Evening Star Newspaper, January 19, 1930, Page 38

Hian 18 HOURS FLORIDA The Miamian Gulf Coast Ltd. L. 3:05 p. Ly, 3:05p.- Other Fast Through Trains Daily . .10:55 a.m. *Sleepers Ready 10:00 p.m. ‘The Double-Track Sea-Level Route Atlantic Coast Line The Stendard Railroad of the Seath Amazing Results and 45 Saving |...When you your gray, | streaked or faded hair to its natural, | glorious coloring . . . this amazing. | |new way. It is simple. It is safe and 50 easy to apply. And the results are almost unbelievable. ‘You can mix it yourself. Just blend Sage Tea and Sulphur in the correct proportions. But for the best and | quickest resul we advise you to| get this formula from your druggist. He has it prepared ready for use. It doesn't cost $5 or more, the paid for fancy names on fancy bottles or for trick treatments. Ask for Wyeth's Sage & Sulphur | and pay him only 75¢! Quickly re- stores gray, streaked or faded hair to its natural coloring. : Money back if not satisfied | | —Advertisement. BUILDING or BUYING China Demands Sovereignty (Continued From Third Page.) ’bluinm of these cities or that which | passed through them. |~ In the wake of the wave of reform which swept over China in 1898, how- ever, those who had learned the West- ern conception of national sovereignty raised the cry of independence for China and demanded that the extraterritorial | rights of foreigners be abolished. In | 1802 Great Britain made & new treaty, | in which she agreed to surrender her | extraterritorial rights as soon as Chi- nese law and its administration had reached a stage of development which would warrant such a surrender. The following year the United States and Japan made similar treaties. At the Washington conference in 1922 China insisted that the time had arrived to restore China's sovereign rights and that extraterritoriality should be abol- | ished. There was little in the history of | the intervening years to support this claim. The revolution of 1811, which had overthrown the Manchus, was fol- lowed by a period of intermittent civil war which had not only kept the entire country in turmoil but had divided it up among a half dozen military adven- turers who consistently exploited their own territory and all they could seize from their rivals for their own benefit. Claim to Modernity Absurd. Under such conditions, while a few devoted jurists were laboriously putting together the beginnings of a modern law code, the claim that “Chinese law and its administration” had been in |any degree modernized was little less | than absurd. The Chinese courts were wholly under the domination of the war lords. and the administration of “jus- tice” was another of their instruments of extortion. Although these conditions were well known, the powers at Washington agreed to the appointment of a com- mission to {nvestigate. Ramification of this agreement was delayed, and the commission did not meet until the Fall of 1926. While it was actually in ses- sion in Peking the Chinese government underwent one of those changes of mas- ters which had plagued the country for 0_years. Nevertheless, the commission made a report, in the recommendations of which even the Chinese delegate joined whole- heartedly. The first recommendation was that “the administration of justice « * ¢ in China must be intrusted to a judiciary which shall be effectively pro- tected against any unwarranted inter- ference by the executive or other branches of the government, whether civil or military.” ~Other recommenda- tions were that China should complete and promulgate codes of law and “make adequate financial provision for the maintenance of courts.” China Continues Work. In other words, the commission' found that neither the law rior its adminis- tration was such as to warrant the sur- render of extraterritorial rights. Since the investigation was made China has continued work on the codes, and these {are now reasonably complete. On the side of administration it is doubtful if THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON. D. C, JANUARY 19, 1930—PART . TWO. conditions are materially better than they were in 1927. The Nationalist government at Nanking, while it has been able to speak in foreign affairs for China as a whole, is not in a position to establish effective internal conirol. ‘Within the last two months it has bare- 1y saved itself from complete overthrow at the hands of rebellious generals. Despite the continuance of these un- favorable conditions the Nanking gov- ernment announced a few days before the end of the vear that all extraterrito- rial rights would cease on January 1, 1930, and that after that date al T sons residing in China should be subject to Chinese jurisdiction Good Faith Is Unquestioned. It is not necess ’ ‘o question the good intentions nor e good faith of the officials of the Nanking regime. The fact remains that their power is limited and none too secure. A revolt against their authority may be renewed at any time and with success. This means that such foreign communities as those at Shanghai, Tientsin or Hankow might at any time come under an inchoate Chi- nese law administered by an frresponsi- ble Chinese war lord if the powers should oncs acquiesce in the cancella- tion of treaty rights by China. As long as that possibility. certainly as long as that probability, remains, it is not likely that the United States or any of the other great powers will surrender their extraterritorial rights. There is nothing of imperialism here. The powers are concerned with the ade- quate protection of their natignals and their property—a purely juristic matter. Extraterritoriality has no political value for them. On the contrary, they would be glad to rid themselves of the irrita- tion caused by the continuance—but not at the cost of the greater conflicts which would inevitably arise if the foreigners in China were subjected to the processes of Chinese law and its administration in the present stage of its development. So much for the attitude of the for- elgners who enjoy extraterritorial rights. For the Chinese, extraterritoriality has a quite different significance. It is one of the outstanding encroachments upon the sovereign rights of China. It is of a plece with the foreign control of the customs, foreign concessions and settle- ments, foreign territorial leases and spheres of influence and all of the par- aphernalia of foreign political and financial penetration in China. Abuses of extraterritoriality have contributed to the effectiveness of this penetration. For the Chinese, therefore. the abolition of extraterritoriality is a political issue of the first magnitude. Sentiment Is Crystallized. ‘The accession to power of the Nation- alist party and its establishment of the national government at Nanking two vears marked the final crystal- lization of ese nationalist sentiment after three decades of incubation. Many of the leaders of modern China were schooled in universities of the United States or Europe and have been thoroughly indoctrinated with the ten- ets of nationalism. They demand full sovereignty for China and the surren. der by foreigners of every right which they enjoy in China and which the Chinese do not enjoy in other coun- tries. The fact that other countries have established systems of law and courts which are reasonably Independ- ent of executive and entirely independ- ent of military control does not concern them. The organization of Chinese law and administration they concelve to be an internal question with which foreign powers should have no more to do than they have in other countries. If for- eigners do not like what China has to offer them in the way of justice, they are free to leave. The fact that this would ruin many of them is their own affair. Ko Chinese government could remain long in power without making definite progress toward the abolition of extra- territoriality. The Nanking foreign of- fice has been successful in negotiating a dozen or more treatles with minor povers, which have agreed therein to surrender their extraterritoriality privi- leges when the great powers do so. But the latter—United States, Graat Brit- ain, France and Japan—still consider their interests in China too great to hazard the surrender of extraterritorial- ity, although the United States has ex- pressed its willingness to negotiate. Pressure Brought to Bear. Despite its success in making new treaties with the minor powers, there has been continuous pressure on the government for more substantial re- sults through bringing the great powers to terms. After the defeat at the hands of Russia in the Chinese Railway mat- ter, this pressure became irresistible. The Nanking government, was forced to do something to re-establish popular confidence, and the decree of January 1 was the result. Here is an apparent impasse as seri- ous, at least as some which have led to warfare in China in times past. The powers cannot yield because by doing so they would abandon thousands of their nationals and millions of dollars’ worth of property to almost_certain plundering at the hands of Chinese militarists. The Chinese government cannot yleld because Chinese opinion holds the abolition of extraterritoriality to be the supreme test of the worthiness of any government to hold office. Shotwell Helps to Clear Way. Yet even as hopeless a situation as this may yleld to the resources of statesmanship. In the recent confer- ence of the Institute of Pacific Rela- tions at Kioto representatives of the various Pacific countries met to dis- cuss outstanding political issues. The question of extraterritoriality was be- fore the conference. A memorandum by Prof. James T. Shotwell not only served to clarify the issue, but pointed the way to a possible solution. This memorandum stressed the fact that for the foreign powers extraterri- toriality was a juristic question in which their sole interest was the protection of their nationals, while for the Chinese it was a political question in which their sole interest was the liberation of China from foreign control. The con- verse of this is that the foreign powers | have no desire to impair Chincse sov- | ereignty and the Chinese—those who | speak for the Chinese people—are not | averse to the judicial protection of foreigners. | Now, it happens that the Chinese in | IF YOU ARE THINKING OF their eagerness to modernize-their. juris- prudence have naturally gone to the codes of other modern nations. These subject foreigners to the same law and the jurisprudence of the same courts as the natives of the country concerned. ‘This is just what the great powers refuse to do in China, regardiess of the modernization of the Chinese law, unless the methods of administration of that law are also placed upon a “modern” basis. So far China has been unable to accomplish this, and there is no means of judging accurately how long it will be before she can do so. Rome Is Pointed to as Example. ‘There is in the world's history an outstanding example of a country which had to face the problem of dealing with foreigners on a juridical basis different form that of its own citzens. Fortu- nately, it is an exampie which China can follow without derogation of its own dignity. It is the mm?n Empire. A Roman citizen was subject to Roman law. For the great number of foreign traders and foreign travelers in the em- pire there grew up a second system of rules known as the jus gentium. Not only was it a distinct body of law, but it was applied by a special judicial offi- cer, the praetor peregrinus, who heard all cases in which foreigners were in- volved. Nevertheless, he was a Roman official and applied a law to which Rome gave its sanction. Prof. Shotwell suggests the study of this device of ancient Rome as a pos- sible precedent for China in the present situation. By adopting modern codes China will meet the justifiable require- ments of the foreign powers as to the body of law to be applied o their na- tionals. By establishing special courts for the administraiton of that law in cases involving foreigners she can satis- fy similar justifiable requirements as to the administration of the law. China Might Fail. If China, even of her own motion and without coercion, should make treaties with the various powers along this line, she ‘might fail to solve what is for her essentially a political problem. There would still be room for critics of the government to claim that it had allowed foreign powers to interfere with the free exercise of Chinese sovereignty. But if the Chinese government should itself promulgate its modern codes and itself establish five or six special courts in the principal centers of foregin residence and then provide for the nomination of judges of such courts by the World Court or the Hague Court of Arbitra-| tion, delegating to that body the de- termination of the salaries and the con- ditions of payment for the maintenance of these special courts, there would then DANDRUFF Millions use Lucky Tiger for scalp s\ croubles, and Whyte-Fez for ‘skin silments. _Both sold ‘wader Money.Back Guar- oY FievE HERE ARE FACTS you ought to know! q Sears,b Roebuck and Co. is the Largest Builder of Homes in the Wor as you select iy i @ We build frame . . . stucco or b -~ fick g Our homes meet all building code requirements and conform to U. S. Bureau of Standards q These homes -~y are not “sectional”. .. not “portable” but individually built from foundation up -~ g Our manufacturing and buying power saves you up to $2,000 on a $10,000 home g We make up to 75% mortgages g Our guarantee is assurance of a square deal, backed by $105,000,000 ~ > ; Our 75% “The Hillsboro’’—In Brick—6 Rooms, Bath, and Garage—Easy Terms—Monthly Payments About Loan Plan Our “Honor Biit” Features “Sealtite” Insulation SR 70 ‘The homes illustrated here are the types we will display as Model Modern Homes for your inspection during the year. Watch for announcement dates. —_— be no question of the impairment of Chinese sovereignty. Such an arrangement would be not a limitation but an extension of Chinese jurisdiction, and it would be such an extension as would give reasonable as- surance of foreign governments that Is in China would be ad: the means of giving effect to the decres” It apparently contemplates no_ violent fairs leaves the way open for an ex- |attack upon existing rights. The will- ploration of the possibilities of such a |ingness to negotiate cxpressed by the solution. While the Chinsse govern- | United States—and the othor powers ment has decreed the termination of | will doubtless be equally willing—opens extraterritoriality on January 1, 1930, it | the way to a new and more promising instructed its ministries to study ' attempt to arrive at understanding. quately protected. Fortunately, the existing state of af- The Famous— EASY wasHeR See what you can save on this new EASY. Many $165 washers cannot wash so thoroughly. Fa. mous vacuum principle washes dirt 'OUT of clothes, not merely OFF of them, because its gentle action forces cleansing suds back and forth—through the fabric. Compare its features with those of other wringer type washers. Examine its heavy copper tub and safety switch—two wonder- ful features both of which were Street and Third Floors found only on $155 EASYS— until foday. DOWN Convenient Payments Call District 7200—Branch 105 KNann) Sore Throats Health authorities The so-called ‘“‘common sore throat” should be checked before the infection injures Sore throat cases are all around us. urge the utmost caution. the nasal passages, or affects the hearing. Many cases of very serious illness have had their beginnings in a neglected sore throat. Physicians are advising a gargle made by crushing two- tablets of Bayer Aspirin in four tablespoons of water. This brings quick comfort to the inflamed area, and reduces the infection. Take these tablets to relieve any cold, headaches, neuralgic pain. If you get genuine Bayer Aspirin it is perfectly harmless. The tablets should bear the Bayer cross. BAYER ASPIRIN Aspirin is the trade mark of Bayer Manufacture of Monoaceticacidester of Salicylicacid F YOU have a lot or can buy one, we will loan you up to three- fourths of the value of your lot and the house you choose, or in other words, we will furnish three dollars for every dollar you invest in your own home. ASY monthly payments can be arranged at 6% interest, reduced monthly with total monthly pay- ments as low as $30.00, with 5 to 15 years to pay. “Hi-Glow"’ Lighting Fixtures “Hercules” Fuel Saving Heating Flants “Triple A-A-A” Quality Plumbing and Bath Fixtures “Master Mixed” Paints and Varnishes “Oriental” 17-Year Guaranteed Shingles “Built-in" Features of Convenience Bronze Hardware Modern Kitchen Equipment and Layout Expert Architectural Advice and Service ““Honor Bilt"” Construction $105,000,000 Guarantee of Satisfaction Get New 1930 Illustrated Book of Plans Kendale,” 6 TNty Ptk $40 HOME CONSTRUCTION DIVISION SEARS. ROEBUCK and CO. Arrange to See One of Our Completed HomesThrough Our Office at 706 Tenth St. N.W., Washington. Nat. 3646 ?wlph,"s Rooms and Bath 345 “The ‘erms—Monthly Payments About. .+ Basy IF YOU INTEND TO BUILD~- SEND FOR NEW BOOK Over 100 Plans to Choose From * Bring In or Mail Coupon Today No Obligation! i A BAYER