Evening Star Newspaper, January 19, 1930, Page 31

ALFONSO ACTUAL DICTATOR AND RIVERA WILLING TOOL Premier’s Announced Intention to Re- sign Is Discounted—Rex olution Is Foreseen. BY ROBERT W. POTTER. RIMO DE RIVERA, dictator of Spain since September, 1923, may keep his latest promise to resign and quit in six months, but if he does it will not in- evitably mean the end of the dic- tatorship. | For Primo de Rivera is not the real | dictator; he is not the Mussolini of Spain. King Alfonso XIII-—he of the polo fleld and the Deauville Casino—is the | active and absolute ruler of his country | and Rivera is only his willing tool. Through the famous coup d'etat Alfonso changed his status of consti- | tutional King to that of an absolute monarch and so determined is he to continue as an all-powerful king that the present form of government will change only when the people of Spain | revolt and set up a republic. View of Liberals. This unusual interpretation of ths | political situation in Spain is the view held by the Liberals, who make up the largest faction opposing the dictator- ship, declares Luis Oteyza, Liberal, writer, deputy in the suspended Parlia- ment and former editor-in-chief of Libertad, Madrid newspaper, who now is a visitor in New York. The revolution that will free Spain of the hated dictatorial rule may come in a few weeks or not in many years, Mr. Oteyza said in a recent interview. A widespread fear among the populace that a republic means a bloody and murderous government, such as fol- lowed the French Revolution, is the | chief obstacle holding back the uprising that will end the dictatorship and the monarchy, this Liberal believes. At present opposition to the government is | in an anemic state, stified by a strict censorship. “Do you think Rivera will resign June, as he announced recently?” Recalls Other Promises. ‘The question brought an expressive shrug of the shoulders from Mr. Oteyza, a suave man of the world. “Let's go back to the first promise,” said he. “The day that Primo de Rivera sprang his coup d'etat, September 13, 1923, he convoked the 21 chief editors of Madrid, including Andre Saborit, editor of the Soclalista, and myself, chief editor of Las Libertad, both depu- ties in the Cortes. “Primo explained to us then that his term was to be like a 90-day letter to be discounted by the country and that it would not be renewed or extended. He was doing it to restore the prestige of Spain, he said. “Six years and four months later he asks for—or rather says he will take— another six months. And during that riod there were other ‘resignations,’ y take him seriously now? “One year Primo spoke of for- mulating a new constitution to sup- plant the one under suspension, and has only put it off. Every day he has something new to say or promise. His latest scheme, approved by the King, calls for the election of 25 per cent of municipal councils and provincial dep- utations and leaves the other 75 per cent definitely in his control. not take such things seriously.” An Echo of the King. But Premier Rivera is only the echo of King Alfonso. It is the King who 1s responsible for the political situa- tion and financial conditions in Spain. With the King lies the blame for the peseta falling to 12.5 and 13 cents, the lowest levels since the colonial disas- ters in 1898, Mr. rted. “This is not a matter of opinion, but can be demonstrated by facts” the Liberal said. “The King has shown his way of ruling since the day he came of age and ascended the throne. “The popular conception of Alfonso outside of Spain as a King bored with his duties and wanting only to gamble at the great casinos and indulge in sports is erroneous. “Ever since he became King Alfonso’s chief sport, his main induigence, his sole business, has been to mix legally and illegally in politics. “In the Philippines Maj. Gen. Leon- ard Wood remonstrated to me: ‘But the King is really a good boy.' And I sald: ‘Yes, he has as much goodness as boyishness, and he is 41 years old.’ Has Great Ambition. “The King's ambition is to be abso- lute. There is an old saying that the constitutional _monarch ' reigns, but never rules. Leopold II of Belgium used to say it was easy to reign: “‘Each morning the prime minister comes in and I ask him: “Have you a majority?” If he says “Yes” then I go for valk. If he says “No,” he is the one who goes for a walk.’ “When Alfonso took the throne in 1902 there were two strong constitu- tional parties, the Liberal and the Con- servative. The Liberal leader, Praxedes Mateo Sagasta, died in 1903 and the King proceeded to split up that party by making seven different leaders in the party premfer. By the same in I can- | fluence in the army by cultivating the | especially Libertad, started a camp: proceeded to divide the party by mak- ing various men in the party premier. | These included Sanchez Guerra, who later became leader of the abortive ar- tillery revolt at Valencia early in 1929, tion of the constitution, a 'direct in- friendship of many of the generals, especally those in Morocco. Proof of this is found in the words of Premier Joaquin Sanchez Toca, who described the King's intervention in army affairs as ‘providential initiative.’ Disaster Ensues. the disaster at Anual in Morocco oc- curred in June, 1921, when 20,000 Spanish soldiers died and Spanish pos- sessions were lost. It is significant in fix- ing responsibility for this debacle that the then high commissioner of Moroc- co, Gen. Berenguer, said that he had not ordered Gen. Silvestre to execute the disastrous military operations and ihat Silvestre later committed suicide. “Sore of the newspapers in Madrid, to fix responsibility. There was a parade of 200,000 protestants in Madrid and Parliament appointed a commis- sion to investigate. This commission was due to submit its report on Sep- tember 15, 1923. The coup d'etat on the 13th fore- stalled that report, and on the 14th Parliament was dissolved. “I was the first one called to testify before that commission, because of my book, ‘Abd-el-Krim y los Prisonionerios.” I had secretly gone into the enemy prison camps and got the truth from the imprisoned generals and soldiers. “What did I find out? My book shows that those who profited by the coup d'etat were responsbile for what had happened in Morocco. "I was charged with treason when | Rivera declared the dictatorship and I | had to flee the country. Later I re- | turned after I had been found not guilty ! and the charges were removed.” % Cites a French View. ‘When asked whether the Liberals be- lieve that King Alfonso had a direct hand in the overthrow of the consti- tutional government and the installa- tion of the Rivera dictatorship, Mr. Oteyza smiled broadly and shrugged his shoulders and recalled a cartoon that appeared in the Paris humorous magazine Le Rire showing Gen. Rivera asking the King for permission to use gls“vf lephone to give orders for a coup etat, Mr. Oteyza asserted the reason there is a general opinion outside Spain that the country has benefited under six years of dictatorship was because Rivera keeps up a perpetual mono- logue and through censorship prevents the truth from being known. “Just consider what has happened under the dictatorship that had not happened for 50 years in Spain: “There have been three revolts, as a result of which generals and other high officers in the army have been removed and imprisoned. “The whole artillery corps was dls- solved and the officers allowed to re- turn only by swearing allegiance to the dictatorship, “An ex-gremier, Royalist and Con- servative, has been imprisoned. “The universities were closed all last year.” Doubts He Will Quit. Mr. Oteyza does not believe that Rivera has any intention of quitting as dictator, and even though he does, the dictatorship will continue. “The only end to the dictatorshi will be through a revolution that will establish a republic,” he said. “That might come tomorrow, or it might not come for 20 years. Of course in Spain their is a traditional feeling for the monarchy and also an ignorant fear that a republic is a dangerous and terrible thing. “It is chiefly this fear of a repetition of the early days of the French Repub- lic that maintains the King. He play- ed his last card with the coup d'etat. “The King also developed, in viola- | “It was under these conditions that | THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, THE FLOATING SHOPS OF CHI! BY HENRY KITTREDGE NORTON, Author of “China and the Powers,” “Back of War," Btc. O way up the Pearl River and dropped anchor opposite Can- ton. Immediately it was surrounded by small Chinese craft, the floating shops of Chinese peddlers, who cried their wares—everything from vegeta- bles to carved ivory—to the Americans on the ship. In their eagerness to win a few coppers they stormed the gang- way, and two members of the crew were stationed there to keep them from invading the ship. Many of these petty merchants were women, and one of these succeeded in reaching the gangway. She refused to heed the statement of the sailors that she would not be allowed on board, probably did not understand it, and attempted to force her way past them. One of the sailors, a lad of Itallan birth, named Terranova, tried to re- strain her. In the good-natured scuffie which followed the lady lost her foot- ing and fell into the water. So great N a misty morning in 1821 an American _sailing ship, the Emily of Baltimore, nosed its BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended January 18: ‘THE VATICAN.—On January 11 the Pope issued his first encyclical of the year under the title “Of Christian Edu- cation of the Young.” According to the ‘When the dictatorship goes the mon- archy goes out with it. “All the intellectuals in Spain, the men of letters, men of science, profes- sors, etc, all want, and are working for, a republic. They are co-operating with the army. Censorship Holds Monarchy. “Only the old politicians want to save the monarchy, and to keea, them quiet Rivera makes his promise to quit. “I believe the monarchy would not last a week if the censorship were lifted. It is not realized in the United States how easily the European newspapers are influenced and that in Spain all newspapers must submit all proposed news in galley proofs to the censor. ‘The newspaper is fined for matter dis- approved by the censor, even though nl is not published. White space to show the work of the censor cannot be print- ed. Unfavorable matter that escapes the eye of the censor also brings a fine. Under such conditions no wnoder the opposition is in a state of anemia.” Mr. Oteyza has come to this country in connection with the publication of methods he weakened the Conservatives. “He thrust aside Antonio Maura, a | strong leader who opposed him, and | one of his novels by Prederick A. Stokes Co. He was recently in Spain following a tour of the Orient. Mathematical Aspects of Pyramids Rouse Speculation Over Their Uses BY RALPH V. D. MAGOFFIN Ph. D., LL. D., Professor and Head, Depart- ‘ment ot Classics, N. Y. U. There is a tolerably long list of things which must necessarily recur every generation. Among these some have the same fixed rising and setting as does the sun or do the Plelades. One recurring subject takes as its object the pyramids of Egypt. The belief that they, and especially the pyramid of Cheops, the largest of the three in the Gizeh fleld across the Nile from Cairo, are more than mere Pharaonic tombs, recurs more often than once every gen- eration. The matter surges to the front | at least once every decade. Perhaps it is not a recurrent phenomonem, but a | belief that has never downed, and its | reappearance is simply a periodic state- ment or testimonial of bellef. An Englishman of repute is the lat- est, to state that the pyramids are not simply mausolea for Pharaohs, but are constructions for meridian purposes. In | elucidating his point he reviews in what | way and to how greaf an extent the | ancient Egyptians had recourse to the | pyramids for their studies in astronomy | and meterorology. The idea 1s not a novel one. During the 1798 expedition to Egypt, a sclen- tific commission worked out the tri- angulation of the pyramid of Cheops, and discovered that it was a marvelous construction in its physical and mathe- matical aspects. Its four faces are oriented toward the four cardinal points of the compass. The angles are calcu- lated with precision. A certain inner shaft is so cut that the polar star at time (Alpha of the Dragon constella. tion) looked directly down it. A serles of geometrical relations seemed to in- dicate that the Egyptians knew the value of the proportion of the diameter to circumference better than .did the Greeks. At all events, we know that a great literature has been produced by the exponents of extreme beliefs, the one that these mathematical relations are divinely a part of the music of the sphere and the other that they are fortuitous. The two latest books of | proved acquisitions. published in 1926 his “La Science Mys- terieuse des Pharaons,” and Kleppinsch in 1927 his “Willkuer oder Mathemat- Associated Press digest his liness condemns, among other things, ‘“co- education, sexual education of the young, overmuch physical training of young women and public displays by them, the sending of chil- dren away from home to school at too early an age, the new naturalism move- ment in education, bad films and bad radio programs,” ‘With perhaps a by-glance at Fascismo, his holiness declares that the state should “avoid excess in regard to the g;'lyslcll and military education of chil- Sl 7 * * % % ‘THE HAGUE.—Disgusted at the over- weening demands made by the German delegates at The conference (considering the Young plan), and still more at their tactics in it connection, on January 11 Philip Snowden, head of the British delegation to' the con- ference, expressed himself to the Ger- mans in the following vigorous lan- guage: “If you prefer the Dawes plan, say so here and now. Every time we come to an issue, you are not able to say yes or no. We had thought you were plenipo- tentiaries empowered to make decisions. I have no desire to spend the rest of my life in The Hague.” Really, the German demands had been quite exhorbitant; one being that the formerly allied powers should pledge themselves, however Germany might default, not to invoke the sanctions of the Versailles treaty. The Germans argued for no restriction on their mora- torium privileges; whereas the allles, and in particular Mr. Snowden, very properly insisted that there must be a ische Ueberlegung beim Bau der Cheopspyramide.” ‘That the Egyptians soon learned the use of surveying instruments might be posited on their need to re-establish property lines after the fall of the Nile overflow, even if we did not have proof of it. That they knew considerable about astronomy and geometry is ce: tain, both from the inevitable spect lations of the learned Egyptian priest- hood and from the knowledge of their intercourse with Mesopotamia, where astronomy and astrology are well But neither the date nor the precision of their science can be ascertained. There is, however, no_question that scientifically the pyramid of Cheops is |the most carefully built of all the|symed the pyramids, and that its construction is a marvel of engineering skill. It is also well known that Greek temples and religious buildings in many lands were faced toward the morning sun. There is also no longer any question archeologically but that all the pyra- mids were bullt by or for the rulers of Egypt as tombs. The evidence that such was their main purpose seems to bulk larger as time and investigation goes on. Signs of Prospel;i y In Dublin Are Noted | Whatever statisticlans may say of the { Ainancial condition of Dublin, there is every outward evidence of prosperity. ‘The number of its motor cars is in- creasing every year, despite the fact that import duties make a car cost one- third more than in the United States and 22 per cent more than in Britain. The cinemas, numerous in every part of | the city, attract crowds, police having to regulate the queues waiting to get into the best of them. Another big cinema on the latest lines, accommo- gonssquetice on the subject are by Prench and German authors: Moreux, director of the observatory at Bourges, dating 3,000, has just been erected in the center of O'Connell street, mainly | with American money.', clean-up on an old moratorium before a new one should be granted. Apparently the Germans’ behavior had been mostly undermined by the exigencies of home politics: at any rate, T izing that Messrs. Snowden and Tardieu meant business, they aban- doned their “exorbitances.” But be- fore committing themselves concerning the bank for international settlements, they must call into consultation Dr. Schacht, president of the Reichsbank, who had refused to be a member of the German delegation to The Hague. On January 13 Dr. Schacht descended upon the conference like the Assyrian on the host of Israel, like the wolf on the fold. Though summoned merely as an expert for consultation, he as- attitude of “the whole cheese.” He denounced the statutes for the new bank drafted at Baden- Baden by the committee headed by Jackson E. Reynolds, president of the First National Bank of New York. As president of the Reichsbank, he de- clared that the Reichsbank would not subscribe the German share (some eight million dollars) of the capital of the bank, Now, the Reichsbank is a kind of imperium in imperio; its presi- dent is a little czar. The position of president was made independent of the German government for reasons suffi- clently cogent in connection with insti- tution of Dawes plan. Dr. Schacht was appointed for 10 years, and his term does not expire until 1934. No doubt he could be ousted, but the oust- ing would be a delicate and compli- cated business requiring time. Institu- tion of the Young plan must not be made to walt upon that. As it turned out, the United States saved the situation, so to speak. Our Government had forbidden participa- tion of our Federal Reserve system in the new bank, but, American partici- pation being above all desired, in order to secure it a clause was included in its statutes providing that, in default of participation by the central banking institution of an interested country, the share of the bank's capital as- signed to that country might be sub- ESE PEDDLERS SURROUNDED THE was the confusion that efforts to rescue her were unsuccessful and she was drowned. Chinese officials promptly demanded the surrender of Terranova for trial. The American consul attempted to ap- pease them by the offer of a liberal payment to the family of the boat- woman, but this was refused. The captain of the Emily declined to sur- render the sailor, but when the Chinese merchants with whom he was doing business were arrested and his trade stopped he was forced to yield or bring financial ruin upon his backers. Ter- ranova was tried by Chinese authori- ties on board the Emily itself and found guilty. The Chinese then de- manded his surrender for punishment. Most reluctantly the captain yielded. A few days later a sinister proces- sion was seen approaching the shore opposite the ship. Halting, they pro- ceeded to carry out the sentence of the court and strangled Terranova to death in full sight of his former com- panions. Chinese justice had found him guilty of murder and executed him for his crime! ‘The Terranova case was only one of a long series of incidents which in- scribed by other banking interests thereof. The clause, framed solely with an eye to the United States, proved serv- iceable for the sudden dilemma. The German delegates pledged a substitute or substitutes for the Reichsbank. ‘The general opinion is that Dr. Schacht, the presidential bee buzzing wildly in his bonnet, was playing per- sonal politics. His action was entirely independent of the German govern- ment, and highly incensed the German delegation to The Hague; his explana- tion thereof was sufficiently brief and tic delphic—"on high moral grounds.” The situation having developed as set forth above, the jurists of the confer- ence got together and decided that with the assent of the creditor governments, the Reichstag could put a curb on Dr. Schacht. The decision havihg been com- municated to Dr, Schacht, a change came over the surface of his dream. He found it possible to waive his moral scruples; the Reichsbank would sub- scribe; the comedy was over. The agreement as to sanctions is as follows: Should the World Court, on the representation of one or more of the ecreditor countries, decide that Germany had wilfully defaulted in re- spect of her obligations under the Young plan, the creditor countries would recover full liberty of action with respect to the sanctions of the treaty. It 1s thought that Dr. Schacht's be- havior precipitated acquiescence of the German delegation in the French pro- posal as per the above. * ok ok % JAPAN.—The Japanese government has lifted its embargo on export of gold, which had been in force since 1917. In a statement to the public, Premier Hamaguchi declares that the move is D. C, JANUARY 19, SHIP. spired the foreigners who traded with China in the early days with a pro- found distrust of Chinese officialdom. After the so-called opium war in 1842 the British wrote into the treaty of Nanking, which for the first time reg- ularized the trade of foreigners with China, a provision that British offend- ers should be punished by British of- ficlals according to British law. The treaty of Nanking also ceded the Island of Hongkong to Great Britain, for whom it was to become the great base of operations for the Chinese trade. In 1844 Caleb Cushing was sent to China by the United States to negotiate a commercial treaty. He elaborated upon the British suggestion and secured a provision for full extraterritorial rights. Not only were all Americans accused of crime to be tried by Ameri- can officials, but also all civil cases in which Americans were defendants were to be similarly tried. Cushing’s idea was to offset the advantages obtained by the British at Hongkong by making traders subject only to American law in China itself. ‘While the British treaty was obtained as the result of war and the American justified by the improvement of the country’s economic condition as shown | in particular by the foreign trade bal- ances. There is an ample gold reserve for the currency. So all the great powers have returned to the gold stan- dard. Japan has managed well in face of many obstructions, including the great earthquake of 1923. The yen is quoted on exchange at about 49.25 cents, as against par of 49.80. * ok ok % UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.— On January 13 the President sent a special message to Congress trans- mitting with approval a preliminary and & supplementary report by the Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement and memorandums by the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury, respectively, all four docu- ments dealing almost exclusively with the problem of prohibition enforcement. ‘The main recommendations of the commission are, in briefest digest, as follows: (1) Transfer from the Treasury Department to the Department of Justice of investigation of cases and preparation thereof for prosecution, “all experiences of administration showing the desirability of concentration of responsibility”; (2) codification of Federal legislation applicable to en- forcement of prohibition; (3) amend- ment of the national prohibition act s0 8s (a) to provide for making the so-called padlock = injunctions more effective, (b) to provide for taking full advantage of the activities of State officers in cases of unlawful transporta- tion, and (c) to define “casual or slight violations”; (4) action looking to relief of congestion in the Federal courts. The definition of ‘“casual or slight violations” would link up with the pro- posed measures for relief of congestion. When’s the Time to Quit? BY BRUCE BARTON RODE downtown in a ta cab and looked ture of the driver on the license card which is issued I by the polic Where had | that. Suddenly | een a face like knew. An ac- mine looks enough driver to be If the whole truth be blurted out, | doubt if there is a very wide difference in intelligence n that taxi driver and my h Neither can be accused of pro- found thought. i then, that one is on of a cab and the quality which lacks. He stuck to through some pretty lean, tough when there was every son to be discouraged and quit. The dividing line between suc- cess and fallure is just a hair- nds of cases. One on may make all the a stock participation that will make him many times a mil- lionaire. He told me that he started In of the company t. Before long self master of of the com- pany's affairs. He looked around him and above him, and was discouraged. Everywhere his way seemed to be blocked by men who had been there longer, but were young enough so that they would be active for many years. One night he definitely decided to look for something else. The next day an officer of the com- d his branch, and a upheld one sid n, my young friend the And my young friend knew his facts; he was right. The argument ended by the ing him to come d:wn fi If he had resigned the pr ing evening, my young friend would have missed his one great chance Hanging over the door of the laboratory of reat automobile company is this senten: “No one ever would have crossed the ocean if he could have got off in the storm.” I am not writing this plece to try to make any man contented with a poor job. There are tunes by making a fre But more often, | battle is won just by sitting tight. (Copyright, 1930.) 1930—PART TWO. China Demands Sovereignty Century-Old Problem Again Brought to Fore by Effort to Abolish Extraterritorial Rights. —Drawn for The Sunday Star by Cyrus L. Baldridge. treaty by a process closely resembling intimidation, the Chinese authorities were not altogether reluctant to rid themselves of the hazardous business of handling cases in which foreigners were involved. They readily conceded extra- territorial rights to other nations as they requested treaties until a score had obtained the privilege. In"view of the universal contempt in which Chi- nese officialdom held the “outer bar- barian” nations, there was certainly no thought in the minds of the Chinese authorities that they were surrender- ing or impairing Chinese sovereignty by making this arrangement. During the remainder of the last century there was little complaint against the operation of the extraterri- toriality provisions. Under their pro- tecting aegis an enormous foreign trade ‘was built up to the profit of Chinese and foreigners alike, and modern cities involving the investment of millions of dollars were constructed adjacent to the rut Chinese ports. Thousands of oreigners, including 5,000 or 6,000 Americans, have shaped their lives or invested their ital to carry on the (Continued on Tenth Page.) - The Story the Week Has Told ‘The commission proposes that the fol- lowing shall be deemed ‘‘casual or slight violations™: (1) Unlawful possession, (2) single sales of small quantities by persons not engaged in habitual violation of the law, (3) unlawful making of small quantities where no other person is em- ployed, (4) assisting in making or trans- porting as a casual employe only, (5) transporting of small quantities by persons not habitually engaged in trans- portation of illicit liquors or habitually l!mployed by habitual violators of the aw."” It is proposed that in any case what- ever the district attorney may present by indictment, with the possibility of infamous punishment, but that in any of the five cases above set forth he may prosecute by complaint or information and the matter may di of summarily, and it is proposed that Congress enact (as an amendment to the prohibition act), that under the Iatter procedure “the penalty for each offense shall B a fine not to exceed 4500, or imprisonment in jail (not at hard labor), not to exceed six months, or both.” ‘The proposals contemplate a large use of the existing system of United States commissioners: “It could be provided that, in case the accused, prosecuted by complaint or information, pleads guilty, such plea may be reported by the commissioner to the court and judgment of convic- tion rendered and sentence imposed by the court. Then it could be provided that in case the accused so prosecuted pleads not guilty there shall be a hear- ing before the commissioner, who shall report to the court, and the court on examination of his findings shall ren- der judgment of acquittal or conviction as the case may be, and in case of conviction impose sentence. “It could be provided further, that, if conviction is recommended by the com- missioner, the accused may within three days after filling of the commissioner’s report except in writing to the report and demand trial by jury. Finally, it could be provided that in such cases the district attorney may elect whether to go on trial on the complaint or in- formation or to submit the case to the grand jury, and that in case the grand jury indicts the case shall then pro- ceed upon the indictment.” A new separate act would be required to give effect to the proposals in the above two paragraphs. No doubt ex- ception will be taken on constitutional grounds to such enactment, but sev- eral eminent lawyers and jurists have vouched for the legality. ‘The Jones law makes every violation of the national prohibition act a poten- tial felony. The commission’s sugges- tions aim at preserving this feature of the existing law. “Up to the time the district attorney elects' how to prose- cute, there is a potential felony. In other words, all the possibilities in the way of arrest and prevention which ob- tain under the existing law are con- served.” Apparently the commission’s work has only just begun. Their preliminary report starts off with certain pregnant observations which shout for quotation as follows: “It is impossible wholly to set off observance of the prohibition act from the large question of the views and habits of the American people with respect to private judgment as to status and regulations affecting their conduct. “To reach conclusions of any value, we must go into deep questions of publio opinion and the criminal law. ‘We must look into the several factors in the attitude of the people, both gen- erally and in particular localities, to- ward the laws in general and toward specific regulations. We must note the attitude of the piloneer toward such things. “We mus bear in mind the Puritan’s objection to administration, the Whig tradition of a ‘right of revolution,’ the conception of natural rights, classical in our policy; the Democratic tradition of individual participation SOV~ ereignty, the attitude of the business world toward local regulation of enter- prise, clash of organized interests and opinions in a diversified commu- | of bleaching Fall Easy Prey BY JAMES W. ATKINS. ASTONIA, N. C.— Mankind’s history is largely a story of migrations. Many movements of men, such as the flight of a Tartar tribe which left its trail bones in an unbroken white line from the steppes of Russia | to the gates of China, have been chron- {icled. Others have been of small mag- nitude and might have escaped the eye of the historian. Until the door was closed to them, when the World War came on in 1914, there had been for many years a steady migration of peoples from European countries to America, the one country in the world where, the foreigner thought, money grew on trees. t, however, was a steady stream and lacked the elements of romance which hovered over the covered wagon trains to the West in the golden days of 49 and following the Civil War. Thousands in New Setting. A modern migration, one that has escaped the notice of present-day writ- ers, but which has exerted a tremen- dous influence upon modern industrial life of the South, now s0 much in the public eye, is of no small significance in its bearing upon one phase of Amer- ican life. Though it has been a migra- tion within very circumscribed limits, it has in some ways been such a transi- tion that the people involved, removed but a few miles, have found themselves in an entirely new world. The result has been that thousands of people of pure Anglo-Saxon lineage, living for 200 years or more in moun- tain fastnesses, have been thrown into a perplexing and complex industrial life. e result is labor troubles, strikes, lockouts, murders and the injection of a strange new doctrine of communism which leaves the immigrant in a stupor. ‘That he will eventually work his way out of this vortex of conflicting emo- tions and ideas and find himself seems probable. How long the process of emergence will require cannot be fore- told. The background—good blood—is there for a foundation, though vitiated by two centuries of poverty and strug- gle with the elements for a bare exist- ence in a land that gave up its bounties grudgingly. Back of this migration lies the story of hydroelectric power, developed on & large scale within the past few years. Harnessing of the vast water power of the southern Appalachians and the consequent growth of indus- trial communities, which was not pos- sible as long as power had to be gen- erated from heat derived from coal shipped from distant mines, lies at the bottom of this migration. Problems Far-Reaching. Many complex, and as yet unsolved, problems have grown out of this mi- gration. These range from crime to education, and with many in between, such as the rapid spread of that devas- tating disease, pellagra, and its twin destroyer, tuberculosis. Then there is the problem of enforced paternalism, with its attendant evils of company housing in company villages, the com- munity physician, the community house, the community nurse, the com- munity church and the community everything; to say nothing of the ma- Jjor problems of long hours, low wages, night work and the employment of women and children. Attempts to remedy some of these by hastily enacted legislation have got the reformers but a short way on the journey toward the goal. ‘Then there is the ever-present prob- lem of prohibition. ‘The Southern mountaineer is a moonshiner by in- stinct, if not always by practice. For generations his ancestors have made and sold whisky. They believed they had a right to do so. For generations no one dared dispute that right. They vaised the apples, peaches, corn and rye. But that is only incidental to the present topic. In the early days of the eighteenth century, when all of America except portions of the Atlantic seaboard, was virtually a wilderness, thousands of immigrants came to the southern Ap- palachians. They blazed their way into the mountains. They were pioneers, for at that time few, if any, white men had gazed upon the glories of the hun- dreds of towering peaks of the Great Smokies. Emigrated From Britain. ‘They came mostly from England, Scotland and Ireland. They were a sturdy folk, people of the middle class in so far as there was a middle class in the British Isles of that day. Mostly they had been tenant farmers, garden- ers and laborers, who had managed ]DD free themselves from English land- lords. To Jamestown and Tidewater, Va., Maryland and the Carolina coastal plains had come the cavalier, the dash- ing English adventurer, in search of great landed estates, of manorial homes, ease and luxury. He brought with him indentured white men who had been imprisoned in England for debt or who had criminal records. These were to work his landed estates and minister to his domestic wants.. They were vir- tually slaves. To the Blue Ridge Mountains of the Southern Appalacians came this other class of immigrants—men of little means, but with a desire to penetrate a new-found country and to find elbow room and freedom from the restraints that had hedged them about in the old country, ‘They found & country of vast strteches, though a great portion of it was perpendicular, or almost so. They found virgin forests of almost unlim- ited extent, where roamed the mountain bear and lion, deer, wild turkey, fox and all of the smaller wild life in in- exhaustible abundance. The Indian had probably roamed these mountain regions for hundreds of years, living off the game which his nity, and the divergencies of attitude in different sections of the country and as between different groups in the same localities. “We must not forget the many his- torical examples of large-scale public disregard of flwl in our past. To give proper weight to these things in con- nection with the social and economical effects of the prohibition law, is not a matter of a few months.” memorandum of the Attorney General may be regarded as ancillary to the commission's report; the main feature of Seeretary Mellon’s memo- randum is its recommendation of a unified border patrol which would be a part of the Coast Guard. * ok ok ok NOTES.—Addressing the Liberal Council of Great Britain (the organi- zation of the Asquith Liberals) recently, Viscount Grey of Fallodon called on the Asquith Liberals to repudiate once more the leadership of Lloyd George, bear! as of old, on the “Lloyd George fund.” They're saying that the Liberal party is thus split wide open in. Psittacosis, or the ‘“parrot lfleue." a strange malady thought to have its origin among South American parrots— to which, at any rate, parrots are pe- culiarly subject and of which they are peculiarly the carriers to humans—has recently appeared in four countries, in- cluding Germany, Argentina and the United States. It is said to combine the characteristics of pneumonia, typhold fever and malaria, and to a mortality of about 50 per cent. Its manifestations are practically the er umaln&nrroulndmm.thuanmh the assimilating these gufficiently similar creatures. NFLUX OF HILL FOLKS WORRIES SOUTH’S CITIES Country People, Puzzled by Urban Ways, to Propaganda of Agitators. arrow had brought down, supplement- ed with trout and other fish from the mountain streams. But the supply re- mained undiminished. From the summit of Mount Mitchell, 6.711 feet above sea level and the lofti- est peak of the Rockies: or from its close rival, Clingman's Dome: or the Grandfather, said by geologists to be the oldest mountain peak on earth: or ‘Whiteside Mountain in the far south- western edge of North Carolina; or per- chance from the “bald spot” at tae apex of any one of scores of peaks having an elevation of more than 5.000 feet, the settlers gazed upon a pano- rama of beauty. They made this their home. Years later new tides of immigrants, travers- ing trails and roads hewn through the forests by these pioneers, stopped for a look at the beauties of what those of a later generation designated as the Switzerland of America and which Christian Reid called “The Land of the Sky.” But they halted only for a mo- ment and pushed on to the plains of the West. Not so with the pioneer settler. He had found a home and here he would stay. The wanderlust did not appeal to him. He was satisfied. And here he remained for generation after gen- eration until more than 200 years had b Paid Dearly for Isolation. ‘This immigrant had paid dearly for his quiet life in the remote coves or perched high up on a mountainous “shelf”—paid in_stagnation, in retro- gression, in physical degeneracy and in loss of ambition. His blood, however, was uncontami- nated. No foreigners from Southern Europe or anywhere else had come in to cause a hybridization. North Caro- lina today boasts that less than 1 per cent of her population is foreign-born. It leads the Nation in this respect and apparently is proud of it. Hundreds of towns and villages boast of being 100 per cent American, so0 far as actual blood is concerned. It is all Anglo-Saxon. Herein, according to psysiologists and philosophers lies the hope of eventual regeneration of this strain of mountain folk. Life was hard with this pioneer set- tler. He had to carve his home out of the forests as he had to carve his des- tiny out of nothing. Often his corne patch was on the side of a mountain 50 steep that one might easily “fall out” of his farm. There were no roads lead- ing to the outside world. He might as well have had a Chinese wall around him without gates. Pioneers Lived in Circle. ‘There were no markets, so he pro- duced what he consumed and consumed what he produced. He lived in a circle. He dressed in clothing made from the skins of animals or from the linsey- goolsey woven on hand looms from yarns spun on a jinny wheel by women of the family. There are still some m looms in operation in the moun- It was perhaps several miles to his nearest neighbor. As yet there were no post roads and news from the outer world rarely trickled in. No schools, no cl]mrchu, no country store, no gathering place. ‘Time wrought changes. Gradually trails and narrow, rough roads were carved to the lowlands. The time came when crude wagons went to Charleston and Baltimore to buy coffee, sugar, salt and a few bolts of colored dress cloths brought over from England. With the closing years of the eighteenth century there came the circuit rider and the camp meeting. In 1800 the *jerks” be- came a common manifestation under :;\; arbor of the Methodist camp meet- Arrival of Bishop Asbury. Bishop Asbury, bringing the message of an awakened religious conscience in England, came like a brand of fire through the mountain section. Many spots are still pointed out where the bishop held meetings. Emotionalism was rampant. It still manifests itself in tent revival meetings. Men of the type of Peter Cartwright rode through the mountains preaching the gospel. Their imitators are still seen occa- sionally. ‘The building of trails and roads, giv~ ing avenues to the lowlands, and co: sequently access to markets, worked revolution among these mountain pic- neers. It made “moonshiners” of them. They could not haul their corn and apples out of the mountains; the bulk Wwas too large and the returns too smail. But they transformed those products of the soil into lmfl form, known as “mountain moonshine.” In that shapa they found it profitable. They drank it themselves, too, and drunken parties, resulting often in fights and not infre< quently in killings, were the day. 85, the order of Made Their Own Laws. ‘There was but little law. In fact, the ploneer Southern mountaineer was not only an individualist, he was a law unto himself. He knew no restrai The law of might was the law of riga in a very large measure. Family feuds developed. He who interfered was a target for the bullet from ambush, Hundreds of revenue officers sacrificed their lives at a later stage in mountain history because they falled to recoge nize this trait in the mountaineer’s character. Years piled upon years, and the em- pire builder came. He carved passabla roads across the mountains. He built rallroads. He was the harbinger of change, of industry, of success. Ha broke up the quiet life of the pionecr settlers’ descendants. He paved the way for another migration, one that has created an industrial empire in tha South, disturbing the old order of things; one creating problems that the present generation of business men and industrial leaders is striving to solve. In 1880 the old Richmond & Danvillg Railroad, now a part of the great South+ ern Raillway system, was completed from Salisbury to Black Mountain, 20 miles east of the mountain metropolis, Asheville, then an isolated village. Tha old East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, also a part of the same great system, had been completed from Knox- ville to Hot Springs, 20 miles west of Asheville. In 1881 the two lines were linked and a through railroad pene trated the heart of the Southern Ape palachians. A new era was ushered in, Textile Industry Appears. About 1890 there began the develope ment_of the cotton textile industry in the Pledmont section of North an South Carolina. The region designati as the Piedmont extends from Danvi}ly Va., on the north, to Greenville, S. C, and beyond on the south. For 10 years the development of th industry was slow. Then Dr. W. (3 ‘Wylle, who had gone from Fort Mily 8. C., to New York to practice, cons celved the idea of developing the water power of the Southland to make poss sible & manufacturing section. Other lines of manufacturing began to develop at the same time, such tobacco, cigarettes and furniture, in al of which lines the Piedmont assum the lead. ‘Winston-Salem and Durham lead the world in the manufacture of cigarettes and tobaccos; Gaston County produces 90 per cent of all the fine combed yarns made in America; High Point s second only to Grand Rapids as a fur- niture center. “White coal” made thiy development possible. In t! elo;nnfmmluo.whmuu first rails