Evening Star Newspaper, August 3, 1930, Page 27

Part 2—10 Pages WORLD WAR $25,000,000,000 PENSIONS U. S. Launched on Policy of Compensa- tion_Declared Capable of Reach- ing That Figure. BY JOHN SNURE. HALF billion dollars a year for pensions, and that before many years have rolled by, is one of the legacies left to this coun- try by the World War. Prob- ably that annual expenditure will be largely exceeded. ‘When, just before the end of the last gession of Congress, the Johnson bill to nsion World War veterans was passed B;thetwohmueslndsmnedbyt.he President, it was predicted that the pen- sion system thus inaugurated would ul- timately cost the Government billions of dollars. Few realized, however, that this meant not a few billions, but many billions, and that the pension system thus established would stretch its costly way far beyond the life of the present generation. % The pension experts of the Govern- ment do not attempt to forecast what the pensions for the World War vet- erans ultimately will cost the Nation. All they will predict is that the ex- nditures will run far into the bil- jons, that it will be without parallel in the history of this or any other country, and that it will continue for many decades. Huge Debt Contracted. When the World War closed, the TUnited States Government had piled up a debt of more than $25,000,000,000. Vast as is that sum, it is not out of bounds to say that before the last al- Jowance for compensation or is made for & World War veteran or his widow another $25,000,000,000 will have been paid out. It was recently announced that the last veteran of the Mexican War had died. In other words, it was 83 years after the armies of Scott and Taylor marched against Mexico that the last man who had fought under their ban- ners passed on. means that when the year 2,000 arrives, a few survivors of the World War will be living. Pen- sions for World War veterans, on this basis, will still be paid in the year 2,000. Of course, the number of pen- sions paid to World War veterans then will be insignificant and the total will dwindle much before then. But it is not to be overlooked that the wir widows will have to be taken into account. It is now 115 years since the victory of Jackson at New Orleans marked the end of the fight in the War of 1812. Yet there are widows of the War of 1812 still on the pension roll, and on this basis it may be an- titipated that widows of the veterans | enrolled for the World War will still be drawing pensions in the year 2033. Cannot Estimate Total. No accurate basis is afforded for estimating the probable expansion of the pension system for World War vet- erans. The experience with Civil War pensions is of value, of course, and so is the Spanish-American War - ence.. But neither is an accurate guide. One reason is that the Nation is show- ing a dlsg::mnu to be mere generous than it ever been before to its soldiers. Another is that the reduced | 55 value of the dollar tends to increase the allowance in dollars to ‘veterans. The eiement of politics cannot be overlooked. More than 4,000,000 men were called into service in the Army and Navy in the recent war and it was inevitable that their demands should have great weight. The recent session of Congress passed an act for :hublh‘/ pensions ranging from $12 a month for 25 per cent dis- ability to $40 a month for total dis- ity. It was estimated by the Vet- erans’ Bureau that this 156,000 would be granted pensions this fiscal year and that the sum paid out to these pen- sioners would be slightly more than $25,000,000. was calculated this would grow to ,000 in 1935 and that the pension payments then would total about $80,000,000. It is not to be overlooked that the compensation law already on the statute books is not interfered with, that more than 2 half million veterans of the World War have been granted com tion and that the disabled veteran who is entitled to compensation | may elect to obtain it instead of a| pension. Rush to File Claims. The estimates which were given to Congress as to the probable cost of the | pension system seem certain to be far | too low. Experts of the Veterans' Bu- | reau already predict that long before 1935 the sum of $80,000,000 will have been lef. far bchind. In fact, the esti- mafes for the current year will prove inadequate, judging by the rush which is already on to file applications for pensions under the new act. It is predicted by the Veterans' Bu- reau that if the machinery for passing on applications does not get clogged up the estimate of 156,000 pensions for this fiscal year will be exceeded. One factor which may temporarily hold down the total is the lack of sufficient medical examiners to meet the rush of applications and dispose of them quickly. Before the passage of the pension measure, recently enact>d, about 500,- | 000 applications for compensation were turned down, largely be | plicant could not prove that his dis- ability was wof service origin. Under the new law such proof will not be re- quired. | Consequently, it is calculated by some | experts that most of the men who have been refused compensation will make | application for pension and that in most_instances they will be pensioned. Pensioning of one man in a community paturally will lead others to apply. Move to Increase Pay. Besides, there is no doubt that a tre- mendous movement will begin before use the ap-| long in Congress to increase the amount | of the pensions over those granted in | the recently passed Johnson act. Those pensions, or “disability allowances.” were bitterly scored in the debates in Senate and House, especially in the Senate, on the ground that they 'Ie* too low. It was charged that in # case of a totally disabled man they were absurdly inadequate. The next Congress will witness a stiung movement to increase the rates. That movement may be checked tem- porarily, but i will not be for long. t % the judgment of nearly every ob- server that the new pension law will prove only the first step in the direction of much more liberal pesision legislation for the World War veterans. Any doubt on this score may be set- Jed by considering the course of pen- sion legislation for the veterans of the Civil War. the act of 1890 the maximum allowance for a. fully dis- abled soldier was $12. .By legislation this year & Civil War veteran who served 90 days and was honorably dis- * charged is entitled to $75 a month, and if he requires an attendant he is en- titled to $100. By repeated acts of legislation the allowance to the Civil War veteran has been increased steadily, and whereas the uriginal practice was to grant pen- #jons to Civil War «veterans based on dissbility the system was changed efentually to a service pension system EDITORIAL SECTION he Sunday Star. MAY COST under which on reaching a certain age the veteran would be regarded as fully disabled and unable to do manual labor. In a speech in the House last Jan- uary Representative Willlam F. Kopp of Towa, member of the Pensions Commit- tee, gave a history of pension legislation in this country. It shows that the practice of granting pensions began with the Continental Congress and that se s were granted sooner or later to the veterans of every im- portant war this country has been en- Wed in, including the Revolution, the ar of 1812, the Mexican War, the Civil War and the Spanish War. Mr, Kopp declared that the policy of service pensions would never be aban- doned and that a service pension would follow the World War. He declared the country would inevitably take up with the service pension system for the World War vetegans. Mr. Kopp spoke prophetically, though the pension legislation for World War veterans came about much sooner than even he had anticipated. Just as the allowances to the veterans of the Mexican War, the Civil War and the Spanish War have been increased from time to time, so the allowances or pensions for World War veterans will be steadily augmented. That fact seems indisputable and inescapable. ‘The records of the Pension Bureau show that the greatest number of pen- sioners on the rolls in the past was reached in 1905. The total was 1,001,- 494. Not wmll but nearly all of these were veterans of the Civil War or their widows. About 2,000,000 men enlisted in the northern armies in the war of 1861-65. In the World War, there were about 4,500,000 in service. May Put 2,000,000 on Roll. ‘When it is considered that the Gov- ernment has begun service pensions for World War veterans within little more than 11 years after the end of this war—much earlier than in the case of other conflicts—it seems a safe predic- tion that there will ultimately be on the pension rolls of the Government more than 2,000,000 pensioners of the World War, in addition to those of other wars. What this will mean in dollars can only be conjectured. It may be pointed out, however, that if 2,000,000 pen- sloners were paid each $250 a year the total would be $500,000,000. the average Spanish War pension now is about $32 a month, or $38¢ a year. Obviously, when predictions are made of a World War pension expenditure of $500,000,000 a year they cannot be looked on as out of bounds, or exag- gerated. In the year ended June 30, 1905, the annual pension expenditure was $136,- 745,205, That was when the army of pensioners ran over 1,000,000, At pres- ent, with the number of pensioners fewer than half what it was in 1905, the expenditure is about $220.000,000. ‘The explanation is that while the num- ber of pensioners has declined, espe- cially those of the Civil War, the pay- ments per person have increased question the poliey of Con- be to pay World War vet- scale, and thus the aggregate as the years go by will be- come enormous. On the other hand, the national wealth has become such that it will be contended the country is better able to pay liberal pensions to veterans than it was two or three decades ago. Politics Called Factor. In the recent debates in Congress | there was talk of politics in connection wih pensions. And instances were cited where men with little service to their atly. Without gress will erans on a liberal disputed. They have been more or less interrelated since the days when Julius Caesar was hard put to find land to bestow on his clam- orous veterans who wanted to be pen- sioned in acres for their service in the Gallic wars, or since the time when Pompey found land in Spain to satisfy his legionaries. Politics will drive Congress to enact further pension legislation and will drive the White House sooner or later to sign it. And politics will play its part in the administration of the law by the Veterans’ Bureau, of which Gen. Frank T. Hines the head, whether officials admit it or not. Every Senator and every Representa- tive has claimants for pensions on his hands whom he feels it incumbent on | him for political or other reasons to | satisfy, In return he expects the polit- ical support of the pensioner. From this source and from organizations of the veterans there is pressure on the veterans’ administration which cannot as a practical fact be resisted. Special Pension Bills. Besides, there is the system of enact- ing at every session of Congress spe- pension bills for the relief of those claimants who for technical or other reasons cannot pass the pension au- thorities. It is asserted that politics plays a part in such measures, despite the fact that members of the Pensions' Committee deny it and assert that the special cases are considered as fairly |as a court of equity would consider them, Tegardless of whether the appli- cant is Republican or Democrat. The fact seemsto be in any euent that the individual cases relating pensions in which politics is played are but a small fraction of the cases which are disposed of by the Govern- ment officials. Most of the applications, which are now coming in by the thou- sand, are made on blank forms through the regional offices of the veterans' ad- ministration and will be handled as a matter of routine. Now and then, where a case has a doubtful aspect and gets clogged, the good offices of a Senator or_Representative will be enlisted. The largest and most important as- pect, of politics in connection with pen- sions concerns not the individual cases, but the recurring bills for higher rates |and more liberal pension legislation | The history of the country’s important sension laws shows that not many mem- bers of either House stand cut against such proposals. (Copyright, 19%0.) Army Unit in Ha\; ; Listed for R?duction Reduction of the garrison of Hawali, Uncle Sam's largest Army post, is indi- cated in orders from the War Depart- ment _cutting down the strength of the 11th PField Artillery. This regiment, sta. tioned at Schofield Barracks, is one of the veterans in point of service in Honolulu. The orders are to cut it by one battalion (about 210 men). This will be done by not giving replacements to this battalion and its remnant to other Artillery battalions. Whether further reductions are contemplated for the immediate future is not known. The Army, however, is entering a large program of building, much of which is made necessary by the depreciation of the wooden buildings in which geveral of the outfits have been housed for{years. - | months before at news of the Colorado. to] WASHINGTO BY BERNICE GOSULICH. IRE, spreading with amazing ra- pidity, swept through the cell block tiers of the Ohio State Pen- itentiary one night last April. Prisoners beat on the locked bars of their cells and pleaded to be let out. Guards, helpless to aid them, raced in confusion under the roaring roof. In the heart of Columbus flamed a pyre within walls where prison breakers were being consumed by fire their own hands had ignited. The night wore on and the flames subsided. Dawn revealed the reddest page in American prison history, and the Nation, over its breakfast, shud- dered at this result of an attempted prison break. So, too, had America shuddered six prison battle at Canon City. Machine guns rat-tatted through the night of October 4, pockmarking walls behind which prisoners held guards as hostages. Bombs burst, rifies cracked, the eity rofked as dynamite was exploded in an endeavor to crush the cell walls and the convicts' spirit. Throuugh 17 long hours the battle continued. When it had at last subsided sevep guards and five prisoners lay dead ‘amid ruined State property. z On the heels of these two great out- bursts one learns that Federal prison authorities are installing trained libra- rians to build up book collections and sponsor reading among convicts in five Government, penal institutions. Has Uncle Sam grown sentimental, concerned with a frill? Not a bit of it. | BY POULTNEY BIGELOW. OORN.—We shall know defi- | nitely who started the World | War when we shall have solved | the still greater mystery sur- rounding the origin of our Civil War, to say nothing of the War with Spain in 1898. The former Kaiser hotly denies that | he either desired or helped organize this monstrous crime. He has no secrets on the subject. His archives are open to the world. History will record that | when Russia mobilized Germany was in | her normal condition—her officers on {urlough as usual—the Kaiser taking his customary hegira in the fjords of Nor- way—not a single military move that was not usual to Germany in time of eace. France, Russia and England were, however, persuaded that the Kaiser in- tended war, and, it was easy to persuade | the people of this in countries where people think only what they have seen in print. France wanted Alsace-Lorraine, Russia bore Germany a long-standing grudge, England felt keenly the loss of trade_owing to competition from over the Rhine. Part of the press was, of | course, hostile to the house of Hohen- | zollern, "and that explains why in| | America, no less than in France and | England, we heard little of the Kaiser that was complimentary. | He told me of the efforts he had | made ever since his accession of the throne to remain friendly with England and insure the peace of Europe. | | _ Here is an instance that I have rectly from his lips and that is his- torically corroborated by competent wit- nesses, | When Queen Victorla was dying he | hastened to England as her grandson. | | _He had ample excuse for sending | a royal prince in his place, for in t | year (1901) there were pressing duties in Berlin. However, he dropped all mat- | ters of German state in order to be | at her bedside. And then he hurried back to his capital, but returned with- in a few days for the most impressive | funeral that I have ever witnessed. Edward Toasts Kaiser. Edward VII now reigned in her place. After the usual nus“ne memblepd at | | and guests from afar—by wa a | farewell gathering. . AL The German Emperor was, of course, the guest of honor by reason of his imperial title and far more from hav- ing ever been a favorite of the dead | Queen. It was | James’ Palace. ent, including a few Ambassadors and military attaches in attendance upon sovereigns present, E'::‘n‘rrd vII tmle and proposed t}u cus toast, & perfunctory compli- ment, bfl&lnl at William II. > » ‘The Kaiser, of course, responded. But the Kaiser was not perfunctory. | while | di- | small affair at St.| Perhaps 40 were pres- | lication. D. C, SUNDAY MORN AUGUST THE LIFERS WHO DO NOT EXPECT PARDONS USUALLY “GO FOR THE BOOKS.” between books and prison disorders. ‘Those State prisons in which there are excellent librarfes and where ‘prisoners are most interested in reading have been noticepbly free from such mad outbursts as_those at Columbus and Canon City. Uncle Sam realizes that mental idle- ness among criminals is costly, and he is endeavoring to combat this dangerous idleness with a rehabilitative force. Through a national survey of State and Federal prison conditions he has found that books promote better discipline and Germany and England to shake hands and unite in maintaining peace. He pointed out that England should continue as the strongest force afloat, Germany should maintain her present_military rank on shore. All this was before the Russo-Jap- anese War and prior to the big naval program passed by the German Relchs- ag. That was the most important speech ever made by one sovereign to another —or, should I say, by one constitu- tional monarch to another. It was the most solemn moment in the life of Edward VII; it was the grandest op- portunity that ever man had for uncle and nephew-to clasp hands across the coffin of their beloved kin and swear that no saber should rattle in all Eu- rope so long as they had the power to prevent it. 1t lay in the power of Edward VII to press that offered hand and to con- summate the most agdent praer of & world groaning under® the dread of war. He would have brought sunshine into every cottage that harbored an| honest farmer family. But Edward VII let that golden mo- ment pass. He did more. He struck out from the official re- port in the Court Circular every word in that memorable speech referring to German friendship; and England was not allowed to know the truth—-not a penciled one authorized by the new ing. 'ARd that blue pencil was wielded by the King himself. Tool of Money Lenders. It is a sad commentary on our mod- ern press that the world was not per- mitted to receive this message at such A moment. We can draw but one con- clusion: Edward VII was the willing tool of complaisant money lenders on men on the other. In short, he en- Couraged the sentiment that clamored for war against Germany. Sir Frank Lasoelles was at that uncheon—the then Bitish Ambassador in Berlin. He warmly thanked the Kaiser for the olive branch extended by luncheon a few members of his family | him and hoped that his words would be given the widest publicity throughout the world. To this William II made the only an- swer possible—that, as his words were made in answer to the toast of their host-at a family gathering, it was for Edward VII to give them out for pub- At this gathering was another friend, the then military attache in Berlin, Gen. W. H. H. Waters. He has been an intimate of mine for more than a half century, and he heard every word of the Kaiser's response. Moreover, Waters is the soul of truth, and his courage is moral no less than military. He has re- On the contrary, he told his august uncle that the moment-had ved for ' this cently published his recglections, and episode is carefully rded. / newspaper had any report beyond the | bald, perfunctory and very much blue-| An extensive and progressive program of prison administration in all its phases has been formulated by Sanford Bates, superintendent of Federal prisons, and the Department of Justice, and has been indorsed by President Hoover. It calls for such items as an increase in num- ber and diversity of prisons, the expan- sion of educational work and the use of all effective rehabilitation methods. Libraries come under the last two rec- ommendations, “If 1 could choose only one of the credit were getting liberally compen-|In reality he is concerned with prison | aid rehabilitation and thus help to min- | agencies necessary for & well rounded Isl::::d Pem?l;n::: itics are closely | breaks—for there is a vital connection | imize prison breaks. » g i program of education in a penal insti- “ We have no biography of Edward VII—unless we can apply so respectable a term to the work of “Sidney Lee.” I read the pages of Mr. “Lee” with care, but such truths as the above were omitted. Pity, then, the future historian who earnestly pravs for light. Which way can he turn without meeting a propagandist? The Kaiser's testimony is the more precious to me because it is in perfect accord with what I had already heard from Gen. Waters. As to Bismarck and the Franco-Rus- sian alliance, the Kaiser said much, but without bitterness, though he felt very keenly on this painful matter. His ex- act words I cannot repeat, but an epito- me will perhaps be enough. Admonlllo:’l of William I. On his deathbed the venerable Wil- liam I, founder of the German Empire and grandfather of William II, adjured his grandson to make Russian friend- ship the chief aim of his reign. This was told to me many years ago by the Kaiser, immediately after the break with Bigmarck, and to a nature so loyal the words of his grandather were bind- g. 1t was a political mistake on the part of the then .young Emperor to accept such post-mortem burdens, "and I made no concealment of my opinion either to | him or to the world at large. The old | Emperor had a sister on the Russian throne, and his personal relations with | al"l:] then Czar Nicholas I were very cor- But these good old people died and Europe went on in channels wholly un- expected. The Crimean War had been long and had settled nothing, though it was a disappointment for St. Peters- burg that neither Prussia nor Austria | offered to help the Czar, who had helped them in 1848. Next came the great Russo-Turkish | War of 1877—another long and costly one, wherein once more St. Petersburg | the one hand and jingo English trades- | jooked in vain toward Berlin and Vienna. | The Russian army reached the suburbs | of Constantinople, the Turkish army | 'was defeated and the Czar expected soon to attend an Orthodox Greek serv- ice in a soon to be expurgated mosque at St. Sofia. But onee more this cup of antici- Pned triumph was dashed from his ips. A British fleet anchored in the Dardanelles and Russia marched her armies back to their paternal steppes. Bismarck, however, now came with fair words and a kindly, hcnest manner and promised Russia that if they would attend an international congress in Ber- lin he, the Iron Chancellor, would sup- port them warmly and that thus they would ultimately obtain their hearts’ desire, | Persuaded by Bismarck. ‘They at first refused-to come, but the d. ‘They came-——but they returned empty handed and sulky. i i 1 c- persuasion of Bismarck finally suc b 3, 1930. Making the “Old Bit” Pay How Uncle Sam, Through Education Behind the Bars, Is Trying to Rehabilitate Men PRISONERS BEAT ON THE LOCKED DOORS OF THEIR CELLS AND PLEADED TO BE LET OUT. | tution,” says Austin H. MacCormick, as- sistant Federal prison superintendent, “I should choose adequate library.” ‘This is just at the.chief librarian in Washington and his five assistants, who Nve in the Federal prisons, are developing. These men are expertly trained not only in library mechanics, but in the promotion of reading, whether for entertainment or education. ~n the past, ‘Pederal prison libraries have been mgde up of collections from war-time *soldiers’ camps, public dona- tions and gifts. They have been housed in dark, crowded corners and cared for by untrained prisoners working under equally untrained chaplains. The only reading done was voluntarily, the men seeking to alleviate the locked in “the drums.” Antiquated Text Books Discarded. Now the antiquated text books and fiction will be weeded out, new volumes added and the whole expertly cata- logued. Dark corners will be Teplaced by special rooms. Most important of all, the new librarians will concern themselves with getting books to the attentien of all of the prisoners. ‘The new program will endeavor to change the course of men’s thoughts. It has been asserted repeatedly that you can't reform a crook—he has got to do it himself-—and it is hoped that books will help him get going under his own steam. ‘That is what happened to Jim, who T (Continued on Fourth Page.) tedium of hours Ex-Kaiser Denies War Guilt Reveals Incidents of Past to Confirm View—Tells How Russia Was Estranged. And thus from year to year, so far from welding more securety the tradi- tional alliance with Russia, Bismarck sowed the seeds of discord and handed over to William II a Germany weakened by having to the ward a nominal friend, but a secret enemy. The Kaiser is himself so frank and truthful that it is not easy to make him think ill of those who are agree- able personally and who flatter him. He has had very few successes in the field of diplomacy, and none of his official advisers have' proved themselves able or fearless ministers—we look in vain for a Talleyrand, a Cecil, a Cavour. The late Czar Nicholas II was hostile to the Kaiser from the beginning of their intercourse, and this ill will he in- herited from his fathef, Alexander IIL To me it was very significant that Nich- olas II was never taught German, al- though when the Kaiser told me that fact he made no comment, 1t was no seeret in Pariflthat if ever France was to recover Strassburg it must be by Russian aid; and so, by the exer- cise of patience and infinite skill Europe was finally amazed at seeing an ortho- dox Russiari Czar in the cordial embrace of a republican French President. Responsibility of Bismarck. Bismarck, who claimed credit for all the good things that happened to Ger- many in his day, cannot wholly wipe his hands of responsibility when events | occur that are the direct outcome of | his own diplomacy. During the forenoon the Kaiser toqk me into the woods and I helped him in splitting tree sections for his open fires. He had procured for me an American ax, and after two hours of wholesome sweating he forgave me many of the harsh things I had said about him in the matter of war guilt. There was much joking and laughing over this task of woodchopping, but there was no umpire to decide which of us was the better lumberjack. He had been presented with a saw- ]n{l machine worked by electricity. We call it a buzzsaw. he enjoyed, manipulating himself at the imminent risk of ripping a few fingers off, but I stuck to my splitting job. He had at hand a wholly Dutch ex- wielder who wore the customary wooden shoes, and him I made my agent in the matter of securing a similar pair for use at my own. wood pile. What the New York port collector will think of those massive shoes I know not. Maybe he’ll not waste any time think- g;, but pass them as unclassified and isrmless. In Holland they are at every turn where canal boats are moored or gar- dens are being dug. They are called klumpen, probably from the noise they make on the brick pavement—klumpet- ing along. Children run about in klumpen, and these apparently chmug n to_add_thi + more than an offset the Pemocrats are ' world.” PARTIES NOW BATTLING BY MARK SULLIVAN., HE campaign is on to determine whether the next Senate and House, as determined by the No- vember elections, shall be in both cases or in either case Repub- lican or Democratic. And the aim of the present article is to consider what | would be *he consequences of the vari- ous possible outcomes, e, us consider the Senate first. In the beginning we must ‘understand the phrase “control of the Senate.” That phrase has two imeanings. The first is “control of the Senate” in the sense of organizing . it, electing its officials, naming committees and the like. The second meaning of the phrase is “con- trol of the Senate” in the sense of controlling legislation. ' In the present Senate are 42 regular Republicans and 15 insurgent Repub- licans and 39 Democrats. We may count the one Farmer-Labor Senator with the insurgent Republicans. In this combination the insurgent Repub- licans are the deciding factor. If the insurgent Rgg\lbllcm side with the regular Republicans then the regular Republicans have more than a ma- Jority (which is 49). But if the in- surgent Republicans side with the Democrats then the Democrats have a majority. Insurgents Have Power. The fact is the insurgent Republicans use their power ifi a discriminating way. That is, they use it discriminat- ingly in their own interest. . When it is a matter of organizing the Senate, the insurgent Re?nbnclm are perfectly orthodox Republicans. During that two or three hours at the beginning of every new Senate the insurgent Repub- s Jicans are as regular as any Repub- licans could be. The 15 insurgent Re- publicans unite with the 42 regular Re- publicans; the two groups combined make a comfortable majority; and with this majority the combination organ- izes the Senate and takes the offices | for themselves. A good many perquisites and much power go with organizing the Senate. The party that organizes the Senate 'gets, for example, all the committee chairmanships and all the leading places on the committees. If a given committee has 11 members, the party that organizes the Senate gets the ;?:m.nfl:]‘p t;:d ;:lwflthe first six ces, while mi ity rt; ets the last five places. sy ‘When the committee is Jpor'-lnt actions the times meet alone, five, belonging to the minority party, out of the room. With dominance of the committees goes possession of de- sirable committee rooms, extra allot- ments of clerks, complete control of the Senate patronage,” the appoint- ment of sergeant-at-arms, pages the like. #ad Sometimes Join “Enemy.” And so, for the of ing the Senate, and for that purpose alone, speaking , the insurgent Republicans become regular Repub- licans for the two or three hours until organization is completed. Thereafter, during the remainder of that Senate, the lnsurfient Republicans as a rule— or certainly very frequently—join with the Democrats. In_this explanation of “control of the Senate” for the purpose of organ- ization only, I have spoken invidiously of the insurgent Republicans. I have spoken as if they alone were.guilty of something in the nature of dissimula- tion for an hour or two at the begin- ning of each Senate. To a large ex- tent that is consistent with the faets. But, of course, it is true that the regular Republicans, if they should choose, could refuse to co-operate with the insurgent Republicans for the 1 lasts only until the perquisites are al- lotted. The regular Republicans could, if they were moved by certain quali- ties, take a position at the opening of the Senate, which position they could express as follows. -They could say, in effect: < “We have not got working control of the Senate for the purpose of legis- lation, because the insurgent Repub- licans vote with the Democrats. Inas- much as we have not got control for the purpose of legislation, we e to accept control for the purpgse of organ- izing. In short, since have not got the power to control legislation, we 3 to accept the responsibility Issue of Responsibility. ‘The regular Republicans, connnulnf, could address the insurgent Republi- cans thus: “You vote with the Democrats, there- fore we insist that you act as Demo- crats. We, as regular Republicans, can- not control the Senate in matters of Jegislation. Therefore, we say that the Democrats and lnsurgent Republicans must accept responsibility before the The country must see the sit~ country. The country must see uation as it is. {and understand that the real majority which controls this Senate consists of the Democrats and the insurgent Re- ublicans. Now, therefore, we insist that ou Democrats and you insurgent Re- publicans get together and organize the Senate. ‘e decline to organize it.” The regular Republicans could take that position. The taking of such a po- sition has been seriously discussed. It has been recommended by. thoughtful persons. But the ular Republicans have never done it. ey are not like- ly ever to do it.. The reason is that if they did they would lose the desirable committee chairmanships and the other desirable patronage and per- quisites. With this explanation let us turn to the present status of the Senate as re- spects legislation. In this respect the actual present majority of the Senate consists of the combination of 39 Dem- ocrats and 15 insurgent Republicans. Present Senate Status. That is the présent .status in the Senate, a majority adverse to the Re- publicans. Let us now .consider how this status .may be affected by the election in November. ‘The practically certain answer is that the status will not be affected at all. ‘There will be slight changes on the margins of all three groups. But the aggregate' of the changes—the net—al- most certainly “will not affect the pres- ent status of the Senate which, to re- peat, is one in which the majority, for purposes of legislation, consists of a combination of Democrats and Insur- St The 42 Texilar Republ ts 2 r Republican seats, 17 are to um in November. Of these 17 contests for seats now held by Republicans, they are fairly certain ‘o lose anywhere from 3 to 5. As an off- set, the Republicans are likely fo gain at least one seat now held by a Demo- crat. Of the 39 seats held by Democrats, 13 are to be filled in the November election. The Democrats are very likely to lose at least one seat, the one in Iowa. AS FOR CONGRESS CONTROL Senate May Have Upset, but House Held Likely to. Remain Under G.0.P. Majol_'ity. * | likely to [ll;l anywhere from three to five seats from the Republicans. Of the 16 seats now held by insur- gent Republicans, five are to be filled in November. They ma; bly loce one or two of the five. Ii e insurgent Republicans lose any seats it will be to Democrats—and the net of the change would make no difference as respects control of legislation in the Senate. No Big Change Likely. If all this seems intricate and long, the net of it can be put in three sentences: ‘The net of senatorial elections in November is not likely to change the, present status, in which the worki majority for the purpose of legislatior consists of & combination of Democrats and insurgent Republicans. If there should be a change the ne¥ status would be that of a Democrate majority—and that would not be a net status at all. There might be a psy* chological effect on the country; but # new majority consisting of Democrats only waquid not be a material change from the present majority consisting of Democrats and insurgent Republicans. 8o much fof the Senate. As we turn 10 the House we find a simpler picture. The situation in the House is not made complex by the existence of insurgent Republicans. In the House there are no insurgent Republicans—that is, there Is no formal insurgent Republican group. In the House everybody tnat goes by the name Republican votes -as a_Republican—with & few unimportant and unorganized exceptions. In the House the Republican majority is able o dominate quite comfortably and. te pass or reject. such légisiation as the party chooses. 4 ‘The make-up of the present House, allowing for vacancies, is, roughly— Republicans, 263; Farmer-Labor, 1. 3 licans have a majority of close hundred. G. O. P. May Lose Thirty. To overturn this Republican majority that party would need to suffer a net loss of at least 50 seats. (The entire House, 435 seats, will be filled at the November election.) The question, therefore, is. will the Republicans in November suffer - net loss of 50 or -more seats? As one micves about among leaders of' both par ses, one finds a curious agreement of judg- ment. Republican leaders say they may -0se as many as 30 seats; Democratic leaders say they will gain at least 30 seats and perhaps 40. I do not know any Democratic leacer who in privale conversation expresses an expectation of winning c»a” o of she House; nor do I know any Repub- lican leader who in either private con- versation cr public announcement cmn- cedes that the Republicans may lose the House. The clear probability, according to the consensus of judgment, aterial ‘loss, bt Wil Keep.comtrel of mal loss, wi trol of the House = This judgment is as of, roughly, August 1. There are three months and four days until the election. It is, of course, possible, either for a cutrent to begin adverse to the Republicans, or for some sensational and_unexpected evert to do damage to the Republicans. If by any chance the Democrats should win control of the House, that would be a different matter than the Deniocrats winning control of the Sen- ate. For the reasons given above, a clear Democratic majority in the Sen- ate would make no material differ- ence- -if not accompanied by a Demo- cratic majority in the House. If there should be an unexpected landslide, if the Democrats should win control ‘of both the Senate and the House, the fact would be sensational and the eonsequences would be material. Outlook for Two Years. ‘We. should have for a period of two years both chambers of Congress in control of one party, with the White House in the control of the other. This_condition has éxisted occasionally jn the t. It has not been very comfortable for the country. When it has existed it is made a good deal of news, politics has become dramatic and contentious. The country has enjoyed a good show—but thoughtful persons have not considered that the country was greatly benefited. And yet what would be the effect in actuality? A probable effect would be a partial paralysis of legislation. As to that, there are at least two possible legislation is there that is imperative? Just what would we miss through a partial pa- ralysis of legislation that we ought to have? The paralysis would not be complete. The Democrats would pass the regular appropriations and the routine bills to keep the Government going and the President would sign them. While there would be a tendency toward the setting up of dramatic con- tests and’ deadlocks, the fact would be that in really important matters the Demgeratic Congress and the Repub- lican President would co-operate for the country’s good. By far the most important action taken by Congress in the recent session was the ratification by the Senate of the naval treaty. In that ratification of a pact initiated and negotiated by a Republican President the Democrats co-operated fully. Ace tually a larger proportion of the Dem- ocrats in the Senate voted for the rati- fication than of the Republicans. Al but two Democrats t voted fot . In really serious situations neither Democrats por Republican turn enemies to the country. Mexican Scientist Creates “Life” Forry While Dr, Alexis Carrell, the world- famous surgeon of the Rockefeller Insti- tute, discovers that the body is composed of elements potentially immortal and keeps bits of heart flesh pulsating for years and years in chemical solutions calculated to sustain life, Prof. Alfonso Herrera, in Mexico City, digs into the n;n}zu of biology to fagphom the secret of life. Both are_ worki toward the same end—Ilife. But while Carrell discovers that flesh is immortal and death is ne price we pay for that mysterious energy which is created by the brain cells and endeavors to find artificial means to profong the duration of life, Herrera astrives to create life, and has thus far succeeded in creating animated tmings which he calls “colpoids.” In support of the theory that life be- gan where the tides of those swift days, eons ago, spread and receded over the steaming beaches of mud and sand in the form of jellklike beings, Herrera, a laureate of the Smithsonian Institution and member of Lincey Academy of Rome, after 27 years of research has succeeded in ereating infusoria and amoebae which he calls “colpoids.” They are what it is believed primordial life was—"a soft living matter that had no shell or skeleton, out of which devel- oped the roscopic creature called mnmqummum-ny;\