Evening Star Newspaper, August 3, 1930, Page 29

' ¢ nomic and industrial life. ) (% ®ood-looking girls and boys of all ages. ':t « * T will be 16 years ago tomorrow since Germany crossed the forbidden bor- der of Belgium on her way to at- tack France, and Great Britain in defense of a “scrap of paper,” de- clared war against the invader. The world, which had paid little attention to “the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand on June 28 in Sarajevo, Serbia, and which had refused to believe that the mobilization of Russia and the counter moves of Ger- man troops meant actual warfare, was stunned by the sudden spectacie of ‘Western Europe in Arms. Germany and Austria had declared waAr on Serbia on July 28, on Russia, August 1; on France, August 3, and on Belgium, August 4. Within a week Eu- tope became an armed camp and American tourists were frantically try- ing to escape from cities in which trans- portation service had ceased to exist. & The conflagration which started thus lnfluenl{] lasted more than four years, eventually involving 27 nations, in every quarter of the globe. The central powers put 20,000,000 men under arms and the allies 40,000,000. More than ¢ 8.000,000 men died and more than 21, 000,000 were wounded, while the total monetary cost of the war has been esti- mated at $186,000,000,000. U. S. Enters Great War. On April 16, 1917, the United States entered the war and for the first time in her history sent soldiers to fight on European soil. The total armed forces of the Americans were 4,800,000, and % loss of life in the Army was 112,- 5 ‘Today the world is still suffering from the effects of that conflict, and there is scarcely & nation but has undergone a profound change in its political, eco- Most im- portant of all, the attention of states- men has been focused more than ever before on the problems of international co-operation, with a view to averting future catastrophes of a military na- It is true that relations between cer- tain nations still remain bitter, and fome new enmities were aroused by the terms of the peace. Europe is still nur- turing armies, and many predict a new World War is brewing: nevertheless, more has been made in the eleven apd a half years since the arm- istice of November 11, 1918, toward set- ting up the machinery for peace than o+ in_any other period of world history. First of these efforts toward insuring peaceful settlements of disputes was the lflme of Nations, established at ‘Geneva by the treaty of Versailles. Its first meeting was in September, 1920, « and in the 10 years since then 55 na- tions have become members of its Gen- eral Assembly. Only the United States and the Soviet Russia, of the great . Powers, remain outside its roll. Twe Naval Conferences. Other steps toward the prevention of war were the Washington Conference on the limitation of armaments in 1920, by which 5—5—3 ratio of naval armaments was set up among the United States, Great Britain and Japan, and subsequent conferences in Geneva in 1927 and in London this year. The last was preceded by a visit of the British prime minister, J. Ramsay Mac- * donald, to Washington, where he con- ferred with President Hoover on the aims of the conference. ‘The pact of Locarno, signed by Ger- ® many and her former enemies in Eu- rope. Great Britain, France; Belgium, in the Autumn of 1925, was a ge to avoid wars. The pact of Paris, pro- claimed in 1928, was the pledge of 62 world powers to renounce war &s an PEACE PROGRESS SHOWN ON WAR ANNIVERSARY Naval Limitation, League, World Court and Other Long Steps Taken by Nations. time, the World Court had been estab- lished at The Hague for the peaceful settlement of certain adjudicable con- troversies. ‘The World War, which in the words of President Woodrow Wilson, was & war to make the world “safe for democ- the world’s most famous dynasties, the Romanoffs, Hohenzollerns and Haps- burgs. Of the great powers only three remain monarchies, Great Britain, Italy and Japan. Electoral reforms, extensions of the franchise to women and other enlarge- ments of the democratic system have been accomplished in practically every country, while the map of Europe shows many new republics set up on the terri- tory of former empires. The Czar of Russia abdicated in March, 1917, a republic was proclaimed in September, and in the following Summer the Czar and most of the royal family were executed. The Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics was estab- lished in 1922. Royalty Sent Wandering. Such kin of the Romanoffs as escaped death wander over the earth seeking & livelihood, and members of the German royal family have been shorn of their glories and reduced to the state of pri- vate citizen. The Emperor, who escaped to Doorn, Holland, at the close of the war, was condemned by the treaty of Versailles to be tried as a war criminal, but as the Netherlands refused to give Itlg':jhe royal fugitive he has never been Gen. Von Hindenburg. commander of the German armies. who, next to the Kaiser and Crown Prince, personified the German military tradition, also avoided trial as a “war criminal,” and in 1925 wl;]?lecte‘d Pre‘fldent of the German re- public. withouf test on the allies, %% T e ‘The establishment of the Dawes plan in 1924 for the payment of reparations was followed by the adoption of the Young plan for an international bank within the last few months, and the economic rehabilitation of Germany is THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, AUGUST 3. 1930—PART TWO. Bull Market in Kings verywhere More Respect Is Being Shown Royalty Than Was Predicted After the War now expected to be hastened. Shorn of her colonies and of much of her mineral wealth in Continental Europe, with Alsace-Lorraine returned to France and large parts of her east- ern territory to Poland, with her army' reduced to a minimum, Germany has paid a heavy price for her part in the war. Nations Paid High Toll. Great Britain and France, though victors, have suffered economic depres- | sion and heavy taxation since the war. ' Unemployment in Great Britain and labor unrest, culminating in the great. coal strike of 1926, which for a time involved 2,500,000 workers, are after 16 years one of the chief problems of the government, while unrest in India is a present crisis. France, however, is extremely prosperous, with few unem- ployed and a rapidly growing gold re- serve. Italy, emerging from the war with added territories, which completed her national unification, committed her destiny to the hands of Premier B-aito Mussolino, leader of the Fascisti. Un- der his autocratic rule the demorratic spirit has vanished, but economic and social reforms have been instituted and the national ambition has been fired with imperialistic dreams. Between France and Italy & new rivalry exists for domination of the Adriatic and Eastern Mediterranean, which, in the minds of some observers, instrument of national policy. Mean- Ex-Kaiser Denies War Guilt —__(Continued From First Page) after many years of observation in this most interesting fleld I am convinced that no country surpasses Holland in the number of graceful, shapely and T have watched them for hours hur- rying to and from school on their bikes, #lso in Amsterdam the thousands of men and maidens who are in_offices 8ll day who live in the suburbs and move swiftly to and fro on bicycles. ‘We look in vain for the Dutch of our caricatures—the stodgy, clumsy and heavy type. On the contrary, we find today the laughing and singing of light-hearted youth armed frequently with tennis rackets or other symbol of sportive tastes. : Kaiser Admires West Point. ‘The Kaiser spoke warmly of the late Andrew D. White and George Bancroft, all of whom were ornaments of our & diplomatic body. But, of course, he deplored our sending occasionally a representative who spoke neither French | nor German and who, therefore, was | about as useful as electric fans in Greenland. One such I recall well He was chancellor of New Jersey, and | a very good one, but wasted in Berlin in 1895. Another wastage of American money was the sending of military attaches to Germany who also knew no German and only such Prench as is taught at ‘West Point and soon rusts with desue- tude. But for West Point itself Willlam IT expressed great admiration and also asked me to convey grateful acknowl- edgments to both Gen. Smith and the commandant of cadets for the courtesy they had shown to his grandson, Dr. Louis Ferdinand, who visited America last year. This prince, a great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria, came here to carve \ out a career for himself. He was only 5 years old when the World War opened | and grew up a child of the Berlin revolutionary ideas. much neglected parentally, yot, like Benjamin Pranklin, 8 keen student in the greatest of all schools—Ilife. At West Point he talked fluently in five languages. In the Spanish section he was a Spaniard and in the Prench he also was French. His Italian and | German he practiced while inspecting the kitchens of the cadet mess, and as to his English, it is also excellent. He passed two days at our great mili- tary school and admired everything about it from the method of instruc- « tion to the cadet dances. He dined in hall as guest of the cadets and was made a quasi honorary member of that body. They will not soon forget that o Mmemorable visit. s Think of jt—a young man who at the age of 22 comes to America with five languages and the diploma of the Berlin University—but empty pockets. The Kaiser spoke affectionately of his grandson and was much pleased to learn that the newspaper tales about amorous adventures in Hollywood and South America were mere publicity ef- forts made by others than himself. Of course, Louls Ferdinand may some day be & German Kaiser, for stranger things than this have happened. Was not the accession of Queen Victoria equally 100 years ago? William II a Poor Man. I must repeat that Wiliiam II is a + Poor man and that Prince Louis Ferdi- 1% nand is making a gallant effort at sup- porting himself—in which he deserves the praise of every true American. He did. pot use his title, but egistered merely as Dr. Louis Ferdinand. From the moment of his landing, to that of his_meeting Henry Ford in Dearborn, he passed all his time in the study of is the greatest menace to the present peace of Europe. tiful grounds and building of Union College, where my father graduated in 1835. He obtained a license as chauf- feur in the City of New York by amaz- | ing the traffic policeman at the corner | of Sixth avenue and Forty-second street. He rode on the Twentieth Century Limited , locomotive all the way to Albany, and when he dropped off he and the driver were friends. Placed_on Ford's Pay Roll. Henry Ford let him pllot one of his planes to Chicago and then put him on his pay roll—$200 a month. Show me, if you can, another of his rank tossed from a world of parade and pal- aces into the machine shops of Henry Ford and immediately being accepted as the “real stuff.” What Louis Ferdinand is earning at this moment of writing I know not, but he has had a promotion—so he writes me—and his progress is there- fore satisfactory. I asked the Kaiser if he approved of what I had recommended Louis Perdi- nand to do while under my theoretical wing in Ameri and he answered af- firmatively. refers to the journey of the young prince to Washington to make his bow before President Hoover. Of course, I know that protocol pref- erence and official red tape are more binding on the Potomac than on the Thames, the Seine or the Tiber, and that no alien can be ordinarily pre- sented save by permission of his Am- bassador. But I also felt that for a direct de- scendent of Queen Victoria to visit America and fail to present himself at the White House would be open to criticism, therefore I chose the course that appealed to me as the simplest under the circumstances. I wrote to Mr. Hoover, and I wrote to our Secre- tary of State. To each I explained that he, the prince, was the first Hohenzol- lorn to visit America since the war and was traveling incognito. Prince Fails of Reception. Knowing that the German Ambassa- dor was hostile to monarchy in the person of his late Emperor and bene- factor, I suggested that a meeting be arranged as by accident in order that no diplomatic “incident” might result. ‘The prince went to Washington; his Ambassador declined to present him at the White House; Mr. Hoover declined to see him without a diplomatic tag; Mr. Stimson could but follow the lead of his chief, and so Dr. Louis Ferdi- nand returned to me as one who had obeyed instructions and earned the re- ward of duty done—a barren reward in many cases. ‘The Kaiser discussed this matter philosophically, though he might have been forgiven had he shown anger at the cold shoulder shown to his grand- son. . Oddly enough, no newspaper has yet mentioned this episode. It may prove more interesting 25 y hence. ‘There was a case alogous when Mark Twain visited Berlin and our then envoy, William Waiter Phelps, refused to present this illustrious humorist at court. The Kaiser himself arranged a private supper at the house of a mutual friend. The American Envoy was not invited. It was never in the papers, no protocol was violated; two interesting men met and exchanged stories—both were the better for this informal meet- The Kalser spoke enthusiastically of Mark Twain and also of Kipling’s verses Sipecica, because Kipings - trade ex] use pling’s against the Hun might have offended the ears of a Prussian Monarch. But, as I have said before, the Kaiser s a second Macaulay in the universality American institutions and machinery the locomotive and uthollcn‘y of his relglnmml'% e agree : Queen Victoris was, I suspect, ra BY PATRICK THOMPSON. HEN, after the war, throres \; N, archs were fleeing, prophets said the twilight of the Kings had fallen, and that Old World from London to Bucharest and from Rome to Stockholm and Oslo. ‘They spoke too soon. The surviving vitality. Their roots go deeper than even profound students of Europe and her complicated social evolution had only one exceptionally dramatic re- mainder that the stock of Kings is slowly but steadily rising again in old Since Carol showed how thrones may be regained in a gay and gallant man- ner, there has been a_great stir among been thrown out by peoples or by poli- ticians. All along the sun-bathed south- ern beaches and in the brighter capi- sole themselves with their wives or mis- tresses and make-believe courts, the idea of regaining a thrope which had soming, like a Spring flower as a long Winter breaks up and a warm sun shines forth once more. Everywhere tips, plots and counter-plots, coming and going of emissaries, hasty sum- moning of advisers, convening of roy- were crashing and mon- soon republicanism would lie over the Kings have displayed an unexpected suspected, The Carol phenomenon is Europe. exiled princes and Kings who have tals where the royal dispossessed con- been given up as lost is budding, blos- are significant whispers, encouraging alist parties and - monarchist councils. Survey the European scene, observe what looks like the crack-up of demo- cratic institutions over immense areas under the enormous weight of post-war economic and political changes, listen to the distressed sounds that come from a score of perplexed and distracted na- tions—and, bearing in mind the Carol phenomenon and the immense popular- ity and intrenched strength of the sev- eral existing monarchies, take an imag- inative journey into the skull of an ex- iled royalty and see if you would not be stirred and encouraged by the trend of events and the new reaction of the European tribes to the idea of kingship. In Britain you would perceive a mon- archy so popular that the ministers of a Labor government make no bones now, nor excuses to their supporters about dressing up in court suits and at- tending levees and courts; and even thc most violent left extremists avold erit- icizing the monarchy, which is, indeed, stronger than at any time in its history. In the last two decades of the last century republicanism was openly ad- vocated, since the radicals could not see how the social and political reforms they desired could come about in a monarchial country. They did not know their country or their Kings. In Belgium King Albert has never had a moment's anxiety, despite the socialist character of governments in that land. The same remark applier to the sovereigns of Denmark, Holland, Norway and Sweden. Trusted mon- archies not merely survive, but are ac- claimed. Poland would like to have a King, but cannot find one, and is obliged to do the best it can with Dic- tator Pllsudski. In Bulgaria there have been riots, revolutions and political assassinations, but the bachelor King Boris still sits on his throne amid the tumult, and his seat looks tighter now than when he assumed it. Alfonso Hangs On. A dictator has come and gone in Spain, but the thirteenth Alfonso hangs on, although republicanism has been confidently phophesied there for years. While serious troubles with a revolu- tionary aspect break out in Seville, Don Alphonso, lean, sunburned, merry, de- bonair, calmly watches the polo at Hur- lingham and takes tea with Lady Lon- donderry in Mayfair. Why is he so calm? He comes to London via Paris and in Paris he has intimate and friendly conversation with the Ilate Primo de Rivera’s bete noir, Senor Alba, the exiled political leader. They discuss a deal—the limitation of powers of the monarchy in exchange for the restora- tion of the constitution and the return of the politicians to the old places of power and privilege from which they were so rudely ejected by the major generals. The King knows that without the politicians, experienced in handling hu- manity in the mass, 'ife for him is going to be just one military dictator after another and one crisis after an- WOES OF GERMANY LAID TO “DEMOCRACY DISEASE” BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. T 1S impressively indicative of the distance which Germany has trav- eled in the five post-Locarno years that the dissolution of the Reichs- tag by presidential decree and the imminence of a new general election leaves the world calm. Nor is this calm much disturbed by the current predic- tions that the results of the new po- litical campaign will bring added strength {o the political parties which respectively champion revelution and reaction—namely, the Communists and the Fascists. In reality the latest German ecrisis has a twofold explanation. On the one hand, Germany is suffering from the world-wide depression which in its American phase may have political con- juences in the Congress elections this Fall. On the other, the Reich suffers from an utterly incoherent party sys- tem and an all too brief training in democratic government. As to the economic depression, it is certainly not as bad as in Great Brit- ain or Italy. Measured by unemploy- ment figures, it is probably not worse than that in the United States. But. unlike all three of these nations, Ger- many faces reparations payments and has so far failed effectively to balance her budget. Her treasury is again “in the red,” and there is lacking to the present government the authority and the courage to impose the necessary burdens or, more exactly, to reduce the unnecessary expenses. Feeling Against Plan. In a word, although Germany has accepted the Young plan and is ful- filling her obligations under it, there still remains the more or less subliminal conviction that the burden is at ont impossible to carry and undeserved fact. What is required is a political administration having the votes and the will to compel the German states and people to reduce their own expenses s0 that they can at one time balance their own domestic budget and pay their war debts, as fixed by the treaty of Ver- other; and the politician knows that | sailles and the Young plan. without the monarchy. back of him, his In his last annual report, in winding life is going to be just eme revolution | up his administration of the reparations after another, after the Portuguese payments under the Dawes plan, Parker manner since King Manuel was forcibly | Gilbert sounded again the note of warn- retired to an English country estate |ing which has been frequently on his and the generals and politicians took |1ips. Germany, he said, had adequate over in approved Latin-American style. | resources to run her own affairs and pay. Like good business men and sensibie | her obligations, but the rate at which folk they get toge:her, Alba, to see if a problem of mutual self- Alfonso and | she was s} 'nding had produced an un- balanced budget and would ultimately interest cannot be worked out. And no | impair her capacity to pay her con- doubt it will be worked out. Meanwhile | querors. the politician pays his own hotel bill in But it is easy to imagine the conse- Paris, while Alfonso is maintained by |quences when a political government, the army, the church, his numerous | evVen with a strong majority party be- relatives and the people in the greatest luxury in Spain and elsewhere. Italian Throne Strong. A first-class crisis arises in .Tugo- slavia, and at once the chatter runs through the chancellories of Europe that another king is about to be pen- sioned off. But on this new throne sits a king of the modern world—a youngish man of ‘keen and vigorous visage, with watchful and penetrating eyes behind rimless pince-nez and un- der decisive eyebrows. He is no man's fool. He takes hold of the situation boldly, and himself assumes the role of | joa;" dictator of his great kingdom straddled over the shores of the eastern Adriatic. And no further news of trouble in hind it, tells the voters, who are the taxpayers, that they must economize at home to pay abroad. There is, too, al- ways the fatal dilemma that the more Germany does reduce her domestic ex- penditures, and thus insure foreign pay- ments, the less the chance of further reductions of these payments. Good behavior, contrary to all copy-book rules, thus insures punishment long continued. Germany, however, has anything but & strong government. In place of the two-party system familiar to Americans, she has what is literally a 20-party sys- And, dropping the minor polit- groups, she still has something like a half dozen parties of considerable size and none with anything like a major- ity. Moreover, there parties are not Jugosiavia percolates through to the | odiv givided from each other by real world. Onthe night of the Fascist march T (Continued on Fourth Page.) The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is & brief summary of the most important news o the week for the seven days ended August 2: x kK * BRITISH COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS.—On_July 28, the British airship R-100 slipped her moorings at Cardington, England, and pointed for Canada on her maiden supra-Atlantic flight. ghe arrived in the vicinity of Mont- real, her destination, about 2 am. on August 1, but stormy weather caused delay in landing until daylight. The only damage sustained through the voy- age was the tearing of the fabric cover- ing one of the stabilizer fins, repaired en route. Total time, 78 hours 51 min. utes. With the success of the R-100, the dre of an air-linked empire ap- proaches realization. The ship is said to have a cruising radius of 5,000 miles at 75 miles an hour, It will be recalled that the first airship to supervolate the Atlantic was the British R-34. Eleven years ago this month she flew from Scotland to Roosevelt Field. ‘The British lords have ratified the London naval treaty, and the King has signed it. ‘Among the measures which the Brit- ish government has been constrained to drop is one proposing establishment of a consumers’ council to combat prof- iteers, and measures dealing with fac- tory I act have at least temporarily lapsed. In the Canadian general elections of July 28 the Conservatives won a smash- ing victory. Five members of the late U%erly cabinet of W. L. Mackenzie King were defeated. Even in Quebec, the very fastness of Liberalism, the Conservatives made astonishing gains. With returns from 2 of 245 constit encles- still to be heard from, the Con- servatives had won 137 seats against 86 for the Liberals, 20 being scattered among minor groups. The only woman member of the late House was returned. The Conservatives are for high tariff schedules, and the result is of melan- choly interest to our exporters. The general economic slump—agriculture, industry, trade, employment—was, so0 to speak, grist to the Conservative mill. In the late House there were 123 Lib- erals and 90 Conservatives. * k¥ FRANCE.—Premier Tardieu made a striking speech at Nancy the other day. He scored Parliament for extravagance, for increasing expenditure for particu- lar rather than general interests. He pointed out that, including local bud- gets, the Prench people are paying about the ‘equivalent of $3,000,000,000 & year In taxation. He ended as follows: “It was fo protect the taxpayer against the spending habits of the ex- ecutive that the power of Parliament was originally created. Now it would seem that by a process of evolution Par- liament has become less apt to limit. than to increase expenditure, Under the pressure of organized interests, which are much stronger and far more articulate than the mass of taxpayers, your representatives, even with the best intentions, have come to represent the total of individual interests rather than the general interest.” * ok k * GERMANY.—Here is a new German party, the “Staatspartel” (for which “Constitutional party” 1s perhaps a ently about her majesty. But I'm glad that Kipling is no poet laureate. Can we imagine him other than Kipling? Can we think of the great bard of Avon as “Lord” Shakespeare? There are titles that make men shrink. Let our Kiplings and ou# Shakespeares look feureiabes ot theive in. the Anads’ of ive of Buckingham lation and the trades dispute | fairly good translation), declared by its framers to “constitute the nucleus of a |new liberal union.” Those framers were a group including a part of the Democratic party and the so-called Young German Order, whose aims have not hitherto been specifically political. ‘They evidently conceived the ambitious notion of attracting to themselves and effecting a fusion of all the moderate | Bourgeois parties. The Democratic party governing board at once voted lmlf’lllnlllcn of that party with the new organization, but the other parties | blew cold. So what you really have is a rehabilitation of the Democratic party under a new name, with some present expansion and hope, not too vivid, of considerably larger expansion. Of late years the Democratic party | has had hard sledding, though its role | was a major one in the drafting of the ‘Weimar constitution, and though it has included a striking proportion of the best political heads of latter-day Ger- ny, including Walter Rathenau and Dr. Hugo Preuss. It entered the Na- tional Assembly in 1919 with 75 Depu- ties, but in the elections of 1928 won only 25 seats. The new party asserts loyalty to the Weimar constitution, but also with “precise significance” de- clares that “the world must be con- vinced of the impossibility of fulfilling the dictates of Versailles and St. Ger- main.” * kX ¥ | JKURDISTAN. — Those Kurds whoi have been giving Mustapha Kemal so much trouble are those .very Clrdu-‘ chians you read about in Xenophon's Anabasis. You see from his description that they haven't changed much since. ‘They are Aryans, no doubt, with some" ‘Turanian and Semitic admixture, but not much. ‘There are estimated to be about 3,000,000 Kurds in all, divided among ‘Turkey, Iraq and Persia—something over a majority in Turkey. The rebel- lious Kurds of Turkey have been get- ting help from their Persian brethren, and now we hear of a gallant band of 500 Mosul Kurds raiding into Turkey up Lake Van way. The rebels have been driven far up the slopes of Ararat, where the Ghazi’s planes are bombing them, Though Aryans, the Kurds are peculiarly fanatical Mohammedans, an a main motive of their disaffection to the new Turkish regime is their re- ligious fundamentalism. ‘The Iraq Kurds are terribly perturbed over the providing for the independence of the latter and by the same token loss of a protector to themselves. All the Kurds are agog, invoking Great Britain, the League of Nations and Allah on behalf of an independent Kurdistan. The resemblances have often been noted between the Kurdish tribes and the highland clans of Scotland. Per- haps pride of ancestry is the distin- guishing_characteristic of the Kurdish chiefs. Only the other day the court of one of the great chiefs furnished one of the most picturesque sights in the world—the chief himself, a retinue of hereditary swells, and a guard of young braves, clad in chain armor, with garish silk scarfs and armed with lance, sword and javelin. The women do not veil and are allowed great freedom. The men are hospitable and are very hon- orable, according to their somewhat tan- tastic code. They are, however, very much under the influence of dervishes, ditions and le lyrics and epfin vogue. The districts inhabited by Kurds are full of antiquities, including inscriptions Assyrian, Babylonian, Greek, Roman, ll'l-nl;:l. ‘Turanian, mos:l‘y rflfinf.r:; search. The age, Kei old Persian pm with vafious Chel. ms has a Homeric treaty between Great Britain and iraq | pein dean, Armenian, Turanlan, etc., admix- tures, the chief dialect being the Zaza. * k% ABYSSINIA.—In a manner of speak- ing, the Abyssinians deserve oyr respect as much as any people on darth, be- cayise of the manner in - which they haye maintained their independence, in contrast to all the other peoples of Africa, The population is, speaking generally, Hamitic-Semitic, with the Hamitic element predominating: please Hi well as the Semites are “‘dark-whites”—that is, Caucasians, all the same as us. There is, to be sure, a considerable Negro or Negrold element, but probably not greater than in the United States, and due to the same cause. The new Em- peror, Ras Tafari, is no doubt mostly Semitic, with probably a dash of Ham- ite and not improbably a soupcon of Greek blood (I am glancing at one of the romances of history). He received his early education at the admirable Prench Jesuit mission school at Harrar, and is widely read in several literatures and many subjects; a very cultivated wman of exquisite manners. ‘The name “Abyssinia” is vaguely redolent of romance. It recalis Prester John and Rasselas and the Queen of Sheba; and a Harvard professor (John Livingston Lowes) has just traced back to Abyssinia the first hint for the most beautiful of all lyrics, Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan.” For such touches of romance or beauty in & drab world we are no less beholden to Abyssini for coffee, for both the berry name derive from the Kaffa highlands. And probably (though this is my pe: sonal contribution to philology) = th word of magic and poesy, “gal” de- rives from the pretty Galla maidens. * koK % CHINA.—The Red menace in China roweth apace. Changsha, in Hunan, as been looted and burned by Reds. and Red hordes are sald to threaten Kiukiang and Nanchang, and even Hankow. Under the direction of the state council, the China National Aviation Corporation has full control of civil aviation in China. Late in 1929 it in- stituted a Shanghal-Nanking-Ktukiang- d | Hankow air mail, passenger and express service, One trip daily each way is made, the time of the trip being about six and one-half hours. Loening am- phibian planes and American pilots are g used, the route following the yangtze, each plane accommodating six passengers. It is proposed to in- stitute in the course of this year a Nanking-Pelping (Peking) service and a Shanghai-Canton service. The Nanking government is making, or claims to be making, a great mass education dx;wt:d On JluHrl 1‘; T.l:?:r': was promulgated requiring tha the epnd of 1935 every Chinese citizen be proficient in the thousand-c! 1 is presupposed. Nanking government is short on diner. = s UNITED STATES—The most im- portant accomplishments of the Sev- enty-first Congress to date are as fol- lows: v A tariff revision act. An act creating a Federal Farm Board. An_act ‘transferring the prohibition unit_from the Treasury Department to the Department of Justice. An a increasing pensions of Spanish War veterans. / A World War pension act—very im- portant as instituting & new policy in respect of benefits to World War vet- erans. The original bill was vetoed President. The veto was sustained. most_obnoxious to the bill was repassed and was signed by the President. VReduction by 1 per cent in 1929 in- come taxes. Provision for a 1930 census and for House reapportionment. Consummation of an agreement for funding the war debt to us of the French government. Provision for reorganization of the Pederal Power Commission. Establishment pf a national institute of health, to be maintained in co-oper- ation with State governments and pri- vate organizations. Establishment of the Radio Com- mission on a permanent basis. Provision for a substantial program of public building construction. A report of a joint committee of the American Medical Association and the National Educational Association de- clares that the death rate of the United States has been cut to half since 1900, and that in the case of some diseases (as diphtheria, typhoid fever and para- typhoid fever) it has been reduced by as much as 95 per cent. In the World War only 5 soldiers in every 100,000 died of typhold. Cholera, typhus and yellow fever have almost been elim- inated. In 1900 16 babies of every 100 born died before reaching their first birthday; now, only seven.. The tuber- culosis death rate decreased from 194 per 100,000 of the population in 1900 to 79 in 1928. It is estimated that there are in this country 75,000 blind, 45,000 deaf and dumb and over 300,000 mentally defective persons. Over 700,- 000 persons are physically disabled from making a living. x X Kok THE DAVIS CUP.—The Davis Cup tournament at Auteuil, France, ended on July 27 with a 4-to-1 victory for the French. This is the fou con- secutive year of French victory in the supreme tennis tournament. The first day, Tilden beat Borotra with some dif- ficulty and Cochet beat Lott with ease. The second day, in the doubles, Cochet and Brugnon beat Allison and Van Ryn. In view of the record of the latter combination, including _their recent triumph at Wimbledon, the French vi tory was not unexpected. The expla- nation is that Brugnon, the target of the American attack, rose to the heights—had a crowded hour of glorious life. On the last day Borotra beat Lott by a hair only, and Cochet beat Tilden decisively, though the contest was replete with beautiful playing on either side. As Lacoste intends to return to the game next year, the immediate prospect is rosy for France. “Humiliation Days™ Put Under Ban in Shanghai All strikes were forbidden by the Chinese authorities of the Greater Shanghai area, which is Chinese terri- tory, during the month of May, and schools were denied holidays on “hu- miliation” days during the same period, in vigw of the unsettled conditions of labor and the consequent ©ommunist menace. Sandwiched between the big days of May 1 and May 30 were a number of anniversaries of incidents involving conflicts between Chinese and foreigners and the government and radical ele- ments. It has been customary in the past to celebrate these with disturbances and heated meetings, in which anti-foreign and anti-Nanking furore is drummed up. Most notable of these days was the anniversary of the Nanking road incident of May 30, 1025, an affair which many c! set the match both 3 hgvlu been struck out, the days | and profound differences, but are split within themselves in such fashion as to make effective and united action well nigh fmpossible, After-Revolution Paralysis. In the first years after the revolu- tion, which followed military defeat, ) Germany was paralyzed as a conse- quence of the fact that there was a fairly eveni division between the Re- publicans and the Monarchists. Since Locarno, and in fact since the brief but momentous rule of the late Gustav Stresemann, the question of the sur- vival of the republic has tended to be- come less and less a question of im- mediate importance. The Monarchists have not in great numbers abandoned their belief in the old form of govern- ment, but they have increasingly ap- preciated the fact that restoration as a p‘ll',ulctlcll matter was well nigh impos- sible, Little by little there has grown up among the more moderate Monarchists an appreciation of the fact that the re- public has come to stay for a time at least and that the more immediate issue is economic rather than political. Stresemann himself was always seek- ing to bring about a working arrange- ment between the Nationalists — who were mainly Monarchists — the Popu- lists—his own party, who were also in a4 majority believers in the old system —and the Catholic Center and Demo- crats, who were Republicans. ‘The basis of this coalition of the so- called bourgeois parties would be the resistance of the Socialistic program. Stresemann sought to bring about a coalition of these parties to resist so- cialism, putting aside for all present time the question of the form of gov- ernment. He was never able to do this. how- ever, because sooner or later the ex- tremists in the Nationalist ranks would become intransigeant and attack the republic from within a coalition which included the Republicans of the Center and the Democrats. Much against his grain, he was forced to go to the Social- New General Election Assures Country i Will Not Revert to Monarchy or Bolshe- vism—World Depression Adds Strife. ists and again for the votes to carry out his international nolicies. On them other hand the Socialists were naturally averse to supporting steadily ministries which were dominated by party leaders who ware their enemies on all domestic questions. Collapse and Old Evih. The collapse of the present cabinet is a result of the recrudescence of the old evils. Actually the cabinet was overturned because the Socialists and Nationalists, or more exactly the ex- treme faction of the Nationalists, head- ed by Hugenberg, for totally different reasons voted against it. The Nation- alists were angry because the cabinet was too moderate, the Socialists be- cause it was too reactionary. And the effect of hard times was, of course, far from negligible. Not more than half of the 78 Na- tionalists, however, followed Hugenberg gladly, and now they have broken away and returned to the leadership of Count Westarp. As far as one can now see this means a permanent split in the Nationalist party, the Hugenberg fac- tion tending toward the cist camp of the Hitlerites, the Westarp group standing apart and perhaps in the end arriving at some sort of association with the People’s party. Should this actually happer. it would patently be all to the good. What Ger- many gravely needs is some simplifi- cation of her party system. She needs a party which, if not republican in spirit, is yet willing to accept the ex- isting system for all present time and to make its appeal as an economically conservative camp. The living issue in Germany today is economic, not po- litical, but no political party fully sat- isfies this situation. Thus the Na- tionalists are split between extremists and moderates, the Center between conservatives and radicals, Democratic party, which resembles the British Liberal party, seems dying of the same disease which is earrying off its British prototype. Under the surface there has been steadily developing a conviction that Germany needs Is less Parliament and more executive, a bigger President and a smaller Congress, size denoting power. This is not to say that Ger- many desires a Hohenzollern back or a Mussolini ahead. There is a vo- ciferous minority advocating both as e is an equally noisy minority clam- oring for the Russian form. What Germany is reaching for, more or less unconsciously, is that form of govern- ment which combines the safeguards of democracy with the efficlency of mon- archy. And, of course, no such thing has yet been discovered. ‘The Prench are, so far, the only peo- ple who have made the so-called bloc . system, the system which results from the existence of many parties or groups, work. To the outsider this systes seems to work very badly even in France. The French, however, have had a full century of experience with a‘more or less real Parliament dating back to the Revolution of 1830, which sent the last Bourbon packing. - And beneath the incoherence and chaos there is a golitical instinct which en- ables them to employ a Clemenceau or u“fiomure when they are in real diffi- culty. Germany has not yet had time to develop in ,)h French way, nor, one must add, i€ it by any means sure that she ever will. On the contrary, it is toward a more powerful President that she turns. And in this state of mind Hindenburg is the ideal man. 'But un- happily, -he is old, and no 'suecessor is in :flm. Disorderly Government. ‘The most orderly people in the world. for the Germans certainly are that. seem then doomed to suffer for a long time to come from one of the most disorderly governmental systems in ex- istence. Yet there is no sign that they will follow the Italian example and take the short cut a dictator supplies, nor is there much reason to believe that they will go back to their old system. Democracy is not in Germany the result of long experience as in lo- Saxon countries, or of sustained strug: gle, as in France. Monarchy abdicated to Socialism in Germany in November, 1918, escape bolshevism, but the mass of Germans were not republicans, much less socialists. In fact, there was not any real republican party, in our sense. On the 8th of November the mass of Germans went to bed subjects of an Emperor. and on the morning of the 9th found themselves citizens of a republic, wholly without any conscious decision on their own part. Meantime, since Germany has the proportional system in voting, no sweep- lnfi change in representation in the Reichstag is likely. After election, whatever the result, the problem of forming a ministry by some form of coalition will be identical with the problem which proved insoluble in the recent past and precipitated dissolution. There will probably be a few more So- cial Democrats, Communists and Fas cists, and almost certainly fewer Na- tionalists and Democrats, but no party will have a majority, and the necessity to mix oll and vinegar will recur. Actually Germany is suffering from the familiar diseases of democracy in its infancy, which is an odd affliction for a great people in all else so un- mistakably mature. But as far as one can see, Europe, the world in general, has little to fear at the present stage. Post-war Germany shows no signs of ing back to Potsdam or forward to (0SCOW. (Copyright. 1930.) CONSTANTINOPLE.—Charles Rist, Fernch financial expert and former gov- ernor of the Bank of France, has been in Angora in consultation with the government over the nation's finan- cial situation. He has been retained by both the government and the coun- cil of the Ottoman public debt in an advisory capacity. The government has suspended pay- ment of the annual £2,500,000 pledged last year to liquidate bonds of the Ot- toman Empire held abroad under the accord of Paris, on the ground that further payment creates a serious dan- ger to Turkish finances and has been the cause of the fall of the national currency. Meanwhile, the government has pub- lished the text of the law creating the state bank, which will be named the Central Republican Bank, with a capi- tal of 25,000,000 Turkish lire, or about £2,500,000. It is commonly admitted that this capital is insufficient for stabilizing the Turkish currency, the circulation of which amounts to 158, 000,000 lire. But the government de- sires to arrive little by little at stabil- ization by the execution of a vast eco- nomic program.* ‘This program provides the increase to the anuw uucmm movem: . upon of the Turkish export in order to di- minish the great difference between the import and the export of this country. This difference is now about 50,000,000 lire. The state bank will have the ex- cliu&lve privilege to issue bank accord with the government and the bond- holders of the Ottoman debt. These bank notes will be of 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 Turkish lire each. The new bank has many postal, teles and telephonic privileges and ve the supj of the ent. For restoral of the Turkish French Financial Expert in Turkey To Study Serious Monetary State cluded with a Swedish group a conven- tion for an advance of $10,000,000 against the monopoly of matches dur- ing a period of 25 years. This group is the Swedish company, Aktiobolat Krou- ger and Toll, which concluded last year similar conventions with the German and the Russian governments. ‘The government also is negotiating with the British and European Timber Trust, Ltd,, for the sale of the right of farming the forests of the district of Kara-Tepe in the regions of Belu and Zonguldak. Buddhist Sect Pays Honor to St. Zendo A party of 19 priests of the Jodo sect of Buddhism” recently left Tokio for Mukden, Tientsin and Peiping, where they were to take part in ceremonies commemorating the 1250th anniversary of the death of St. Zendo, who is espe- clally revered by the sect. St. Zendo ‘was not the founder of the sect, but his itings in China ‘The Jodo sect has more followers than most others and rites will be very elabo- rate and picturesque. uartars of the sect are at ihe famous Chuo-a tes | Temple in Kyoto, famous all over Japan and known abroad for its hi bell, hmomfihmw‘mmt