Evening Star Newspaper, April 6, 1930, Page 35

Special Articles g Part 2—-8 Pages FRANCO-ITALIAN RIVALRY HELD DOMINATING PARLEY Cross-Demands for Security and Parity Regarded Greatest Conference Problem. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. O single circumstance in all the trouble and turmoil of the Naval Conference has given more concern to the general Eu- ropean public than the Franco- Italian differences that provoked the deadlock which remains unbroken at the moment I write. Nor was any criticism of Ramsay Macdonald sharper or more universal than that which challenged his statesmanship for having made cer- tain the clash between the two Latin powers. This move can have grave con- sequences in the future for European eace. i Of itself the actual point at issue be- tween the French and Italians at Lon- don has been so trivial as to seem at moments positively ridiculous. At the Washington Conference the pre-Fascist government of that period, represented by Schanzer and Albertini, obtained for Italy parity with France in the matter of capital ships. At that time®neither France nor Italy cared much about the issue, since neither was financially able to build great warships. Three years after the close of the World War the two countries remained nominally friends, as they had recently been allies. When, however, Mussolini came to eena Grandi to London his sole instruc- tions were that his foreign secretary should match the achievement of Wash- ington, since it was intolerable for the Duce that the Italy of the present hour should be less successful abroad than the regime which he had abolished. Parity with France, to be sure, was merely a prestige proposition, for France not only had a vastly larger fleet, but the money to expand her vy, while Italy lacked funds. Grandi was prepared to support any and all proposals for reduction, which would automatically bring the French fleet nearer to the Italian in size and power. On the oither hand, he was not able to present any building program, for Italy had nc program in the Ameri- can or French sense. The four other powers presented figures which repre- sented settled policies and existing esti- mates, Italy simply insisted upon writing opposite the French figures purely mythical figures which were identical. France Cites Needs. But, by contrast, the French were #t no time prepared to accept such tlalm. They challenged the Italian claim to parity on the grounds that France had a vast colonial empire, counting 60,000,000 of inhabitants, sec- ond only to the British, and that she de- pended alike for raw materials and for & third of her military establishment upon her ability to keep open the lanes connecting the home country with its African and Asiatic possessions. Italy, by contrast, has only few and in- significant colonies and draws from them nothing vital. Again, the French emphasized the fact that France faced upon the At- lantic also, and was bound to maintain on this ocean a fleet sufficient to meet the small but effective German squad- ron, soon to be reinforced by the ad- dition of one or more Ersatz Preussens. ‘Thus France argued that her need w: to maintain a fleet in the Mediter- ranean equal to the Italian and another in the Atlantic superior to the Germa Such were the purely technical argu ments advanced, but beneath the sur- face lay the ominous fact that between France and Italy in the post-war years and chiefly since the arrival of Mus- solini to power there has developed a tension and suspicion which all too unpleasantly recall the Franco-German situation before 1914. And at the root or this tensiun lies the deliberate series of menaces directed by the Duce against France. The insistent and persistent theme of Mussolini has been not alone that Italy was equal to France, but that she ‘was bound to be superior by the simple fact of a more rapidly increasing popu- lation. And along with this steady system of provocation and of incitation has gone the far more serious insinu- ation that France was standing in Italy's pathway. Jugoslavic Treaty. Not alone Tunis, but Nice, Savoy, Corsica have in turn been claimed as the lost provinces of Italy. From time to time there have been border inci- .dents. ‘Two vears ago the French felt obliged suddenly to move an army corps to the Alpes Maritimes to guard against reported Fascist designs to seize Nice by a sudden foray. In Tunis, along the Tripolitan border, trouble has been almost continuous during all the Fascist period. In the face of this danger, for to the French it is real danger, France has acted in two directions. She has in- creased her land fortifications on tae Italian border and embarked upon a very extensive program of naval ex- ansion and she has made a treaty of lliance on the basis of common de- the Adriatic. Italy thus found herself suddenly encircled, slie saw French loans going to equip the Serbian Army, she saw French submarines towed into the Adriatic and established at the great harbor of Cattaro, whence they could cut the trafic of both Venice and Trieste in time of war. And finally she saw French aviators training the Slavs and furnishing them with air- planes. These things were the inevitable con- sequences of the Fascist utterances. Today there are few Frenchmen who | believe that Mussolini is actually plan- ning to attack France. For war on the modern scale Italy lacks everything but | men. She has no money, no coal or | iron, and she is terribly overpopulated | and dependent upon other countries for | her food. In a war with France all her | shipping would be at the mercy of | French_aircraft and submarines based upon Bizerta, Ajaccio, Oran, Alglers and Toulon. Disturbing Situation. ‘With years, too, it is clear that Mus- solini has come to adopt a more mod- erate tone and to abandon his old habit of addressing to France frequent and thinly veiled threats. But in a sense the Duce, like Willlam II before him, is the victim of his own incautious ut- terances, and his people have been roused to an expectation of great achievements and to an animosity toward France which is perhaps the most disturbing single detail in co- temporary Europe. Since it was at all times clear that in the light of the existing state of mind France would never concede Ital- ian parity, Italy never consent to any other status, the clash at London, al- ways inevitable, instantly raised the question of why the two countries had been invited to the conference. Moreover, this Italian circumstance made patent at once why France would not- abate her naval program mate- rially, save as she was able to get from Britain an insurance against an Ital- ian aggression equal in value to that which she had obtained at Locarno against any new German invasion. France was building warships to meet an Italian menace which seemed to her real. If the size of her prospective fleet was inconvenient for the British and Americans and threatened to dis- turb the Rapidan agreement, it was clearly for Britain and the United States, so the French alleged, to supply the political guarantees France desired for her own security and thus permit France to bring her naval estimates dovn to Anglo-American wishes. In the face of this situation, British and American delegates sought with equal unsuccess to persuade both the French and the Italians.. They under- took to coerce each in turn by the threat of isolation, through the making of a four-power pact, with one or the other excluded. But neither Prance nor Ttaly desired to enter a four-power pact, and both were equally resolved to main- tain their respective theses. Appeared Unlikely. Such was the deadlock when T left London and it culminated a few days later when Grandi recommended the adjournment of the conference to a dis- tant date, in fact, only to reassemble when France and Italy had adjusted their differences, a thing which ap- peared wholly unlikely in any calculable time during the March days of the Naval Conference. This episode, along with Iits repercus- sions upon the Naval Conference, must serve as one more striking illustration of the folly of any attempt to promote reduction or even limitation of arma- ments in advance of the preparation of political conditions. It was idle to tel! France that she had the Kellogg pact, the Locarno guarantees, the pro- visions of the Covenant of the League, while France felt that not one or all of these would avail to protect her in the face of an Italian attack which seemed no longer unthinkable, France wanted ships or allies; she was prepared to reduce her own strength only as she obtained the promise of the aid of those of other countries. As for Italy, her ruler and her people were all convinced that anything short of parity with France would relegate the nation to a second-rate position. On the one hand national security was held at stake, on the other national honor. How to reconcile these irreconcilable de- mands with the American-British pro- grams of naval limitation was from the outset, and remains as I write, the dom- inating problem of the conference. But, after all, this was no more than repetition of the situation which be- deviled all Woodrow Wilson's efforts at Paris. The real marvel and mystery is that it was not this time foreseen and avoided at the outset. (Copyright, 1930.) Scenes of Ancient “Dionysian” Revelries, Classic Pleasure Haunts, Are Unearthed " ROME.—The Villa of “Dionysian Mysteries” at Pompeii, unearthed after it had been buried nearly 2,000 years, promises to bring to light some curious remains and perhaps evidences of what were the extravagances for which Pompeii was famous among the an- cients. It was some 20 years ago that arche- ological search was made outside the known precincts of Pompeii and then, on the road leading to anclent Hercu- laneum, among the lava and under high mounds of earth, the walls of a classic villa were discovered which turned out to have been evidently a classic haunt of pleasure, with all the signs of Bacchanalian or Dionysian paintings still on the walls. It soon came to known as the largest and perhaps the only villa that has sur- vived of the ancient “Mysteries of Dionysus.” The war interrupted the search, which was resumed actively only two years ago when the State Bank of Naples offered unlimited funds for the purpose, and attention has now been called to the “Villa of Mysteries” by the discovery of a beautiful statue of classic workmanship of a female figure which it is believed may have been the statue of an empress, or, at least, of a Roman lady of great distinction. ‘The Dionysian mysteries were festi- vals of merriment among the ancient Greeks and were introduced b: into Sicily and Southern ancients had their “Moulin Rouge” and “Moulin de la Galette” thousands of years before Montmartre. ‘The first Bacchanalian evidences dis- covered in the “Villa of teries” at Pompeii was the so-call series of Dionysian “Megalographia,” which con- them | Chiseled, showing it must have been the sisted in a number of artistic wunp on the walls in which the besuiiful nymphs—Philia, Coronis, Cleis, Dirce and others are supposed to have figured, as only some of the heads and parts of the naked limbs, arms and legs re- n;-ined. interesting enough, however, to give a very good idea of what the ancient “Pompeians” cos = o’;geu“m"pe nsidered a “Villa le excavations continued, and a new impulse was given to the work two years ago. It was rewarded when, a few weeks ago, while Prof. Maiuri him~ self was on the spot directing the work of excavation around a peristyle, a beautifully preserved head and shoul- der of a female figure in marble were found. ' They were like a “Sleeping Beauty” that had been comfortably lying there for 1800 years and more, m,thouc a scratch or mark of deteriora- n. The statue was firsi measured and examined by Prof. Maiuri, director of the Museum of Nnr?l , Who, as he afterward said, experienced one of the greatest emotions of his life as a scholar and a student. To find himself in the presence of such a beautiful work of Greco-Roman art was enough to reward a whole lifetime of labor. The statue is a little more than life size, at least according to the standard of our days. The features are distinctly those of a Roman lady, beautifully cut and with the lips, mouth, nose and eyes finely work of one of the first artists of the day -m; nc!fl: distinctly Greco-Roman and st . o inscription of any kind was found with it by which it might have been identified, and another - stance is that the statue is as if it had come fresh from the artist fense with Jugoslavia, Italy's rival on) EDITORIAL SECTION Jhe Sunday Star. WASHINGTON, D. C, SUNDAY MORNING, APRIL 6, 1930. THE PIONEER MOTHER OF THE WEST'S COVERED WAGON DAYS. BY ARTHUR CHAPMAN. E covered wagon, dear to the heart of America because of its close association with the death- less romance, the achievement and the breaking tragedy of the frontier West, has reached its proud centenary. topped wagons started from St. Louis for the Northwest. And on that date the Nation, by virtue of presidential proclamation, will begin a celebration that will last through the rest of the year. During the intervening months, other dates, commemorating historic events along the Oregon Trall, will be observed. The object of this unususal series of commemorative events is, according to President Hoover’s proclamation, “to re- call the national significance of this centenary of the great westward tide which established American civilization across a continent.” Pageants will be held; “covered wagon pilgrimages” will be made to Independence Rock and other historic spots, and suitable mark- ers will be erected at places of special significance along the trail. April 10 has been chosen as the be- ginning of this Nation-wide recogni- tion of pioneer achievement, because on that date 100 years ago a party of trappers sarted fram St. Louis to prove that wagons could be taken to the Rocky Mountains and beyond. ‘The iron-shod wheels of this expedi- tion marked a roadway which soon was to throb with an access of life so sud- den and so overwelming as to leave historians bewildered. Along these first BY FREDERIC WILLIAM WILE. T would be idle to deny that the im- pending break-up of the five-power conference, owing to the bickerings of France and Italy, will leave be- peace of Europe and of the world. An explosion is probably rot imminent. But the ingredients for one have now been created. European statesmen in the immediate future will have to take seriously into consideration the_ possibility that the French and the Italians, having been unable to bury their naval differences at London, will some day resort to other means to compose them. International conferences always run the risk of end- ing, in worse conditions than existed before they took place. If Americans will recall the period of tense relations between Great Britain and the United States which resulted from the unsuccessful Geneva Naval Conference of 1927 they will have some idea of the Franco-Italian London aftermath. It will be a far graver after- math, because the relations between France and Italy are immeasurably more strained than Angleu-Amnrlm re- lations were, either before or after Geneva. French Are Fearful. Little was permitted to seep out of London during the dreary weeks of con- ference proceedings about the real rea- sons why France and Italy glare at each other. The reasons were known to all, because they are underlying fac- tors in nresent-day European politics. Naturallly they did not openly crop out in public discussions of the respective naval “requirements” of the two coun- tries. But all initiated authorities un- derstood that.in demanding big tonnage had mainly Italy to concede parity to Italy was based on the undis- guised fear, on the part of the French, that they will some day be at war with Mussolini's realm. According to French- men, the Itallan press—under official Fascist inspiration—more or less un- blushingly is educating the Italian peo- ple to believe that a clash with France is one of the “inevitable” things of the future. The French, moreover, are not think- ing of a possible war wlt.\ag!my as a mans and the Russians as well. tastic s such things seem and sound to American ears, such thoughts are running through French heads. They are put forward with a deal of olausibility and with that ty of rea- » for which the French mind is amed. Cause of Indifferences. When you press & Frenchman, as this writer did at London more than once, to explain just why it is that the Ital- ians are as a fut ’s hand and | Ne has been delivered now only after 1,800 yelrsa whith, in itself, is a unique record. The excavations are being continued round the villa and other interesting discoveries are expected. (Copyright, 19303 valorous | heart- | On Thursday it will have been exact- | ly 100 years since the first White- hind it a situation dangerous to the | HALF A WARD TREK. faint traces in the prairie sod, over which Indian horsemen hovered in wonderment, there came a crusading host which was to mark new boundaries between nations and to make lasting| changes in world, social and economic conditions. Throng of Half Million Immigrants. Men, women and children to the num- ber of half a million comprised this cru- sade of emigrants from the time the great trail was opened until a golden spike had completed its railway com- petitor. There was no bar of age or sex. Women faced privations and shared the common fear of savages. Families reared in the best of homes took a sudden plunge into the primitive life— and were the better for it. It was “How well can you sight a rifle and swing an ax?"” with other questions rele- gated to minor importance. ‘The great trail offered the strangest of honeymoon trips for thousands of the newly married. It was a strange do not relish the prospect of having to defend Tunis, Algiers and Morocco some day against Italian attack. France is aware of Italy’s vast and growing over- Covered Wagon Centennial Nation to Recall Efforts of Early Pioneers Who Overcame Great Hardships. SACAJAWEA, WHO SAVED THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION. 1 school and stranger playground for | children of all ages. Along its sage- brush reaches babies were born—some | to die and be left behind, but more to live and be proud of their birthplace. And, beside the trail, new graves were constantly opening to receive their dead | —thousands of little mounds that soon merged with the uncompromising flat- ness of the prairie. There never has been a crusade with- out some single spirit animating it— and in this case it was the spirit of home-making, new lands, new skies, new places where the individual might expand into the greatest freedom. Highway for Goldseeker. When the goldseeker and adventurer came along, later on, he found a broad highway made for him by the men whose humble dreams were of cabins and cultivated flelds and still waters. ‘The miners’ picks and gold pans were not to be found beneath the first of those billowing white-tops that gleamed population problem. Mussolini has al-! ways held the United States partially responsible for that problem, because our 1924 immigration law made stay- | Women Whe Trace Lineage 7 Cemuries’ To Hold Annual Meeting in Washington | BY FLORENCE SEVILLE BERRYMAN. ‘Washington is to be host in the next few weeks to several thousand women from all States in the Union, who are to attend the annual conventions of vari- ous organizations in which membership is based upon proved ancestry, which make the National Capital their head- quarters. Least well known of these or- ganizations as yet, but the one in which lineage must be traced farthest bck (more than seven centuries) is the National Soclety, Daughters of the Barons of Runnemede. The Magna Carta’s tremendous his- tory has become familiar to every high school student and every American tour- ist in England probably takes the bus trip from London, which includes (along with Windsor Castle and the church- yard where Gray wrote his “Elegy”) a view of the meadow of Runnemede. Following the 700th anniversary of the Magna Carta in 1915, which was widely observed and noticed in the press, Mrs. Robert G. Hogan of Catons- ville, Md., conceived the idea of an ancestral order for women, similar to that for men in this country. She re- ceived much encouragement and help from the late Charles H. Browning, who founded some years ago the men’s ization, the Baronial Order of Runnemede project, however, was side- tracked by our entry into the World ‘War. She had confided her plans to several friends, however, among them a num- ber of Washington women. In April, 1921, when they were all in attend- ance at the D. A. R. Congress Mrs. Hogan called a meeting at Memorial Continental Hall, inviting other mem- bers of the Daughters of the American Revolution, whom she knew to be de- scended from the barons. The National Soclety, Daughters of the Barons of Runnemede, was formed at this meet- ing, and papers of inco; tion were Washington, D. C., in Decem- , 1921, Mrs. Hogan was chosen president (which office she still holds), and appointed as first vice president the late Mrs. George T. Smallwood, Mrs, Robert J. Johnston of Iowa as treas- urer, Mrs. William H. Talbott of Mary- land, secretary; the late Miss Grace Plerce of Wasl on, 31008 | othes hand the povernment Tas latnch of fes of Virginia, 1607-1620. The majority of these women hold offices and will be present at the forth- coming ninth annual meeting. It has shown practical interest in movements for the preservation of his- toric_monuments and various educa- tional projects. f| Lately $1,700 was given to the fund being raised to endow the beautiful St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, the| only chapel built for and still remaining the home of an order of chivalry, the Noble Order of the Garter. The appeal | for this endowment fund was made in 1929 by the Duke of Somerset to Amer- ican descendants of Knights of the Garter. The society has to date only about 225 members, but they represent all of the 16 sureties to whom lines have been traced. Among the members are many nationally prominent women, including Mrs. Lowell F. Hobart, president gen- eral of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and Mrs. Alfred J. Bros- seau, former president general. Among the Washington members are Mrs. Stephen B. Elkins, Miss Ella Loraine Dorsey, Mrs. William Kearney Karr, Mrs. Elinor Washington Howard, Mrs. Eli A. Helmick, Mrs. Brewster Marwick, Mrs. James H. Stansfield and Mrs. Joseph E. Thropp. Educators Seek Revival Of Chinese Folklore A revival of ancient Chinese games and folklore, especially those suitable for children, is being considered by the social education department of the ministry of education. It is hoped that their revival will tend to stop the dis- appearance of one phase of Chinese culture. China, unlike most nations, has nothing that can really be called a national sport. Japan, in much the same circumstances, adopted base ball; but base ball in this country has never caught on to any great extent. Mis- sion schools and ¥. M. C. As, however, have dome much to teach forms of sport to elementary-and middle school students, with the result that basket ball, tennis and foot ball are beginning to prove fairly popular, but only among an extremely small tage of the nation’s many millions of youths. As far as the revival of folklore is con- cerned, it is expected that the ministry of education will encounter difficulties. China is rich in folklore, but while with one hand the government is try- to encourage its revival, with the ed a bitter campaign against super- stition. Much of China’s ancient folk- lore deals with supernatural beings, and with historical and mythical cha endowed with supernatural powers. What is needed, according to edu tional leaders, is the development of a critical faculty among students and |are animated merely by fears. the ulace which will enable them to dmgc iate themselves entirely from | he the million and one r myths which form: the basis of their mental texture, if not of -their religious beliefs. like sails amid the sagebrush and flashed an answering challenge to the snowy paaks of the Rockies. Instead of these implements of conquest and adventure, the wagons of the emigrants contained plows that had turned the rich black soil of the Middle West, scythes that had bitten through the lush grasses of Northern and Southern States, furniture that had graced old homesteads of Pennsylvania and Mary- land, and clocks that had been the pride of New England families. Kitchenware that had glowed on MILLION MEN, WOMEN AND CHILDREN MADE THE WEST- |many a New York farm was soon —Painting by Frank Townsend Hutchins. smudged and battered at the campfire; feather beds that had been heirlooms were cast out at the trailside; bureaus | and cupboards that had been fashioned by master craftsmen were sent to join the wreckage. But the great majority in this crusading army kept on fits way, with its family Bibles, its “doctor books,” its pieced quilts, its blue china and other symbols of faith and pride which oftea kept it from acknowledg- ing defeat. What about the men whose initial trip along this highway will be cele- brated this week throughout the Na- tion? They were trappers and ex- plorers—strong, self-reliant men who had seen the possibilities of the wilder- ness. Wagons had been used on the Santa Fe Trail at least two years be- fore, but it remained for Jedediah S. Smith, David E. Jackson and Willlam L. Sublette to advance the theory that it would be practical to use this means of transportation in penetrating the trackless regions of the Northwest. ‘There were plenty to cast doubt on (Continued on Fourth Page.) War Explosives Created Differences of France and Italy May Lead to Trouble—Their Views Seem Irreconcilable at-homes out of the 400,000-odd Ital- lians who annually went to America. The Italians are not by any means without their list of complaints against France. They contend that the Fr;'x::‘h y claims to have real grievances against France. It is declared, that the thousands of Italian subjects resident in French Colonial Africa are frequently the objects of discrimina- tion and mistreatment. Probably Mus- solini’s all-overshadowing grievance is the alleged harboring of anti-Fascist plotters on French soil. Black-shirt headquarters in Rome is convinced that the Duce's foes are given every encouragement to use the asylum they enjoy on French territory for the pur- pose of undermining the Fascist regime. Italy Refuses to Back Down. For all these reasons Italy has re- fused at London to back down from her demand for ship-for-ship parity with France. The Italian delegation did not admit officially, but let it be under- stood privately, that Mussolini does not plan at this time to build a navy equal to that of France. But Signor Grandi, his spokesman-in-chief at the con- ference, made no bones about saying that Italy meant to leave London, un- der any and all _conditions, with the right to build a fleet as strong as the French fleet any time the Italians de- sire to do so, That right the French stubbornly refuse to yield. They argue bitterly that while they, as the second most important colonial empire, actual- 1y need a big navy, the Italians want one (or the privilege of having one) purely and simply as a matter of “prestige.” M. Tardieu, in conversation with this correspondent during the early stages of the conference, explained bluntly that “parity” with Italy at sea might some day find the French navy scat- tered all over the world, in protection of French territory and interests, while the Italian navy could be concentrated in the Mediterranean and Adriatic. France, Tardieu insisted, does not pro- pose to be caught in an emergency with naval strength in Europe inferior to that which the Italians might be able to. bring into action against it. Spirit of Deliberations. This was the spirit, these the theses, amid which Franco-Italian delibera- tions at London were carried on. They explain why a five-power pact has now become practically impossible, and why Great Britain, Japan and the United States—re] ting among them 60 per cent of the naval strength of the world—will presently come together in a three-power treaty of limitation. In certain eventualities this tripartite pact for curtailment of naval armaments might be invoked by the English-speak- ing sea powers and their Far Eastern co-si :{mfm—y for concern the number of tons or size of guns in their respective navies. which the at London has ways mind, is that Italy might join a three-power Anglo-Ameri- cnn-.nimneee treaty. By doing so, Mussolini would not gain his objective of naval parity with the French. But would have delivered them a blow probably far more dea namely, the isolation of (Copyright, 1930.) ’ for example, | purposes which do not | i MRS. McCORMICK’S SENATE RACE IS UNPRECEDENTED Daughter and Widow of Senators May Be First Woman Elected to Chamber. BY MARK SULLIVAN, HE political year 1930 begins next; week. It begins on Tuesday in Illinois, with a contest un- precedented in America, and with few if any analogies in any country—the effort of a woman, Ruth Hanna McCormick, to strip the Sena- torial toga from a man, Charles S. Deneen, who has been in the Senate {gr five years and wishes to remain ere. If Mrs. McCormick succeeds on Tues- day in winning the Republican Sena- torial nomination from Senator Deneen, and if, thereafter, next November she wins the general election against the Democratic candidate—in that event Mrs. McCormick will have a distinction unique, indeed. She will be the first woman to be elected a United States Senator. (She will not quite be the first woman to sit in the Senate, because a few years ago there was a vacancy in the senatorship from Georgia, which occurred a few days before the end of a term, and the Governor of Georgia | paid a_compliment to a very old and | much honored lady of that State by appointing her Senator for a few days.) Nation Will Watch, In this Illinois Republican primary next Tuesday there are issues, of course, but to the country outside Illinois the great interest will attach to the extra- ordinariness of the staging, a woman contending against a man on normally even terms for a senatorial nomination. Mrs. McCormick is a daughter of Mark Hanna, who played a big and forceful role in American politics from about 1890 until his death in 1904. Mark Hanna, a Cleveland, Ohio, business man. brought about the nomination of William McKinley in 1896, managed | the presidential campaign of McKinley | against Bryan on the spectacular “free | silver” issue, became chairman of the | Republican National Committee during one of the most prosperous periods of the party’s history, originated the ex- pression “standpatter” by saying in | 1899 that “all the Republican party needs to do is to stand pat,” and be- came Senator from Ohio. While Hanna was in the Senate his daughter Ruth | was married, President Roosevelt jour- | neying to Ohio to attend the wedding. Ruth’s husband was Medill McCor- mick, member of the family that has long been the dominating owner of the Chicago Tribune. Some score of years later, in 1919, Medill McCormick beca Senator from Illinois and died | in office in 1925. Consequently, if Mrs, McCormick should win next Tuesday and then win in November, she will be unique in several respects—daughter of a Senator, wife of a Senator—and a Senator herself. One might devote this article (and many more) to the purely feminine as- pect of next Tuesday’s contest, or rather to the subject of women in politics and as officeholders. We had, last January 16, the tenth anniversary of an amend- ment to the Constitution—the prohibi- tion one—and we did much writing and talking about it. We shall have next August another tenth anniversary of another constitutional novelty—woman | suffrage amendment. What is to be said about the record of 10 years of women as voters, as eligible for all offices and as actual of- | ficeholders? Just what has it meant? Has it had any measurable effect? In what respect is American politics dif- ferent from what it would have been if the woman suffrage amendment had never been adopted? Have women run for office or held office as generally or less generally than was anticipated by | the workers for suffrage 10 to 20 years ago? Women's Claims Lacking. The ladies have already begun to hold their celebrations in anticipation of the tenth anniversary in August. In their speeches one does not find much answer to the questions above. One would like to see a concrete statement, with con- | vincing illustrations, of the many | changes that have come in politics | which can reasonably be attributed to women suffrage. One casual impression that has come to. the writer is the frequency with which women in high political positions have entered office chiefly because of their relations to their husbands or some other male member of the family. A few women, such as Mrs. McCormick in Illinois, have run for office on their own merit, using their own skill in poli- tics and making their appeal on their own talent and availability. But the whole number of women who have been elected to high offices is very small and the bulk of them have been elected as acts of sentiment. The twd who have been governors have held their positions as successors to their husbands. In Texas, “Ma" Ferguson was elected governor after “Pa" Fergu- son had encountered severe disapproval from the State Legislature. That seams to have been a case of electing the wife as a vindication of the husband. In Wyoming, Mrs. Nellie Tayloe Ross was elected governor in 1925, to fill the un- expired term of her husband who had died in the same office. Of the 9 or 10 women who have been in the House of Representatives at ‘Washington, most have been elected as the immediate successor of a husband who died—in one case of a father who died. It has come almost to be the rule that when a Representative dies the first person considered as his successor is his widow. Frequently the widows seem to make good to the satisfaction of their constituents. Two widows now in Con- gress are serving in their sixth year, having been elected and twice re- elected. Many Widows Placed in Office. Of all the women who have held of- fices as hlgh as governor or member of Congress, fully three-fourths have been widows of their predecessors or have gest that such women as have held hig| office have done so chiefly as the bene- ficlaries of sentimental chivalry. That quality can hardly be said to have been introduced into the world as a conse- quence of woman suffrage. What would be interesting to know is just what has been introduced into American politics as a consequence of the nineteenth amendment. ‘What the present article aims pri- marily to deal with, however, is not woman suffrage or its consequences— but the political year 1930 and its meaning and probable consequences. Of those consequences the chief is whether the Senate and use, as a result of this political year, will be more Repub- lican or less Republican than the two chambers now are. The likely answer, for reasons to be explained, is that both chambers will be less Republican, more Democratic. After the Illinois primary on the com- ing Tuesday, the next succeeding pri- mary involving a Senator will be in Alabama on May 13, which will concern itself with the succession to the pice turesque Heflin—whether Heflin, after this year, will continue to adorn and instruct the Senate. After that will come, during May, three other primaries involving seats now held by McNary of Oregon, Grundy of Pennsylvania and McMasters of South Dakota. In June North Carolina will hold primaries in- volving the seat of the venerable Sim- mons. Other primaries (in a few cases State conventions instead of primaries) will involve the succession to Senators ‘Thomas J. Walsh of Montana, Arthur Capper and Henry J. Allen of Kansas, Carter Glass of Virginia, Pat Harrison of Mississippi, George W. Norris of Ne« braska, Coleman L. Blease of South Carolina, James Couzens of Michigan, Willlam E. Borah of Idaho and others to the number of 35 in all. Some Elections Practically Settled. Thereaiter, after the primaries are all over, will come, in November, the general election between Republicans and Democrats. In several States the primaries will already have determined, in effect, the senatorial seat. For there are several States in the South where the man who wins the Democratic primary is certain to win the election, and a smaller number of States in the North in which the man who wins the Republican primary is certain to win the election. ‘The sum of all will determine whether, after this year, the Senate will heve more or less than 39 Democrats who now sit in that body and more or legs than the 56 Republicans. (There is one Senator officially designated as Farmer-Labor.) The same primaries and elections will determine the analogous question as to the Lower House, where the pro- portions are now_ 263 Republicans, 164 Democrats, 1 Farm-Labor and 7 vacancies. The present article, how= ever, deals with the Senate only. The Senate has 96 members, each holding office for a term of six years. ‘The terms of one-third, 32, expire every even numbered year. In addition there are always a few Senators filling the unexpired terms of predecessors Who died or otherwise retired. In the pres- ent year there are three of these; con= sequently the number of Senators to be elected during the political year of 1930 is 35. The central question is how many of these 35 will be Republicans and how many Democrats. The answer to this question is de- termined or influenced by all of the conditions that compose politics: whether the people are contented with conditions as they are, the attitude of the public on various issues such as prohibition and the tariff, the feeling >t the country about the party in power, the prices of crops in agricultural States and so on. “Breaks” Are Eccentric. In addition to these conditions there is another very potent in elections, | that politicians call “the breaks.” The “breaks"” are eccentric. Sometimes they favor one party, sometimes the other. This year one of the breaks favors the Democrats strongly. In the geographic distribution of the seats that are to be filled a considerable proportion are in | the Democratic solid South. That break sbviously favors the Democrats. Democrats Have Advantage. Of the 35 seats to be filled, 13 are now held by Democrats, 22 by Repub- licans. Those figures, in themselves, compose a break favoring the Demo- crats, because plainly it is easier for one party to keep its grip upon 13 seats than for the other to keep its grip upon 22 seats. Further than this, of the 13 seats now held by Democrats and to be filled this year, 10 are in Southern States, States which have practically never, in any normal elections since the Civil War, elected anybody other than a Democrat. The advantage of the Democrats is apparent from considering the list of 13 Democrats whose seats be= come vacant and who come up for re- election this year (or in the case of & few not running for re-election, whose successors must be elected) : Blease .. .South Carolina Bratton New Mexico Brock .Tennessee Ransdell . Robinson . Sheppard Simmons . Steck Walsh . Of these 13 States 9 are in the Solid South and are as sure to elect a Demo- crat as the sun is to shine—they have never done anything else since the Civil War, except occasionally under ah- normal _carpet-bagger conditions. tenth, Tennessee, has been Democra otherwise been elected chiefly because of their families. This means to sug- (Continued on Fourth Page) PARIS.—A notable ceremony at the Church of St.-Louis des Invalides re- cently strikingly disproved the notion that very few generals are killed in bat- tle or die of wounds received in action. It was the dedication of a monument to the French general officers who fell on v.hgd battlefleld during the years 1914-18, an sachets of soil from the various ds. Both of these were the work of 1,600,000 of her sons in the World War. Of these 36,- 000 were officers, 93 of them generals. Since there were less than 200 generals of brigade and 100 generals of division at the front, this loss of 93 is cant of the part taken by the gene: in the front-line fighting. The plaque in the chapel of the In- valides contains the names of 41 gen- of an obelisk containing little | t: battle- France Lists 93 Generals Among 36,000 Officers Killed in War ernment long conducted military oper- ations that most of these names are lit- tle known outside of France. Some of them—the more famous—were Dive, killed on August 23, 1914, at the head of the 63d Brigade; Dupuis, killed by a shell; Roqies, shot through the head; Largeau, hero of Ouadai; Krien, killed at the Marne while leading his roops in an attack; Loyzeau de Grand- Blessler, previously wounded in Cochin. China and Caml| : Serret, who fell at Hartmanvillerskopf, and who had been previously military attache in Ber- lin; Girodon, previously wounded in Morocco and at the Dardanelles; Riber- ;:gemd Grosetti, the heroes of Dix- The Bishop of Verdun was chosen to preside at the ceremonies and the mass was sald by the Abbe de I'Epinoy, formerly an artillery colonel. Amon, erals killed under fire. It recalls the th which the French gove those in attendance at tihs unusi dedication were Marshals Petain, Fran= chet d’Esperey and Lyautey.