Evening Star Newspaper, March 30, 1930, Page 33

'ADULT EDUCATION MOVE HAS WORLD-WIDE SCOPE Potential Effect on Social Program! Called “Nothing Short of Revolution- ary” by New York Authority. BY CAROLINE A. WHIPPLE, Bupervisor. Adult Education. New York TODAY an educational movement, a great the civilized world. part of ing is nothing short of revolutionary, for the heights that a democratic country might reach if the majority of its people had trained intelligence and mental alertness is difficult to flm((lu, e desire for learning on the part of large groups of adults is not new, for evidence of their interest is found over a long span of history, both here and abroad. It is, however, the recent rapid growth of the interest that is amazing. In speculating on the causes of its sudden expansion some say that the World War is responsible for that as for so many other swift changes: others explain that recent marvelous dis- coveries in science have so altered the world about them that adults are forced to make new intellectual adjustments to new environments; others say that increased leisure of workers has now for the first time given them oppor- tunity to undertake sustained study. Whatever the cause, marked inter- est in education among mature per- sons is a hopeful reality, which some enthusiastic observers are hailing as a second renaissance with promise of an intellectual following among the rank and file. The more conservative are in- clined to bide their time and to pray fervently that the movement may not | be unduly accelerated by the over- | zealous, but that it may be permitted mw naturally and spontaneously in forms suited to widely differing conditions. ‘What specifically is this adult educa- tion? Here in the United States, for- tunately, no hard and fast definif has been given and therefore it be all things to all men, as, perhaps not so fortunately, it frequently is! Continuity Common Factor. ‘There are common factors, however, that are generally accepted. One, that it is an activity, voluntarily undertaken by those who are beyond the age of compulsory schooling, and that, there- fore, it does not occupy first place in the daily routine of these adults, as their main concern is necessarily with earning a lglx;u: another is that this tional leavor possesses a certain continuity and is not merely casual and incidental. In this country, too, emrhuls is not entirely on so-called cultural studies as is commonly true abroad. The director of People's Institute in New York has thus expressed his un- derstanding of the movement: It is sought to make of adult educa- tion something which will broaden the interests and sympathies of people, re- | In its potential effect on | social progrese this intellectual awaken- | | more favorable conditions, might have | been continued. | These millions are divided somewhat as follows: In private correspondence known by the infelicitious term | sehools, about 2,500,000; in public eve- | “Adult Education,” is active In | ning schools and extension classes, 900,- | 1000: in university extension courses, 250,000; in workeis' education, 40,000; n educational work of such social or- ganzations as the Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Association, Knights of Columbus, etc., about 125,- 000 to 200,000. These numbers do not include the | many millions in so-called informal |adult education which lack the organ- |ized character of the courses listed above. There is no other project in adult education in the world that can be compared to this work in extent or in | its beneficent effect in raising the level | of living among so large a number of the population. A further encouraging aspect of this work is that there is a prospect of enlarging its scope to in- clude more of the cultural phases of education, in addition to the excellent vocational instruction now being of- fered. ‘Then there are the 3,000,000 members of women'’s clubs, the growth of which forms so rich a chapter in the Nation's development, particularly in the broad- ening of woman's influence. Not so long ago it was the fashion for father and husband and certain feminine highbrows to smile tolerantly at the all- embracing programs of women's or- ganizations. Another important agency in infor- mal adult education, as in formal, is the public library. Indeed, of all agencies it must stand first in its in- | fluence. However, this is true only of urban populations, for approximately 80 per cent of rural people are without library facilities. ‘The American Library Association is alive to its opportunities and through its number done much to stimu- late reading and study in the general public. The publication of the “Read- ing With a Purpose” series is an illus- tration of this pregmatic interest. | ‘The appointment of readers’ advisers is an- other example. Among other agencies that deserve recognition for pioneer and present ef- fort the Chatauqua Institution must be mentioned. is an organization, characteristically American, that for half a century or more has made a notable contribution to the culture of American life, Lyceums Reach Many. Lyceums, forums, public lecture courses, drama leagues, reading circles all offer further means for the contin- uing education of men and women and often make the difference between a starved intellectual life and healthful mental activity. Museums, too, are tak- ing on new life and are becoming cul- tural centers for the community. b BY JULIUS H. BARNES, Chairman of the National Business Survey Conterence. F THERE is any simple explanation for America's present-day pre-em- inence in world affairs, it seems to me to lie in our ability, as in- dividuals and as a Nation, to take the hardest sort of bumps and come up smiling. Over a century and a half of national existence we have been do- ing that. We have had our share of wars and other calamities, but as a rule we seem to adjust ourselves more quickly when the smoke of battle has rolled away. And out of every calam- ity we seem to learn some valuable lessons. Some of the most serious business panics of the past illustrate this point. | of 1893 we learned that HE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, | years we had gone on a sound money | basis. The panic of 1907 taught us | that our banking structure needed con- i siderable stabilization, and we got it a few years later through the Federal Re- | serve System. The deflation of 1921 | quickly cured us of the worst effects of | an orgy of post-war extravagance and | ushed in an era of unexampled prosper- | ity. Every lesson learned in these pe- riods of business adversity helped us just so much more last Autumn when | capitalize these discoveries to help us if the day should come again when the pendulum swings from prosperity to- ward recession. Comprehensive Data Lacking. ‘We realize, for example, that we have not yet done a thorough-going job in the accumulation of comprehensive and accurate data concerning business in general. We are still without authori- tative statistics as to unemployment. a the collapse of security values in the | defect which we hope will be remedied stock market brought us face to face |during the Federal census now under with the threat of another business re- | way, We need an expert study of the i | labor readjustments which modern ma- Our experience during the Winter!chinery is constantly making. We may has demonstrated, however, that we are | need new legislation under which the not yet too old to learn. Although we | executive branches of government, in were undoubtedly better prepared than | States and in the Nation, could func- | ever before, MARCH 30, 1930—PART TW Remodeling for Prosperity President’s Business Boards Study Installment Plan to Aid Modernization and Business. QUAINT OLD GEORGETOWN HOMES HAVE BEEN REMODELED AND MODERNIZED. Drawings by E. H. Suydam. ‘There is another lesson which to me has proved of absorbing interest. That is the belated realization that in de- veloping new principles of financing we have failed to apply them to the most important element in the life of | the individual—his home surroundings. ‘We have just discovered that the so- called investment buying or installment plan, with which so many millions of Americans have had personal ex- perience in recent years, has never had an ogwnunlcy to show how useful it might be in permitting a man to mod- ernize his home, to acquire the com- forts of extra rooms, better heating, the latest improvements in sanitary con- | veniences. and other things which the average American never thinks of ac- quiring unless he has the cash in hand. | graphic plates. The catalogue will em- | piling 11,000 Pho BY EVELYN TRENT. HE discovery by the Lowell Ob- servatory at Flagstaff, Ariz, of the ninth planet of our solar system, “Planet X" whose ex- istence had long been predicated mathematically by the late Dr. Percival Lowell, is a brilliant illustration of the fact that modern photography is be- coming the handmaid of science in| much the same sense that painting, during the middle ages, was the hand- maid of the church. Planet X, first observed on January 21 by Clyde Tombaugh, a photographer of the Lowell Observatory and a mere amateur astronomer, as a “blotch of | light” on a photographic plate, was later identified by Dr. Slipher, director, and Dr. Lampland, assistant director, | as the long and eagerly sought trans-| Neptunian body, computed to be some | 4,000,000,000 miles from the earth. | The popular and scientific interest | stimulated by this discovery may hasten | the completion of the ~astrographic | chart, or map of the heavens, some- | times known as the “Cart du Cief,” one of the greatest undertakings of astronomy, which with the help of 18 observatories of different countries of the world, aims to photograph the entire sky with plates each covering 4 degrees and to measure the position and size of all stars above the twemhi magnitude. Gigantic Work Planned. This gigantic undertaking is to be | complled in an astrographic catalogue and chart, reproduced from phow-; brace some 4,000,000 stars, when com- | pleted, and the chart will obtain the | identification of about 30,000,000 stars. It been estimated that 11,000 photographic plates will be used in the project and that the size of the map, when completed, will constitute a pile of paper 30 feet ‘weighing 2.tons. The idea of making the astographic chart took shape soon after the sensa- phing the great comet of ?hn stretched clear across the sky. So far as is known, this was the first im- portant application of the use of photography to astronomy, when a | camera was strapped to the equatorial telescope of the Cape Observatory in South Africa. Sir David Gill, director of the Cape Observatory, then offered the plan to make a complete map of the heavens with the aid of photography. Almost simultaneously the same project was formulated by the brothers Henry of | Paris, who were helped in their design by Admiral Mouchez, director of the Paris Observatory. It was immediately seen by those in- terested in the project that it was too vast an undertaking for one observatory to complete unaided and accordingly an international conferenec of astronomers | was called in Paris in April, 1887, fol'“ the purpose of engaging the co-opera- | | | be definitely fixed. 3 CAMERA MAP OF HEAVENS TO SHOW 30,000,000 STARS Sixteen Nations Will Take Part in Com- tographic Plates Throughout World. nent astronomers from France, Ger- many, the British Empire, Russia, Hol= land, the United States, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Portugal, Brazil and Ar- gentina. Eighteen observatories were chosen to share in the task and rigid rules were laid .down to insure strict uni- formity of method and accuracy of re- sults. All observatories were to use a standard pattern of telescope, and to make use of plates of a standard size, calculated to fit a celestial globe of 25 feet in diameter, on a scale of 14 miles to the square inch. Each observatory was to cover that section of the sky allotted to it four times over, twice with plates of long ex- posture and twice with plates of short exposure, making 1,200 plates of each for all the participating observatories. ‘The object of tie survey was to de- tect new stars, planets and other celes- tial objects and to compare the sky of the past with that of the future. The astrographic chart was designed to aid in studying the number and distribution of the stars and other heavily bodies and to trace their motions, as well as to chart the appearance of new ones. By measuring the position of stars now and 50 years hence it becomes possible to tell their motions accurately. The results of the work were almost immediately apparent. In 1901, soon after photographing the constellation Perseus, Nova Persei was discovered, and the date of its appearance could Similarly, the planet Svea was discovered by a com- parison of photographs made by Dr. Max Wolf of Heidelberg. Project Is Delayed. At first rapid progress was made in the work of photographing the heavens, but delays were caused by the failure of several of the co-operating observato- ries to carry out their share of the al- lotted program, and it became necessary to transfer their task to others. In a recent article on “Modern As- tronomy and the Problems of Stellar Evolution” appearing in the current issue of the Scientific Monthly,” Prof. C. D. Perrine of the Argentine National Observatory at Cordoba says that the telescope, the spectroscope and pho- tography have rounded out the mechan- ism for a complete reorganization of astrornomical investigations. “It may be truly said that photog- raphy has revolutionized astronc y not only by opening up new fields which could be observed only in that way, but also by its application to the determination of the positions and mo- tions of the stars from photographic negatives which previously had been de- termined only by the meridian circle or equatorial (micrometer),” he says. “Many of the objects photographed have never been seen by the human eye except on photographs. Satellites, minor planets, comets, thousands of nebulae and millions of stars have been dis- we did not fail to discover | tion a bit more expeditiously in time of For som e S n . o e e years some of the larger Now that a word has been said about | In the panic e of tion of the observatories of different | covered in this way, and many facts | some weak spots in our business struc- | emergency. gardless of their daily occupation or along with it, to lift men’s thoughts out | t it shall b- both individual It is this that marks it rply from former concepts of ich implied that a person | Equal Younger Students. Results of recent experimentation in the field of adult learn: by Prof. ‘Thorndike have given scientific validity to the principle of lifelong education, | for interesting the relative ability of | young and old learners it was found | that the older student did not suffer in comparison with the younger one and nobody under 45 because of a belief or fear that he is too old to be able to learn it. * * * Many men and women of middle age had had a suspicion that they were still able to acquire new knowledge and new skills, but it was distinctly comforting | to hear from an eminent authority that they had not been mistaken in their | tism. . ‘To others, this discovery must have come as unwelcome tidings, for it had | always been so easy to sit back com: fortably and murmur placidly, “I'm | sorry I didn’t have the chance to learn | that when I was young. Nowadays young folks have all the luck. But it's too late now, you can't teach old dogs new tricks, you know.” Unfortunately for the pieasant torpor of these re- signed adults, it is possible to teach old | so-called informal types of adult edu- cation, a further glance may be given to the more formal organizations which were listed above. Private correspond- ence schools, with their 2,500,000 pupils, the lion's share of the registrations, certainly pique the curiosity. What are these schools? Who are their clientele? Under what jurisdiction are they work- ing? What are they accom To answer these questions satisfac- torily much investigation and many volumes of explanation and _interpre- tation would be needed. No one can be unfamiliar with the claims of some, however, for they are blatantly articu- late in most of the current magazines, in which they promise naive readers that their salaries will be doubled after a short course or two in this or that |Subject, from aviation to short-story writing. The annual revenue collected from tuition fees is approximately $70,000,- 000, a sum which, even in these days of high finance, is not to be despised. In some of the schools only a small proportion of this revenue is expended for instructional costs, for most of it must be used to entice new students to the work. The percentage who finish the courses is very small, estimated to be about 10 cent. However, the picture is not all black. | There are excellent schools, as well as the almost fraudulent, and these ex- cellent schools are filling a real need Abie”tr Wnwiling. Lo Jotn ege. Study able or unm s groups with direct pznonllm 3 The Home Study Council, too, made up of the better schools, is doing ef- fective work in raising the standards in this whole field. Labor Colleges Established. ‘The Summer school for women work- ers at Bryn Mawr College, organized some 10 years ago, is one of the in- | teresting educational experiments go- ing on in the world. Other similar schools in various parts of the country have been organized to meet local needs. Several labor colleges, resident and non-resident, have also es- tablished, the best known of which is | Brookwood, at Katonah. University extension is another con-| human beings new tricks, however it | crete evidence that the modern con- may be for old dogs. | ception of education is changing, for' rous to experiment with it was dange within & few financial heresies, and BY HENRY W. BUNN. the world for the seven dnyl{ ended March 29. | BRITIS! NATIONS.—The demolished wing of Sulgrave Manor House, the North- "Tis a gabled. ivy-covered, two-story building of simple dignity. The tgflu rooms are the flagged kitchen, wil meat-jack, and the “oak- ceiling and floor all of magnificent pol- ished wood. The grounds have replanted with trees (including an ap- ple orchard of three acres inclosed by a hedge of English yew), shrubbery and flowers, and the lawns have been put in tiptop condition. of the huose. seen the in which the builder of the house, Lawrence Washington, and his wife, Amy, rest, and only a few hundred grave, secluded from “the world’s dust.” | The estate is being maintained as “a place of pilgrimage for Americans in England and a symbol of the kinship of the two peoples.” Admiral Sir Prederick Pleld succeeds Sir Charles Madden as first sea lord. The total of unemployed among the tered workers of Great Britain has risen alarmingly above 1,600,000. On March 28 William T. Cosgrave, the Irish Pree State, and his cabinet (the executive council) resigned, after been | yards away is the little hamlet of Sul-| ture, and we are now attempting to! Mueller (which had held office since | June 29, 1928), resigned, this being the | HE following is a brief summary I of the most important news of | outcome of a long conflict among the | dence of good faith in parties participating in the coalition as | to methods of financing aid to the un- employed. The comparatively long life | largely owing to the personality of the te Dr. Stresemann. Its grand raison liquidation thereof, had lapsed. In con- | nection with adoption” of the | Young plan it inaugurated a pi am | | duty of developing that program. The depression of agriculture in East IPl’qull and Pomerania is giving much |concern. The black flag, denoting | bankruptcy, is seen on many farm- | houses. By considerable majorities the | wheat, to prevent dumping from the | United States. | On March 25 the North German Lloyd liner Europa, sister ship of the Bremen, arrived in New York Harbor, completing her maiden transatlantic voyage in the record time of 4 days, 17 hours and 6 minutes, beating the best time of the Bremen, Cherbourg to Ambrose lightship, by 18 minutes (dis- tance covered 3,100 miles). She bat- |tled head winds and heavy seas most | of the way. * ok ok * ‘ | { SPAIN.—The Berenguer government | the President of the executive council of has prohibited “all disturbing political | to 31. major lessons we have learned. | tion government, headed by Hermann must be made on the basis of urgent necessities.” that “evi- cutting ex- penditures and 1n ting sound economic policies” will restore the peseta, making resort to extraordinary The government hopes SH COMMONWEALTH OF of the rather wabbly coalition was measures unnecessary. Let us hope so. * kX % HAITI—The report of the commission amptonshire home of the ancestors of | d'etre, namely, conclusion of a repara- | appointed by President Hoover and George Wi gton, has been recon- | tions accord, definitely fixing the total | ,,E.“a’,d by wl_’ Cameron Forbes of Bos- structed as faithfully as may be and |of the German debt and substituting | ton, which recently investigated con- the north wing has been scrupulously | economic for political machinery in| gitions in Haiti, has been made public, its main recommendations call for (1) abolition of .the office of high commis- sioner and appointment of a non-mili- its | of fiscal and general economic reform. minister to take over his duties as " walls, | The new cabinet will be faced With the wel] as those of diplomatic representa- tive, but not betore inauguration of the permanent president (contemplated for this Fall), (2) gradual withdrawal of the Marines “in accordance with rangements to be made in future agree. ment between the Governments of the Ivy from Mount Reichstag has just passed legislation | United States and Haiti,” and (3) “in- Vernon has been planted on one side | providing for raising of the maximum | creasingly rapid Haitianization of the In the near distance is | duties (a sliding scale adapted to mar- | services, with the object of having square tower of the church | ket conditions) on grains, inspection of | Haitians experienced in every depart- ment of the government ready to take over full responsibility at the expiration of the existing treaty” (in 1936). President Hoover announces that “the administration will adopt the recom- mendation as the basis of its policy in Haiti.” I propose a more detailed study of the report for next week, as this development is of the very first importance in relation to our general Latin American policy. * X K K UNITED STATES.—On March 24, after nearly 10 months of discussion, Senate the tariff bill, 53 ‘The story of the spread of adult edu- cation in different parts of the world 4s fascinating, but in the limits of this article only a cursory glance can be lven to work outside the United States. d is undoubtedly the country most prominently identified with the movement and her influence has shaped the policies of other lands. Other Countries Push Work. Sweden, Norway and Finland have similar trends of adult education, although in Sweden and Finland the universities take a more prominent part in the work than in Denmark. Ger- many has a well defined program, with it is a recognition on the part of col- | leges and universities that they have! a responsibility for the men and women in the community as well as for ‘the ymi!ng student body within scholastic walls. . To be sure, this extra-mural work is not usually comparable in extent to| that done within, but in the last few| years it has gained in importance and | prestige. In addition to this community ‘work, higher institutions are now throw- ing their doors open to Summer stu- dents and an increasingly large num- | ber are traveling thousands of miles to take work under famous teachers who have vitally affected American educa- the emphasis on cultural education for | tjon. industrial workers. Czechoslovakia has | The found the educational efforts of her |a¢ the pecple under the united leadership of | the Sokuls a valuable asse eV~ | real needs, for often they can help ng national independence and e PR g P Bl o s« Py B o combating difficulties incident to 8 NeW | tracted by less personal and friendly | educational efforts. | Public evening school and extension | | classes need more than the passing ref- | erence possible in these pages, for often | they are doing a tremendously impor- tant work, which is only a fraction of | what they might be doing if their im- work done by such organizations Young Men's and Young Wom- en’s Christian Associations has served government. In most distant countries—in Aus- tralia, with its vast territory and its in chaotic China, harassed by ; in huge Russia, shaken by tremendous social and eco- nomic upheavals—there is a vital in- holding the power for over'seven years —the longest life of any European cabi- net since the war. This action was a consequence of the passing by the Dail Eireann on the previous evening of an amendment to the old age pension bill offered by the Fianna Fail party. The amendment was passed by a very nar- row margin, because of slack attend- ance by supporters of the government. ‘The Dail will vote for a President on the coming Wednesday, and with full attendance of his supporters re-election of Mr. Cosgrave seems fairly assured. He would at once insist on a new vote on the amendment referred to, as he cannot, in its present economic condi- tion, afford the additional expenditure carrled _thereby ($3,750,000). The Fianna Fail party will propose Eamonn de Valera, and the Labor party T. J O'Connell, for President. Mr. Cosgrave's party, the Cuman- na-Gaedheal, or League of the Gael, has 63 members in the Dail, as against 57 for the Fianna Fall, 13 for the Labor party (moderate in policy), 6 for the Farmers' party, 2 for the National League and 11 independents. My un- derstanding is_that Mr. Cosgrave has strongly contends that the country | i Forty-six Republicans _(inclu | meetings, speeches and writings.” 1It|ing eight “Insurgents”) and 7 Dems | plunges itself ever more deeply into “the | crats voted for, and 26 Democrats 1pronlem of readjusting Spain’s pressing | and 5 Republicans against the meas- | economic situation.” The minister ol;u", ‘The bill now goes back to the public works soon will submit a definite | House, which, presumably, will ere long ‘ program of reform contemplating dras- | send it to conference. We shall be par- tic retrenchment of administrative ex- | ticularly interested in the conference's | penditure. Says that gentleman: “Ex- | dealing with the Senate's debenture and | amination of the railroad question leads | flexible tariff amendments, of which us to the certain conclusion that ex- | the Presdient has expressed disapproval. Innun must be restricted and the se- | Senator La Follette was especially ection of works yet to be completed | vigorous in criticism of the bill in the |Psychologists Find Memory Clings Longest to Least Emotional Events used was tested by means of a galva- nometer, an instrument which measures certain phases of the emotional reac- tion of an Individual by the variations afl the electrical conductivity of his ly. BERKELEY, Calif., November 10.—Do | | humans tend to remember the more | | exclting or emotion-arousing things in | | life more easily than the common, neu- tral events which arouse little emotion? | In spite of what one might believe, | there is some evidence to show that things arousing an emotional response | | are not always remembered most easily, | | according to a report just published by Dr. H. E. Jones, associate professor of Dr. Noguchi Thwa.rled In Love, Friend Asserts terest in continuing education, for it is recognized that only as a general level of_intelligence is raised can there be @ healthful national life. Here in the United States there is marked interest in adult education which, in varied forms, has been in ice for many years and which now, with rapid gains since the war, is found in a surprisingly large propor- tion of the population in widely sepa- rated areas. The evaluation of the work is another matter. Doubtless some of it is spuri- ous, but that there is a genuine hunger for. education among thousands of adults and a reaching out for its sat- {sfaction cannot be denied by any one | iliar with the facts. fi?’he recorded numbers are in them- selves impressive, for it is conserva- tively estimated that approximately 4,000,000 men and women, With a wide #ange of age, native capacity and pre- Vious educational training, are engaged in some form of organized adult edu- cation. These adult students are more than four times zll the young people in colleges, universities, technical and professional schools of the country. . Parenthetically, a word might be said about mere numbers, for in themselves they often mean little more than a faint gesture of interest on the part of the multitude who enroll in various efucational excursions and then soon drop by the wayside. However, there s been an initial interest that, under portance were recognized and proper public support given. They are unique, in that they are publicly supported and, | therefore, open to all the people For that reason they have an ex- tremelv cosmopolitan clientele. who feel |that these are pecullarly their own | schools. Tt is needless to say that often | they become disappointed and_disillu | sfoned, for they sometimes find inads quate teaching and physically uncom- fortable and unattractive surroundings | On the other hand, oceasionally they | have the opportunity to go into beauti- | ful, well equipped buildings, with un- usually qualified teachers. who are teaching because of the inspiration that | comes from eager. challenging students | who are making their quest for knowl- edge an adventure of the spirit. Irish Barracks House Poor as Army Is Cut ‘The Dublin military barracks, for- | merly occupied by British troops, were handed over to the Free State, which then used them for its own army. Now | that the Free State army has bees | duced to its minimum of 5,000, there | 18 less need of the barracks and accord ingly throughout the country several been turned into dwtllings for workers, % been supported pretty steadily by the Farmers’' party and the independents. o FRANCE.—Five hundred years ago died one of the most romantic figures in the saecular choir of poets, namely, Alain Chartier. His “La Belle Dame Sans Merci” was precursor, if only in | title, of Keats' immortal ballad so en- | titled. (It was translated into English |in 1640). He was of good family, a ! university man and much in employ- ment by the court. His place is high among disinterested patriots, if only a laid bare the abuses of the feudal army and the sufferings of the peasants, and clergy and winded a Fontarabian blast against the national enemy. (This was after Agincourt, when he was act- ing as secretary to the dauphin, later Charles VIL) But his immortality de- rives from the famous story of how once as he lay llueg. Mary t of Scot- land stopped and is lips. To translate Margaret's explanation to the | astonished ettendants, “the precious | mouth from which has issued so many beautiful sayings and virtuous senti- ments.” The story gains immensely in piquancy from the fact that Chartier was mum quite the ugliest man of his time, L GERMANY.—On March 27 the coali- mediocre one in literature. By reason | | of several flerce satires in which he | flercely attacked the vices of nobility | phychology at the University of Cali- fornia. Confirming recent experiments on this | | subject in England, Dr. Jones finds that | | there is a tendency for some emotional | ‘xubkcu to be remembered more easily | than the average, and some less easily than the average, depending upon whether the emotion is pleasant or un- pleasant. Those things found to arouse ‘the most unpleasant emotions were as- sociated with shame, embarrassment | and injured pride or self-feeling. In making his study of the effect of emotion on memory, Dr. Jones flas a serles of 16 words on a screen before | | a group of 114 university students, and then asked them to recall as many of the words as possible. Some of the words were selected for their emotional | associations and some for their lack of emotional associations. 'n the results were checked, It was found that some of the words with high emotional association were remem- bered more often than those without emotional association: but, on the other hand, some other highly emotional J | very poor_and he Dr. Hideo Noguchi, the famous Jap- anese bacteriologist, who lost his life two years ago while carrying on ex- periments in Africa, was a studious person all his life and never what one | would call a “lady’s man,” but the fact that the girl he hoped to make his wife marr] some other doctor fired him with the ambition which to a great extent was responsible for his notable success as a sclentist, according to Dr. | T. Miyahara, a great friend and co- worker of Dr. Noguchi. ‘The story was told in connection with the recent dedication of a monument in memory of Dr. Noguchi at his home town in Fukushima prefecture. “Noguchi never liked any girls,” Dr. Miyahara sald, “because his family was could not wear fine clothes. But his intelligence was no- ticed when he was in ary school and he always led his class. When he was 20 years old and a student in medical school he fell in love with one of the girl medical students, but, as it was thought immoral to marry purely because of love, she would not receive his suit. Later he went to America type. such as “insult” and “afraid.” and. after sending her some souvenirs The complete list of words was as fol- | of the United States, Dr. Noguchi heard lows, in order of most frequent mem- | that she had married a in ory: Kiss, woman carrot, dance, love, | . It was & terrible marry, swim, insult. work, pencil, money, flower, table, glass. white; afraid, ‘The emotional value fl:l the words | words were remembered less frequently. | “Those emotional words remeq:\%efiyd | less frequently were of the unpleasant '(cvnunu'ed onirgunh» Pm) The Story the Week Has Told | concluding moments of the debate. | a cable dispatch setting forth | how the Prench Chamber seems likely | to retallate for the bill's increase of duties on laces by increase of French | duties on automotive products, likely ! to prove fatal to American importation of such products into France, he de- clared: “It is now clear that the bill has sown seeds of international ill- | will which the United States is already | reaping in the form of retaliatory measures.” The Air-Dr. Hugo Eckener, com- mander of the Graf Zeppelin, an- munce: that hr has formed his com- pany for regular commercial super- volation of the Atlantic by lighter-than- air craft, that the capital has been | fully subscribed, and that by the end | of this year matters will be well in | train toward realization of his plans, | which are being worked out with great care and caution. Apparently most of the financial backing comes from the United States, among the banks and industrial corporations actively inter- ested being, we are told, the National City Bank, United Aircraft & Transport Corporation, the Union Car- bide Co., the Aluminum Co. of America, and the Goodyear Corporation of Akron, Ohio. The participation of United Alrcraft is regarded as pe- culiarly significent, that company hav- ing previously dealt only with airplanes. Dr. Eckener has behind him the prestige of six transatlantic airship voyages and the epochal voyage around the world in the Graf Zeppelin. He is head of the Luftschiffbau of Germany. The new company is named the International Zeppelin Transport | Co. and it is incorporated under a Delaware charter. It seems probable that Seville will be the European ter- minal of the line, that Dornier planes will carry passengers, mail and express thither from all over Europe; and that United Aircraft will perform a like | service in the United States. The in- dication is that the American terminal will be south of Baltimore. ok NOTES.—On April 2 all Denmark will celebrate the 150th anniversary of the birth of Hans Andersen. At Copen. hagen 70,000 children will participate in the festivities. There will be tab- leaux based on the fairy tales, and then the children will parade, and after that they will be feasted to a fare-you-well. It is & hundred years since the estab- lishment of the independence of Bel- glum. Belgium will celebrate in sun- dry ways. One could wish to take in all three of the great celebrations to take place in Italy in honor of the 2,000th anni- versary of Virgil's birth (October 15); one at Mantua, the poet’s birthplace; another at Naples, near which he was buried; the third at Rome, the chief | scene of his glorious labors. | On March 23 Italy celebrated the eleventh anniversary of the birth of the Fascist government. ‘What is known as the proclamation of Greek independence was made on | March 25, 1830. One could wish to be present at the sundry celebrations of the centenary thereof, to be held in Greece this year, especially those at Delphi and Elesui. The Turkish gov- ernment will send representatives to participate, for, says Mustapha Kemal, the present Turkish government, un- like that of the Sultan, is the friend of the Jalflnclph of nationality and re- joices that Greece achieved independ- ence. Owing to aqpposition by Marshal Pilsudski, Prof. Sheymanski, President of the Senate, gave up his attempt to form & new Polish cabinet in succes- sion to that of Casimer Bartel, which resigned on March 14. brother of the marshal, has been in- vited to form a government, and has delegation, headed by Prime ter Nahas Pasha, has ar- rived in London to negotiate for a new An;:)-whn treaty. e press of the world is taking special note of the fact that the mum- mies of the father other of and m isinterred. No Ra Ouer was a terrific bigwig in writer cold. countries. concerning all sorts of celestial bodies Sixteen countries were represented in this first conference, consisting of emi- (Continued From First Page.) hemians, became quite friendly. They | were tired of the war, and even before the armistice was signed they had about decided to go home and {et the prison camp take care of itself.” After the armistice Maj. Young re- turned to the United States with the intention of resuming his law practice. But the sound of Army Reserve squad- ron planes flying over his office brought back vivid memories and the lure of the aviation “game” proved stronger than that of musty law books. He organized the first company to engage in sale and distribution of war type and civil type airplanes. He was one of the ploneers in commercial aviation. “‘We were regular barnstormers,” says Maj. Young. “We held air circusss, | in exhibitions, trying to build up a real ublic interest in flying. It became fascinating—and my law practice was history from then on. “It was during this period that I had my three accidents. I'm glad they happened. Each one was my own fault, mainly caused by carelessness, and each one taught me a lesson I've not forgotten. In fact, those and other pilots’ accidents gave me plenty of the experience which I needed in drafting the air commerce regulations.” As director of aeronautics, a post which_he held before succeeding Wil- liam P. MacCracken, jr., as Assistant Secretary for Aeronautics, Maj. Young had the very important duty of draw- ing up the original draft of the regu- lations which were to govern the avia- tion industry. There was no precedent for this task, and the industry was waiting to attack any “one-man” code that did not meet with its approval. But Maj. Young confered with repre- sentatives of the entire industry, and the good will of those to be governed was gained at the start. “I remember several cases that were brought up while we were discussing the regulations,” says Maj. Young, “especially those actually controlling air trafic. And one or two rules had direct connections with my own acci- dents. One was that prohibiting stunt- ing at a low altitude, or over cities and assemblies of people. I didn’t stunt over cities—but I very well remember one day when I decided to make a “trick” landing from a low altitude. ‘That was also back in the barnstorm- ing days. Sideslipped Onto Ground. “I pulled the ship up into a wingover, intending to go into a sideslip at once and then come out at the last move- ment in a landing. I made the wing- over all right, but I didn't come out at the last moment, by any means. I just sideslipped on into the ground. I wasn't_as aigh as I thought I was when I started. That same reason— trick flying at low altitudes—has been the cause of similar accidents in com- mercial aviation. “On_still another occasion I swung around into the wind for a take-off without going to the end of the fleld. I thought that from the middle of the field I could easily clear the trees at the edge—but my judgment was not very good. had to zoom to get thnmcgh them at all, and I took a few branches with me, landing rather solid- ly on the other side. “Perhaps *hat was subconsciouly in my mind when we made out the rules for_taking off, ?olnu.nl out that all of a fleld—or a clearly sufficient area of a huge airport should be used in all cases. “However, T am glad to say that there are many regulations which are not based on any experience of mine, though every one has been proved necessary by some accident or series of accidents. How well Maj. Young learned the lessons so forcibly im upon him his barnst days, when robatics” was partment of Commerce, he flew con- stantly and without mishap as com- manding officer of an Army Reserve Squadron. As director of aeronautics h‘fifll’:: almost invariably in carryin; oul his day, but somehow the news leaves try. and we traveled all around the country | t | have been made known which would have been impossible in any other way.” Pilot of the Air Fleets come the “flying secretary of the air” guiding the great industry in which he ‘was once an enthusiastic_pioneer. Maj. Young’s official flights in the United States cover at least 30,000 miles a year. addition to his knowledge of America’s airways, he is familiar with European aviation, hav- ing been sent as a special observer by the President to study ltrwngl on the continent. Because of his knowledge of conditions here and abroad, his comment is interesting: U. S. Keeps Pace With Europe. “Frequently one hears reference to the great air passenger lines of Eu- rope. The comparison is often made in a way which suggests that we are not keeping pace. ¥hls is certainly not he case. Extensive operations have been inaugurated and maintained by subsidy throughout Europe. These operations have set an example; indicate what can be done in this method of transportation. But in the last three years private en in this country has developed, without any direct subsidy, a ly scheduled airway mileage unequaled in any other country. “We have added new air routes reg- Our dally scheduled mileage flown now totals more than 90,000, and almost one-third of this is flown at night. Night schedules of this kind are non-existent elsewhere. airways cover 25,358 miles, and in addi- tion there are so-called foreign lines ex- tending up into Canada, down into the West Indies and to the countries of South America which total more than 11,000 miles. Flying Becoming Safe. “These airways are in regular use by well established air transport com- panies, which are always adding to their equipment for the carrying of pas- sengers as well as for the continuation {of their success in transporting mail and_express. " “The question, ‘Is flying safe?’ is asked frequently. Of course, serious accidents—whether airplane, railroad, automobile or steamship—will always be sensational front-page news. But the ratio of miles traveled an accident should be kept in mind in aviation—as it is, perhaps subconsciously, in other forms of transportation. Our statistics show only ore fatality for each 500,000 miles of scheduled flight. Also, planes constantly are becoming safer and more reliable. Safeguards are being provided and improved—these include radio communication between ground and plane, to direct craft accurately; radlo beacons, to guide pilots in un- favorable weather; mecaviators, or mechanical pilots; true-height alti- meters, showing exact distance above the ground at all times, instead of above sea level, and many other devices to make aviation as safe as any other transportation system. By using fully equipped airways, good equipment and thoroughly trained personnel, one line during the last three years has carried 95,000 passengers on both scheduled and pleasure flights without the slight- est injury. Another line has just com- pleted 3,000,000 miles of flying without injury to any passenger. “By establishing airways, by inspect- ing aircraft, by licensing pilots, by rating flying schools and fostering the development of suitable airports and by other important activities the Govern- ment is doing its best to protect the flying public. The result is a sense of safety and security that is growing swiftly and which assures a constantly increasing utilization of air trans - tion with all its marvelous “{wulb ities.” Maj. Young's diversified experience enables him to take full lead in develop~ ing the sense of safety to which he re- fers. Having spent several years in commercial aviation, he has to a great extent the viewpoint of the pilot, the operator and the others he now governs. In the department he now heads he the all-important regulations division before becoming director and, finally, Assistant Secre- tary for Aeronautics. All this, and realization by the industry thas he is a practical man and an experienced pilot, has inspired a great cofdence which will go far toward producing the most benefictal co-operation. Under his lead- ership the billion-dollar aviation in- dustry should effclentiy. progress smoothly and