide to the Games of Checkers and Chess. 1916. VNE-L32. Pillsbury, H. N. Chess Career. 1923. 'VNC-P64 Vanderbilt, H. . Contract Bridge. Whitshead, W..C. Champlonship Bridge Hands. VOWB.Wabbch, Whitehead, W. C. and Gook, F. A. mpu&m Auction Bridge. VOWB- ‘Work,” M. C. Contract Bridge for All. VOWB-W894co. Percy. In jt.he Technology Division. Bear, F. E._Theory and Practice in the Use of Fertilizers. RGG-B38. Burr, Walter. Small Towns. Bdds. Practical . HK-1G 17. Russell, C. K. From Sandy Hook to 62, (Continued Prom Third Page.) tlon at the very moment great results were being achieved suggests several ex- planations. Onn'Ih %tbl A collectivization of land is mpméenm and opens a way for & retreat to petty capitalism; s second is that the suc- c‘:u of v.hle ornnt "i‘sem l}u:r‘%um on . expansior of the project a) that time is needed lt’o .eflnlo“dlwp‘lng gains and make them, secure; and a third interpretation is ‘that Stalin sees the imminent unquestioned victory of collectivized farms and the total aboli- tion of private operation after the next harvest, and.has requested a period of quiet to stop the activities of the enemies of the scheme until it has been proved a success and criticism will be ‘without force. Behind these momentous developments lay the fundamental fac- tors of the Soviet agrarian situation I-;I:"IM dramatic story of its present crisis, + Lenin's Pledge Attracts Proletariat. ® Since Lenin first cried his pledge of Peace, Bread and Land,” and the war depressed, hungry proletariat flocked to his red banner without kno ing for the details of the p! them_the they direly needed, the problem of the peasant h like a sword of Damocles above the of the Communist party. In the stress of the revolution they had to act quicl Peace was obtained with Germany s fashion compatible with the reds’ theory of pacifism. But to furnish both bread and land and still keep strict and immediate faith with the precepts of Marxianism was impos- sible. A program ves adopted to attain these ends that compre the doc- trines of communism for the sake of ex- pediency and built up a situation that ever since has threatened the life of pure collectivism in its stronghold. The peasant of Russia at the end of the war was only half a century from a serfdom that tied him to the soil. He held only 30 per cent of the land and worked the remainder of the giant country for wealthy landlords. nder & system little better than that of the feudal age the ignorant, superstitious and vodka-soaked serf lived a dark and dreamed vague x:-";flf. his farm. / Peasant Becomes Landholder. Then the red sun leaped into mid- heaven without a dawn, and the peas- ant awakened from his stupor to find himself a landholder—for by & decree issued the second day after the Soviets took the power the land was taken from the old landlords, confiscated and ap- rtioned among the peasants on the g:m of about 15 acres to each member of a family. The Soviets thus fulfilled their promise of land and at the same time opened a way to secure bread and complete their agreement. But to do this they grossly tionary, numgy It created at one stroke of the ®more capitalists than Russia had 2\7:1' had. For every single capitalist landowner i Crarist days the Soviets made hundreds. Though the leaders of Russia intend- ed that the scheme of land distribution should be directed toward Communism, it daily took on more aspects of capi- talism. And the government vacillated and avoided meeting the ominous issue. For if industry was to be put on & pro- ductive and Communistic basis, the worker had to be fed while he was being brought under the spell of the new pa- triotism. The new economic policy of 1921, which permitted the renting of land’ along with private trading, gave fresh impetus to capitalism on the steppes, and the kulak el as an arch capitalist in a theoretically so- clalized state. Some Prosper, Others Deteriorate. Among the 25,000,000 farmsteads held by the peasapts some grew large and prosj 3 otRera dwindled. The %e ple fell into strata defined by their wealth. The government stood for 11 years, restraining re it could this movement toward capitalism, but re- fraining from drastic action for fear of jeopardizing the nation's food supply. xy the time the five-year plan went into effect in 1928 as the attempt to communize the farms, a well established petty capitalist class was i functioning. It is made up of two classes; the kulak, who in the current meaning of the term in Russia is a landowner who hires labor and tries to sell his grain on the open market in- stead of to government co-operstives, and the poor peasant W] minimum allotment of land and works it himself. The small landholder with a farm of 15 to 30 acres, though essentially an in- dividualist, is the material from which the communes are being made. His uipment is usually primitive and in- efficient. As an independent producer he seldom was able to raise more produce than was required to feed himself and family and often he had to rely upon employment on a neighboring kulak’s land for money with which to purchase boots and clothes. This made him an unreliabie source of supply for surplus grain to feed the cities. Peasants Induced to Organize. Peasants of this type were encouraged by the government to join together in quasi-communistic units called ortels. Tn this loose organization cows, horses, lows and land are community-owned, ut houses, pigs and poultry remain private property. In such organizations they could often ms!t together sufficient equipment to produce a crop that al- lowed a surplus for sale over the needs of the group. These units formed an excellent nucleus for the wholly so- clalized commune But the kulak, a rampant individual- ist with valuable property in his posses- sion, resists the E:vemment at every turn and fights the establishment of collectivization as bitterly as he dares. By cunning and frequen:lg' fraudulent connivance he has avoided or violated narrow limitations of the Soviet land laws and acquired substantial holdings that occasionally amount to 1,000 acres. All a farmer’s income amounting to over $50 a year is taxed 25 per cent. So the kulak either pays a tremendous tax or becomes a proficient tax dodger. These heavy_ penalties on his discourage a high standard of living, as exceptionally comfortable quarters might indicate concealed assets to the ever- ligent tax collector. As a result, his is llt;.le better than that of the Tf. Penalty of Disgbedience. ‘The kulak disobeys a sacred com- mandment of Communism by employ- ing_other men, from whose labor he profits, and for this offense he suffers distranchisement. But because the state cannot obtain sufficient grain from the small landholders and ortels to be inde- pendent of the kulak's supply, much that does contrary to law is over- looked. It is only when he holds his in for speculation or refuses to sell t to the Soviet grain trust at a figure sometimes as low as a sixteenth of the that he comes into "8 ot & 3 violated the fundamental principles of | their- creed. The land act was revolu- | but not in any sense commu- | first vigorous | officials to passive resistance by re- fusing to plant crops that ‘would afford & surplus for sale. The Pravda, official mol the Communist party, reported officials’ homes burned, agents shot from ambush, Soviet grain fired and ‘attacks on police. At Novo- Sibirsk there were bloody riots, and at Pskov, the town 'n which Nicholas II signed away the vast empire of the Romanoffs, the peasants entered the city, stormed the local government bulldings and set them afire. The kulak also incited many poor peasants to join him in violence by telling them the gov- ernment planned to violate the graves of their fathers by converting cemeteries into grain fields. But the kulak's campaign of violence was less devastating than his economic assaults. In 1929 the peasants in the Coubas reglon were scheduled to sow 500,000 acres; but put in only 65,000. And the kulak struck still another blow at the food supply by instigating a general killing and selling of farm animals. Confiscatory taxes on the in- crease of privately owned live stock made it, almost as profitable to kill and sell the animals as to hold them for breeding purposes. Orgy of Slaughter Inaugurated. 80 the kulak began an orgy of slaugh- stores has |ter and induced the small farmer to mn in it 3{ advising him that only ctors would be used on the coming communes and that it would be wiser to kill his draft horses and have the personal benefit of their hides. The wily rich peasant also urged his poorer neighbor to kill and eat or sell his cows and pigs, as they would only be- come common property after he had joined the commune. As a result, there ensued a general slaughter of live stock that jeopardized the meat supply of the nation and threatened the efficiency of the anticipated commune by producing & shortage of horses. Still another method of harassing the government, injuring agriculture and giving the collectivized farms a weak start was the | general selling or eating of seed grain. The reprisals of the government were swift and sure whenever they could se- cure evidence against offending kulaks. One day last Fall the Moscow press re- ported 39 executions of rebellious ku- of |laks and throughout the Autumn al- most every day brought news of several convicted peasants facing firing squads. They confiscated the land of those kulaks who had hidden grain, burned it or_killed cattle. The kulaks' resistance brought the Soviets’ grain policy to a crisis. It was evident that the kulaks, after the bitter | struggle of the Autumn, would put in fonly enough grain to meet their own {needs for the coming year and that the |establishment of collectivized farms | therefore-had to be speeded. The gov- ernment_was forced to meet the prob- (lem of the land, for continued depend- ence upon the kulak would only in- |crease his power. Half of Farms Became Communized. 8o, spurred on by the unexpected success of the five-year plan and | pressed by the urgency of the situation, | the decree of the first of the year was {issued, with the result announced in the resolutions of March 15 that over half of Russia’s farms were communized, and the kulak no longer was a vital factor in supplying the nation’s food. The commune that is the goal of the Soviets differs from the ortel and the | semi-communistic practices that existed | among the peasants of the Czarist vil- lages. It functions on 2 ‘pure commu- nistic theory and in its ideal form is on a vast scale. A model commune now being worked out by the Moscow Agricultural Academy is to be a new city of 500,000 persons, cultivating 500, 1000 acres of land. All property, land, !live stock, home and farm implements |are to be owned in common. There will be canneries, dairles and repair shops. All the residents will be fed from community kitchens, eating in com- | munal mess halls, and baths will be |taken in communal bath houses. The communes already organized and those now being brought together are |not, of course, specially constructed | cittes, but a union of a score of vil- lages. Where a single village exists as an ortel it forms an excellent nucleus for the larger unit. All the privately | held land and all the property of ortels in the district are merged. The land, | homes, pigs, live stock, horses and ali other personal property is turned over to the group to be owned in common. Scheme to Avoid Politics. A manager then is appointed—usu- ally by the state in order to avoid the vicissitudes of local politics—a reliable set of bookkeeping installed, an agri- cultural adviser employed and the project operated-on the basis of a mod- ern factory. The farm is then worked, in theory, with tractors and in accord- ance with scientific methods. The immediate ability of the freshly organized communes to supply the na- tion with a normal amount of grain for the coming year is problematical, despite optimistic predictions from the Kremlin. The economic value of these organizations lies in their opportunity to utilize tractors in working at one sweep land that once was divided into several small farms. But the growth of the communes has outrun the number of tractors available, so that two-thirds of the new collectivized farms must be worked by the old methods of horses and oxen. And even this animal power is not up to standard, due to the ex- tensive slaughtering of live stock. Since the vigorous war on him, the kulak can- not be counted on to supply the deficit. The leaders have gambled the food supply of the country upon the prompt success of their plan. With the advent of this scheme, the Russian peasant, for generations en- sl.ved, must abandon the brief fling he enjoyed for 12 years as an individ- ual and smother the centuries-old hope to have & home and a plot of ground that is his own. He gives up his inde- pendence, but he is compensated, so he is told, by greater cultural advantages, The Czars brought his freedom with vodka and green-domed churches and now the Communists purchase it with & radio, a tractor and a chance to jump Tope in a community gymnasium.” . Speaker Says Taxes © Are Killing Austria ‘When considered on the basis of in- vested capital and return, the high cost of government in Austria is appar- ent. The shareholder gets only 22 per cent of any net income, and the tax- ing powers receive the lion’s share, it being 78 per cent. Viewed in this light, Austria’s bank rate of 6.5 per cent does not mean much. Austrian shares do not show much yleld; that is, if there is any yleld the state gets it. For this reason t;he .‘\iu‘?ltmn share market is worse than dull. It is impossible to obtain capital through sales of shares. Capital must be sought outside Austria, and at high rates—12 to 14 per cent. During 1929 Austria raised only about $1,250,000 issuing shares. As one ‘lgen:rval;lnd. in IA hotll;d of trade meet- ' ina, “Austria is killing f with taxes.” e to| Arrested Ge;leral As Special Courtesy ———— it he was & Declarinj neral and 80 deservd a Chinese arrested at Shanghai at the . | Tequest of Chinese milita: 4 ded ry authorities -he be given a special room in jall while awaiting trial, the best of food, cigarettes and wine. He also in- timated that it would please him if jail officials lupgled him with a few sing- song 1s entertain . A 'lfk badge found on the man showed him to be a general of the first division of the first route army of the National Anti- Traitor army. Chinese military au- thorities express the belief he is a minor Communist leader. He was given a cull, wine, without women.