Evening Star Newspaper, June 7, 1931, Page 25

he Swunday Star. Part 2—8 Pages ‘WASHI POSTAL DEPARTMENT VITAL TO U. S., BROWN DECLARES| Postmaster General Development of Merchant Marine and Aviation System. Postmaster General Walter F. Brown, delivered last night in th»> National Radio Forum and broadcast over a Nation-wide work of the Columbia Broadcasting n System. follows: To the average citizen the Post Office | Department is the best known of the executive branches of the Federal Government. It has offices and agents in every community. It has direct daily relations with practically every family living under the American flag. Busi- ness and industry depend upon it. It is the national and international in- strumentality of dependable communi- cation. The Post Office Dep: oldest of the Government department: Its record dates back to July, 1775, | whep the first American Congress es- tablfshed a Continental Post Office, with Benjamin Franklia as Postma General. From Colonial da) bheen a major factor in the the Nation. It kept the struggling | colonies together on the long Atlantic seaboard in communicaton during the Revolution. By subsidizing the stage routes and later the shipping and rail- road lines the United States mail opened up all the country west of the Allegheny Mountains to colonization by Eastern emigrants. ‘Throughout —our history it has providad at once the channels for national expansion and the ties which have knit the people of our vast country into a single Nation. Pictures Wide Scope. tment is the | HE full text of the address of javiation companies for carrying the | |using the ocean mail Today the postal establishment em- braces more than 56,000 post offices and postal stations. It renders service to 122,000,000 people. The efficiency of the Post Office De- partment has an instant and far-reach- ing effect upon the welfare of every community. If its service is dependable and prompt, it helps vastly in business relations and in intercourse with family and friends. If the service goes awry, or is tardy and slow, business dealings suffer and social contacts are impaired. The Post Office Department is alert to this fact. It is the constant endeavor of all of us connected with the postal administration to reduce thc hours elapsing between the posting and the delivery of mail. We strive to make the service accurate, and we go to great lengths to effect the delivery of imper- fectly or improperly addressed mail. We inveseigate vour complaints. We come your criticism. In handling 00,000,000 picces of mail a year we make mistakes. but we try not to make th> sam> kind of a mistake twice. It is not my purpose tonight to dis- cuss the routine operations of the postal establishment. You are fam with !loction and delivery about the transport: railway poctal car, by motor and by star route. You are ac- quainted with our monev order facili- t the parcel post, the C, O. D. service. With your indulgencd I will speak of some of the activities of the Post Officc Department which are not so we'l known, and perbaps mention some important special problems that are now brfore us. Tells Air Development. ‘The wcst recent addition to the facilities of the postal scrvice has heen the airmail. This service was inau- gurated in 1918, when an experimental Toute was _established between New | York and Washington. with an_inter- mediate stop at Philadelphia. Service | between New York and San Francisco | was commenced in September. 1920. At the present time the United States mail | is flown daily on 23 domestic routes, | totaling more than 22,000 miles in | length, and weekly or oftener on 10 fareign routes, reaching Canada, Mexico, the West Indics and Central and South | America, totaling approximately 18,000 | miles. In 1918 the airmail carried about 700,000 letters. In 1930 it carried more | than 320,000,000 pieces of mail. | ‘The airmail has, of course, been of tremcndous advantage to the business world and to mail users generally. A Jetter posted in New York in the eve- nmg is delivered in Chicago on the morn- ing of the next day. A letter posted in | Los Angeles is delivered in New York within 30 hours. Mail reaches the Argentine or Chile by air in six or seven days, compared with about 17 days by ship. The only or, perhaps, most im- portant talue of the airmail to the Nation at large is not. however, in the facilities which it provides for the movement of mail matter requiring speed The Government's larger pure pose is to aid commercial aviation in the days of its infancy—to stimulate the development of air lines which will carry not only the fast mail but express and passengers as well Not Self-Sustainin; The airmail service is far from self- rustaining. The postage which you attacih to your ailmail letters defrays less than half the actual cosi of han- dling. The remainder is paid out of | general appropriations. It will interest you to know that the Post Office De- partment is now expending about $17.- 000.000 a year for this purpose over | and above the postage receipts from | the airmail. But it is not correct to Tegard this expenditure simply as a | lcss in one phase of postal operations. | It is an expenditure made for national | security, which all of us believe is in | large measure dependent upon our | keeping abreast of the other great na- tions of the world in the field of avia- tion. The Government is using the | Post Office Department, along with the Flying Corps of the Army and Navy, as a means to this end. The particular task cf the Post Office De- partment in this regard is to aid in the development of an economically | Independent aviation industry. Our | purpose is to popularize air transporta- tion and air travel, so that the peo- ple of our country will get the habit of using air transport in the crdinary affairs of their lives—in_ traveling, in sending merchandise and communica- tions—just as they use the railroad, the motor bus and the steamship. Our object is to develop a mnation- wide network of air lines to carry pas- | sengers and express, upon which trans- | portation of the mails will be cnly an incidental operation, as it is today on raflroad and steamship lines. We are making progress. People are acquiring the habit of flying. During April, a year ago, 35,000 passengers were car- ried over different routes on scheduled air transport service in the Continen- tal United States. In April of this year, the air transport companies car- ried 50,000 passengers on scheduled travel. During the fiscal year 1930, the number of passengers carried was 375,000. During the present fiscal year, we estimate that the number will Yeach more than half a million. Passengers Increasing. : But passenger traffic. while steadily ncreasing, is not yet sufficient to put the air transport lines on A paving basis. The airmail is still the chief support of commercial aviation. As assenger travel grows, the Post Office partment. will be able gradually to reduce the compensation paid to the , relation to the Postal Service. | of any Tells of Helping in mail. Meantime, the mail is the facior | which gives this new industry promise | of ultimate stability and ind=pendence | as a part of the Nation's transporta- tion system. When you use the air- mail you are not only serving yousself or giving pleasure to your friends: you are aiding in the establishment of a great traffic system which is vital to the progress of our Nation; you are helping in the creation of special facili- ties for air navigation—the develop- ment of safe, efficient and fast air- planes, and the training of a flying personnel without which our country in the event of war would instantly be exposed to disaster. The airmail has a twin sister in the| Post Office Department, whom wz call | the ccean mail. This is another activity | which in its broadest aspects is not| strictly a part of the postal busin>ss. Our outbound foreign matls are volur nous and of extreme importance to the business in‘crests of the country as well as to our citizons who have fanily ties | or social contacts abroad. It has 2l- ways been the duty of the postal ad- ministration, of course, to move this mail to its foreign destinations as ex-| peditiously as possible. But under the| present policy. when we contract with | steamship lines for the transit of the| foreign mails we have an objective which goes far beyond the mere hiring of cargo space. Just as the Govern- ment is using the airmail to provide | support_for commercial aviation, it is | as a medium | through which to build up and maia- | tain an American Merchant Marine {to this end the Post Office Department is now paying the steamshiv companios a little more than $19,000,000 a year for carrying the United States mail to foreign countrics, over nd above the cost at ordinary poundasz: rates. Says Shipping Is Vital. ‘We can_all agree, I think, not only | that an efficient fleet of merchant shij under our own flag is vital to Am |ican commerce and indusiry in time of peace, pbut that it is iadispensable to | the national defense. In 1928 Ccn- | gress passad a law the purpose of which | is to restore our merchant marine to a footing of equality with the comm-rcial flcets of the other great maritime na tions. This law, which is xnown as th> | Jones-White act, authorized Govern- ment loans to American shipping com- panies for the construction of fast and modern_ships: and it empowered the Pcst Office Department to cnter into long-term coniracts with such com- panies for carrying the mail on im- portant trade routes, the compensation to be based not upon the vo ume of mail carried, but upon the size and speed of the vessels used and the lengih of the | route served. This, is ship subsidy, the compensate American shipgwners for tbree things: | First, the much higher costs of ship construction in this country, by com- | parison with censtruction costs in for- eign shipyards: sccond, the higher wages of American seamen: and, thir the subsidies which other nations prc vide for their own vessels. The direct object of the subsidy paid by our Gov- crament to Amcrican shipowners is. in other words, to equalize the costs of constructing and operating mer- chant sbips between American and for- eign operatrs, so that ships of the | United States can compete for both cargo and passengers on substantially equal terms with other maritime na- tions. The ultimate object, as I have suggested. is to build up and maintain a modern and competitive merchant fleet, to protect and strengthen our for- eign trade in all world markets, and to provide a reserve cf merchant ships serve as naval auxiliaries in the event of war. These objects are na- tional in scope. They affect us all, whether we live on the seaboard or in the interior—whether we are manufac- turers, or merchants, or farmers, or| wage carners. They bave no special | Ocean- | mail pay is simply the form in which Congress has elected to extend finan- cial 2id to the shipping industry. Provided by Legislation. Under provisi:ns of the Jones- | White act, the Post Office Department has o far awarded 41 contracts for | occan-mail service on trade routes from American ports. These contracts provide compensation at mileage rates for the transportation of the mails. but they also require the shipping c-mpenies to build a large number of new vessels, to be placed in service on the respective trade routes. The fleet to be launched under this program will consist of about a hundred fast cargo and passenger ships. the equal vessels afloat under foreign flag:. It~will aggregate about 900,000 gross tons and will cost the shipping companics apprcximately $300.000.000 It is being built in American shipyards, by American_labor, out of American | materials. _Twenty-four vessels have bean completed under this program and are already in service, while 24| | more are on the ways at various ship- yards. During the fiscal year ended June | 30, 1930, the depariment paid out on | ocean mail contracts under the Jones- | White act the sum of $13,000,000. Dur- | ing the current fiscal year, its ocean mail payments will reach about $19,- 000,000; they will amount to about $23,000,000 in the fiscal year 1932. Ultimately, the annual payments on occan mail contracts will reach a sum not less than $30.000,000 a year. The | aggregate mail pay for the 10-year | term covered by the existing 41 con- | tracts will amount to about $280.000.000. This is a substantial sum. But it is | negligible when we consider that it | will give us a nucleus for an expanded | and modernized merchant marine pro- viding a regular and speedy mall, pas- | senger and freight service to the world’s ports. It is no more than a premium which the nation is paying | for insurance against the hazards of | trade competition and the dangers of | foreign _aggresslon—against a Tecur- | rence of the events of 1916, '17 and | '18, when our Government was com pelled to spend literally billions of d lars to improvise a merchant fleet to move our crops and our manufactures to foreign markets, and, later, to move our troops to the theater of war. Every modern sea power has pro- vided ocean mail pay for the ships of its flag. All maritime nations con- sider that a ship subsidy is justified by the essential public service rendered by their merchant fleets, which in time of peace contribute greatly to the necessities of commerce and trade and in time cf national emergency con- stitute an invaluable second or auxili- ary line of defense. For generations this has been the policy of Great Britain, whose ocean mail payments in the last 40 years have aggregated net less than '$160,000,000. In the same period, France has paid about $200,000,00 on ocean mail contracts. By the merchant marine act of 1928, the United States has definitely com: mitted itself to this wise nati-nal pol- 1 that under thi: " (Continued on Third Page.) L) W | How does he kno NGTON, D. SUNDAY MORNING, JUNE 7, 193 IHUNGARY PROBLEM BLOCKS Plenty of Candidates Democra UPPER AND GOV R, LEFT TO R T CNATOR PAT HARRI BY G. GOULD LINCOLN. HE list of Democratic presidential possibilities for next year's elec- tion stretches nearly across the United States. So far formal announcement by the prospective candidgtes has not been made. No hats hfve been openly tossed in the ring, except perhaps in the case of Sen- ator James Hamilton Lewis. who has been put forward by the Democratic State Committee of Illinois as its choice for the nomination. But formal announcements in the case of many of these potential candi- dates for the Democratic nomination are not necessary. Take the case of Gov. Albert C. Ritchie of Maryland. It is as clear as the nose on the face that he will be a candidate. with the Mary- land delegation solidly back of him. and perheps some other State delegations. too. And while Gov. Frankiin D. Roose- velt cf N has made no an- Thousands of BY REX COLLIER. HILE Uncle Sam and his many commissions and ex- perts have been floundering around all these montks try- e ing to find a quick way out of the deprcssion, a man out West could have given them the “master key to_prosperity” all zlong. He would part with now. in fact. tor a A master key to proc contends. is not to be found around loose in such timeswas thes the key right erity, he rightly Iying e. . SENATOR JAMES HAMILTON LEWI HT GOV, SENATOR ROBERT T. BUCKLEY. SENATOR JOSE St | nouncement of his candidacy, no one doubts it. He has tacitly permitted the formation of “Rocsevelt for President clubs” throughout the country. Primaries Get Under Way. However, this apparent reticence on the part of the candidates .for the Democratic presidential nomination is JAMES H T. ROBINSON. H ARRY F. BYRD, SENATOR CARTER G ON AND SENATOR WALTER F. GE ORGE. [ It is obvious that any candidate who can capture a large proportion of these 476 'delegates in the primary States will have a big buige when it comes to the convention race. These presidential preferential pri- maries started in 1928, with New Hamp- | shire on March 13 and closed with Florida on June 5. The States which Look to the Primaries for Sorting Them Out. ALBERT C. RITCHIE. GOV. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, NEWTON D. BAKER OX. OWEN D. YOUNG. ALFRED E. SMITH. JAMES A. REED. S, SENATOR CORDELL éUnily of Hungarian Artifi BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. EW YORK.—In the series of articles written from Europz describing the situation in va- rious countries which I visited 1 made no reference to Hun- gary, which I saw last. The Hungarian problem is, however, of primary im- portance in its relaticn to the general question of European peace. It has contemporary news value, too, both be- cause Count Bethlen, the Hungarian prime minister, has recently made the sensational announcement that Hun- gary was prepared to join in the Aus- tro-German tariff union, and becaute Senator Berah in a recent radio speech has correctly emphasized the truth that the main obstacles to any success- ful disarmament conference are the treaties of Versailles and the Trianon, | the former imposing upon the German | people frontiers which they will not | accept. the latter to a far more intole:- | able degree mutilating the old Magyar | state. | Between the German and Hungarian | cases there is cne essential difference. | In making the Polish corridor, which is for every German, without regard to political party or personal standing, a crime, the peace conference chose be- tween two perfectly plain alternatives. It had either to separate East Prussia from the Reich or deprive a nation of upward of 30,000,000 inhabitants of access to the sea over its own territory. The decisive influence in the discussion was that of Wilson, who had included this detail in his Fourteen Points. Very properly, the Poles are now dedi- cating a monument to him in Posen. Hungary Mutilation Unjustified. ‘What dene to Hungary, on the contrary, was sheer and wanton muti- lation without one single justificati ethnic, economic or moral. ~ North, e: and south there were taken from thi state relatively large areas in which the population was purely Hungarian, sepa- rated from what was to be left to th> Magyars by no natural frontier, an- nexed solely to satisfy the appetites of | the beneficiaries, who were allies cr | triends of the victorious ccalition. | "In these border areas there arc some- | thing like 1.500.000 Magyars. almost a sixth of the total Hungarian popula- | tion in Europe. And of this number | more than half are today within the | frontiers of Czechoslovakia, the bal- ' EUROPE ECONOMIC PEACE Race Destroyed by ‘ial Frontiers Set Up by Peace Conference. | march from the frontier, but it is ac- | tually within range of the wartime Big Bertha. In this situation the whpls Hungarian people cry out to ths world for jus- tice. Their demand in threefold: Return of those regions, clearly defined and easily identified, in which there is 2 solid Hungarian majority; protection for the Magyar minorities in areas where they are a considerable portiop of the total population—these are the two major issues. Finally, at some future time they ask a fair vote ir Slovakia, the Banat and Transylvania old Hungarian provinces in which there is. respectively, a Slav and a Latir majority, to determine the will of the inhabitants. | This third proposal is more or lesr | chimerical. It is hard to believe, & | the Hungarians do. that the lost prov inces with alien majcrities would vol untarily choose to return to the olc home. But the Hungarians do believs |this and support it with endless ar- | guments. Concomitantly they con- cede this proposal to be without con temporary importance. Hungarians Misrepresented. | Hungary's enemies have successfully | built up the picture of a vengeful. pas- | sionate, unreasonable people. militaris- tic and chauvinistic, of a handful of aristocrats exploiting their own people and eager to regain lost provinces in- habited by alien serfs. And the Hun- garians have not known how to state their own case, to catch the ears of the statesmen and peoples of the west. all ]eagcr to have a settled Europe and irri- tated by any inconvenient appeal for disturbing justice. But I confess my days in Hungary, my talks with publi: men, beginning with Bethlen the prime | minister and Karolyi, the foreign min | ister, and continued with men an¢ women of every class and sort, left nc | such impression. ~ Rather, I had the sense of reasonable men. eager to finé some peaceful and sensible way out of a_situation which was intolerable, bul | always fatally handicapped by the fact | that for them as individuals, and a- | statesmen, it was impossible to do what | economic common sense dictated while | political madness still held sway in the | camp of their neighbors. | For France and her allies this Hune | garian _situation has a very clear means |ing. 1f Bethlen, as he has foreshad- | owed, takes his country into an Austro. | German tariff_union, which is the first has been two for each member of the |ance equally divided between numanln'_qw in a political association, Mitte) | House and two for each Senator. It is of interest that in the entire | 1ist of primary States only three are | likely to have “favorite-son” candidates | for the Democratic presidential nom- ination. The other 14 would appear to | be open fighting ground for any candi- | date who wishes to submit his can- not likely to last very long. Early next | held the primaries to determine the | didacy to the voters in the prefer- year the presidential preferential pri- maries get under way. In 1928 17 out | of the 48 States held these preferential primarics, some of them merely advisory and others much moré binding upon | the delegates chosen to attend the | national convention. These 17 States, ii they all hold the preferential pri- maries ncxt year, will go to the voters to determine what candidates their 476 delegates—the total number allowed these States under the new apportion- ment of the House of Representatives— shall support when the national conven- tion meets in June, 1932. | preference of the voters for the presi- | dential candidates and the number of ;dexcgms to which each State will be entitled under the reapportionment of | the House are as follows: New Hamp- | shire. 8; North Dakota, 8; Michigan, |38; Wisconsin, 24 Illinols, 58; Nebraska. 14; Pennsylvania, 72; Massachusetts, 34; Ohlo, 52; California, 44; Maryland, | 16: Indiana,’ 28; New Jersey, 32: Ore- | gon. 10; South Dakota, 8, West Vir- | | ginia, 16, and Florida, 14—total. 476. | The number of delegates to which a | State has been entitled under the rules 'of the Democratic national conventions | ential primaries. Those three States are Illinois, where Senator James Ham- {ilton Lewis has been indorsed for the nomination by the Democratic State Committee; Maryland, which will un- doubtedly send a solid delegation to fight for Gov. Ritchie’s nomination, and Ohio, where there are several potential favorite-son candidates, including New- ton D. Baker, Secretary of War, under President Wilson: Gov. George - White, and Senator Robert J. Bulklev, not to mention former Gov. “Jimmv” Cox. There is nothing to prevent- G (Continued on Fourth Page.) 1 It to Uncle Sam Letters Suggest Solutions to End Droughts and Cure Depression. = EEP AWA M om \ ROSSAT RECOOWY It should be worth quite a lot to the | rigkt people. In line with this reason- ing, he has opened negotiations with the President’s Emergency Committee | on Employment, which would seem to be on the market for such things. Unfortunately for the country. how- ever, the negotiations have reached an impasse. much to open the door to prosperity with one click of the latch, but he isn't | authorized to pay money to one mdl-‘ vidual for the privilege. Besides, he cou'dn't pay for some- | thing without first having examined it. it will work? Patience of a Job. Not that Uncle Sam is a cynic. Far from that, he is an open-minded, good- natured gentleman with the patience of a Job. It takes patience to deal with such citizens as the Western man with tbe secret that is an “open scsame” to pros- perity. When it is realized that he is but one of thousands of citizens whose offers to | cure the depression, ban unemployment, end droughts and solve similar prob- lems arz gladly received, carefully sort- ed, thoroughly weighed and respect- fully acknowledged, the demands on his good naiure become manifest. . Depressions and droughts inspire vol- untary advice as few things else can. Thousands of suggestions for restoring normalcy have rolled into Washington on a tidal wave of correspondence dur- ing the past year. Many of the letters go direct to the ‘White House, for quite often the cor- respondent regards his idea as so ex- clusive and so important that none but the President of the United States him- self is qualified to consider it. Letters Go to Cabinet Members. Presidential secrztarics. however, have a high regard for the abilities of mem- bers of the cabinet, and more often than not the letters are diverted to the appropriate departments for pel and acknowledgment. Steady streams of. correspondence poured into the Weather Bureau and the President’s Emergency Committee on Employment during the drought and unemployment exigencies. These two Federal agencies undoubtedly bore the brunt of the literary overflow. They still are busy answering letters, but the strain kas eased appreciably. Other de- partments, too, receive plenty of free advice from the tax payers. Secretary Mellon is-let in on secret plans for wiping out the national debt, eliminat- ing taxes and bringing about a finan- cial Utopia. Secretary Doak is told how to find jobs for everybody or how Uncle Sam would like very | MUNASS SSRERD X N\ to solve the immigration problem. Sec- retary Lamont learns of sure cures for industrial slumps and stimulants for foreign trade. Secretary Hyde, dirt farmer though he is, receives startling advice on crop raising and beetle eradi- cation, The big drought of 1930 stirred the inventive genius of thousands of would- be rainmakers, Most of these inventors or discoverers were willing to give their secrets to the world through the Weather Bureau. Many Schemes Suggested. ‘The suggestions ranged from schemes for puncturing the rain clouds with Big Berthas to theories that radio conges- tion in the air was playing havoc with humidity. Usually the Government me- | teorologists, who dote on technicalities, | were able to pick a vital flaw in the proposal—the difficulty of finding rain clouds to puncture, for instance, or the impracticability of abolishing radio stations. ‘The response to an invitation of Col. Woods' committee for counsel in the un- employment crisis unloosed a veritable avalanche of advice from every n of the Nation. So great did the influx of letters become that a special depart- ment was created to*handle the corre- spondence. More than 2,500 letters and telegrams have passed through the committee’s hands since the request for advice was dropped, somewhat inadvertently. Yet out of all this mass of corre- spondence came not one new idea that was considered practical, according to an official of the committee. New ideas? | dir ideas, but most of the recommendations were very, very old. Some of the volunteer economic ex- | perts seemed to think that women could bring about a return to better times— either by staying out of industry or by getting in or whatnot. Cne writer, for example. advocated | establishment of a Nation-wide system of banks employing women exclusively. He did not make it quite clear why such a country-wide organization of woman bank presidents, vice presidents, tors, cashiers and tellers would the unemployment puzzle or how the excess banks. would get sufficient business to prospcr. Opposed to this champion of woman- hood were a number of persons who argued that women should be elimi- nated from business altogether, thereby creating more jobs for men. _ Hundrzds of suggestions embodied va- riations of the shorter-week plan for workers. One man even proposed a “midweek holiday” in addition to the usual week end surcease from labor. Wage Readjustment Urged. A letter which came to the Employ- ment Committee by way of the White House called on President Hoover to effect, presumably by proclamation, a “readjustment of wages, salaries and profits to the 1912 level.” He gravely explained that this was “the only solu- tion ta the unemployment problem.” Another correspondent, after detail- ing a complicated formula for relieving economic distress—a formula so com- plicated that committee experts to this day do not grasp what it is all about— concluded with the prediction that it would solve “90 per cent of the farm problem, 50 per cent of the immigration problem. 75 per cent of the racketeer- ing troubles and 90 per cent of unem- ployment.” The man with the '“master key to prosperity” explained that his secret was Jocked up in a “thesis” on eco- nomics which he had been years in preparing. At first he offered this thesis ‘to the Government free of charge, but when the employment com- mittee indicated its interest to the ex- tent of asking him to forward it for examination, he wrote that he would | sell it. Seeks Recompense. “I have solved many of the great problems of the universe in the vast few years,” he pointed out. ‘“For these services I have received nothing. Now I think the time has come I should be rewarded by the Government for my achievements. I cannot let you have the master key to prosperity until p pense.’ Another man with peculiar aspir: tions demanded $10,000 cash for his solution of the unemployment tangle. Although the letters are far. less fre- quent than they were a few months ago, committee receives an average of half a dozen a day at the present time. One of these is from a man who has written daily on general topics re- lated to unemployment. “For a while we attempted to answer each letter from this daily correspond- ence, but finally we decided to let them accumulate by the week and then send Yes, .there were lots and lots of-new a collective reply,” a committee attache |and Jugoslavia. In addition another 1,000,000 dwell within Rumanian fron- | tiers, separated from the Magyar ethnic bloc by wide areas of Rumanians. The explanation of this map, which was the crowning blunder of the Peace Conference, is twofold. As defcated sarlly condemned to pay the price of defeat. Moreover, in the old Hun- garian kingdom the Magyars had been barely a majority. It was inevitable, then, that in accordance with the prin- ciple of self-determination they should be required to surrender the territories in_which they constituted a minority. But in_the midst of the Peace Con- ference the rumors of a total trans- formation of the Magyar state reached Budapest and, together with the other psychologi produced a Statc of despair out of which came the Bela Kun revolution. | Hungary for the moment went over to Bolshevism and the allied statesmen in Paris washed their hands of the mat- | ter and accepted the boundaries as | Hungary's ambitious neighbors drew them. Reds Overthrown. No blunder could have been more complete, for briefly the Hungarian people came to their senses. The red | regime was swept out of existence: | there reappeared an orderly, organized government, which has carried on ever | since peacefully and efficiently. But Qnee there was again a united Magyar state it was certain on the one hand that the basis of its policy would be the search for a means to rescue the lost brethren of the borders, while on the other the states which had taken these territories and peoples, fearful of los- a military coalition. ‘Thus two forces, Magyar irredentism and little entente concern for security, have ~eadily played havoc with peace and reconstruction in the Danubian area. The Magyar populations have cried out to the world against the in- Justice of their plight. the little entente governments have replied by systematic and oppressive measures designed for- cibly to assimilate the minorities. Hatred, suspicion, a just and decp- seated sense of wrong. all these emo- tions have played their role and con- tinue to dominate men's minds and hearts. In my visit to Hungarv I crossed Czech and Rumanian frontiers, I visited city and country districts. I saw with my own eyes the great regions in which even the Slav and Latin possessors concede that the majority is Magyar: | | | women belonging to the minority the story of their existence, the report of a life made intolerable not so much by brutal atrocity as by unceasing petty persecution and minor oppression, the denial of the use of language. the de- struction of the old national morfu- ments, a system of eternal espionage culminating in arbitrary arrest and forcible restraint. Co-operation Not Possible. In this situation all possibility of economic co-operation between the states, which are natural markets one for the .other, all regulation of rivers flowing through the several countries, regulation on the one hand ‘to pre- vent floods and on the other to pro- mote navigation, is out of the question. Railways are cut at new frontiers, and while the peace treatics condemn Hun- gary to practical defenselessness, great armies guard these frontiers on the other side. Not only is Budapest, the Hungarian capital, barely a two-days' said vesterday. sound understanding of economic laws. But they contain nothing novel that | would be of help to the Government.” Pays to Answer Promptl, Uncle Sam has found it pays to be rompt in answering correspondence. f a ietter remains unanswered .. long, there is a possibility that the author will hop a train to Washington and seek a personal interview with the President or a member of the cabinet. President Hoover and other high offi- cials, of course, would have time for little else if they granted interviews promisct uously. Few of the wxnyerl may discuss their blems with the President or his cabinet personally, but any citizen can write and be assured of courteous consideration. More often than not a single letter on official stationery, expressing thanks for a suggestion, will bring complete satisfaction to the donor. Sometimes it will provoke many replies, however. Buut Undtei scm.mllwnys even-t:‘m; pered. _continues pen respectful acknowledgments to all. cnemies, the Hungarians were neces- | ical consequences of defeat. | ing both, were bound to join hands m{ I heard from the lips of men and his man's letters | are intelligently written and reveal a| | Europa under German hegemony is as~ | sured. That involves the destruction o |the present French system in Europs |and * must immediately compromise | French security in the presence of 8 | Germany thus magnified. It isolates | Czechoslovakia. thus transformed into A narrow peni almost_surrounded |by German-Magyar _territories. _ It brings German influence to the Ru- manian and Serb frontiers. In reality it foreshadows'a German domination from the Baltic to the Aegean and Black Seac. SRR Neither Hungarian statesmanship nor public opinion desires any such sud- mersion in a German sea. Historically the grcat mission of the Magyar has been to keep the Turk south of the lower Danube and to hold the German af the Leith. The great figures and the brilliant pages of Hungarian his- | tory belong equally to the fight against | the Teuton and the Osmanli.” The | Turk has vanished, but the German re- | mains and. unless the Hungarian here- | after stands fast against German pene- | tration, the eventual outcome of the Werld War and the peace treatles may | be the establishment of a new German Empire, the “Third Reich” of Hittler. | far ‘more formidable than those of the Budapest Key to Future. Literelly, then the key of the fu- ture of Europe is in Budapest. If France end her allies continue to deny to Magyars the justice which i so clearly their due. in 'the e:d Budapest, as Vienna has already done, will throw its lot in with Berlin. That is the lqger view. More immediately all oruerly and sane reconstruction of Ev-ave economically remains out of the ques- French fear, little entente ap- prehension, based upon the recogniti that little entente frontiers are fcunded upon violence, will remain the obstacle which they now constitute. Hungary is not thinking & _war: | there is no more chauvinism in Buda- | pest than in Washington. W2ai is i | once tragic and moving is the universal | conviction that right and justice have |lost their influence in this world. That |and a subliminal faith based on a millennial history. Across the mutilated | frontiers, in the graveyards, the new | masters have thrown down the head- |stones which bore the traditional | phrase “We shall rise again.” because | of its possible political significance. In | this detail you see all the spirit of the present masters in these old Hungarian ymarches. But talk with the Magyars on either side of these frontiers of vio- ence and you will perceive that for them the stones are still there and th> political significance of the religous phrase endures, the faith in the resur- rection of the national body remains. | Britisl; éziEhinrese i?ight Over Rail Profits Looms SHANGHAL—A confiict over the dual | control of the Canton-Kowloon Rail- | Toad is likely to be precipitated by the demand through the ministry of rail- roads for a greater share of the profits. The railroad extends through the new territories acquired by lease by Hong- | kopg on the mainland for a distanca of |23 miles through British governed ter- | ritory. > | The remainder of the 112-mile line is | through Chinese territory, and was buflt by Chinese. China now wants 80 per cent of the profits instead of only 65 per cent, as at present. Therc is a de- cided difference of upkeep and opera- tion between the two ssctions, and trains on the British end of ine line run on time, whereas it is nothing un- usual for them to arrive an hour late in Canton, owing to-the run-down con- dition of the track of the last 89 miles. Huge Sum Is Sent Home By Chinese In Hawaii HONOLULU.—More _than $10,000,000 Mexican was sent to China from banks in Hawail by the Chinese community of this Territory during the past year, and the flow still continues. The low rate of exchange for silver, offering extraordinary opportunities both to buy commodities in China and to speculate in exchange, caused a large number .of Chinese business men of Hawaii to send their liquid funds to their home coun- try. The bank figures here show that some of this was taken from savings accounts. In addition to the money transferred for speculation, there is a good deal of permanent investmx4 by Chinese of Hawail in various enter- prises in the Chinese republic, includi utilities,, mercantile inesses -33