Evening Star Newspaper, April 6, 1930, Page 37

THE SUNDAY OMEN TAKE ADVANTAGE | OF 10 YEARS Benefits Are Non-Sensational, but Many Hold Office and Places of Party Power. BY EMMA BUGBEE. HE tenth anniversary of the ad- mission of American women to the franchise is approaching and with it the inevitable ques- tion as to the success of this great experiment in government. ‘What have the women accomplished | in their 10 years of voting? What offices have they held and what influ- ences have they wielded on the politi- cal history of their times? What has become of the famcus and picturesque | leaders in the long fight? And what is the future likely to hold for the woman in politics? The women themselves were natu- | rally the first to take note of their anni- versary and to plan a series of celebra- tions, surveys, reckonings and fore- casts—not to mention a few alibis. Al- though the actual date of the signing of the Federal woman suffrage amend- ment was August 26, 1920, the celebra- tion began on March 26, with meetings in New York and Washington, at which suffrage leaders reviewed the events of the 10 years. In Louisville, Ky.. on April 28, the National League of Women Voters will use the anniver- sarv as the theme of their biennial con- vention. Public_speakers and writers on na- | tional affairs have begun to call atten- | tion to the anniversary, with comments | commendatory or caustic, according to | their experience. Officeholders are in- | variably gallant in thelr public state- | ments, but the man in the street some- times gives vent to such thrusts as “Women have done nothing to improve politics” and “Where is that millenium you promised?” Benefits Non-sensational. To these the suffragists invariably re- | ply that they never promised the mil- Jenium; that they demanded the benefit to be derived from their voting fran- chise as a right, and that the chief was that which must flow inevitably in a democracy from the participation of all the people instead of half the people in the affairs of government. This ben- efit manifests itself in ways that are non-sensational and difficult to ap- praise in statistics or headlines, but definitely recognizable. ‘The suffragists point out, moreover, | that if the millenium had not mate- rialized, neither has the pandemonium anticipated by their opponents. Those direful prophesies of infants left wail- ing at home and of husbands going supperless while their wives passed un- limited hours at political gatherings, those frenzies over the danger that woman would lose her feminine charm and her angelic innocence—all those bugaboos in the z00s of anti-suffragist spellbinders have starved to death. The divorces traceable to woman suffrage are so unusual as to constitute ne: d if children are neglected in Amer: ican homes, the blame is still laid chiefly at the door of the motion pic- tures, bridge. automobiles or the in- creasing desire of woman to earn an income outside the home. Babies now g0 to the polls in perambulators or their mother makes the same arrange- | ments for their care in her absence that she does in going to church, to market or to nurse a sick friend. Suffrag'sts today marvel at amount of sympathy that was wasted on the poor neglected babies in those | long-forgotten speeches, as indeed they marvel at the universal calm which pre- vails in the whole field where*once the battle raged so furiously. Woman suf- frage, opposed so long.and so obsti- nately, has been forgotten by its ene- mies and accepted by the people as a whole with a complacence _which amuses the women, while affording them their best proof that it was nat- Tmtl and inevitable and logical and ust. No Record of Number Voting. When it comes to appraising con- cretely the accomplishments of the first woman suffrage decade, the first ques- tion that arises is “how many women vote?” Unfortunately for those who like their facts and figures.it will never be pos- sible to answer that question, for no records have been compiled. As one aspect of the complacence referred to above, once the suffrage was granted ‘women the authorities made no effort to differentiate the women'’s votes from the men's. It would have been possible, by some such device as giving women colored ballots, to count those cast by the new voters, but no one thought the information would be worth the trouble. It would still be possible to check up from the books of the election clerks Jjust how many women have voted, but #gain it is not worth the trouble. The only statistics available are those of the registration in certain communi- ties. In New York City, for example, we know that the percentage of woman voters has varied from 33 per cent in 1922 to 66 per cent in 1928, when the contest between Gov. Smith and Secre- tary Hoover. brought out an unprece- dented number of woman voters. In that year the total registration for New York City was 2,028,505, of which 1.-!| 225369 were men and 803,136 were women. Last Fall 1,002,537 men reg- istered and 550,396 women. ‘The percentages of votes for the en- tire period since women were enfran- chised here (this happened in 1917, three years before the ratification of the Federal woman suffrage amend- ment), is as follows: In 1918, 40 per cent; 1920, 36 per cent; 1922, 33 per cent; 1024, 36.2 per cent; 1926, 34 per centi 1928, 66 per cent. and 1929, 54 per cent. Of course, no one knows whether the women voted in the same proportion for Gov. Smith and Mr. Hoover that the men did. The only clew to this aspect of the situation lies in the en- rollment figure, where the Democratic women were 460,524, as against 804,899 men, while the Republican women were 282,482, as against 319,237 men. The activity of the woman voters during that presidential election was one of the most remarkable aspects, and there is no doubt that they contributed largely to the election of President Hoover. Record in Office Holding. By far the easiest and most obvious gauge of the accomplishments of women in politics, though by no means the most important, is the number of women in jublic office. What offices have been eld by women in the 10 years since their enfranchisement? What sort of women have been elected? What have their records been? Two women have been governors of States, Mrs. Nellie Tayloe Ross of ‘Wyoming and Mrs. Miriam A. Ferguson of Texas. Neither was elected for a second term and the present year sees no woman in a governor's chair. Mrs. Ross, however, continued her political career by working valiantly for the election of Albert E. Smith in 1928 and was rewarded, with the post of vice chairman of the Democratic national ommittee. < The United States Senate knew the sensation of greeting a_woman member for a brief time in November, 1922. ‘when Mrs. Rebecca Latimer Felton, lle';iy 87, the “Grand Old Lady of Georgia. was -given an honorary appointment to 1ill a single day’s vacancy, thereby add- ing a picturesque moment to the history of the Nation's most august body. The feminine invasion of the United States Senate continues in the person of Miss Lola M. Williams, secretary to Vice President Curtis, who is the first woman to enjoy the working privileges of the Senate floor. In the House of Representatives there have been 12 women and at the present moment_there are eight. The complete it is Miss Jeanette Rankin, Monta: Miss Alice M. k0.klll‘)o|'n the | OF SUFFRAGE Mrs. Mae E. Nolan, California; Julius Kahn, California; Mrs. ourse _Rogers, Massachusetts; lary T. Norton, New' Jerse, Katherine Langley, Willlam P. Oldfield, Arkansas; Mrs. Ruth Hanna McCormick, Illinols; Mrs. Ruth Baker Pratt, New York, and Mrs. Ruth Bryan Owen, Florida. “Three Ruths” a Notable Group. The last three, the “Three Ruths," comprise a group which has attracted wide attention, and affords promise of still further contributions to the politi- cal scene. Mrs. McCormick is at the moment in the midst of a vigorous pri- mary campal for the Republican nomination for United States Senator from Illinois against the present Sen- ator, Charles S. Deneen. e daughter of Mark Hanna, she brings to the politi- cal life of Washington & mind trained in its lore from earliest childhood in addition to the experience of a suffrage leader and wife of Medill McCormick, | former Senator. Side by side with her in the popular mind, though in opposite camps politi- cally, is Mrs. Ruth Bryan Owen, daugh- ter of William Jennings Bryan, who also derives her political heritage from her | father, as well as his eloquent tongue. The third “Ruth” is New York's Re- publican member, Mrs. Pratt, who won her way up from leadership of the fif- teenth assembly district to the post of first woman alderman and first New | York City woman in Cangress. In addition to elected members of Congress, the Washington scene knows a few women in highly important ex- ecutive posts. Miss Jessle M. Dell is clvil service commissioner, Mrs. Bessie P. Bruggeman is chairman of the United States Employes Compensation Com- mission, Miss Grace Abbott is chairman of the Children’s Bureau, Miss Mary Anderson of the Women'’s Bureau under the Department of Labor and Dr. Louise Stanley of the Bureau of Home Eco- nomics in the Department of Agricul- {ture. Mrs. Mabel Walker Willebrandt | served as Assistant Attorney General in | Charge of Prohibition Enforcement | from September, 1921, until last year. ‘gthers holding responsible positions e: Maj, Julia Stimson, head of the Army Nurse Corps (only woman with the | rank, insignia and rights of a major in | the United States Army). Miss Anita Phipps, in charge of wom- en’s activities, War Department. Miss Beatrice Bowman, head of Navy i Rtk B o | rs. Ru . Shipley, chief, rt division, Department of State. o | Mrs. Myrtle Tanner Blacklidge, eollec- tor of internal revenue, Chicago. Mrs. Nellie Gregg Tomlinson, collector | of customs, district of Towa. Mrs. Jeannette A. Hyde, collector of customs, district of Hawali. | Mrs. Jennie P. Mussor, collector of | customs, district of Utah. | Mrs. Eddie McCall Priest, collector of customs, district of Tennessee. | Mrs. Anna C. M. Tillinghast, commis- | | sioner of immigration at Boston. | Miss Mary Harris, superintendent of E‘wede‘;al Prison for Women at Alderson, . Va. Mrs. Edith | me Miss Mary Stuart, assistant director of education, Indian Service, in the De- partment of Interior. | _ Miss Bess Goodykuntz, assistant com- missioner of the office of education. On Bench in Consular Service. Five women have passed the exami- nations for consular service and three serve as trade commissioners under the Department of Commerce abroad. Judge | Florence E. Allen is the only woman Iserving in a Supreme Court, having been elected twice in the State of Ohio. Miss Genevieve R. Ciine was appointed in 1928 associate judge of the United States Customs Court. Mrs. Bertha K. Landes of Seattle, Wash., is the only women who has been mayor of a large city, but a dozen or more places have had feminine mayors. According to the latest survey made in November, 1929, there were 149 wom- en serving in the Legislatures of 38 States, of whom 15 were State Senators. They were divided between 99 Republi- cans, 42 Democrats, no party designa- tion, 5, and non-partisan, 5. Connecti- cut led with the largest group, 20. More than one-third of the total number were serving in New England Legisiatures. In New York State Mrs. Rhoda Fox Graves has served for five terms as member of the Assembly from St. Law- rence County. In New York State a rapid review of the women in office shows the highest positions held by Miss Frances Perkins, as head of the Statc department of labor, and Mrs. Charles Bennett Smith, head of the department of civil serv- ice. Miss Nelle Swartz is a_member of the State industrial board. One woman serves on the board of regents, Mrs. Herbert L. Pratt, and there are dozens on the less important boards and com- missions which have no salary attached. New York City Offices. The same holds true in the high of- fices of New York City. There is a woman register of New York County, Irs. Rebecca F. Hoffman, with a salary of $12,000, and two city magistrates, also commanding $12,000 salaries, Miss Jean H. Norris and Mrs. Jeanette C. Brill. There is no woman commissioner of a city department, none on the boards of the departments of hospital, parks or museums, and only one on the board of education, Mrs. Margaret Mc- Aeenan. Mrs. Rose M. s & me; ber of the parole commission, and Mrs. Louis R. Welzmiller is deputy commis- sioner in charge of the bureau of edu- cation and information in the depart- ment of public markets. It is only when one hunts through the lists of deputies, clerks, secretaries and assistants that one finds the names of women in any great number. ‘This, in brief, is a picture of the direct action of women in the political fleld in their first 10 years. it satisfy the women who strove so Vi unf)l'y to bring about the victory of 19202 Let their leader speak. Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the National American Woman_Suf- frage Association during the last period and now honorary president of the National League of Woman Voters, paused in her labors in behalf of the prevention of war the other day and commented as follows: “Looking backward on those days of the suffrage victory, I believe that what I thought then would be the real test of women in politics was not holding public office, not helping the political parties, or even voting in such numbers as we might wish, but rather how much the influence of women would increase when applied to political questions. We are having one great now in the prohibition question, and another in the movement to build up machinery for settling international disputes. It was significant that when women pre- sented their petitions to the disarma- ment conference in London the other day the American and British dele- gates asked many questions about the numbers of women behind the petition. what they proj to do about it*in the next election and so forth, while the delegates from countries where the woman had no votes received their pe- titions courteously without comment. “Discouraged? Certainly Not!” “Am I discouraged? Certainly not. I find the women’s interest in politi- cal affairs has about 1000 per cent since 1920, and that is as much as BY BEN JAMES. TUBBY candles flicker on the window sills, lighting a squirm- ing mass of travelers packed in a third-class coach. The train lurches through the switch lights of a Moscow raiiway terminal and clat- ters out upon the quiet prairies. A cloud of cigarette smoke hangs in a blue fog over the men and women sprawled on the hard benches. Gray, billowy sacks of baggage are heaped in the aisle. A bearded peasant in a long, coarse shirt tied at the waist with a piece of rope eats a fish that he holds in his square, dirty fingers. An old man whose legs are wrapped in rags sleeps on an upper bench. Tin teapots leashed to wooden handbags flash in the un-| certain light. A wide-faced, angular| girl wrapped in a black shawl watches a soldier pull off his thick boots. It is| like a dim inferno peopled with clumsy souls bundled in sheepskin coats and bound on an endless journey. They are peasants going back to their homes. As the train slips farther across the level plain and the vast ocean of dark steppes swallows the booming, paradox- ical Moscow with its growling factories, Byzantine temples, feudal walls and busts of Lenin—it is then that the real Russia climbs over the horizon. And the real Russia is a colossal tidal wave of soil comprising one-sixth of the earth’s land, a country of /'farms and sordid, sullen villages where 120,000,000 people—85 per cent of the nation's population—live, as they have lived for generations, in a manner not unlike the peasants of medieval Europe. | Drama Nearing Crisis. | Across the stretches of this gigantic stage a stirring drama is racing to a climax.- It is a drama no less thrilling ; and more far-reaching *.an the hectic | one enacted at Petrograd in October, | 1917, when Communism came to the ! workers of the country. For the revolu- | tion has at last reached the myriad tribes of the Russias who live close to the soil. The millions of peasants—70 | per cent of them illiterate, most of | them ignorant of the fundamentals of their government ard all of them in- dividuals greedy for property—are brought face to face with a collectivism that seeks to unite their small farms, implements and all their private prop erty into & vast community where all wealth is held in common For months the black BY HENRY W. BUNN. (The following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended April 5.) IRELAND.—On April 2 William T. Cosgrave was re-elected President of the executive council of the Irish Free State by a vote of 80 to 65, both Eamonn DQ‘ Valera, candidate of the Fianna Fail, or Republican party, and Thomas J. O'Con- nell, candidate of the Labor party, ha ing previously been impressively re-| jected. Mr. Cosgrave renominated all his old ministers, and the Dail umnudi as to all. | The Irish statesman, edited by George | Russell (“AE”"), has ceased publication. It was established in 1923 by Sir Horace | Plunkett and had a glerious, though all too brief, career, including Yeats and Synge among its contributors. It sup- ported the government on the treaty, and economic issues, and its advocacy was immensely helpful to Patrick Ho- gan’s agrarian policy. * ok ¥ ok GERMANY.—Dr. Heinrich Bruening, Centrist, promptly formed a new gov. ernment in succession to the government headed by Herman Mueller, which re- signed on March 27. On March 29 he published the following list: Chancellor, Heinrich Bruening: for- eign minister, Julius Curtius;_interior, Joseph Wirth; economics, Hermann Dietrich; finance, Paul Moldenhauer; labor, Adam Stegerwald; defense, Gen. Wilhelm Groener; agriculture, Martin Schiele; posts, Georg Schaetzel mmu- nications, Theodore von Guerard; jus- tice, Johannes Brett. The party distribution is as.follows: Four Centrists, two Populists, one Dem- ocrat, one nationalist (Schiele), one Bavarian Populist, one member of the Economic party, and one non-party man. The appointment of Dr. Schiele did not imply that Nationalist support of the government was assured. Dr. Schiele accepted because of his pas- sionate desire to further legislation in rellef of the agrarian interest, par- ticularly of the distressed farmers of East Prussia and Pomerania. It re mained to see whether Nationalist sup- port, necessary to the government, could be conciliated. A desperate strug- gle was waged in Nationalist party con- ferences over several days, Dr. Hugen- berg, the head of the party, opposing such support. He was defeated, and when on April 3 the new government presented itself to the Reichstag he announced provisional suj government by his party the inter- est of agrarian relief. The government received a vote of confidence, 253 to 187, 53 of the 65 Nationalist deputies voting for i . ’ POLAND.—Jan Pilsudski, brother of the marshal, having failed to form a Polish cabinet in succession to that headed by Casimir Bartel, on March 28 Col. Walery Slawek did the trick. ‘With two exceptions, it is Bartel's cab- inet back again. Col. Slawek is Marshal Plisudsk¥’s best friend, and the head of the “colonel's group” and of the party most violently opposed to co- operation of the government with the present Parliament. We are told that any one should expect. “As regards all the small criticisms which are sometimes directed at the woman voters, I don't n.::l{ find more addicted to frailties i (Continued on Fourth Page.) the new government is resolved to gov- ern without Parliament at Jeast until next November. The Sejm will probably buck, and no doubt there will be the usual grotesgue doings. rt of the| tios STAR, WASHINGTON, UPPER: RUSSIANS DISCUSSING W/ - GRAIN FR LOWER: PEASANT GETTING A GRAIN wind-whipped plaips has been cut by deep gashes of flame, the silence broken by the crack of rifles and fleshy thud of bodles falling. There have been plots and counter-plots For war has come | to the steppes. The principles of Com- munism have militantly invaded that ancient _domain of individualism, the E |farm. Soviet grain elevators are fired | stupendous social and economic up- night of the!by irate kulaks, frantic with rage at! heaval that is uprooting the peasantry, PALESTINE.—On April 3, upon the occasion of submitting to the British House of Commons the report of the committee (Shaw committee) appointed by the British government to study the causes of the disturbances of August last in Palestine and to suggest means of preventing recurrence thereof, Pre- mier Macdonald declared that great Britain would continue to govern Pales- tine, under the League of Nations' mandate providing for establishment in Palestine of “a national home for the Jewish people without prejudice to the civil and religious rights of the non- Jewish community.” and added: “A double_undertaking is involved— to the Jewish people on the one hand and to the non-Jewish people of Pal- estine on the other—and it is the firm resolve of his majesty’s government to give effect in equal measure to both parts of the declaration and to do equal justice to all sections’of the population of Palestine. That is a duty from which it wiil not shrink and to the discharge of which it will apply all the | resources at its command. Mr. Baldwin, on behalf of the Con- servatives, and Mr. Lloyd George, on behalf of the Liberals, expressed con- currence. o CHINA.—On April 2 Yen Hsi-Shan formally assumed office as commander- in-chief of the “national” land and naval 2. air forces, at the same time manifcging his intention of leading those f~1ces to “the salvation of the Kuomintang and the nation, the Kuomintang having become the person- al instrument of Chang Kai-Shek.” The manifesto proceeds thus: “While cor- | ruption and bribery are openly prac- ticed, no one dares protest. Also, while bandits infest the land, the government remains indifferent. Indeed, the party has ceased to be a party; the govern- ment has ceased to be a government: the nation has ceased to be a nation.” The bandits, mostly, we are told, of vivid vermilion complexion, do, indeed, infest the land, most outrageously, it would seem, in Kiangsi Province. e HAITI.—Last week I briefly noticed the report of the commission which, by President Hoover's direction, recently investigated conditions in Haiti, In view of its bearing on our entire Latin American policy, a more extended no- tice seems “indicated.” The following is a digest of the main recommenda- s of the report: "1. That detail of naval and Marine officers for Haitian service before a minimum of four years, so that they may become proficient in the language and well conversant with conditions. 2. That effort be made to obtain as civilian employes in Haitlan govern- ment service Americans who shall agree to’ stay on the job, so that, when the treaty expires (1936), there shall be a suitable body of American doctors, en- gipeers and police officers (available for continued assistance to the Haitian gov- ernment, should it then- desire it). 3. That the Haitian government be impressed with the importance of prop- er upkeep of existing roadways, such upkeep to take precedence of new con- struction. 4. “That it be suggested .to the Hai- tian government that it employ one uAmeflu.n adviser in dminisf ve t to D. C, APRIL 6, 1930—PART TWO. Russia Races to Crisis Tremendous Secial and Economic Upheaval Uprooting Peasantry—Communism Invades Individualism. o | rocking the land and dispatching the | | tral committee of the Communist party |and policies | farms project, the greatest accomplish- | | ment in this line since last Autumn, | | vital undertaking. AYS OF ACCELERATING DELIVERY M PEASANTS. CQUAINTED WITH NEW LAW. | | their dispossescion, and Soviet agents are shot from ambush in a vain attempt to discourage the government in its vigorous campaign to socialize the land There are retaliations by the state: often offenders are sent through a brief trial to face a firing squad. But all this bloodshed is trivial in the light of the SOVIET The Story the Week Has Told perform such work as the respective cabinet minister may delegate to him" —Service similar to that rendered “by American officers in China, Siam and | Nicaragua, for naval matters in_Brazil and for educational matters in Peru.” 5. That our government make “a| moderate appropriation during the con- | tinuance of the treaty to defray the | cost of American civil officials in the Haitian government service.” 6. That, when an American Minister | replaces the high commissioner, a mili- tary attache be assigned to the legation. 7. That United States officials in | Haiti diligently address themselves to “increasingly rapid Haitianization of | the services, with the object of hav-| | ing Haitians experienced in every de- | partment of government ready to take over full responsibility at the expiration | of the existing treaty.” 8. That in retaining officers now in the Haitian service and in appoint- ment of new officers to such service, selection be made of those “free from | strong racial antipathies.” 9. That the United States recognize | the temporary President when elected, provided the ‘election conforms to the agreement struck between the commis- sion and President Borno and the chiefs of the opposition; and that the United States recognize the President elected by the new Legislature, pro- vided the elections have been free of force and fraud. 10. That (though not prior to an inauguration of the permanent Presi- dent) the office of high commissioner be abolished and & non-military Min- ister be appointed to take over his duties as well as those of diplomatic reoresentative. 11. That the American Marines be gradually withdrawn “in accordance with arrangements to be made in future agreement between the United States and Haitian governments.” 12. That the Upited States limit its intervention in Haitian affairs | definitely to those affairs for which provision is made for American as- sistance by treaty or by specific agree- ment between the two governments. 13. That the new Minister be charged with the duty of negotiating with the Haitlan government further modifications of the existing treaty and agreements providing for less in- tervention in Haitian domestic affairs and defining the conditions under which the United States would tend its assistance in the resolution of order or_maintenance of credit. For the American occupation to date the commission has words both of praise and of blame, the praise pre- dominating. Having remarked that the governing class (“elite”) constitutes an urban ele- ment numbering less than 5 per cent of the population, the report states: “It has been the aim of the Ameri- can occupation to try to broaden the base of the articulate proletariat and thus make for a sounder democracy aud ultimately provide for a more rep- resentative government in Haiti. Hence | | criminal offense (indicating that force its work in education, in sanitation, in agencies of communication, such as| roads, telephones, telegraph lines and | regular mail routes. These things | naturally are deemed of secondary im- | portance by the elite, who see in the rise of the middle class a threat to the continuation of their own leadership.” | worthy womas, bulk of the Russian people on the road | to_Communism. From the headquarters of the cen- come sweeping decrees outlining plans for establishing com- munism on the farms of Russi Two amazing resolutions, fundament:'ly con- | tradictory in tone—one issued the 5th of last January and the second on | March 15—sketch the crisis with terse , formality. Frcm the simple words of | these legal documents stalk the Com- munists’ hopes for their cnllecuvlud‘ and_their just fears of failure in the The startling edict of the first of | the year called for the complete col- lectivization of the lower Volga region | by next Fall and 100 per cent com- munization of all Russian farms by harvest time in 1931. This was an am- bitious schedule, as it superseded the five-year-plan then in effect, which had for its goal only a 20 per cent col- lectivization of land by 1933. The | ukase was followed by two months of | hectic activity by Communist or- | ganizers, who met with marked suc- cess and reported the number of so- cialized farms doubled in 20 days. When | this phenomenal accomplishment was at its height the second puzzling order was issued by the central committee. Claims Gains in Collectivism. It began with a recitation of the tremendous gains in collectivism and | claimed that 55 per cent of all farms | were communized and that 90 per cent | of these were already supplied with | ‘Then | it fell Agents | engaged in recruiting farms for group- owned projects were ordered to be more moderate in their methods of securing | enlistments, and the use of force to coerce membership was forbidden as a ! had been employed in the successful campaign). There was & warning against overconfidence and an admoni- tion not to attempt the establishment of collectives in a region where they would b> economically unsound. The second decree was distinctly a wet blanket on the flame fanned to fury by the first The enigma of this plea for modera- (Continued on Fourth Page.) But the report goes on to intimate that the occupation has not shown sufficient tact and address in its at- tempt to create this “middle class.” Pointing out that in 1915, when we intervened in Haiti, chaos reigned there, the communications were worth- less, disease general, the E‘ublic debt | a staggering burden and the like, the | report thus proceeds: | “There is no room for doubt that | Haiti, under the control of the Amer-| ican occupation, has made great ma- | terial progress. Eight hundred miles of highways have been built. A most involved financial situation has been liquidated and the entire fiscal system renovated and modernized. Order has been created where there was only disorder in the collection and disburse- ment of Government funds. An effi- cient constabulary has been organized and trained and has maintained peace and order. “A public health and sanitary serv- ice, which is a model of devotion and efficiency, has been organized and maintained. A modern and up-to-date budget system has been established. The revenues and expenses have been carefully balanced, with a conservative margin of revenues in excess of ex- penditures, resulting in a steadily in- creasing treasury surplus.” The Marines and National Guard re- ceive high praise. On the other hand, “the acts and attitude of the treaty officials have given the impression that they were based on the assumption of indefinite continuance of the occupa- tion,” and measures for preparing Haitians for administrative Tresponsi- bility were inadequate. ‘The report concludes rather gloomily: “The commission is under no jusions as to what may happen in Haiti after the convocation of the elected legislative assembly and to a greater extent after the complete with- drawal of the United States forces. “Until basis of political structure is broadened by education—a matter of years—the Government must neces- sarily be more or less unstable and in constant danger of political upheavals. “It is too early to suggest in what form the American occupation should be liquidated upon the expiration of the treaty or in what form such further aid and assistance as the Haitian gov- ernment might desire from the United States should be provided. can be more wisely decided in the light of the experience of the next few years, It is obvious that after the withdrawal of the American forces the orderly func- tioning of the Haitian government will depend in large measure upon the efficiency and discipline of the Garde.” President Hoover has announced that the administration will adopt the recommendations of the commission as “the basis of its policy ‘ln Haiti.” x % X NOTES.—The French Chamber has ratified the Young plan, 527 to 38. The Empress Zauditu of Abyssinia is dead. She was the daughter of the great Menelik II, and was crowned Empress in 1917, when Ras Tafari Ma- konnen, egrmdneph!w of Menelik, was appointed heir apparent and prince regent. In 1928 Ras Tafarl was ad- mitted to co-imperial rank as “Negus Negusti (King of Kings) of Ethiopia, A de- | |U. S. TELEPHONE COMPANY CONNECTS TWO AMERICAS Vast Communications Network Joins Continents by Wire and Radio System. NOTE—Increasing frade and invest- ments on the part of the United States in Latin America are reflected in the in- creased purchasing power of those coun- tries to buy our goods, end great develop- ment projects are under way or provosed in most of the republics of Central and South America, sponsored by American capital and contracted for by American firms. Our trade with Latin America amounted to more than 82,000, in as compared with $300,00 t the begin- ning of this century, while the total amount of American investments there is estimated to be more tham $6,000,- 000,000, Emormous sums are being spent by the governments of those countries and by private corporations in the de- velopment of public utilities, constructi works, factories, plants, mines and in the fostering of better communications by air, steamship and highways. American capital is being increasingly invested in such public enterprises as telephones, electric light and power, tele- oraph, radio and cable companies, while hundreds of millions of dollars are being spent in the comstruction of automobile highways. It {s the purpose of this series of sz L with these developments o oeneral lines.—The Edito BY EVELYN TRENT. N important step in the develop- ment of international communi- cations was taken on Thursday, when the first regular radio- telephone service was estab- lished between the countries of North and South America, through the In- ternational Telephone and Telegraph system. ‘This new telephone service, which is the first two-way circuit linking the two continents, brings 19,000,000 tele- phone subscribers in the United States, Canada, Mexico and Cuba into direct touch with 277,000 subscribers in Ar- gentina, Uruguay and Chile. The event was celebrated by conversations among the heads of some of the countries con- cerned, illustrating to millions of radio ples of Latin America and ourselves may converse with one another Daily Service Started. ‘This 5,300-mile’ short-wave radio- telephone circuit is now in daily opera- tion from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m,, between the overseas radio stations of the American Telephone & Telegraph Co. and the South American systems of the I. T. & T. Corporation, with a basic rate of $36 for a three-minute conversation. The terminals are located near New York and Buenos Aires, and house-to- house conversation may be carried on by subscribers anywhere in the coun- tries concerned. This new international service supplements the one inaugurated last year, October 12, between Buenos Alres and Madrid, which brought Spain and the Spanish American countries into telephonic communication. 675,000 Phones in Use. ‘The rapid growth of telephone sys- | tems in Latin America is shown by the fact that there are now 675,000 tele- phones in use there, of which 520,000 are controlled by the International Telephone & Telegraph Corporation. In Central America and the West Indies there are about 175,000 telephone users, of which 125,000 are served by | the same concern. South America alone | is estimated to have some 500,000 tele- | phone subscribers, 300,000 of which are operated by the I. T. & T. ‘While there are other telephone sys- | tems operating in Central and South America, largely financed by European capital, the greatest number are oper- ated or controlled by this American organization, among them the United River Plate system, with 220,000 sub- scribers, the largest telephone company in South America and the largest pri- vately owned telephone company in the world, exclusive of the American Tele- phone & Telegraph Co. ‘Thus, American capital, engineering experts and equipment have entered Through the use of his so-called “black” ray, Dr. Herman Goodman demonstrated before the Society of Medical Jurisprudence recently that he could detect minute tissue diseases of the skin, read script written in invisi- ble ink, uncover crimes of forgery and, what is more, that he could even de- termine the source of bootleg alcohol. This seems like a rather large and unusually diverse order, and in view of the fact that we are fairly certain that we have already discovered all the | rays that are ever likely to be discov- ered we are perhaps inclined to be a bit incredulous regarding these varicus claims, particularly when they parade | as being made possible through the use of a mysterious black ray. Yet if we look into the matter more fully we find that Dr. Goodman is claiming nothing of the impossible; offering nothing mysterious. In the first place, Dr. Goodman’s ray 1s no other than the now thoroughly familiar ultra-violet light. It differs from that which you use in your sun- bath only in that all the visible radia- tion, which accompanies the ultra-violet in the sun-lamp, is cut out by means of a suitable filter. When such light is allowed to fall on the skin it will cause parts of it, little blotches, to glow very distinctly. This effect is a familiar one as seen under the glow of the bluish mercury-vapor lamp com- | monly used by photographers. Prof. | Goodman has adapted this fact to a | method of skin diagnosis. Alcohol Easily “Marked.” | How any one could trace bootleg | liquor to its source by means of merely ! llluminating the material by this ray may seem a bit of a puzzle. It is simpler, however, when you know that Dr. Goodman's suggestion applies only to Government manufactured alcohol, into which small, unfiterable quantities | of some foreign material might be placed upon manufacture. An _insignificant trace of a chemical found in chestnuts- will cause a solu- tion containing it to glow with a bright bluish color when under ultra-violet light. Quinine will cause it to give off a white glow. Other chemicals will produce green, red, and so on. Thus the source of diverted alcohol might be easily determined in spite of any treatment that the alcohol might have been given by the bootlegger. The scheme is a clever one. But even though Prof. Goodman's work does not involve the discovery of a_new ray, but rather new uses of an old one, we cannot feel too sure that the day of discovery of new rays is at an end. Recent Discoveries Cited. Even recently we have had new rays demonstrated to us. It is but a few years since Millikan announced the dis- covery of cosmic radiation, those inter- stellar “telegraph signals” that have given us so much information of the universe. It is only about two years ago that Dr. W. D. Coolidge developed the well known Lenard ray, an electron stream shot into the air by high voltage, the conquering lion of Judah and the f God.” ~The conquering lion now e late Empress was & , and Ras Tafari has the reputation of an enlightened man. rules alone. to such an improved stage as really to constitute a new ray. <~ We have heard but little ‘tecently of the“death ray” brought to this country listeners the ease with which the peo- | the Latin-American telephone fleld and have gained there an assured and rapid foothold, with incalculable results for the promotion of trade and commerce and for future international relations. The work of connecting the new inter- continental radio telephone system was undertaken slightly more than a year ago, and is now in efficient werking order. Within the last two years the de- velopment of radio and telephonic communications between the United States and Latin America and between the various Latin American republics on both continents, has been phe- nomenal. John L. Merrill, president of All-America Cables, recently stated that, “taken as a whole, the changing com- munications picture in South America is one of radio and wire collaboration, with wireless telephone, wireless tele- graph, land telephone, land wires and submarine cables united together to perform the common task of linking cities and counuries to each other and the rest of @he world. It expresses graphically our belief in co-ordinated radio and cable communications. One is supplemental to the other.” Operates Submarine Cables. ‘The establishment of cable, radio and telephonic communications with Latin America has gone hand in hand. The Present all-embracing network is iargely | the work of the International Telephone | & ‘Telegraph Corporation with its affiliated systems, which was organized to develop electrical communications in all its branches in the international field. It furnishes telephone service in and between Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Mexico, Porto Rico, Spain, Uruguay and the United States, and has developed both a telephone and tele- graph radio service in Argentina, Chile, Peru, Colombia, Brazil and Spain, in addition to the radio-telephone service just inaugurated between North and South America. ‘Through the All-America Cables, Inc,, it owns or operates about 30,000 nauti- cal miles of submarine telegraph cables and connecting land lines extending from New York through the West Indies, Panama Canal Zone and Central Amer- | ica to the west and east coasts of South America. The same corporation plans to lay a telepohne cable between North and South America in the future, in addition to the radio telephone service already established. At present this concern is the only American company that has established a complete system throughout Latin‘America. Line Pushed Through Mountain. Many new and complicated engineer- ing problems were overcome in con- structing the new intercontinental tele- phone system. To establish land line telephone service between Montevideo | and Buenos Ayres a subfluvial cable had to be laid under the River Plate, one of the broadest rivers of the world, while in Chile the circuit had to cross one of the highest mountain ranges by means of an underground cable to over- come the perils of an Andean Winter. In Argentina a curious engineering problem was encountered in the form of glant cobwebs, blown by high winds into the wires and causing short- eircuits. To give an individual instance of the rapldity with which Latin America is becoming telephone-wise, take the case of Chile, which in six months of 1929 increased its telephone service by 50 per cent. Modern automatic telephones are replacing the older type, and a thousand lines of the old system are to be replaced this year by a thousand | lines of automatic equipment. | There are 13 telephone organizations | operating in Chile, of which the largest, the Chile Telephone Co., associated with the International Telephone System since 1928, was recently granted a 50- year concession by the Chilean govern- ment. Since January, 1928, this com- pany has spent 58,000,000 pesos in im- provements and plant extensions, and | plans to invest 35,000,000 pesos annual- | 17 during the next 10 years in improve ' ing its services. |“Black” Rays Detect Diseased Tissue, Forgeries and Source of Bootleg Liquor a few years ago and demonstrated here hl{ the English inventor, Grindell Mat- ews. Few scientists believed that such a system could be successful and it may be recalled that Prof. R. W. Wood of Johns Hopkins announced that he would be willing to stand at a distance of 60 feet from such an apparatus and take such consequences that might arise. In view of this, it is worthy of note that Prof. Wood has himself since that time developed a very potent “death ray.” | It takes the form of a sound wave in | water of such high frequency that it cannot be heard by the human ear. | It is capable of killing fish almost | instantly. This type of ray is quite new and-it is safe to say that its potentiali- ties have not even been guessed. Recently it has been discovered that X-ray irradiation of the sex cells of plants and of animals would produce new and varied species, Thus we can speed up evolution experimentally. The use of the curative rays of radium and of X-rays is but beginning to be un- derstood. | Rule of Japanese In Korea Protested Rebellion of the Koreans against Jape anese rule in 1919 was reviewed in Hono- Julu recently when 700 Koreans met in Mission Memorial Hall, headquarters of the Hawailan Board of Missions, and adopted resolutions which mean a cone tinuation of agitation for independence, Hawai is the home of several thousand Koreans, among whom are many revo- lutionists who have fled from their native land. One of thé® most active 18 Dr. Syngman Rhee, who years ago was elected President of the Korean Proe visional Republic. Rhee has received | news of oppression and terrorism of | Koreans by Japanese, he announced, and the meeting voiced protest against the alleged killings and arrests in Korea | recently carried on by the Japanese military and police. The resolutions of | protest are addressed to President | Hoover, the League of Nations and the press of the world. | Songs for Mx;rchers Compiled by Fascisti Italy's ‘“avanguardisti,” or Fascist cadets, may no longer stride to the tune of popular marches unless these are contained in a special song book which the Fascist Littorio press has issued. The series opens with a new version of the Fascist hymn “Glovinezza,” or ““Youth,” according to which “all Italians throughout Italy have been re- made by Il Duce for the war of tomor- row.” A similar strain inspires. the hymn of the “avanguardisti,” wno are old to march with the “courage of the strong who fell in the dawn of youth.” Others include the “March of the Legions” and a collection of songs ung by Pascist bands on the eve of the revolution. The national “Balilla,” or Boy Scout institution, compiled the book, which lists about 28 songs, tually all of & martial character.