Evening Star Newspaper, May 4, 1930, Page 40

JUSTICE OF RUSS REDS VIOLATES EVERY CODE Sets Up New Legal System Which Denies Individual Liberty and Equality. o (Continued From First Page.) §n Russia from this vast, intrically or: mm system of secret police who & eyes and ears of the Kremlin, pos gessing great arbitrary power and con- stituting one of the most important units in the administration of Soviet criminal law. The notorious Okhrana, the feared secret police of Czardom,| that sprawled over all the Russians like & glant, unseen octopus of espionage, is dead. But its relentless, .‘R‘n! soul lives on in the G. P. U. e frame work and methods of the Okhrana be- came the model for its Red successor, the Machiavelllan Tcheka that fun tioned as a revolutionary police tribunal with terrible power during the first five of Communism. In 1925 the with slightly modified author- ity, became the G. P. U. 1t is one of the many frontes of revo- Jution that the inexpiable police system of Czarism, that for many centuries dis- tched the thin, endless line of hope- less men and women over the bleak snows of Siberia to die in raw towns of Arctic Asia, should be employed by the | men who were its victime to hunt out| and sentence the class that first used the scheme. But that very thing has occurred. The functions of the G. P. U. are defined by Stalin as “the punitive organ of Soviet power, resembling the Comite du Salut Publique of the French Revolution. It represents something | like a military political tribunal, con- | stituted to protect the reyolution against | the assaults of the counter-revolution- | ary bourgeoisie and its agents.” The two most important flelds of Boviet eriminal law are covered by the G. P, U, as it devotes its energies to the | suppression of counter-revolution and to economic espionage. Personnel Carefully Chosen. ‘The personnel of this cunning and ever- t organization is the most -presen carefully chosen of any state rt- ment. All members of the o oe secret Biust be' tkled and trusted Gommunitys B fired by a fanatical zeal to crush the enemies of their cause. Many of the @gents are unknown to any one but the central executive committee of the Communist party and spend their lives among suspected people, posing as one of ir number. These police have & reputation for never making an arrest until conclusive evidence of guilt of the in_their possession. Then The arrest is made. In many oases, the G. P. U. can be both @ocuser and judge, for it has a court system of its own that handles many types of cases and is invested with the guwer to pronounce a death sentence. f 1t does not try the case investigated it is submitted to the state courts. The police organization which func- #ons in keeping public order and pro- tecting personal relations does not have the power, nor does it use the methods of the political and economic police. Their ways are less vigorous and crafty. ‘The everiasting fear of counter-revolu- tion which haunts the rulers of Russia prevents them from administering their Q. P. U. in the mild way in which the state police function. For the common gllumm of Russia is indeed a novell law enforcement. Many of the par] police are women. whe{hzr men or women they are all fluent talkers. In street brawls or fights between irate neighbors, who have for the moment forgotten the precepts of Communism g‘ the point where they quarrel over right to first use of the communi e e e ntion of arrestin, ipants, He hears the facts fmm bof the contest llmulhl:;;ufl o g ds es of unism which, he claims, would have prevented the fight had been #dhered to. He explains why e e heory e 18 an eéducator. For the goes that it is better to have peop! Obey the law because they want to father than because they are forced to & regatte where police- ‘women were handling s crowd of thou- #ands. The river bank was lined wiith g:dvmlmfln in & holiday mood. Be- the erowd at the water's edge was & row of newly painted n benches, affordiing a tempting point of vantage from which to view the races. A few of the spectators in® the rear ranks elimbed upon the seats, marring the emerald color. The police girls were 8t once active. They did not abruptly order she offenders off, but an a harangue that involved nvinlbzl the feasons why d eitizens should not stand on freshly painted benches. Proletariat Joins Argument. ‘The proletariat, interested #nd reluctant to abandon l&:'x’r’ o tlons which gave them such an excellent ¥iew of the river, argued with the girls. Many men and women in the crowd lost interest in the regatta and joined with the police girls in attempting to con- vince the anti-social people on the benches that they should get down. The chief arguments employed were that cultured people do not stand on benches, hat by doing 80 they ‘were ml‘..klng a bad impression on the “bourful” (whom I represented). The conclusive and winning contention ad- vanced by the police was that it was a waste of labor. For wasting labor has real Jz"“&'f‘z' to the . :lg-wnuk)ua z oup woul even talked out J’ their positions urtmllrlnz benches and would scramble off the Seats. But as soon as they were gone a new collection would take their places and the whole ordeal was gone through in. I suggested a more decisive way of keeping the benches clear, but my Communist interpreter said that arbi- trary methods would not be education | and it was far better to educate the people by giving them the reasons for not doing improper things. _ But when an arrest is made and the @ccused brought to the bar of justice he is confronted with & court of pro- cedure, & criminal code and a system of g:lololy unique in the world today. e court rooms of modern Russia re- flect the stark system of jurisprudence that J\lldn their functioning. I have attended slons of the people's court held in & large room of an old apart- ment house in Moscow and similar hear- ings convened in the courts of justice used the Romanoffs in Lening From these trial chambers all the tri pings of the old regime are gone. The Judge's bench is a plain table hung Wwith scarlet cloth. A red-draped pic- ture of Lenin adorns the scaling walls, and rough benches and wabbly chairs are scattered around the barren room. The impressive ceremonies that give dignity to courts of law are absent. The procedure is as simple and un- embellished by intricate rules of evi dence as the room is devoid of decora- tion. In the people's court, which is the common court of original purisdiction for ordinary cases, one judge and two assessors hear the case and constitute both the judge and the jury, making de- cisions on both law and fact. All three may question witnesses unhampered by strict rules on admissibility of testimony and the case is decided by a majority motjthe m{.‘e, s S, The udfio not chosen for pe- culiar iegal training, as an education in law is not necessary for office. He must, however, be a Communist who has held public office for at least two mn and has been employed at one 6 a8 & worker or farmer. ‘The two assessors are drawn in the fashion of jurymen from a selected panel made up of 50 per cent workers, 16 per cent soldiers and 35 per cent farmers. By confining the operation of the courts to Communists and workers the admin- istration of justice is securely placed in the hands of the proletariat and organ- ised on a strictly class basis with no place for professional people, traders or the intelligentsia. The lawyers of the land may be ad- mitted to practice without legal train- ing, but must pass a Communist board which decides their qualifications in the light of their political beliefs. The pro- fession 1s now being collectivized. On February 1 Moscow abolished the pri- vate practice of law and replaced it by collective unit of workers’ lawyers un- er Communist management. The briefs are impartially distributed among the members of the organization, and the private practice of law or advising in legal matters by lawyers not members of the collective is ruled to be a fraudulent practice, punishable by imprisonment. Six Final Appeal Courts. Above the People's Court are the Gubernia Courts, which hear appeals from the lower tribunal and have the right to try cases of special importance involving " counter-revolutionary _trials not conducted in the G. P. U. courts. The court of final appeal is the Su- preme Court of the public. There are six of these sitting in the various States, and in this judiciary, appointed by the central council, the same class distinctions prevail. Of the 45 judges of this high bench all are Communists, but only 18 are lawyers. ‘The penal code administered by these courts names &s crimes many acts not regarded as crimes in other lands, and omits or minimizes deeds that the world has for ages branded as criminal. It );ro\'ldu for a maximum penalty of onl; 0 years for all offenses with the single exception of counter-revolutionary ac- tivity, which may be punished by death. These statutes, so strange to Western countries, but entirely compatible with Soviet ideology, are a direct product of revolutionary chaos. The first five years of the Soviets' life there was no penal code in existence to designate the acts to be uniform] sidered criminal. That lngurhn vision of law was deliberate! order to establish forms. criminal justice was administered by Jjudges untrained in jurisprudence, whose sole qualification was & thorough understanding of the dof of com- munism and & hysterial fervor for the precepts of the Red faith. There were no statutes mor formal tests by which they determined whether acts an accused man was alleged to have committed were criminal or not. The existing customs of the mh were not a sound guide because t| & were bred in czarist days. The that an act had been a crime under the empire was not considered, for the Ro- manoffs were dead and & new world was to be . B0 these jurists of the revolutionary tribunals examined issues and tested them in accordance with the general notions of the aims and ideals of the losophy. If by & sixth sense they felt a cerfain act militated against permanency of the nruullnq Soviets, or believed it to be detrimental to the welfare of the group, it was i:dxed & crime and gentence was passed accordance with the magistrate’s no- tions of the extent to which the offend- er was a menace to the community. 80 out of the ruddy glow of the “revolu- tionary conscience” a category of acts regarded as anti-social came into being. These were crystallized into the penal code made in 1922, gut into effect in 1923 and revised in 1027, ‘The Red penal code now in operation divides all offenses into three chief jes. There are the ¢rimes against health, life and property. which include larceny and murder. A second class of offenses against the economic life of the country embraces many startling new types of crime and the frantic efforts be- ing made today to complete the five-year plan and effect Russia’s industrial in- Dibvoking & Figid nforcement of these provoking & enforcement of these statutes. The third ¢ cation is counter-revolutionary crimes. These are defined as “any action directed toward the overthrow, the breaking or ‘weakening of the power of the workers and peasants’ government.” Alth this section of laws is directed most forcefully against political activity and economic conspiracies, the liberal inter- tation given by the courts often ings many offenses in the first two categories under its force. New Crime Is Created. A new crime fostered by this all- inclusive statute was born only last month in Kharkov when several library officials were arrested and charged with cultural sabotage. Their 3 been the arrangement and distribution of books on the shelves of their library. ‘The police investigating the institution discovered that thousands of tomes exalting the dictatorship of the proletariat, and depicting the doubts and fears and yearnings of humanity a8 vanishing at the magic touch of an economic cure-all, had been relegated to obscure shelves and stacked in damp cellars, And in prominent display they found eheap novels with bourgeoisie settings, volumes on God and dead faiths and books about people whose souls had not been standardized. The offenders must answer to the courts of Communism for their transgression. ‘The many crimes against the economic security which do not have revolu- tionary intent, but are punishable be- cause they are detrimental to the group, form an anomalous colection of laws. Labor desertion is a misdemeanor in Red Russia. If important work is to be done and an employe leaves his job without proper excuse, he may be sentenced to compulsory labor for two weekd or imprisonment for not more than six days. The wasteful use of material by a menager or & worker or the ill-advised direction of labor by a superintendent may be punished by not | P® less than six months' imprisonment. ‘There is the recent case of an office manager who fell a victim to the stringent laws demanding extreme care in the process of doing Soviet business. The manager, in a hurry to leave the office to keep an appointment with his bride, left his work at the regular time, but falled to turn over to his secretary the keys to the vault in which the office records were stored. She was compelled to leave the books unlocked during the night. In the morning it was discovered that the records of hours of labor put in by the factory workers had been stolen and that the pay roll could not be mi up. For this negligent act the manager was indicted, tried and sentenced to nine days’ imprisonment. Maladministration of an office through carelessness, lack of ability or application are punished by not less than six months’ imprisonment. If the poor management is carried on de- liberately for private gain, a maximum of five years' imprisonment may be the penalty and if it is part of a conspiracy with others or is done with the aim of squandering state property and damag- ing Boviet enterprise, it may be inter- preted as counter-revolutionary and so carry the maximum penalty of death. In the wide variety of crimes listed under the head of acts against health. life and property of the people are all the offenses ranging from non-support of children to murder. These common crimes are given a distinctive place by the unique Communist interpretation of them. For the act itself does not interest the state. The sentence is not imposed in accordance with the crime. but in relation to the social danger of the person involved. No crime of this type carries a penalty of more than 10 years' imprisonment. Communists who commit offenses against the peace of the community are dealt with more harshly than non-party members, for their fallure to live up to the concepts of the tion pres:nts a greater mmgmnflw The party mem- act | Priso h| Cloved in Boviet factorles and govern- had | ticularly dangerous to the state be- THE ASH TRAYS AND BUZZERS EARS ago I had an ap- pointment with a cor- poration president. The secretaries, door men, and general factotums in the great man's outer office made it clear that their boss was Some Pumpkins and that I was assuming a great deal in asking to see him. When I finally worked my way through the last of them and stood in the president's private office, I saw in the cor- ner a red-faced, bald-headed man seated at a plain wooden desk. His coat was off and his sleeves were rolled up to reveal a pair of solid, hairy arms. “Ah, Mr. Barton,” he sald, “would you mind standing on ber is & model for the rank and file of the mi If he falls the example for others is bad. Murder, if given no oounter-revolu- tionary significance, 18 punished by & maximum of 10 years. The gradations of punishment for the offense are based upon distinctions in keeping with the social danger of the murderer. Murder motivated by jealousy, pri gain or self-interest (all bourgeoisie urges) is the most aggravated form of the crime and carries & minimum sentence of 8 years with a maximum of 10 years in n. The brutality or revolting character of the act does not interest the court. ‘They believe the social danger of the criminal can be estimated only through consideration of the mo- tives, ‘The decision in a recent Soviet murder trial is in point. For weeks & young wife laid plans to kill her husband. She saved kopeks to urchase & knife and bought & long glldl with & keen edge that assured efficiency in the gruesome work. Her husband, & good-natured loafer and drunkard, neglected the support of his family and spent his fubles for vodka. The wife, driven to desperation by his shiftlessness, but reluctant jto divorce the idler, stabbed him to dbath as he slept and mutilated the body beyond recognition. The facts were all admit- ted in court, but the judge sentenced her to only three years’ imprisonment. He did not regard the woman as socially dangerous and her act had not had an anti-social effect upon the community. It had, on the other hand, salutary effects upon the ne'er-do-wells of the village. The sentimentality which kept the woman living with her husband and prevented her from securing & divorce was severely d:;mcma. however, by the presiding judge. Contrast this ease to the affair of Konsantin, Andri and Smirnov, three boys ranging in age from 20 to 23 years. All were graduates of a workers' high school and members of the Young Com- munists’ League, an organization that prepares the youth for party member- ship. Two of the boys had attended the School of Mines and all were em- ment projects. One night they returned to the School of Mines, broke into the office of the treasurer attacked’ him, bound and gagged his wife, stole 20,000 rubles from the safe and escaped. When appre- hended the evidence against them was clear, but the trial lasted six days and tha decision of the judge was long and thorough. He sald that the boys’ crime was par- cause they were members of the Y"“fls Communists, were educated and considered model youths and had failed in their duty. He regarded the offense 80 severe in this light that he declared it to be counter-revolutionary in its nature and sentenced the young men to death. 'This ineident s interesting ‘by way of pointing out the wide lattitude ,lven the judge in defining the offense, for had he declared it larceny he could have imposed only a sentence of two years at & maximum. Laws Colored by Two Aims, In erimes against property the laws are colored by two Communist aims: the desire to eliminate the sacredness of private property and to protect the state's hold?nn. e alty for theft is measured not by the value of the goods stolen, but in accordance with were appropriated. Theft from & pri- vate individual, amount involved, carries a maximum enalty of not more than six months. ut theft from the government is pun- ished by not than a sentence of one year in jall. In fraud a similar relation of the penalties appears. Fraud rpetrated on an individual draws only one-half the penalty that the same 1fnu‘e against the government would involve. { _The Soviets also have a liquor law. ' The manufacture and sale of all liquor is in the hands of the government. It is unlawful to make or store liquor | with the view to selling it or to trade | in liquor as & means of livelthood. Con- | viction of this offense involves & mini- | mum penalty of not less than three | years' imprisonment, confiscation of all property and loss of political rights. | But the Soviets' regard for the laboring man causes them to modify the sen- tence if the liquor law violator were | unemployed at the time he made the | sales or was ignorant of the law. ‘The affinity between liquor laws and an approachable judiciary, manifests | itself in_the new Boviet world. The ! story of Fedossja, & proprietess of a Red | speakeasy, her anxious husband and an | aflable judge is a common incident of i the Volstead era, but in Russia the tale has a melancholy Slavic ending. Fedossja, a woman living in Twer, was accused of selling vodka in viola- | tion of Soviet liquor statutes. Her hus- | band, Iwanov, made a frantic effort to have the case against his wife dropped | and arranged through & mutual friend | to meet Nicholal Renkin, a judge of a | people’'s court, He entertained the | Jjurist, regaling him with vodka and perijiks. The judge, in an expansive mood, assured the worried husband that the case against his wife was trivial and would come to nothing, l- though the canny magistrate explained that he would not sit at the trial. The Jjurist’s words of hope cheered Fedossja and Iwanov, and the magistrate, taking advantage of their high pirits, bor- rowed 10 rubles from the husband. Later, as the day of the trial ap- proached, the judge was agam enter- tained by the frightened pair. More mssurances were forthcoming and an- other , this time of 30 rubles, negotiated. Fedossja, lulled into & secure mood, went to trial without fear. The verdict was & angk. Bhe was the circumstances under which they | g trrespetive of the | €T guard beside that door? My tailor has just sent me over a pair of cooler pants, and I want to put them on.” So I stood guard while he stepped out of one pair of pants and into another, chatting so- ciably all the time. I was reminded of this inci- dent by the remark of a friend who recently transferred from the branch office to the New York headquarters of a certain business. Some of the men in the or- ganization were jealous of his meotlon. and he has careful- y watched his step. “The pres- ident gave me my choice of two offices,” he told me. “One was a grand room on the executive floor. The other a queer little _By dump two floors below. I took the little office. It will be per- fectly all right until I show that I need something better. I have enough problems at the beginning without the addi- tional handicap of a luxurious office.” An office manager who has watched men come and go in & big corporation tells me that he can predict just about how long a new man will last. “If his first requisition is for a lead encil and a blotter and some nk, I put him down as perma- nent. But when a man sends me an initial requisition for an ash tray and an electric buzzer I not!ce he never stays over a year. Napoleon was quite a trial to (Copyright, 1980.) INDUSTRY OF IRELAND NOW GROWING APACE Rapid Strides in Economic Fields Stir Nation as It Has Not B:o in Century. (Continued From First Page.) like meteors out of the blue. Two-thirds of the farms in the Free State con- tain less than 30 acres each. On them the farmers eke out a miserable exist- ence—a bit of land in potatoes and rough green stuffs for the family, & few mangles for the single cow, the inevi- igs and possibly some poultry. If he has a horse, it is almost certain to be & brood mare. Horse Breeding Poputar Side Line. ‘To_be sure, nothing could prevent him from trying to breed hunters and race horses, And they do bring out an occasional winner—just often enough to make the gamble of it turn many Irish farmers into horseflesh fan- clers, to the neglect of the farming. To make ‘things more difficult, Mike has a large family—8 or 10 children, many of whom begin planning very early in life to migrate to America or Australia. Those who do not get away are likely %0 squeeze into the already t00 numerous class of shopkeepers. That there has been a definite turn for the better in Irish conditions, par- ticularly among the Irish farmers, is nowhere more clearly indicated, how- ever, than by the decline of immigra- tion. The h Free Btate quota to the United States has not been filled in either of the last two years, even though reduced from 27,000 to 17,000. 1t 1s not only that the Irish farmer sees these big industrial projects spring- ing up around him; his own business is el & stir. Under the leadership of s very able minister of agriculture in Dublin, Mr. Patrick Hogan, much has been :ceorpxg:uhed for the Free State farmers. e creamery co-operatives have been given their monopoly of the butter business. Their marketing is largely in_the hands of their own sales agency. Standards of quality have been set up and governmentally enforced in & number of Ireland’s principal agri- cultural products—eggs, butter and so on. A modern &ystem of agricultural credit has been instituted through a government owned corporation. By it 4,337 loans were made last year, with the average amount per only about $600. ‘The largest single item in the PFree State’s export trade has been store (un- fattened) 1Al Slowly but surely sentenced to three years' imprisonment, confiscation of all property and dis- franchisement. Her husband charged up to the bench and declared there was an error as another judge had advised him that his wife would be decreed innocent. The state inuestigated the activities of Renkin and bmuflm him to_trial for the corrupt use of his high office. At the conclusion of his trial the eourt leclared & dishonest judiciary the atest of social dangers, stated the actions of Judge Renkin unbecoming to & people's servant and sentenced the jurist to five years in prison. Russia’s theories of punishment and operation of penal institutions deny the use of ;punishment for purposes of penance OF révenge. In no case can it volve physical suffering or degrada- tion of human dignity. for its aims the prevention of further crime gnd the adaptation of the crim- inal to"the social conditions of a labor- ing community, This they attempt to effect by subjecting convicted men to corrective labor. Goal Is to Replace Prisons. The primary goal of the present penal policy is to replace prisons with educational institutions and deprive them of their mechanical character.’ Illiterate prisoners are taught to read. Prison labor is put on an equal footing with labor outside the walls. An eight- hour day is in force and a weekly period of 40 hours unbroken rest is assured All inmates. Prison labor is paid a substantial wage, usually the full trade union rate for the work e A portion of the earnings of the pris- oner during his term is saved for him and given to him when he is discharged. Some of the money is allowed him for the purchase of tobacco and extra food and the remainder is sent to his de- dants. If the prisoner has no trade he is taught one and his sentence is reduced in proportion to the swiftness with which he masters his new work. There is no uniform prison garb and all prisoners can smoke when they wish. Vacations are a feature of the Soviet jails. A prisoner not in solitary con- finement and in the upper and middie categories so far as behavior is con- cerned is given a leave of absence of from 7 to 14 days a year. Imprisoned peasants are granted three months' Summer leave to put in their crops and to harvest. Soviet justice has discarded all precedent made by other social orders and has only a slight interest in the precedent_she herself established yes- terday. For all her rules are tempo- rary, 50 her leaders explain, and are only makeshifts until the day true communism dawns. But many see in the present codes & formalization of the ordeér and its crystallization into & quasi-communistic o e system has [ you Irish policy has been developing mixed farming, based on the dairy cow. And 80 & reborn Ireland is beginning to be seen in the agricultural community—a fact which is even more important than the Ford works at Cork. Some new industries have grown up around Dublin, behind tariff walls, but not & few of these have been simply branches of British com?ames placed there to supply their old customers. The products protected have been those in most common use on the Irish farm. To defend the Irish farmer against higher costs of living Mr. Hogan, the minister of agriculture, recently pro- tested against further duties on im- ported products of this sort. Another ancient industry in the Dublin area of great interest is t}e Guinness Brewery, where the world- renowned Guinness beer and stout is brewed. Year after year the produc- tion and exports of "this the largest brewery in the world, declined, but a new stir—a ferment, too—is now bein felt in this very wealthy company. I had been the owners' proud t for over 150 years that Guinness was sold on its reputation—not & penny being “wasted” ‘on advertising. Two years ago Lord Iveagh, as the titular head of the Guinness family is called, died. Almost at once the new management the thirsty to drink Guinness stout appeared throughout Europe, The old- fashioned folks shook their heads. are we coming to—Guinness Ty tising, perhaps it was something else, but the facts are that in 1929 the ex- ports of Guinness have shown a sub- stantial increase over those of 1028— the first increase in years. Sees Ireland Always Unlucky. ‘The Emerald Isle 18 a queer place. One day I was leaning over the bridge which spans the Shannon just below the new hydroelectric works at Ardena- crusha, Limerick. “Ireland never had any luck. She'’s got only three leaves on her clover— Leinster, Munster and Connaught—but there's no making a four-lea out for her by attachin’ Ulster.” I could just catch the words ‘n broad Irish brogue from between his teeth, clenching the inevitable short-stemmed clay pipe. Patrick Murphy was his name, of course. “Whether it's a case of luck or not T oan’t make sure” I thought, as we looked over the lazy scene together. Of one thing there can be no doubt. Ireland should be called Anomaly Island. Can you imagine an island surrounded by waters abounding in edible fish, where the islanders do not fish or eat fish that others catch? ~ With rivers full of salmon and trout caught only for sport by visitors from abroad? Can you imagine a beautiful island of great fertility in many parts where for 76 years the population has steadily declined without a pause, going from eight millions to four millions in the same time that the English population clover f | in the neighboring island, within sight on clear days, increasing from nine millions to 37 millions? Imagine, if can, some of the strange results which wefit with this disappearing population—an oversized banking sys- tem, an oversived retail distribution system, an oversized railroad system and highway system—all in all, quite the picture of a lad with his father's clothes on. Of those left after these millions went west, overseas, Anomaly Island distributed them, true to type, concentrated in large numbers on the rocks of the west coast, leaving com- paratively sparsely settled the rich counties of the east. Why? It's a long story. Cromwell did most of it. Faced By Conundrum. Then there is the conundrum of the bacon, which came to my mind with these puszling reflections as with my new Irish acquaintance over where the Rlver Shannon flows. Why these people continue to eat poor Ameri- can bacon imported from Chicago while they sell all their own much finer bacon {on ‘the other side of the Irish Sea? Price, I knew, was & prime consideration —but it wasn’t all of the story. At that moment this deliclous, light-cured Irish bacon which I had had for breakfast that morning was priced at sixtee Bt S, ot e A0S T a) lucts could be had for fifteen pence half- penny a pound, or 31 cents. Nonplussed, I put it to him of the dirty white pipe. Cold reason didn't seem always to govern the actions of the friendly people of Anomaly Island, but I wanted to know what he would give as an exfahn\tlon of this ancient custom. It all has to do with the borax, sald Pat. American bacon comes pre- served in borax, and it seems that an Irish stew cooked up with “bor: bacon” breaks down the cabbage in a | toothsome manner delightful to the Irish palate. This was Pat Murphy's reason. I never have heard & better one. Two _other articles of common Irish diet excited my wonder. outm\;n the west coast in the Very poorest hovels started advertising. 'SBigns instructing | paid ed nll'ude his way up to "SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, MAY 4, 1930—PART TWO. Bruce Barton his courtiers because he did not pay more attention to the trap- pings of his office. Bourrienne was telling him that he must do so and so or the older Europe would not recognize him, he had the sure answer of a man who knows his s When reigning families in’ “If 1t comes to that T will de- stroy them all,” he exclaimed. “Then I shall be the oldest sovereign among them.” Generally speaking, those who like lots of fuss are light weights. The surer a man is of his own capacity the less he cxltlruf for ixterx}ah—lncludlnl al ancy trappings and crmcluny Ao of the uninformed. 1 found they drank the most expensive tea to be had in the London market. And they ate nothing but white bread. Probably here again is & fast holding old-time revulsion the black bread of their forefathers, Inspiration to Leadership. Ireland, reborn, has felt its new under the inspiring leadership of = dent Cosgrave. He sees and feels keenly the tragedy of Anomaly Island, but not without humor—good humor, too. It will take time, he knows, to close up that tremendous gap between the Ford works and the potato. The President with Mr. McGilligan, his Minister Industry and Commerce, has carried through the great Shannon scheme, the Barrow drainage works and other pro- jects of state capital expenditure, initiated, growing up rapidly alongside the Ford plant and other foreign works. His policy 1s to use state funds to break down the worst of the psychology of ‘li;;gux which prevalled in Ireland in At the same time, Mr. Cosgrave does not let it be forgotten for a moment that each citizen must develop his full opportunities on his own initiative. Now we turn to the leader of the op- position party, Mr. De Valera. He and his party hold almost as many seats in the lower house of the Legisiature as the government party. His two principal policies concern the land and the tariff. He pictures an island in the far-away P-crnc—mna like Anomaly Island, indeed-—where the inkabitants, far from civilization, lve an independent life of Arcadian sim- plicity. Anomaly Ireland he would free by reducing it to this self-sufficient, medieval simplicity—homespun indus- tries sans foreign fort influence; for- elgn imports debarred, the same with foreign capital; above all, things Brit- ish, %ut, present and future, to be re- moved. Irish land has been purchased by the state from the old uumcnc%n a price of about $500,000,000, which is being id Dby the farmers with interest. Something over $80,000,000 of the capi- tal amounts has been paid. The land value was based on rés less than those of 1913, so that the Irish tenant is really getting his land at & rental— in part, a purchase payment—lower than aywhere else in Europe, De Valera’s Views Quoted. De Valera's contention ls that no |pri maip! payments are just due, be- cause the Irish don't owe the English— the old land ownerl—ln{thm“ because they, he holds, the old ascendancy, drained Ireland of her wealth for over 100 years. What if Mr. De Valera comes into power? Will he smash the new founda~- tion, barely set, as some of his speeches suggest? Many are anxious on this point. But by putting two and two to- gether it is evident to expert observers that the new state, Henry Ford and the Belgian investors have no cause for con- cern. They hold that Mr. De Valera will never stay in power even if he comes to it. In the meantime, the discipline of actually grappling with legislation in the making is doing much for De Va- lera’s followers. Responsibility i8 mov- ing the best minds of the group toward the right (politically), so that every month that passes strengthens the leg- islative position of the Cosgrave gov- ernment and the constructive forces in Ireland. How far this tendency has developed can be very nicely measured by the vote of confidence given Mr. Cosgrave after his defeat a few weeks ago. .Thm are some of the evidences of a new life in Ireland. Important, too, is the fact that the government's finan- cial position is unquestionably sound. Its national loans stand high in the finance markets of the world. Annual budgets are balanced, with the excep- tion of capital expenditure on national projects, such as the Shannon_scheme, drainage works, and so on. ndi- ture for the nine months ende cember, 1920. shows a decline of more than £300,000 and .the revenue an in- crease of more than £200,000 as com- pared with the corresponding period of 28. & Foreign Trade Improving. The foreign trade position for the new dominion is nnmovin’. were greater last year than for the year before, and the same was true for im- , although the country is still P:ced with a very large adverse trade balance. All T san say in conclusion is that if you don't believe any or all of this rough sketch, don't argue; go over and see for yourself. Before you ro read the Irish Statesman (a weekly pub- lished in Dublin), in which you can see the Summer-lightning of George Rus- sell's (A. E)_delightful, humorous view of ancient Ireland and modern Ire- 1and, as they exist today side by side in vivid contrast in the Emerald Isle. Whoever put the ire in Ireland, no one knows. But very soon therell be but little left. Chinese, Ending Life, “Minded Own Business” ‘hinese merchant closed his life hl?e Evlthel proverb—an indirect hint that he did not want his friends to into his motives for committing suicide. e katons, and at dawh cat Bank of Commun! 3 . flfl‘me ul climbed to the top of an ornamen sw':e effigy and leaped to the fil\)\lnfl He was dead when Elcked up. His last t, of | 4o a fire 8 straw rick. dig at, but the light of it swiftly dies YOUTH’S QUEST FOR LIFE, WHERE CAN HE FIND IT? - |Robert Hichens, Famous English Writer, Discusses Some of the Problems Confronting (Continued From Third Page.) in Shaftesbury avenue, and believed that I was perfectly contented there. And then one night—it was raining, 1 remember, and very damp and misty— 1 came home late, let myself in with my latch key, bolted my doof, went to my tiny green and red sitting room, stretched myself out on my divan, pseudo-oriental but very comfortable, lit & cigarette and considered things. Yes, I considered my existence, and sud- living in Shaftesbury svenue, with a burglar overhead and a lady of pleasure at Tight angles to me. I didn’t hate London. I still loved London. But hated 8h street “run” by an bury avenue saw me no more. t sudden departure was like a lttle crisis in my life. I knew from that I could hate something —a way of Life for instance—and not aware of my hatred till & moment of sudden illumination arrived. Such another moment of {llumination came to me after an interval during which T was very hard at work and still quite convinced that town life was the only life for me and that London was the ideal place to live in. Became Journalist, I had become a journalist. At first I wrote furtive pleces—as my friends and called them—"turnovers” for The Young Folk. wholly, & question of health. Since I have given up the pavements and the chimney pots, to say nothing of the con- cert rooms and the opera houses, I have become & much healthier, much stronger man. Instead of the almost feverish, nervous vitality I used to be consclous of, I feel & more normal, more steady, calmer vitality. I may not go 80 quickly as I used to go, but I think that I have much more staying power, that I can last much longer than for- merly. Riding and games have come back into my life, and my wonder now 18 how I was eve! le to exist without the solace and health golf and tennis bring to a man. And the large horizons —how_much more inspiring they are than the view of the houses 1 ‘There was & time when I felt High stre 8 to find it everywhere, quite as wonder- ful in the country as it is in the town, quite as fascinating abroad as it is at home, quite as mysterious in simplieity as it is in complexity. 1f I were asked indeed to say which are the more genuinely interesting, those who live habitually in greas cliles or those who live remote from them, I think n¥ vote would be given to the Iatter. ‘There is, to me, one very tire- some trait in humanity—the monkey element, the apparently innate sity toward imitation of others. Now, propensity is fostered and encour- aged in cities, where men and women live together in mobs. Imitation rages in towns like a pestilence. There a conventions of voice, of gait, of man- ner, carefully observed by swarms of men and women. Even tricks of phrase run like fire through the social circles in & town, Fashion in clothes brinj Globe, etc, ete. Then I got some reguiar work. I did a musical article umm'mmn.devm ‘week. sadgl 2%s 't enough, but fashion in speech, voice, in walk, in bearing, in manner, in moral outlook (or immoral outlook), in ugrmn of thought and even in fiwlf t ftself—this is well-nigh intol- eral but one has to put up with it . Ig] “pleasure” provided in citles for those who live in them habitually, I very much doubt whether Gargantuan meals of pleasure make for the happiness of t | those who sit at the feast. spot. 1 to consider the matter considered myself an absol 1 remember seeing about Lon- whom it was sald that he never slept out of London. ‘The years passed. People came and went, changes came over London. Hard-working men took their holidays. Pleasure-loving men went abroad, went to Scotland, came back. But Mr. Howard never slept out of London,'and I looked at him strolling along the pavement of Ple- eadilly or going in and out of the elubs, and I understood him, - For my life was London. When I wasn't At home writing I was perpetu- ally sitting in concert rooms. I went to every geod concert. During the opera season I heard all the ras given. My exercite cons'sted chiefly in walk- ing from whe e I lived to Queen’s Hall, | to the Albert Hal. to the Covert Garden fl»n House, and walking home again. though I had Db2en brought up to ride horseback and had been very fond of lawn tennis, I now never rode, never plaved any geme. " Alihough sl young, was getting fat. My complexion had Ro freshness. Why should it have when 1 gloried in bainz a London sparrow, when my horizon was bounded by the pavements and the chimney pots? At this time I wrote and published a book ecalled “Flames: A London Phan- tasy,” in which I embodied some of my experiences in London and tried to ex- press some of my feelings for London. | P% Not long after it had come out I re- ceived a vitit from a nephew of the late Lord Burnham, whom I knew slightly. He asked me to go down to the office of the Daily Telegraph to have a talk with his uncle. Wondering what had prompted this invitation, I went to the great office in Fleet street and was re- ceived by Lord Burnham, who was the N proprietor and & com- mander-in-chief of the Dally Telegraph, as his brilliant son is today. Found Lord Burnham Delightful, Lord Burnham, a8 I very soon found out, was one of the mott delightful of men and astute of journalists. Our interview then was not a very long one. Almoet immediately he came to the He invited me to join the staff of his paper as a descriptive writer. I can see him before me now, sitting in & big chair in front of a very big writing table, short, bald, rosy, smart, looking at me with his wonderfully brilliant and intelligent eyes, eyes that, once seen, couldn't easily be forgotten. As I was silent, he enlarged on the sort of thing he wanted me to do for him. While he was talking and I was listening I had another moment of illumination, !nfldml{ I realized that I didn't want-to go on living in London. Not only that! felt as if for a long time I had been sick of my life in London without realising it. But now —how was that?—Lord Burnham had made me realize it. Made Sudden Decision, I thanked him for his offer, but I didn’t ask for time to consider it. Fol- lowing a strong impulse, I told him that I intended to give up journalism aito- give up London life, to awa of books. I didn't tell him that when I had walked into his office a few minutes before I had had none of these good friends—afterward I came to know him much bettér and to like and admire him without reserv . I went home and Almost imme- diately resigned position on the | ‘Worl I knew that my time in Lon- don was over. I was taking a risk, I knew that. Most of my friends seemed to think I was doing & crasy thln$2 but 1 felt as I had felt on that night in Shaftesbury avenue the night before I went out of my fiat. I to go, and Iwent. ‘That must be now nearly 25 years| ago. In those 25 years I don't think | there has ever been a moment in which I have regretted my separation from Life. But mi.mcqpuon of Life has cl d. I have long ago discovered that the marvel occasionally goes out of town, that it stays far beyond what used to be called “the cab radius,” that it may be found, and in full vl‘:hw. in the most unexfieud P! nay, even in the desert which Balzmc described in the phrase “God without man.’ Existence has become much quieter for me, yet I often feel that it is fuller than it was, glthough it is less exciting. For there is an excitement in great cities which is like no other excitement. 1 have felt it in Paris, in Rom York, in Bu Naples, Cairo, m Constantinople. It atings and burns; it seems to quicken the senses, to set the brain at & gallop. But I have come to distrust it. Sometimes it reminds me of ‘The blaze is lown into darkness. One man's meat being, as we know, another man's poison, it 18 foolish and presumptuous for & man to prescribe for other men, to tell other men what their way of life should be. For myself I can only say that I have been & much hap- pler man since I gave up living in a ssage, found in his room, quoted a }:fnoul Chinese proverb to the effect that each man dould ul “% An;: his own doorstep, mnor'- affairs severely alons. great city and I have not only been all my time o the | Jord Certainly & crowd can be jolly. The Jollity of an English crowd gathered to- gether for soms ep:=ri~l purpose, to see a fon or a fight or a foot ball match, i prove bicl and is often exhil- arating. But t a quantity of care- worn &nd mis-cthie faces one sees in any great city! Th» a'ght of happiness among the chimney pots and the pave- ments i surely the exception, not the rule. ‘Through all the years that I spent in London, 1 was subject to fits of intense depression. ut when I ceased from living in Tovion and gave nature & ho'l of me, really hold of me, to my gleam of hope anywhere. Natural Conditions Seem Besk. ‘When I think over my life and the many and various types of humanity I have entountered in many countries and in four continents, I seem to real- iz that the happlest people are those who live in natural conditions, who have a hold on simplicity and who are not burdened with great possessions, and who by virtue of thelr situation have nevet been brought closely into contact with what I may the dressed-up life. If you want to see discontent go to Deauville in the height of the season, or to the gambling rooms of Monte Car- lo in March, or to the casino at Cannes in the same month, or, indeed, to any favorits haunt of the monde ou l'on s'amuse. There discontent stares you in the face under the lamps, TS At you out of almost every limoi that sses by, But go among those who work—in my opinion no habitual idler is really happy--whose work does not almost tof Separate them from na- ture and who live in conditions as little a a8 ible, and you will often look into the bright eyes of unself- conscious and careleks happiness. The London sparrows may twitter merrily enough among chimney pots, but for ecstasy one mult go to the |lark. Happiness lies rather in simpil- | fication than in complication. That, at least, 1s one man's view. PUBLIC LIBRARY ‘ Recent accessions to the Public Li- brary and lists of recommended read- ing will appear in this column every Sunday. Travel. Ardenne de Tizac, A. F. C. d". A Girl in Boviet Russia. Q54-Ar23.E. Beckwith, M. W. Black Roadways; a Study of Jamaican Folk Lore. G974-B38. Holmes, Edric. London’s Countryside. 1927. G45-H73. Lewis, M. G. Journal of a West India Proprietor. G974-L58. Raeder, O. M. America in the Forties. G83-R 123E. Tillotsén, M. R., Taylor, F. J. Grand Canyon Country. GB38-T46. Animals. Hingston, R. W. G. Instinct and In- telligence. OC-HB07!. an, D. 8., and others. Animals. 1908. O-J7632a. Pitt, Frances. Animal Mind. OC-P688. Verrill, A. E. True Nature Stories. Money. 0-Vél t. Angell, Norman. The Story of Money. HM-An43s. Cassel, Gustav. Post-war Monetary Stabilization. HM-C277p. Crowther, Samuel. Money; How to Make It, Use It, Invest It. HR-O88m. Young, J. P. Central American Curs rency and Finance. 1925. HR-Y88. Music and Musicians. Day, Mrs. Lilllan. Paganini of Genoa. Dugey Bt Purest 1028, VW upre, enr ireell. N - Poiar o Qray, Cecll. The His of Music. Vi1 Gon i - Rosenteld. Paul. An Hour With Amer- fcan Music. VV83-R72. B‘lll-fl,a'g- J. Musie, 1000-1930. VV- Journalism. mfim el Wit ZA-Bism: le e 2 = . Elsworth, W. W. Creatfee Wittt Sorrells, J. H. The Working Press. ZC3-Bo8T¥. = ; Ships. bell, Gordon. Mystery Ships. culver B B, “Tha ;:'ok oyt 1d Ships. ver, H. B. 3 80-C91. o Austin, F. B. A Deeping, Warwick. Ferber, Cimarron. McFee, Willlam. Sailors of Fortune. Marshall, Archibald. Miss Welby at of the Bea. muc;‘xuhwpier. but alto much more suc- cessful. ‘This ru be, partly though not Steen. Miin, Mrs. L. J. ‘The Green Goddess. Sherttt R, g Bartlett, Ve