Evening Star Newspaper, August 3, 1930, Page 30

P E b v ¢ FeaRhee (Continued From First Page.) was in a State penitentiary for forgery. He was an insurgent Who spent most of his time in “black alley,” or punish- ment row, for grapevining messages and plotting breaks. Everything was tried on Jim from psychological tests to hard labor and solitary confinement, without success, He avoided night school, where he laughingly said, “De sky pilot's dishin’ out learnin’.” ‘Two years of Jim's time were gone When one day a librarian asked for a bookbinder, and Jim was sent. He found there m book on show-card let- tering. Offered to him, it woild have been spurned, but finding it himself he was interested. It took several years, but eventually Jim was in the sky pilot’s classes. What he did not know about show-card writing and adver- tising when he left prison he learned in the position he obtained afterward. ‘The notorious crook in an Albany in- stitution wasn't quite so difficult, "‘houfh he had spent his life swindling people on two continents. His theory that “Only a dumb egs ves a pencil and punches a time clock” had landed him in the machine shop. Some one suggested that he take a course in shop mechanics and mathematics, To cut his working .time, he did. Amazed, he found himself possessed of a “math” bead. He doted on figures, became completely absorbed in his studies, One Student Proves His Merit. { “Good grief!” he complained. “Why | didn't some one tell me work was in- teresting?” That was years ago. Today his for mathematics earns him $10,000 an_honest profession. That 1s the sort of thing that is hap- pening among the 100,000 prisoners in State and Federal institutions, even without extensive educational programs. | Rehabilitation of erisoners is hard | work, but just shutting them up is an | economic folly. It is not casy whit- tling these human square pegs to fit into round holes, but often it can be | Gone. “From 5 until 9 in the evening our prisoners have the time to themselves,” Perrie Jones, institutional library su- pervisor of Minnesota, told me. “When 1 urged one rather stupid old fellow in | Stillwater Prison to come to night school or to read, he wasn't interested. ‘But W do you do all those hours?" I asked. ‘Oh, I smoke and look at the wall and think about God!” Well, there are lots of other things for them to think about if left to themselves, and Colorado and Columbus are some of the evidences.” The finest prison library in America was at that convict’s command if he had wanted it. The Stillwater library has been cited by penologists the world over for its amazing work, and was a strong example to Federal authorities during their survey. % Safeguards Against Revolt. “There is no doubt in my mind,” says Miss Jones, “that the Stiliwater Prison library, with its 10,000 volumes and its| enormous circulation of 200,000 a year, | has no small part in lessening the dan- ger of outbreaks. It gives inmates something to do during unemployed hours—there should be no idle hours.” At Stillwater the first thing a new prisoner does after checking in is to go| to the library for a book. His card is filled out with the names of 15 or 20 others he will want. He gets them as fast as he can read, There are only two things that will take away his library privileges—failure o return books to the librarian, marking or mutilating a volume. At his beck and call are volumes of fiction, travel, science, biography, his- tory, trade texts, industrial and fine arts, religion and reference. He must| learn to read and write English and finish the eighth grade in school. But if he wishes there are volumes in Bohe- mian, Croatian, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Spanish and Swedish for him to enjoy. And do these prisoners read? The ecirculation tells the story. It is far above the average for a public library in a small town. ‘The preponderance of reading, as in every cther prison, is fiction. The more thrilling, wild and Western the better. ‘They want Jack London, Curwood, Zane Grey. Harold Bell Wright, Peter B. Kyne, Joseph Conrad and a host of others. It is hard for a new writer to break into the ranks of their favorites. thrill at the detective yarns of 8. 8. Van Dine, Edgar Wallace and others.‘ but probably even more enjoyed are the travel stories. They globe-trot through Africa, China, South America and the| Arctic by way of the printed page. Many Scholars in Prison. It would not be a complete cross-sec- tion of humanity if there were not| scholars in prison. There are many. ‘The reflector of the serious reading done by men at Stillwater is the Prison Mirror, oldest prison newspaper in ex- istence. In that well rounded, carefully edited paper, put out entirely by con- victs, are book reviews and columns de- voted to questions and answers con- cerning authors or new volumes. The most pedantic of the reviewers is “W. J. M.” He loudly pounds his pencil that such a book as Wiggam's ‘The New | Decalogue of Science” is being indif- ferently received. He launches forth with_enthusiasm about Xerxes, Delphi and Mount Olympus after reading “The Glorious Adventure,” by Richard Halli- burton. He hails “In Brightest Afri by Carl Akeley, for its authenticity—"a | Telief after absurd ‘Trader Horn.'” | After months of preparatory reading, | prisoners write brief essays for the| newspaper on such subjects as “Is Edu- cation the Bunk?” “Is Willlam James’ lsead | in and cutting, b | biographies. and get out—and you will see the men working over their lessons. Many are educating themselves in prison; many have turned teachers and instruct others. One Negro convict has taught Spanish for five years and has had 1,000 inmates in classes or corre- spondence courses. Of 2,228 papers graded by the Uni- | versity of California extension depart- ment, only one received a failing mark. Al the grades were higher than for students living in homes, though the | same standard of marking was used. | These courses embrace many academic and vocational subjects. One is in home nursing and is being taken by a man whose wife is an invalid. He Is pre- paring for the time when he will be released, though it is years away. Folsom Prison, California’s Siberia, is do'ng uphill work with hardened crimi- |nals in for “long bits.” During May half the books sent there by the State | library were on law, asked for by men secking some means of release. And | books on prohibition have become pop- | ular—for, as one man sheepishly put it, “When you get in jail you kinda wish you'd known more about the laws.” On the opposite side of the continent, at Sing Sing the library is now having a regular Spring cleaning. A bright new room will permit 200 convicts to gather there for reading. This in itself is a great step forward, for many officials in the past have not dared to allow prison- ers to gather in such numbers. A new catalogue is being issued, and methods of calling books to everv man's atten- tion will be introduced. " “Prisoners find escape from morbidity and self-pity in moments spsnt with books,” seid Warden Lewis E. Lawes. “A well sppointed library can be of great help toward rehabilitation and is helpful in moments ¢/ irritation. I doubt, however, that it is decisive in an emergency.” Preventing such emergencies in Sing Sing, in so far as possible, is one of the tasks of the educational director, N. J. Henzel. We stood in the window of the AdTi}:}]slra(;lon building talking and watching the men in the recr by the Hudson. TR e Many Visit the Library. “In nine cases out of ten when a man leaves the reception company on com- ing in, his first visit is to the library,” ]| | | IN the Embassy Club. a couple of dukes. A he said. “Down there in the field is a lad who did just that and has contin- ued to use the library for 10 years. He was an East Side New Yorker who joined a gang at 20 and got caught during his first stick-up. But he hasn't wasted a moment since he came here. He had a sixth-grade education on en- tering. Now he is through high school and has taken correspondénce courses in bookkeeping. accounting and litera- ture. He's writing short stories and flt)ec.:l ve"ryuweurwuh them.” nvict refer to such study as “Making the old bit pay leldEyndS." However, this young man will have to t for his dividends from short-story iting until after he is released. New York permits no inmate to submit his Writings to newspapers, magazines or book publishers until after he leaves. New Jersey, however, only recently re- leased Lawrence Maynard, who had sold articles to several magazines while * Bt seems that smost seems that almost every man in prison s writing a story—usually auto- biographical. They have for inspira- tion not a few famous authors whose writing began behind bars. -O. Henry leads the list. He spent four years as No. 30664 in Ohio State Penitentiary, and while night clerk in the hospital began his first short story. The success of Jack Black's auto- iography, “You Can't Wih,” encour- ages hundreds to push pudgy pencils over miles of paper. And Oscar Wilde’s “De Profundis” awakens would-be bards to record their imprisonment in poetry. Prison Life Popular Topic. Any book dealirig with prison life is assured of feverish reading by convicts. “Condemned to Devil's Ieland” was read eight times in the first six weeks in one prison. “The House of the Dead,” by Dostoevski, is read because it records Siberian prison conditions. “The Pris- oner of Chillon,” by Byron; “Crime and Punishment in Germany,” by Hampe; “Be: Back” and “Through the Shadows With O. Henry,” by Al Jen- nings, are all read because of prisoners’ curiosity about others who have been imprisoned. Even “The Prisoner of Zenda” is read because of that fatal word in the title. ‘Writing poetry seems to be almost as much a weakness as writing auto- “Twice in our lives comes the urge to express ourselves in poetry,” one prisoner whimsically said. ‘“First, when we fall in love; secorid, when we come to jail.” Prison newspapers and magazines contain columns of poetry, one journal putting out a special poetry number each year. That which is printed rep- resents but a small part of what is written. Much of it deals with women. Completely cut off from anything feminine, they grow sentimental over wives, mothers, sweethearts or the girls of their dreams. The poetry they read is largely of romance and adventure, just as their fiction. Nowhere in the country is there such a completely developed system of serv- ice to prisoners as that offered by the ‘Wisconsin State Free Library Commis- sion to_the inmates of Waupan and Green Bay Prisons. Chester Allen in- terviews the men and draws them out as to what they would like to read or study. Be it aeronautics, cartooning, radio, Africa, fur farming, English his- tory, penmanship, painting or music, the choice is theirs. With that choice Mr, Allen sends to library headquarters & brief outline of the man’s educational znckxfound. temperament and ambi- jons. Psychology Obsolete?” “The Gist of Balesmanship.” “The Structure and Function of the Atom” and “A Brief| Analysis of Einstein's Theory of Rela- vity.” | To the person at liberty there can be | no conception of the relief that a pris- | oner finds in expressing himself some- | how—anyhow. It is a terrific blow to | the ego to be a number, to wear clothes, | to live and look just as thousands of others about you do. And when men- | tal and physical idleness are added something gives way—either the man’s | mind or the bars. Minnesota long ago recognized this need of men, and has supplied them | with books and study courses, the State | Legislature providing amply for this| phase of prison life. The State re- fomatory at St. Cloud, Minn., is doing | much the same work for younger men who are first offenders. Britain Makes Test 20 Years Ago. Books were made available to prison- ers in Great Britain 20 years ago, under & program of library administration similar to that upon which the United States is now embarking. It was de- cided at that time that mental food for British prisoners should cost net less than $1 a head a year, on the basis of average population. Only one or two American prisons to- day can equal that appropriation. In one New York institution, with a popu- lation of 1,600, $34 a year is spent for books. Most States are dependent upon @§ifts. In an Oregon road camp the men volunteered to eat less if the money saved could be used to buy books. Some- times private gifts or even State appro- priations for books are expended by of- ficlals for athletic equipment, motion pictures or instruments for the band. San Quentin, California, spent $5,000 wo years for nothing but text books. study by 15-watt lights. logis! said, / Course of Instruction Accepted. A personal note is injected into every recommendation. For instance, a man at Waupun wanted to study astronomy. His course opened with a paragraph telling the part stars have played in history, thinking and men’s lives. Then the librarian commends to him in this order such books as “Pageant of the Stars,” “Music of the Spheres,” “Path- finder Star Maps,” “Romance of the Sun,” “Stories of the Great Astrono- mers,” “Geology in Its Relation to Landscape” and Galileo’s biography. When I saw one of .thesg courses— a study of the therapeutic action of drugs—visions of clever murders arose, just as a suspicion always dawns when a course in penmanship is chosen. They always remind me of the counter- feiter in a Federal prison who com- plained: “There are no books on metal- | lurgy or engraving in the library. How can 1 keep up in my profession?” This Wisconsin prisoner, however, apparent- 1y had no ulterior motive. He had had two years in a medical college at a university before violating the law, and now, as he himself said, 1s “paying the price for making money the height of my ambition.” There are no records to show that men study to become more proficient in crime, though un- questionably there must be some such instances. Suspicion of every man’s motives, say authorities, would curtail benefits to hundreds. With the liberal and unlimited lists of books permitted men in several in- stitutions, it comes as a shock to find censorship so stringent in others. Some wardens are so puritanical that all de- tective and thriller stories are barred. The chaplain-librarian of one prison enforced strict censorship, yet in the library was “The Circular Staircase,” by Mary Roberts Rinehart; among books on architecture. Nor had he investigated Arthur Hamilton Gibbs’ “Soundings,” which was with the text- books on plumbing. Every thrilling” modern the bar was about to close. all prisoners, a lifer lbrarian, in for killing his wife, was remarking to his State superiors: “No, it should not be circulated. All the way through there is lots of advice about how to pick a lock and breek a safe, and many of our boys would be glad to get it.” At Sing Sing Warden Lawes be- lieves in some censorship, as “the aver- age prisoner is unusually responsive to suggestion and any literature that may tend to arouse undue emotionalism should be barred.” % The very population of penal insti- tutions necessitates a wide and varied library collection, for prisoners come from all walks in life. Eighty-five per cent of them are under the eighth grade, 12 per cent have attended high School and the remaining 3 per cent have gone to college at some time. The most serious reading in prisons is done by men under long sentence, especially lifers, who must occupy their minds, for insanity stalks the corridors of every prison. The lifers who do not expect pardons and a Teturn to normal life “go for the books.” They develop all sorts of hobbies through them and make an abnormal life fairly tolerable. One man, after reading on navigatian, built models of boats used throughout the ages, and now dealers clamor for his products. An Italian in ‘Wisconsin, | whose entire education in the English language was received in prison, is | student of literature and a short story writer, Lifer a Student of Botany. A California life-sentence man is a botany student, receiving specimens from prisoners in road camps. Many are aviation enthusiasts (one reforma- tory now gives & rflund course to in- mates), but one lifer reads technical books on flying, builds model planes and on an old map charts new courses of the Graf Zeppelin and Lindbergh. Because of the length of their sen- tences, lifers are used in the libraries. They know their men’s reading tastes and cater to them. For instance, a New Hampshire lifer reports that “one book on etiquette was too high priced for our budget, but we got one on the same subject at half its cost. There is considerable demand for it." In spite of the good that books have achieved, they have been used by some for sinister purposes, Volumes sent to prisoners often have carried dope, small saws, razor blades and code messages. Sometimes the binding has been opened and morphine, tiny saws or razor blades put inside. Occasionally the pages have been soaked in a morphine solution. Friends of prisoners used to underline words here and there over many pages, and when read together they formed a message. ‘These tricks have made it necessary in most prisons to bar gift books from individuals, except when mailed by publishers, In the case of community gifts, the books are rebound or carefully checked over. ~Secret Is Disclosed. Even inside the walls care must be exercised. In a New England tuber- cular prison dope and cigarettes were getting to the patients. The officials were puzzled, as the only outsiders per- mitted in the hospital were convicts | from the main prison, who waited on tables. In the dining room one day the librarian_saw & quick finger signal of 3, 4, 5 flash between a waiter and a patient. After lunch the patient went to the library and stopped at stack 3, and on shelf 4 took out book number 5. He asked that it be checked out to him. ‘The librarian opened it wide, and from the bulging back slipped cigarettes and matches, The “system” had been dis- closed. However, misuse of books is rare and in no way counteracts the vital good they do in rahabilitation. With an average of four unbroken hours each evening in which to read for study for years; with, as one prisoner said, “no fear of interruptions from door bells and telephones,” a man may achleve an excellent education at the same time that he is keeping out of mischief. Books are not the panacea for all prison ills, but their effect is amazing even in prisons where food is bad, where housing is inadequate and where the men are unemployed. The anes- thetize the past, they offer recreation for the present and they build hope for the future. Grand Old Explorer Ready to Join Byrd Marius Reonne, grand old man among explorers, returned to his na- tive town, Horten, recently after having accompanied Comdr, Byrd to the An- tarctic. He is now 69 years old but still in the best of health. He has enlisted for a new polar ex- pedition if Byrd goes southward again. He is enthusiastic about his experi- ences in Little America, a secluded Ant- arctic spot familiar to him as a result of his other visit when he accompanied Capt. Roald Amundsen to the South Pole in 1912, Among his other expedi- tions are those with Amundsen on the book was kept out, yet D" 's hard riding, hard fight- ing story in “The Three Musketeers” was considered a classic all men should read. “The Nigger of the Narcissus,” “San Quent d such by Conrad, was prohibited “because it is brutalizing.” Cholce of Books Presents Problem. It is dificult to get an agreement on what books should be permitted. time that 8 fessor of Ay wes. Iflt: M-ll’::lnm‘l be read by Fram, on the Gjoea, as well as the first a:pedlm tion to North Pole by air- RIS B bt e 2 rom the c wi e ho to the late Prof. London we visited a fash- jonable restaurant called It is a place where the hoity- toity dance, and my wife and I had the pleasure of feasting our middle class eyes on a large collection of young lords and ladies, with a sprinkling of multi-millionaires and even little after midnight a waiter stepped up to each ta- ble, according to the law and custom in England, and re- minded the diners politely that A few minutes later he came again and asked each diner to finish his drink because the glasses must be removed. A gay party had arrived only a little while before, headed by a younger son of his majesty, King George. I watched with interest to see wWhat would happen when the waiter visited that table. Would a prince of the blood be asked to give up his glass like any common man? Or would a polite eva- sion occur in the case of one so exalted? My question was quickly an- swered. The walter did, indeed, go to the prince’s table last. But when he arrived, the prince IN LATIN “From discussion arises the light.” A round-table discussion on inter- American problems will take place dur- ing the next two weeks in Charlottes- ville, Va., during the fourth annual ses- sion of the University of Virginia's In- stitute of Public Affairs. From August 5 to 16 there will be discussions, iec- tures and open forums on different as- pects of pan-American relations, in all of which outstanding representatives and expert internationalists of both Americas will participate. “From discussion arises the light™ There may still be some doubt linger- ing in the minds of the more pessimis- tic as tc the practical benefits of inter- national debates, but the truth is that nothing is of more aid to effective un- derstanding among nations—and to closer understandings—than these un- official meetings in which public men and representatives from different countries get together from time to time and ireely express their thoughts and their points of view. Here is a chance to hear both sides of the story and to form a judgment far more com- plete than the ones we get from one- sided reports in newspapers or from iso- lated and often selfishly inspired pieces of propaganda. Open discussion is the shortest road to understanding. And understanding is the first and most es- sential step in promoting good will and closer friendship among peoples. Officials to Participate. Some important United States offi- cials, two Latin-American chiefs of mission and other Latin diplomats, sev- eral well known professors and lectur- ers of American universities and a score of other prominent people interested in the study of inter-American problems will participate in the Virginia discus- sions. Minister from Panama, Dr. Ricardo J.)Alfaro, who played an out- standing role in the recent adoption of an_arbitration treaty among the na- tions of this continent, will be one of the speakers on the subject of “Our Treaty Relations With Panama.” The other speaker on this theme will be Henry Kittredge Norton, widely read American journalist and_authority on international affairs. The Minister from Guatemala, Dr. Adrian Recinos, and Prof. W. S. Robertson of the Uni- versity of Iliinols, will take part in & discussion of “Latin America, the Mon- roe Doctrine and the League of Na- tions.” ‘The open forum on the so-called Roosevelt doctrine of United States in- ternational police power in Latin Amer- ica will, be presided over by Dr. James Brown Scott, one of the foremost inter- nationalists of this country, secretary of the Carnegie Endowment for Inter- national Peace and candidate for the vacant seat of the United States in the World Court. Other distinguished par- ticipants will be Dr. W. W. Cumberland, American financial adviser to the Hai- tian government; Dr. Dana Munro, chief of the Latin American Division of the State Department; Mr. Franklyn Waltman of the Baltimore Sun, Prof. Leland Jenlks of Rollins College, Dr. Gustavo Gutierrez of the University of Havana, Cuba, and Dr. Carlos Eduardo Castaneda of the University of Texas. Six Main Questions. From this list and from the program of subjects scheduled for discussion at the round table on Latin America we may deduce the real significance of this international gathering. There are six main questions on the program; the first, “Intervention in Haiti,” is a per- manent source of controversy in pan- American relations and a subject of timely interest in view of the recent political incidents in the island repub- lic and the work of the American Com- mission sent there by President Hoover, The second, “Cuba and the Platt Amendment,” is the major problem in Cuban_American _relations,. involving not only political but economic conse- quences of far-reaching importanee to the very existence of the Cuban nation. The third, “Oil Legislation in Colom- ” acquires unusual importance on account of the inauguration this month of a new regime in Colomia, which will be presided over by an advocate of American economic penetration in the southern countries, who has already promised new ofl legislation in Colom- bia less restrictive of American inter- ests. “Our Treaty Relations With Pana- ma” will be the fourth topic discussed at_the round table, covering all the differences arising from the Hughes agreement, which aroused so much con- uoven{ in Latin America. The restric- tion of immigration from Mexico will be the subject of a discussion led by Dr. Castaneda, representing the Inter- American Institute of the University of Mexico; the timeliness of this topic is obvious if we remember the recent congressional moves to cut down Mex- ican ldor immigration to this coun- try. The sixth important topic for the round table will refer to the attitude of Latin America toward the Monroe Doc- trine and the League of Nutidns. This is, in itself, one of the mos; outstanding problems of pan-Americanism, which has always been the motive of endless arguments between Latin and Saxon interpreters. To Discuss Roosevelt Doctrine. Besides the round-table conferences after Nansen's funeral. He with him a N silk flag whi Bernt Balchen in his plane when he flew over the th Pole, and which he is to M)B it Prince Olav as & there will be an evening lecture on the (Copyright, By GASTON NERVAL. , and one | six ». C, took one last gulp and handed over the glass with a smile. A few hours previously: we had sat in one of the English law courts. A young man had been arrested only two weeks before, charged with the hein- ous crime of murdering his mother. In the space of a few days he was brought to ‘trial The jury was chosen in a cou- ple of hours, the case was heard fully, including the tes- *timony of medical experts, the verdict was found, and the murderer was sentenced. In our country the crime would have been a newspaper sensation for months, while 1830.) AMERICA ' Roosevelt policy of the “big stick.” No other attitude of the United States has given rise to more suspicion or caused greater harm to the progress of good international relations in the Americas than the so-called Roosevelt doctrine, setting forth not only the right but the duty of Uncle Sam to exercise an inter- national police power in Latin America, ‘The pride of the Latin Americans has always made them bitterly fight this principle, to which may be attributed the origin of the “Yankee imperialism™ legend down below the Rio Grande. That a clearer understanding of this and other aspects of pan-American problems may be attained as a conse- quence of these open, frank discussions is the earnest desire of all interested in the promotion of better and ever-grow- ing inter-American relations. . A Friend of Uncle Sam. August 7 will be a day of particular significance this year for the cause of pan-Americanism. A good friend of the United States will be inaugurated on that date President of Colombia, one of the largest and most important Latin republics of the continent. Senor En- rique Olaya Herrera, the new Chief Ex- ecutive of Colombia, was the diplomatic representative of his country in the United States for the last eight years, and only two months ago, after his elec- tion to the presidency, he was here winding up his work as Colombian Min- ister in Washington. In recent years suspicion of and lack of sympathy toward Uncle Sam had been Telt in certain Colombian quarters, a movement doubtless encouraged by enemies of this country or by those in- terested In hampering the commercial relations of the two states. For this purpose they had availed themselves of certain differences existing between the Colombian government and American oil interests, and raised the favorite war cry of “American imperialism.” And although the relations between the two countries have never ceased to be nor- mally cordial, the radical elements of Colombia, the Socialists and the “left wing,” had been boasting lately of the success of their mischievous propaganda to such an extent that some people were wondering whether Colombia might not ge really turning her back on Uncle a m. And then what happened? The man who had been the most earnest advo- cate in Colombia of friendship toward the United States was elected Presi- dent—a man whose name had been closely associateld with that of the United States in the minds of his coun- trymen, whose voice had been heard a hundred times in defense of the United States, and whose pen had written a hundred pages in support of pan- American ideals; a man who pledged friendship, trust and good will toward the ‘“great nation of the North” in his own political platform; a man who, after living eight years as the Minister of his country among the Americans, had learned to understand and to like them, as do most Latin Americans when ~they really know them; a man who, in short, was the leader, the typical exponent of that tendency toward trust in and co-opera- tion with the United States, Pubile Opinion Shown. ‘The overwhelming majority by which Senor Olaya was elected clearly show- ed that public opinion in Colombia, in spite of political intrigue, is friendly to the United States, toward American capital and American enterprise. No matter what the agitators may say, the Colombian people then proved them- selves to be on the right side, by sup- porting the man with the right cause, And this man will be inaugurated as President of Colombia on Thursday next. If for the Uinted States the inauguration of Senor Olaya has a re- markable significance, 1t will also have an extremely favorable effect on Co- lombia’s international position, and, therefore, a beneficial influence on Co- lombian credit. It will probably be easier now for Colombia to contract the loans she needs to carry on her public works program and to better her financial standing, for she will have the confidence and co-operation of American bankers. And all Colom- bians know what this means to them. Enrique Olaya Herrera, the new President of Colombia, has all the qualities requisite for success: !l{om.:t}‘. nly courage, eloquence, faith. O years ago he was I in university protests inst the dictatorship in his country. His marvelous addresses and inspired eloquence have won him first piace among Colombian orators, One South American writer sald of him: “He has been able, like Orpheus, to tame wild beasts with the music of his words, sand to make the mobs that came to stone him carry him home on their shoulders,” High Tariff, Imports and exports from and to Latin America have declined in the last manths, according to official réports from_ the De, ent of Commerce of the United States. After a period of several years of constant increase, Fohablias e Dogun 1o g5 o repul ve g0 ? The enemies of tectionist prof tarifts blame such e on the recently in- Nicaragua Canal project by Dr, Charles | creased duties passed by the C. Batchelder, and on Monday, August| United Sta Congress. charge 11, the open-forum discussion on the | these nmmmm AUGUST 3, 1930—PART TW! the trial dragged its dreary way through the maze of legal obstruction. We are ahead of the English in many ways. We do business more quickly, with more flex- ibility, and more steam. But when it comes to respect for the law they have us lashed to the mast. We pass thousands of laws and disregard them. The English pass fewer, but they certainly respect and en- force them. If you kill your mother over there you're hung, and promptly. And when the bar closes even the King can't get a drink. down Latin American exports to this country, and, as a consequence, with diminishing also their purchase of United States manufactured goods. The protectionists attribute this decrease in inter-American trade to the general business depression which is being felt throughout the world. They contend that not the tariff, but universally bad economic conditions are responsible for lower figures in foreign trade. / It is hard, until we have seen later developments, to find out who is on the right track. Possibly both are. Eco- nomic depression and high tariffs, com- bined, must have produced the present situation. In the meantime, and until we find out who is wrong and who is not, the fact remains that import and export trade between this country and the Latin republics has dropped several millions of dollars in the last semester. first five months of 1929 South America bought from the United States goods to the amount of $238,314,915 in the same period of 1930 she had made purchases in this country to the value of only $157,444,303. Exports to Central America also, fell from $36,593,078 in the first five mionths of 1929 to $31,698,- 637 in the first five months of the present year. Imports to this country from South America suffered a loss of nearly $70,000,000 in the same period of time and imports from Central America one ,of $4,000,000. This is not good news for American interests on the other side of the Rio Grande. i Mexican Disarmament. Thirty-five Mexican policemen en- tered the legislative palace .(the capi- tol) of Chihuahua the other day and disarmed all members of Congress and a good number of people in the gal- leries who carried latest-style guns on their hips. In Mexico to enter politics and to buy a six-barreled gun seemingly are almost Inseparable acts. All government offi- cials, members of Congress and politi- cal leaders are well protected against possible unpleasant surprises and at- tacks. Hence it is that Mexican elec- tions have a distinctly “Chicagoese” flavor. Only last week two casualties were reported in a sanguinary incident following the congressional elections in Chihuahua. ‘To avoid the repetition of similar dis- plays of passion the Mexican authori- tles are turning now to what seems to them a very right solution, the confisca- tion of all arms and “means of com- bat,” even if members of Congress have to _be the first to surrender their guns. 1 doubt if domestic disarmament bas many possibilities of success. Mexican elections without bullets apparently would be almost as strange as American elections without ts. (Copyright, 1930.) PUBLIC LIBRARY Recent’ accessions to the Public Li- brary and lists of recommended read- ing will appear in this column every Sunday. In the Sociology Room. Bogue, M. F. Administration of Moth- ers' Ald in 10 Localities, 1928. 1G83-B633. Bowen, Ezra. Social Economy. HOC- B673s, Diemer, G. W., and Mullen, B. V. Pu- pil’ Citizenship. IKF-D56. iott, H. S. The Process of Group Thinking. H-E1 54p. Giddings, F. H. The Mighty Medicine. IK-G36m. Keene, C. H. The Physical Welfare of the School Child. IRP-K25p. King, W. I, and Huntley, K. E. Trends in Phflln',hr]o)py. IG83-K61 t Schweickhard, D. M. Industrial Arts in uuc-wnom IKT-Schos. Wood, C. W. The Passing of Nor- malcy, I-W855p, History. Dibelius, Wilhelm. England. F45- D542.E. , A. D. On Board the Emma, Adventures with baldi's “Thou- sand” in Steily. -D89.E, Glbbt;lam‘. H. A. W@ Eorizons. JU- w. Alfred. Modern Europe. Young, A. M. Japan in Recent Times, 1912-26. F67-Y8. Nutrition. Blunt, Katherine, and Cowan, Ruth. Ultraviolet ht I;ld Vitamin D in Nutritigh, & u, Eddy, W. Nutrition. RU-Ed29n. , L: J. Nutrition Work with Children, QPB-R54n, Education, Alexander, Thomas, and Parker, Beryl. ‘The New Education in the German Republic. IK47-Al 23, Drobka, F. J. Education in Poland. 3. Mass Education in Eng- land, 1928. IK45-G 19m. Murray, A. V. The School in the Bush. TK70-M96. Prosser, C. A., and Allen, C. R. Have We Kept the Faith? America at the Cross-roads in Education. IK83-P94. Dressmaking. Dooley, W_’ H. Clothing and Style. TTC-D725. Hall, M. L Pashion Drawing and Dress , TTC-H 1461, Bewing Book. TT- ‘| Hohenzollern monarch~, Statistics reveal that while in the. (Continued Prom Third Page.) on Rome I chanced to be dining in the Athenaeum Club in London with an eminent historian and an English dip- lomat from the Paris embassy. At that time the king market had not re- covered from the depressing effects of ‘he war and was markedly bearish. “Good-bye, Victor Emmanuel!” was the tenor of the comments of both these knowledgeable men. They looked for & political abdicetion, “in the interests of the state,” after a brief period during which public opinifon was being pre- ed. p‘;ut the monarchy flourishes, although in cold sf e, and Crown Prince Um- berto's marriage to the pretty Belgian Princess Marie Jose has had the effect of putting down new strong roots. That royal house will probl‘l?ég flower pro- gressively as the dictatorship inevitably, in course of time, withers. It is so popular that Il Duce takes care to as- sociate himself with the King in all matters of constitutional principle and procedure, and never allows the King | to be photographed alone — Mussolini | must always by his side. Royalist Party in France. There is a Royalist party in France, which, although somewhat in the na-| ture of a comic opera affair, tentialities sufficiently alarming for the pretender to the French throne to be kept 1n exile by the government, while his son is refused admission to a French university and to the French Army. Monarchist sentiment in republican | Germany is sufficiently strong for the government to be unable to keep the crown prince out of the country, and the possibility of a restoration of the at least in Prussia, is one which every realist Eu- ropean statesman includes as a factor in his calculations in estimating future situations. Early last month Count Bethlen, prime minister of Hungary, arrived in London. He sat at dinner tables with his dark, lively, good-looking wife, an enigmatic, thin, silent man. Care seemed to sit heavily on him despite his gay company. And no wonder. He had come to consult with the Brit- ish Government concerning the ulti- mate disposal of the throne of Hun- ary. i Next November Archduke Otto will be 18, a legal age, and it is confidently expected he will claim the throne from which his late father, King Charles, Emperor of Austria and King of Hun- gary, had to flee. Archduke Otto at present is in Belgium with his mother, the ex-Empress Zita. All his life he has been brought up with the idea of being king one day. His brothers and sisters have to address him as their sovereign, and servants have to walk ut backward from his presence. The Hungarian minority in Transyl- vania, that huge rich territory carved out of Hungary after the war and hand- ed over to Rumania, want Otto and a resurgence of nationalism in their old lhomellnd—lnd the revision, by force or otherwise, of the Trianon treaty em- bodying the transfer. But many of the | Hungarian loyalists are opposed to the succession of the Hapsburgs, and they are offering the Hungarian throne to King Carol of Rumania. The French government has been supporting the claims of Carol, and it is quite probable that the French government would rather see a united Hungarian-Ruma- nian empire than a return of the Haps- burgs. Italy, on the other hand, wants Otto as a foil against French influence, and is accused of actively plotting a coup d'etat. Plan Is Qutlined. Czech secret service for the timely pub- lication of news of hostile intrigues di- rected by exterior powers against the Jugoslavian state, exploded detalls of the alleged Italian coup one day late in June, and set all the chancellories of Europe humming and half the war min- isters calling for the relevant maps. ‘The archduke, the story goes, is to make a journey, ostensibly for purposes of study, accompanied by Belgian national- ist students, which will culminate in a visit to Budapest. { On his arrival in that capital Otto will be proclaimed King of Hungary as the denouement of a closely worked out plot which has already advanced far. Before Otto’s arrival thousands of Italian officers and men, dressed as civilians, will be smuggled into Hungary. The Italian Army also will support the “putsch” by a march across Southern Austrian territory into Hungary. The idea is to confront the little entente with a flat accompli. It sounds wild enough, but Mussolini has been intriguing in Hungary for years, there have been several arms smuggling incidents implicating Italy, and both Jugoslavia and Rumania are always complaining of hostile Italian moves calculated either to weaken them or to detach them from their military alliance with France. One may safely say that if Otto did come to the Hun- arian throne Mussolini would stand imself several drinks of his favorite Lachrymae Christi. There is, of course, always the i- bility that Queen Marie, that formidable matchmaker, might pull off another of her celebrated matrimonial coups and marry her youngest daughter, the lovely Ileana, to a restored Otto, thus uniting Rumania_and Hungary in one royal family. But how Carol and Otto would get on together is a question. ‘Wants King in Greece. ‘The Rumanian Queen is kept pretty busy trying to interest the influential ones of Europe, and especially the mag- nates of international finance, in the idea of restoring the monarchy in Greece. Greece has suffered much from its kings, and especially from the crazy Constantine, who was afflicted by a Napoleonic complex. But former King George, Carol's brother-in-law, is voted a nice young man, and nothing really stands in the way of his return except a bunch of politicians who are growing neither younger nor more popular. One day, perhaps, some interested millionaire will finance a coup, as Za- haroff financed the Venezelan scheme for a Greater Greece, and then George will desert the tennis courts of English country houses and the dance restau- rants of London and Paris for the not unpicturesque life of a king in the royal palace at Athens. He is a most Anglicized member of royalty in looks and tastes. He had & spell of training as & youth in the Brit- ish navy, and English imperialists would not be sorry to see him restored. But Italy, to curb whose aspirations in Asia Minor Lloyd George and the late Mar- quis Curzon urged Greece into her dis- astrous war, financed by a Greek-born French domiciled munitions magnate possessed of an English knighthood— Italy, which hates the idea of an An- glicized Greek naval bastion to the east of her, interfering with her freedom of view and action in the eastern Mediter- ranean, would be extremely annoyed. Hence, as useual, a whole web of in- trigue and counter intrigue, influence and counter influence, at the back of this pleasant young ex-King who now saunters around the playgrounds of England and France with Ru- manian wife. after Carol's advent in A few da Rumania, a dark and romantic-look- royal box at Ascot. It was Prince Da- nilo of Montenegro, whose wife claims both King George V and Queen Mary as her cousins. When he was last in London, in 1913, he came with all the pomp and honor of the heir to the Montenegrin throne—young, romantic and acclaimed. Now he has no throne; his kingdom vanished in the post-war Balkan merger operations. In London he stayed in a hotel like any common- er, only & derby-hatted detective on duty outside the double doors of his suite in- uthorities romantic person still, a crown prince of that part of where such fantasies as the coup can occur. A few months ago_an action” of some years' standi wg lecided in his favor, granting him damages inst_an American company for thelr version of “The L:nd who puts up a brave show. ing | took several of the staff with 3 Mt Widew,” which was adjudged to Mdeaum ‘He held that it injured his prospects to be depicted in the Alm in scandalous and lewd scenes heaven,” said he to reporters, “the honor of the Montenegrin court is ¥in= dicated.” He has not lost hope of sitting on the throne of a restored Montenegro. Who knows what may happen in Eu- rope? One war absorbed his little na- tion in the combined Kingdom of the Croats, Slovenes and Serbs, Another may well break up that new conglom- erate state, and he may be put on the throne of his forefathers. He ought to derive some encourage- ment from the high adventure of Zog. that 33-year-old mountain chieftain in Albania, who two vears ago successfully turned himself into a king and his country into a European kingdom, the newest and smallest on the Continent. King Zugo I functions now as the undisputed autocrat of his country and the idol of his people. He holds an infant fort between the huge and ag- grandized Jugoslavia, stretching eagerly for an outlet to the Mediterranean, and a glowering Ttaly, desperately determ- ined to bar the way to that outlet. He may be in Mussolini’s pocket, since that potentate lent him $10,000,000 and se- cured the right to train the Albanian army and build strategical roads and , works in Albania, but among his own 800,000 subjects he is very much the King. "“Fhe only difference kingship has made to me,” he told an inquirer re- cently, “is that instead of working eight hours a day 1 now work 18, and I carry the responsibility of the whole 1am only a simple workman do- v job. That is all kingship means Absolutism Is Gone. Kings! Outside wild mountain states, they are not what they used to be. They can no lcnger impose themselves, €x= ploit, dominate, rule in the absolute tradition and claim to hold their thrones directly of God. They are summoned now by peoples or by political groups or levered position by interested great powers. But mainly they are wanted and ‘weicomed by peoples who, unable to find a leader made of ordinary human material and possessed of the essential attributes of leader- ship, hanker for a symbol around which to wreath their hopes, fears, as- irations and longings for stability—a E‘ns who lcoks like a leader, even if he is not one; who seems to be above the politicians; who promises permanence Look at Carol, a weak, amorous rince, recalled to further ihe interesis and fortunes—of whom? Of the peas- ant masses! The interests one normally associates with kings, the nobles, the financial powers, the banker industrial- ists, the boyars—these were exacty the interests hostile to Carol, and it was to break them that the astute peasant leaders staged the Carol coup. Politicians can safely be behind the times, and usually are; but today in Europe princes are perceiving that it is politic to be ahead of them. ror princes are the kings of tomorrow, and kings in the scientific age who want to hold their thrones must identify themselves with the high adventure of life and progress. Consider the Prince of Wales, the best living example of the efficient mod- ern prince. Lean, brown, sinewy, ac- tive, restless, adventurous, far-ranging, enduring—he himself is characteristic of the new age into which man is mov- ing so fast that the entire world s dis- organizeq by the speed and range of the great transiticn. One perceives him consciously’ fitting himself for a world The Pravo Lidu, often used by the | which in 15 years will be as different | from the world of 1930 as that world is | from the world of 1900. Wales Is Adaptable. He possesses the most valuable qual- ity of all—adaptability. He ranges far. It is the tradition that the King ot England must not leave the island save in some such emergency as an illness, a cure, or a historical occasion, like the Eoerlt;sauon of tie Emperor of India at But the Prince of Wales as King will probably break this tradition and go on making a regular annual trip to jungle or Icke or mountain or ranch, living in the simplest fashion, hardening his body and storing his nervous batteries—and incidentally strengthening by his pres- ence the ties which bind distant lands in the British Empire chain to the mother island, and the idea of the throne as the keystone in the imperial structure. ‘The Prince of Wales is in the van of the young men and women who are blazing the adventurous trail into a larger and freer age. He has reoriented his life lately by giving up hunting and steeplechasing, by cutting down on dancing. by extending the range of his pastimes to include golf (at which he used to be no good), by enlarging his bachelor quarters and planning an even larger social life. And all the time he goes about more {reely than any prince since Haroun al Raschid walked the streets of Bagdad. More and more he finds ways of meet- ing privately and informally men who matter—matter not because of inher- ited rank or high titles, but because of achievements. From his home he rings up commoner friends of humble birth. He finds time to write them friendly little letters in his own hand. The kings and princes of yesterday did not do_these things—they could not do them. But times and men change at a tempo that constantly increases, and kings must change, too, or perish. If William II of Germany had kept pace with a changing world, he would hold this throne today. If he had not been an astounding anachronism, a throw-back to the vanished day when a king could say “L'etat c’est mol,” and not lie, he would not today hide his aging head in a Dutch castle behind a barbed-wire fence. Nor would have acquired a new face, nor wi the orientation of world economics and financial power be what it is, nor would the bones of 9,000,000 men molder in the bloody track of the greatest and most destructive war in the history of man’s sojourn on the planet. A solemn thought, which may escape at_least one of the latter-day dictators —but is not lost on any of the latter- day kings. 2 Psychiatrist I;:p;;d By Iceland Official Dr. Helgi Tomason, Iceland's greatest authority on psychiatry, has publicly declared that Iceland’s minister of jus- tice, Jonas Jonsson, is insane. Justice Jonsson has answered by Dr. Tomason from his position as chief physician of Iceland’s official asylum for mental diseases. These are the dramatic featurcs of a controversy which has divided the whole Icelandic population into two camps, and which threatened to overshado-. the festivities in connection with the millennium of the Alting. The climax was reached after years of unceasingly defaming one another. In reality, how- ever, the controversy is based on the antagonism between farmers and towns- ing young man was observed in the | people ple. Minister Jonsson is both the most loved and most hated man in Iceland. Farmers_idolize him, much as Fascists admire Mussolini. Much of what the present Icelandic governmeht has ac- complished is sald to have been in- spired by Mr, Jonsson, and he is pop- ulfll".lly; called “the dhmlor."m pel controvs iween the minister and Dr. Tmnnmwm brought to public notice through a letter which from political opponents for years ha id rumors that he (the mmum-v)' . It was this public letter used Dr. Tomason to declare publicly that the minister was n Dr. Tomason left his he insane. ‘Whe ital he now advertises that he is willing to treat all patients from his old asyjum asylum. gratis if will Jeave the