Evening Star Newspaper, May 4, 1930, Page 6

WASHINGTON, =¥ WKINLEY RELATES CAMERA PROBLEMS Byrd’s Aerial Photographer Describes Difficulties of Antarctic Work. (Continued From First Page) Antarctic laboratory turned out to be The location of the water supply made 1t necessary to build it next to the mess haH rather than in the administration building, as originally planned. First, & deep hole, which filled several times before it was completed, was dug in the | snow next to and in front of the mess hall. In this hole two rooms were made from old boxes and extra lumber. An; old washtub was used as & sink, and the kitchen range boiler, with a large blow‘ torch placed underneath, was utilized as a water heater. Getting Water From Snow. ‘Water was a serious problem to us. The only manner in which it could be obtained was by melting snow, which was frozen as hard as rock by the sub- zero temperature. The rooms were lined with paper, as the temperature of 70 degrees above zero had to be maintained here when the outside temperature was as much as 70 degrees below. This first seemed almost impossible, but Mother Nature, who, though very rough at times in the Antarctic, is often helpful, took a hand and covered the laboratory with drift snow, so that from the outside it was impossible to tell that the little shack was hidden beneath the surface. This snow served as an insulator, and there was no difficulty in keep- ing our laboratory as warm as de- sired—that is, from the waist up. Often the temperature would be 80 degrees above and we could work without our shirts, while our feet would freeze with heavy socks and fur mukluks on. On the whole, we had a great laboratory. The construction had just been com- leted when the sun dipped below the orizon for a five-month stay. Busy During the Winter. The photographic department kept busy during the long Winter night tak- ing flashlights of our Winter home in Little America, often to the discomfort of the remaining inhabitants, as our flashlight powder filled our houses with smoke. But our world was a happy one, 50 no kicks were registered. Several outside ghots were made by the aid of flares. ‘The ‘most interesting were among the pressure ice, and they were both beautiful and frightful, presenting scenes such as one would picture in Dante’s. Inferno. Our helpers carried lighted flares as they climbed among the masses of broken ice. This photog- raphy was not accomplished without some hazard and discomfort, as it was impossible in the dark to see the many crevices, and the temperature was 50 degrees . below zero. There was just enough breeze to send the cold through every opening in one’s clothes.. When the pictures were developed, however, we felt fully repaid for our outing. The Awakening in the Spring. ‘When the sun again appeared, Little America became a busy place. Drivers ‘were exercising their dogs; the aviation crew was taking the planes out of their snow hangars; fresh seal meat was be- ing obtained as food for men and dogs. Every department was preparing for the Summer work. All this must be re- corded by both moving and ground pic- tures. There were 50 many activities at this time that it was impossible for the aerial surveyor, to whom had been given the extra duty of officlal photog- raphet, o cover everything. There were 35 cameras on the ex- ‘praruion, so everybody in Little America contributed to our collection of ground pictures. Capt. Parker and Dean Smith were hardly, if ever, without a camera. They were regular picture fans. ‘Their work was surely appre- clated' by the photographer. Some of the best pictures made in the Antarctic were taken by Prof. L. M. Gould on his 1,200-mile dog sled trip between the base and the Queen Maud Range. Our collection ;would not be complete without his contribution. Among his pictures were many views of trail light and the many mountains in the Queen Maud Range which had never before been seen. . Temperature Is Low. » Even though the light had returned, the temperature remained between 60 and 40 degrees below zero for the next three months. This period of intense cold caused the film to break, cameras to jam, and frequently we had to come in and thaw ourselves out before tak- ing a picture. When operating a cam- era—whether it be motion picture, ground or serial—in the Antarctic one must be prepared for many vexations. Moving parts bend, due to contraction; moisture condenses on the lenses, and often fingers are burned until the tips appear to have been repeatedly put upon a hot stove. Our cameras were left outdoors as much as possible to prevent sweating of the lenses, but it was often very difficult to keep the snow out when it was drifting. Drift snow has a way of getting into a tight camera case. ‘Widely differing light conditions and 8 tricky sun are encountered in this land of white. ‘These varying light conditions were one of the great ob- stacles to good photography in the Antarctic. To our eyes, accustomed to the dark, the light, especially when the sun first came back, appeared much brighter than it actually was. The photographic quality, of course, in- creased as the sun rose higher above the horizon. Often, just as we would be sure that we had hit the nail on the head, some freak haze condition turned our exposure calculations upside down. It was finally decided that test ex- posures, which consume much _time, ‘were the only safe method. Reflected light was another source of trouble. Many trick shades were made by our machinists in an effort to overcome reflected light, but, fortunately, we finally were successful. Pictures on the Bay Ice. ‘The most interesting ground work, from our point of view, were pictures taken on the bay ice during the Win- ter and Spring. The ice conditions were changing daily. At times the view looked like fairyland. The ice was thrown about in confusion, in every imaginable shape, some of it 50 feet high. Later in the season the bay ice was cracked in many places, small lakes were formed and icicles were draped from the pressure ice. The scene, reflected in the lake with the Barrier as a background, supplied many beautfiul pictures. Also on the bay ‘we were able to make many good shots of seals, penguins and killer whales. Our photographic trips to the bay ice ‘were made by dog teams, the sleds serv- ing as carrier for camera and equip- ment, while we on skis were towed be- hind with ropes. Often men, dogs, or both, would fall into cracks, some of which were open to the water. Towing on skis behind a dog team, especially ‘when the dogs have a light load, is a great sport filled with many thrills, Be- ginners, as most of us were, would dragged on their backs as much as they 'be | Of the Bay of Whales a record of that son D. Smith of South Carolina. sioner of the 1st Division. The troop is here being inspected by E. C. Hartung (at left), deputy Scout commis Senate pages' Boy Scout Troop, No., whose scoutmaster is Charles E. Jackson (in rear), secretary to Senator I:II* —Associated Press Phot: ber. Fortunately, when the film was | developed the picture was there—a good | one at that. Whales In the Bay of Whales. About a month before the City of New | York arrived at the Bay of Whales to | relieve a rather awkward situation, we were surprised on our way to breakfast by a great uproar on the bay, which is usually wrapped in dead silence except for an occasional cracking of the ice. | After breakfast the entire population of Little America, with as many cameras, | adjourned to the bay, At the first crack | about a half mile from our base we| found about a dozen big whales having | a great time. It was a sight of a lifetime to see these enormous mammals diving, blow- ing and at times shooting their noses out of the water much higher than our heads. Often they were so close that we could poke them with our ski sticks. I do not belleve that ever before such a Whale picture was offered to photogra- phers, and we surely made the best of the opportunity. Dozens of still pictures | were taken, not to mention hundreds of feet, of motion picture film. Plane Survey Work. ‘When the airplanes had been dug out of their snow hangars and the test flight had been made, the way was open | for aerial flight and aerial survey. Aerial survey in the United States is usually accomplished by taking a series of over- lapping photographs with the camera pointing vertically down and the sur- face of the film parallel to the ground. From these pictures a very accurate line map can be drawn over a network of control points which have been obtained by _the usual ground methods. Exploration aerial mapping presents an entirely different problem, coverage and detail rather than accuracy being of primary importance on a long ex- ploration flight in the Antarctic. It was for this reason that the decision was made to make an oblique mapping instead of & vertical one. Civilization is, at the present time, much more con- cerned with whether there is land or not and the details of the land, if any, than with the exact location of a certain peak. Accuracy was, of course, of great importance. Every effort, therefore, was made to add to the accuracy of the oblique maps. While navigation served as the main control, ground controls were relied upon when available. A Network of Control Points. On the Bay of Whales, where our base was, & very accurate network of control' points was obtained. Likewise, the first 450 miles of the polar flight were controlled by data obtained by our geological party. We were also fortunate in having many well known points in the Rockefeller Range. Oblique photo- graphs were taken at a predetermined angle from the horizontal. This known factor will prove useful when the hori- zon does not show on the photograph. The elevation was recorded and, with the known factor, the focal length of the lens, reasonably accurate measure- ments can be taken from the photo- graphs. Seven flights, during which aerial mapping was done, were made during our sms' in_the Antarctic. The two outstanding flights were the polar flight and the eastern flight. During the polar flight oblique photographs were taken 20 degrees from the horizontal, using a 9'5-inch focal length lens. The flight resuited in a strip or photographic panorama over a stretch about 800 miles long. Average Width 150 Miles. ‘The pictures were taken while we were going to the Pole and returning to Lit- tle America, and the width of the ground covered varies according to the elevations of the airplane above the surface. The average width covered by the strip map will be approximately 150 miles on this flight. Five rolls of aerial film 75 feet long and 9 inches wide were used during the polar trip; that is to say, about 560 9 by 7 pictures were taken. ‘While a great part of the area cov- ered was flat, white and uninteresting, the photographs taken as we crossed over the mountains make beautiful views as well as good mapping photo- graphs. The most difficult part of the fiight, from & mapping point of view, was involved in the necessary and con- tinual change of elevation of the air- plane above the surface. There was, of course, a rapid rise in elevation when the Queen Maud Range was reached. At this point the mountains rise from practically sea level to 15,000 feet, the elevation of the Polar Plateau itself be- ing on the average more than 9,000 feet. As before mentioned, we were very fortunate in having the first 450 miles of flight control by ground operations. For the remaining distance we had to rely on navigation and Amundsen’s records. Maps of the Coast Line. On the eastern flight, mapping pho- tographs were made of some 400 miles of coast line, starting at Little America and going northeast. The photographs on this flight also include the new mountains discovered by Admiral Byrd in Marie Byrd Land. From the scien- tist'’s and explorer’s point of view this flight is equal in value to any made in the Antarctic. A flight also was made to Discovery Inlet, & distance of about 90 miles, and thus the length of the coast line mapped by photography was in all about 500 miles, From Discovery Inlet we turned south and flew inland for 100 miles. At first it was decided to make a vertical map of the Bay of Whales. We made such a map of the coast line of the bay, but so much interesting area remained unmapped that I finally concluded to cover an area of 800 square miles of obliques. This should prove a very ac- curate map, due to the number of ground observations made in that vi- cinity. When Quin Blackburn and Dr. Francis Coman spent several months obtaining control for this survey at the most_important points, celestial obser- vations were made, giving us not only second 'y but primary control. By making a map as accurately as possible vicinity has been obtained which will ‘were pulled on their skis. On the whole, the camera trip to the bay was a day of adventure. ‘The Weddell seal, whose main char- acteristic is laziness, is usually an ex- cellent poser, but the Ross seal, having more pep, will often charge the camera man; therefore, we were always sure of our footing when taking his picture. One day when Capt. Parker was on the bay making seal pictures he was fortu- nate in seeing a Weddell and a Ross seal fighting. Upon his return to camp he was telling his story. My first ques- Hon was: “Did you get the picture?” AL, In his excitement, did not remem- make it possible for a future expedition to determine the amount of movement and change in the ice in that part of the Antarctic continent. Ice Conditions Are Recorded. Several photographic fiights were made to_record the ice conditions, such as the Barrier edge, bay ice, unusual pressure ice and crevice regions, These flights were usually made in the vicinity of Little America, but often under try- ing conditions, a5 we were seldom over a landing fleld. The last photographic flight of the Prof, Gould, the expe- . We covered about 250 miles. A 20-inch focal length | camera was used in order to obtain a | large scale and all possible detail. As/ we flew over the Barrler pressure ice, crevices and_other interesting forma- | tions, Prof. Gould would point out the most important features from the glaciological point of view. The results | of this fiight should prove valuable in studying the Antarctic ice conditions. During the 14 months the Byrd Ant- | arctic expedition was in the Antarctic| there were 65 hours of aerial photo- graphic and serial survey flying. ~Strip maps 200 miles in length and having an area of 170 square miles were madc with the serial camera. | (Copyright. 1030, by the New York Times an 3 t. Louis Post-Dispatch. All | rights fo: publication reserved throughout the world.) | . Reports of the London Naval Confer- | ence are being broadeast direct from | London to Toklo. Japan, by means of & l beam radio station at Dorchester, | England. | U. S. AGENTS DENY AIDES ENTERED MEXICAN AREA By the Associated Press. EL PASO, Tex., May 3.—Grover C. ‘Wilmoth, district director of immigra- tion, and H. C. Horsley, chief patrol inspector of the Immigration Border Patrol, today denied American Federal officers were involved entry of Mexican territory Thursday night near the town of Guadalupe, Chihuahua. In a protest filed with Mexican au- thorities, Hilario Arellano declared a group of United States Customs Guards had invaded Mexican territory, entered his home and destroyed his property, accusing him of bootlegging. Inspector Horsley said the Immigra- tion Border Patrol had no men near Guadalupe. in an alleged | BYRD SUPPLY SHIP of Marquesas. BY DR. FRANCIS D. COMAN. By Radio to The Star and New York Times. | ON BOARD THE BARK CITY OF NEW YORK, at Sea, May 3.—The| steamer Eleanor Bolling made contact | | with the City of New York Wednesday | Marquesas Islands. | Just before 2 o'clock the smoke of the supply ship appeared over the | horizon. | waiting City of New York on radio compass bearing, and within an hour after the two units of the expedition had saluted each other the steamer had our slower ship in tow on & thousand feet of cable. It was worth while to see Capt. Brown's smiles and to hear the inter- change of good luck between Mate Larry Gould and Helmsman Bernt Balchen. But how the cheers rose when Louis Reichardt sent us over a hamper of garlic! The exchange of hawsers was effi- ciently done in a choppy sea and now we are definitely moving forward, in- stead of using all of our force to hold our own against the head seas and head Capt. Brown's last shouted words were, “We will see you in Panama in 21 days,” and that won't be any too soon, Copyright, 1930. | out the world Continues to Bat 'Em Out. the Babe Ruth of cricket, who is hal a century old, continues adept at cen. turies. For the fifth time he has wal loped in a match the cricket equivalen of 100 or more base ball home runs. ‘With his tally at 110, he was not out. An Exhibition... 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