Evening Star Newspaper, April 13, 1930, Page 35

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HUGHES HAS SURPASSED SPEED OF TAFT IN COURT New Chief Justice Action on Writ Before Formally Submitted. BY GREGORY HANKIN. HE Supreme Court of the United States will return Monday from its first recess since Chief Jus- tice Hughes presided over the court. While it is too early to discuss the work of the present Chiet Justice, it is worth making a few ob- servations on the basis of what he has already done. ‘When the late Chief Justice Taft re- signed and immediately afterward the White House announced the nominu- tion of Mr. Hughes, one question which arose in the minds of the members of the bar was whether the new Chief Jus- tice would keep up the speed under which the court has been working iu the past number of y:ars. That rate of speed was the result of Mr. Taft's | systematization of the court’s work, and at the time of his resignation the court maintained this velocity, to a large ex- tent, as it were, through the law of inertia. Unprecedented Speed. As soon as Mr. Hughes took office the atmosphere in the court became charged with a still swifter current of work. In one appeal a statem:nt showing that the court” had jurisdiction in the case was filed on February 12; on March 3 the court advanced the case to be ar- gued on April 14; on March 17 the Jjurisdictional statement was formaliy submitted to the court. In other words, the argument in the case will take place on the same day on which the court ‘will pass on the question whether it has jurisdiction in the case at all. Usually this process is reversed. First, the ju- risdictional statement is filed; then it is formally submitted to the court; then the court renders an order that prob- able jurisdiction has been shown; thcn the case may be advanced for argu- ment. The case in point will thus be argued within two months after the Jjurisdictional statement was filed.. This is unprecedented speed, considering that only two terms ago it took 17 months for a case to be reached for argument and only a few years ago s:veral years elapsed between the filing of a case and the hearing of ,the arguments on the merits. ! Another illustration of the speed adopted by th: new Chief Justice wus in the case of a petition for a writ of certlorari, which was suddenly acted upon before it_was formally submiticd to the court. That came as a surprise to all those who were accusiomed to the systematized proc-dure under the ad- ministration of Chief Justice Taft. It is difficult to foretell what further sur- prises the new Chief Justice has in store. If one may express hmself so lightly concerning a serious matter, one may well fear lest cases be disposed of while on their way to the Supreme Court, which, by the way, is not at all impossible, Some time ago Chief Justice Taft, addressing the American Law Institute, said that some members of the profes- sion might think that the pace set by the court is contrary to the Constitu- tion. It was a characteristic pleasantry of the Chi:f Justice, although as a matter of fact some lawyers have actu- ally expressed that view, Now those lawyers might well complain that the speed of the court is becoming not only contrary to the Constitution but also to the laws governing time and space. Another observation may be made concerning the work of the new Chiet Justice in the disposition of cases. Of the 39 cases argued since February 24, when Mr. Hughss took office, 7 were dis- cases where the ralr posed of without opinions, 1 was as- signed for reargument and in 6 cases 5 opinjcns were rendered. Of these, 3 opinions were rendered by Chief Justice * Hughes and 2 by Justice Holmes. Hughes' Opinions. Since the opposition in the Senate to the appointment of Chief Justice Hughes centered about his views on econcmic problems and on such ques- tions where th:re is a cleavage between ‘what ma; servatives” and “lLberals,” it might be well to observe that the three opiniors Tendered by Chief Justic: Hughes thus far are fully in accord with the views of the “liberals.” One of these was & public utility case, in which the spe- clally constituted United States District Court in Wiscons'n annulled a valuation order of the Wisconsin Railroad Com- mission concerring the properties of a water company. The District Court had set aside that order without specific findings as to facts and without giving Teasons for its decision. The Supreme Court_set aside this order of the Dis- trict Court and r:manded the case for further proceedings, Hughes de- claring in his opinion that in such im- portant cases of public interest the lower courts must make clear findinge of facts and should stae their conclu- sions of the law. The Judicial Veto. On April 1 Senator Brookhart intro- duced his joint resolution (S. J. Res., 162), which declares “that the Supreme Court of the United State shail nut| declare an act of Congress in violation of the Constitution and invalid except by a unanimous decision of such court.”” ‘This resolution followed on the heels of an opinion rendered by Chief Justice Hughes In two cases questioning the power of the Ohio Legislature to limit the “judicial veto” of the Supreme Court of that State. The State of Ohio had | amended its constitution, forbidding the | Supreme Court of the State from de- claring a State act unconstitutional un- less it does so by a vote of at least six of the seven judges, except in affirming a decision of the intermediate appellate court. It was maintained that this pro- | vision in the Ohio constitution was contrary to various provisions in the Federal Constitution. FPirst, that it was contrary to the provisions guaran- teeing to every State a republican form of government. To this Chief Justice Hughes answered that this provision in the Federal Constitution is a politi- cal provision, and relief can be had! only from Congress, and not from the| courts. Second, that it was contrary to the due process and equal protection clauses in the Federal Constitution, be- cause under this provision it was possi- ble for the Supreme Court of Ohio to reach opposite conclusions in the same classes of cases coming from the differ- ent districts of the State. Chief Justice Hughes answered that the equal protection clause was rot violated by virtue of the fact that dif- ferent conclusions may be reached by 1he courts in the same types of cases. and that the due process clause was not violated, because under the Federal | « Constitution the State is not obligated | to provide for a supreme court at all. The appellants in that case severely criticized this provision in the State constitution, and also stressed the cri icism launched against the provision by the Supreme Court of Ohio itself. Chief Justice Hughes said, however: “It is| urged that the situation has been de-| scribed as deplorable by the Supreme | Court of the State, but it is not for this court to intervene to protect the citizens of the State from the conse- quences of its policy if the State has not disregarded the requirements of the Federal Constitution. * * * The State has a wide discretion in respect to es- tablishing the systems of courts and distributing their jurisdiction.” Labor Law Upheld. The third opinion of Chief Justice Hughes upheld a provision in the work- men’s compensation law of the State of New York. This law provided that in case of the death of an employe who is not entitled to compensation under the act the negligent party shall pay two sums of $500 each into the State funds which are maintained for voca- tional education of injured emploves and be loosely termed as “con?® | Surprised With | for additional compensation to employes | who become toull{ disabled after they were partially disabled. In this case the administratrix of the employe recovered a judgment against | the negligent party, and therefore was: not entitled to compensation under the act. The appellant maintained that under the circumstances it was com-| pelled to pay twice for the same wrong. But Chief Justice Hughes answered that , in case of wrongful death the power of the State is not limited to requiring compensation. It may, in addition, im- pose a penalty and may make provision for the disposition of the money thus| collected from the negligent party. As was stated, it is too early to draw any conclusion concerning the work of Chief Justice Hughes or the view ex- pressed in his opinions. For the pres-| ent it may be sald, however, that the | views thus far enunciated by him were not what his opponents anticipated, just | as this may be said concerning the| opinions of Justice Stone. with respect | to whose appointment the same opposi- | tioh was raised. | Pending Cases. I “There are 41 cases pending for deci- |sion. Of these 15 were argued before | Febiuary 24, and therefore the Chiet Justice will not participate in their de- | eision, The rcmaining 26 cases were argued after he took office. There of these relate to the Chicago diversion | controversy, in which Mr. Hughes acted | as special master, and therefore he will | not participate in their disposition. In | three others the arguments for d Government were conducted by Solicitor General Charles Evans Hughes, jr., and Mr. Hughes will not participate in these cases. This leaves 20 cases in the dis- position of which Chief Justice Hughes ‘may participate when the court recon- venes on April 14, The largest single class of cases pend- ing for decision come under the vari- ous provisions of the internal revenue acts. There are 12 such cases. Most of these deal with technical questions, such as whether storage batteries, gasoline stralners, speedometer parts, replace- ment parts for bumpers, etc., are “auto- mobile parts and accessories” within the meaning of the provision imposing excise taxes on the sale of such prod- ucts; or whether certain deductions are | allowable in cases where the taxpayer | | keeps his books on an accrual basis; | Whether certain trusts were created in contemplation of death; whether the Tevenue act of 1924 was applicable to a revocable trust created prior to the. passage of the act, etc. The second largest class of cases in- volve taxation laws of the States. Thes are important because the attack is made against their constitutionality. Among these cases are the inheritance tax act of South Carolina, as imposed on a debt due by a South Carolina cor- poration to a resident of Illinois: the corporation tax of Illinois; the Louis- iana severance tax on natural resources | as applied to petroleum products, and | the Missouri tax on insurance com- | panies. Personal Injury Cases. i The third largest class of cases pend- | ing for decision consists of actions brought to recover compensation for in- juries received by employes on vessels or railroads. One of these presents an important question of law not hereto- fore decided and that is, whether the recent longshoreman's and harbor workers' compensation act supersedes the Federal employers’ liability act in d employe is in- jured or killed while working on navi- gable waters. | In general. it may be said, that these | personal injury cases do not involve matters of much public importance or any new points of law. Generally they revolve about the que<tion whether. at | a given moment of injury the employe | was or was not engaged in interstate | commerce, or whether there was or was | not sufficient evidence of the railroad’s | negligence, cr whether the embloye assumed or did not assume the risk as | an incident to his emvloyment. Such | cases have really no business before the Sunreme Court of the United States. Still, a large number of applications to view thece cases are constantlv com- Ing to the Snpreme Court and, what is more. a relatively large number of such vetitions for review have been granted bv the Supreme Court in recent years. It is interesting to note that since Feb- ruarv 24, when Mr. Hughes became Chief Justice, there were eight peti- tions submitted under the Federal sm- vloyers' liabilitv act. and all of these have been denied. Whether this indi- cates a change of policv with reference to such cases remains to be seen. During this period the conrt did grant a review in one nersonal iniury case. involving the death of a seaman. That case, however, raised a new ques- tion of law. not heretofore nassed unon by the court and upon which there is conflict between the Federal courts and the New York courts, which decided the vresent case. This question is whether the Jones seamen’s act, providing for THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D ., APRIL 13, 1930—PART TWO. Mothers 4,000,000 Refugees League of Nations Nearly Solves Problem When New Addition to Family Bursts Over From Russia BY C. PATRICK THOMPSON. HEN some _ thousands of frightened Russian peasants and a platoon of deserting | Red guards “stamped ov:r | the frontier of Poland last | month and told the Poles they had come to stay, certain wan officials in | the League of Nations Building in | Geneva, itel s said, covered their faces | with their hands and w:pt like chil dren who thought they’ had solved a | crossword puzzle, but right at ihe end found themselves all wrong. | The tale may be treated with the re- | serve appropriate to these international | woul® be no more expect. One of these days a benevolent dicta- torship headed by a man of the Hocver pattern will direct the affairs of the planet earth and such perplexities as | those connected with the refugee prob- | than one might will disappear. happy state of affairs the refugee or- | ganization of the League of Nations has to act as foster mother to the refugees | of the World War and its various legacies (notably the civil war in Rus- BY HENRY W. BUNN. | HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended April 12: | * K K | THE BRITISH COMMON- WEALTH OF NATIONS.—The Brit- ish realm is walting breathlessly upon | what may be disclosed by the chancel- | lor of the exchequer in his budget | speech to the Commons tomorrow. Apropos of the three-hundredth an- | niversary of the death of Charles II| one could do worse than to read Sir Henry Imbert-Terry's “A Misjudged Monarch,” in which issues are taken with the strictures of Macauley and the prevailing estimate of the merry one, largely due to Macaulay. Heliogabalus has, I believe, been rehabilitated and soon the great work of our day will be completed, the black will have been transmuted to shining white and vice versa. And then, to keep the bright | boys out of mischief, it will be necessary | to reverse the reversal and so on to | the next ice age. But after all, what | harm'’s done—or good? What's Hecuba to me or me to Hecuba? 1 Charles' centenary should mean high | jinks among the Jacobites, who still constitute a considerable body of pleas- ant symposiasts. ‘On April 6 Mahatma Gandhi violated | the government salt monopoly. Arriv- | ing in Landi, a hamlet on the Gulf of rompensation to ininred seamen. avolies to injuries sustained while the seaman is working on a vessel of foreign ree- istrv but in the navigable waters of the United States. The case will be argued next Fall, Parker Passed on Resolution. A question of fundamental imvor- tance pending for decision is contained in the deriduons fruit case. The case involves the validity of the Hoch-Smith resolution of 1925, which directs the Interstate Commerce Commission. in its rate-making orders. to favor commodi- ties which »re affected bv economie de- oression. With reference to rates for transportation of aericultural produets. this resolution snecifically nrovided “in view of the existine devression in agri- culture, the commission is herehv o rected to effect with the least nossible delay such lawful chaneges in the rate structnre of the countrv as will pro- mote the freedom of movement bv com- mon carriers of the nroducts of aeri- enlture affected by depression. inemd- ine Jive stock. at ths lowect, naesil AW~ ful rates compatable with the mainte- ?nn."e of adequate transportation serv- ice This case is esnecially imoortant in view of the annoin‘ment of Judge Park- er tn the Swnreme bench, for he was the first judge to write an oninion in- volving an_anolication of the Hoch- Smith resolution. The question came nn before him in the lake cago cases. in which the Interstate Fommeree Commission ordered the Southern rail- roads to eancel certain rates on_the transoortation of coal from the West V!:;r‘nll coal fields to the Great Lakes ‘This controversy presented an eco- nomie rather than a legal eontroversv. In the comvetition of the West vu.l minia_roal flelds with the Pittsburgh and Ohio coal mines for the Inke cargo market. the former have. of conr: been at a disadvantage due to their: greater distance from the G Take oaris. In ordar to enable the Weet Vir- ein'a coa) fields to comnete with the Northern flelds for the lake ports! brej- ness, the Southern railronds were com- nelled to charge less for the transnorta- tion of roal from thnse flelds to the Iake ports then for the transportation from the Northern markets. Jn part. these lower ratec were due to the fact that the Sonthern roads were bettor eoninpeq for the transnortation of cosl, but in part also thew were dvn tn this eronomic or comnetitive eondition. Desnitz the font thot the rates per mile from the Southern coal flelds to the lake ports were less than from the Northern fields to the ports, the trans- portation per ton of coal for the entire haul, however, was higher. In May. 1927. the difference stood at 45 cents per ton. Then the Southérn, railroads (Continued on. Fourth Page.) Cambay, he went down to the beach, collected a handful of the salt in- crustation, and sold it at auction for the equivalent of about $160. The government refrained from arresting him, but arrested several scores of others (including the mahatma’s son), who, responsive to his incitations, violated the monopoly the same day. This was, I believe, the mahatma’s first overt act of disobedence in (he new movement of “non-violent re:istance.” He now pro- poses a campaign for the boycott of foreign cloth and for the prohibition of liquor. Australia’s population has risen hy about a million since the census of 1921, The present total is nearly 6,500,000. The most populous of the Federal States is New South Wales, with about 2,460,000. Lord Wellington, governor general of Canada, makes the suggestion that Canada take over from the mother country the British West Indian pos- sessions. * K ok x GERMANY.—The German political situation' is developing obscurely. The federation of German industries warns against legislation to favor the agrarian Interest which should injure export. The Bavarian People’s party holds out against the proposed 50 per cent in- crease of the beer tax. Of course, the propcsed increase of the trun-over tax is displeasing to sundry interests. It is to hoped that a compromise will be reached and that Chancellor Bruen- ing will not provoke a constitutional crisis of a most dangerous kind by in- voking the much debated ‘“enabling” clause of the constitution. SINAIL — Certain _inscriptions on stones of the very first interest were recently discovereti in the Mount Sinai Desert by an expedition under the joint auspices of Harvard University and the Catholic University of America. Pre- liminary study thereof indicates the probability, almost amounting to cer- tainty, that they will completely con- firm the theory of evolution of the Phoenician alphabet from the Egyptian hieroglyphics. They seem to represent a stage in the process of conversion of the picture-writing of the Pharaohs into a: signs representing Semi- tic co . They were found near the site of the turquoise mines of an- clent fame and the ruins of a temple of Hathor, an Egyptian god- des resembling the goddess Freya of the Norse mythology in her attributes and perhaps really Isis under another name. I said “discovered,” but ‘“redis- covered” is the proper term, for as far back as 1905 the famous Sir Flinders Petrie saw and hurriedly noted them in the co of an expedition cut _short - by b hostilits H couldn’t remember THE HUGE FAMILY REFUSED TO DIMINISH. | taken. NO SOONER WAS sta and the war in the Near East) and solve (thanks to the organ mankind into nations) problems economics, diplomacy, finance and in- | ternational law calculated to stretch out | an_entire state department | The organization which has been at | work for nine years under the direction | of Dr. Fridtjof Nanscn and the aegis of the League of Nations and the Inter- national Labor Office had hoped to wind up by 1940 the enormous problem resulting from the uprooting of great | masses of population in Eastern Europe and Wes'ern Asia. It based its calcula- | tions upen hard figures of finance and | of refugees absorbed, unabsorbed. | left in the blue, minus a country and & job. | Communizing Process Begins, ] Abruptly the bolshevik overlords de- cided to accelerate the communizing process in Red Russia. They inaugu- | lem in Europe and its Asiatic fringes | rated their five-year plan, and in con- expert, who for the last nine In the absence of this| nection therewith intensified the anti-|been diligently planting sea fishe: religious campaign and the campaign countryside. | Result: Skirmishes between G. P. U.| agents and peasants who did not like going to re-read a section of one of | Plerre Lott's books which description of the aitic region which is one of the most marvelous picces of word-painting in all literature. In- cidentally, the pundits are all at log- | gerheads as to which of the many sum- mits of the peninsula is the veritable mountan of the law. None of them closely agrees with the Pentateuchal record. Now see how easy it is to be mis- | Here's a fellow tells me that Hathor isn’'t or wasn't an Egyptian deity at all, but the chief goddess of | Araby, otherwise known as Athlar, “mistress of turquoise.” | * % ¥ % INDIA —December 28 this year will be the 400th anniversary of the death of Baber, founder of the so-called Mogul Empire in India. He was a descendent ' of Timur and at the early age of 12 ascended the throne of Ferghana in succession to his father. Rebellion of his nobles soon drove him from his native land, but in 1504, with a handful of devoted followers, he crossed the Hindu Kush and captured Kabul Thence, with only 12:000 men, in 1526, he invaded India and at the battle of | Panipat he overthrew the Afghan Em- | peror of Delhi, who disposed of an army | of 100000 and a great array of | elephants; thus becoming master of Northern India. He enjoyed his new | conquest only four years, dying at 48.| He was of great bodily strength and personal prowess, but stiil mcre remark-) able were his mental powers. He leit| memoirs well written and exhibiting | acute and accurate observation. He was | as kindly and generous as he was strong | and brave. His memoirs furnished | abundant material for lives by Calde- | cott and Lane-Poole. One of the romantic figures of history, tis only the other day that he thun- dered his way to glory; yet he seems as remote as Alexander, and the Mogul Empire is as the snows of yesteryear. How one could wish to have a prophetic | vision of India 400 years hence? Per-| haps the British Empire itself will then be the “yesterday's 10,000 years." P CHINA —The Nanking State Council has formally dismissed Yen Hsishan from all his official positions under the Nanking government and has or- dered his arre: If precedent fol- lowed there will soon appear a “punitive mandate” «announcing that hostilities against him have begun. Report has it that Chang Hsueh- Liang, supertuchun of Manchuria, has pledged support to Nanking, has mobil- ized troops at Shanhaikwan for a movement into the territory of the rebels and has ordered a naval squadron to Tsingtao to hold that port for Nanking. The banditry situation -in South China continues outrageous and alarm- 1ng.edHll On April 5 the nmandate was issue = * K Kk X UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.— On April 4 the Senate, 45 to 23, passed the Norris resolution providing for opération of the $125,000,000 Muscle Shoals power plant by a Government- controlled corporation, and it has gone to the house The measure is similar to one which President Coolidge refused to sign at the close of the preceding Congress. In his message to Congress of December 3 last, President Hoover stated: “I do not favor operation by the Government of either power or mnnu-‘ facturing business, except as an un-' avoidable by-product of some other major public enterprise.” Suppose the bill passed by the House. In view of | the above statement, will or will not Mr. Hoover sign 1t? That is the ques- tion many are asking. The Norris resoiution provides for creation of a corporation -to be known as the Muscle Shoals Corporation of the United Stats, the members thereof o be appointed by the President. The net proceeds derived from sale of power and of manufactured products would be turned into the Treasury. The Gov- ernment to retain the privilege, in case of war or other sufficient national emergency, to take over any or ali of the property for mapufacturing explo- sives or other allied "purposes, | ual submarines to 2,000; ONE PORTION SETTLED THAN NEW ADDITIONS FLOCKED IN. —Drawn for The Sunday Star by Edward C. Caswell. the new collectivist farms—and ov the Polish frontier burst a mixed arm of refugees. A markedly anti-Soviet Polish government received them sym- pathetically and collected them in con- centration camps. But this costs money, and the Poles —like the rest of Europe—are hard up hey sought to shift the financial and politico-economic burden where since 1921 it hos officially belonged. And in Geneva, where a little central refugee rvice 'under an English major was ng to wind up refugee affairs, there : “groans. When will this job be over?” asked one despairing official who has lived rumors, but if it were authenticated it | evacuated, settled, repatriated or still | through upheavals which have succes- sively flung into the foster-mother's ample lap hordes of Russian, Armenian, Assyrian, Assyro-Chaldean, Greek, Bul- garian and Turkish refugees. Fellow “Looks like x pert Discouraged. ver,” replied his fellow- s has from the Propontis and the shores of Asia | for the abolition of individualism in the Minor on the coast of Macedonia; lil fingered princesses from old St. Peters- burg in the perfumeries of Grasse and the beauty salons of Paris; Armenian Report of our February foreign trade with February, 1929, in every category of import and export. * ok % X THE NAVAL CONFERENCE—The latest dispatches indicate practical certainty that the Naval Conference will end wilhin the near future with a treaty substantially as follows The treaty to be in three parts. Part 1. To embrace decisions sgreed to by all five powers, including, in chief: An agreement aimed at humanizing submarine warfafe; an agreement to limit the maximum tonnage of individ- a_limitation agrecment respecting aircraft carriers of less than 10,000 tons: and an agree- ment respecting exempt ships and cer- tain special types of siips. Part 2. To embrace a limitation agreement between the United States Great Britain and Japan only, covering all categories of warships. In respect of capital ships a 15—15—9 ratio to be substituted for the old ratio; five British, three American and one Japa- nese battleships to be scrapped, and 1o more capital ships to be constructed prior to 1936 (possibly this “holiday” provision to be transferred to part 1 and so to include France and Italy); each of three powers, however. to retain one of the “scrapped” battleships for train- g purposes. Part 3.—To contain a statement by France and Italy that they are eager to compose their differences, and an engagement to continue negotiations. together “with the friendly aid of Great Britain,” with a view to their ultimate adhesion to part 2. Should the nego- tiations result in agreement on limita- tion figyres for France and Italy which should prove satisfactory to the United States, Great Britain and Japan, the said figures would be added to part 2 and part 3 wou'd then lapse. Presumably the treaties will contain a safeguarding provision for Britain's | satisfaction, against the possibility of substantial construction by France and Italy. or both, pending Franco-Italian agreement or following failure thereof. It will be recalled that the Washington naval treaty contains a provision grant- ing the right of any party to the treaty to call a conference of the signatories should said party consider its position threatened, and further providing that, in case of failure of agreement by the conference, all parties should regain liberty as to construction. It is of interest to note that the con- templated limitation schedules seem to allow us a total tonnage about the same as our present one (the latter including craft considered obsolete or obsolescent). As to the issue of the continued Franco-Italian negotiations, that rests on the knees of the gods, and holo- causts and insence would seem to be indicated. That negotiation will be resumed at the Leaghe of Nations council in May. T understand that there is a 240,000-ton gap between existing total French and total Italian tonnages. The British, observe, continue their two-power standard policy with refer- ence to all navies, except those of the United States and Japan. I understand that our allowances are to be battle- ships, 456,000 tons; cruisers, 323,500; aircraft carriers, 135,000; destroyers, 50,00t submarines, 52,700; total, 1,117,200 ek NOTES.—Germany, France and Bel- gium have ratified the Hague protocol, embodying the Young plan. Two more ratifications are required before the Bank for International Settlements (seat at Basle, Switzerland), the most striking creation of the Young plan, can definitely begin functioning. Its first important act will be flotation on the financial markets of the first set of reparations bonds. Amman, Palestine and Egypt are suf- fering from a pest of locusts, said to be far and away the worst within living memory, There apgear to be good grounds for expecting in the near future beginning of recovery of Argentina from the very serious economic crisis (due primarily to crop fallure) which has been in process these many months, but nobody expects recovery to be rapid. No doubt peasants on farms in Denmark and Switzerland: staff officers of the old | Russian impetial army in the kitchens | of Vienna and the hotel foyers of Lon- | don; artisans from Smyrna in factories in Australia—and who has had to deal | with the problem of sifting the sweep- | ings of the refugee hordes in the camps {of Aleppo, Alexandretta and Beirut and | planting the major portion of them in productive employment in 30 countries, | not excluding the United States and the Latin American lands. | The organization with these varied | duties came into being in the Spring of 1920, because the charitable bod:es look: ing after the return of prisoners of war to their homes proved inadequate to handle a task which no one quite real- ized would prove so vast and compli- | cated. The charity groups had done their | best, but in April, 1920, the couneil of the League was confronted by the hard fact that half a million prisoners of war or interned soldiers were still vainly waiting—a_majority of them in condi- tions of great misery and some men- aced with death from cold and hunger— | for means of regaining their homes I (Continued on Fourth Page) The Story the Week Has Told jour important export to Argentina is time ahead continue slack because of irrdm-tlun of Argentine buying power. | Argentina took from us last year auto- motive vehicles and sundries valued at 53,000,000 and agricultural machinery valued at $35.000.000. | In a discussion in the British House of Lords the other day on aerial mat- | ters, Lord Trenchard stated that the | latest information shows the first-line air strength of the great air powers to be as follows: France, 1,300 planes: Italy, 1,110; United States, 990; Great Britain, 770. e Anjo Proves Model Japanese Village In striking contrast to the general agricultural depression in Japan is the situation found in the village of Anjo. In the center of the main island. Here is a village of 3,900 houses, most of | which shelter farmers. which boasts | that it has not been mixed up in any | farmer-landlord dispute. Its average | income per family is three times that of an ordinary farmer. What used to be eight small villages were grouped to form the present village of Anjo and those living there organized themselves | into & co-operative group. The intro- | duction of a modern irrigation system helped the scheme to prosper, so that | In the 20 years of its existence progress has been rapid. Members of the com- | munity do not poll all their resources, | but no one person has more than 50 | acres under cultivation (there are 8,000 | acres m all worked by the villagers) and all join in marketing the goods. | About 60 per cent of the food grown | is sold in Nagoya and the rest is sent | to Tokio, 250 miles distant. A special store in ‘Tokio, which has 15 employes, does nothing but sell the produce of the | model village. Each family has about 100 cvhickens and an average savings account of $260, a large sum for a mem- ber of the so-called poorer class in Tapan. Working Women Win Husbands in Germany Gentlemen prefer working women, at least in Germany. The national bureau of statistics has published the happy tidings that 80 per cent of all Berlin brides are chos:n from the ranks of those who make their own living. Of 46,030 women married in Berlin in 1928, 36,499 followed some profession. The figures show that men no longer prefer traditional stay-at-homes. On the con- trary, it is apparent that the comrade- ship arising from mutual work and in- terests often leads to marriage, and the prospects for typists secretaries, book- keepers and saleswomen to be chosen as mates seem very bright. Domestic serv- ants are also in demand, for many a ma. seems to think that a girl who can cook and housekeep for money will be worth her salt when she has her own little home to attend to. In Berlin alone 77 nurses, 46 girls employed by the post office and 44 teachers and librarians secured husbands in the course of a single year. Eleph;; Is “Principal” In $12,000 Damage Suit Even animals get neurasthenic in these Freudian days—and even ele- phants. Mary was & nice old girl, her keeper insisted, until she had a nervous breakdown. Mary is an elephant, part of a circus at Beis-Colombes, and her particular specialty was playing the hunting horn, tooting at bells and danc- ing. Mary, in fact, was a very happy. joyous elephant. But no longer. She was in a railway accident recently and her nerves suffered from the shock. No longsr will she play and dance. So her gr;&l;o is suing the railway company for SHOUSE IS GIVEN PRAISE 'AS ABLE PARTY LEADER Chairman of Democratic Executive Com- BY MARK SULLIVAN. HE AIM of this article is to dis- cuss the probable outcome of the congressional elections this year, and, as an incident _ of that’ purpose, to say something | about the name and fame of Jouett Shouse, It's an unusual name and, be- cause unusual, slightly disadvantageous | for a political career. A man in poli- tics ought ideally to have a name easy to spell, such as Calvin Coolidge, Wood- row Wilson, Herbert Hoover, Theodore Roosevelt. Politicians are learning the importance of names and some suc- cessful ones have trimmed their own names slightly for the purpose of a better adaptation to public psychology. Woodrow Wilson dropped his first name, which was Thomas. Grover Cleveland dropped his, which was Stephen. Even though Jouett Shouse be a rather awkward name for a man with a public career, the bearer has done a | good deal to place it fairly high. He came to public life via birth in Ken- tucky, education in Missouri and mar- riage and residence in Kansas. From | Kansas, as a Democrat, he served four years in Congress and a year as Assist- | | ant Secretary of the Treasury. With the passing of Woodrow Wilson in 1920 passed also Shouse and most of the other good Democrats. Position Not Clear. Now, recently, Shouse has turned up in a position not very clearly defined, | but made important by him. Shouse | is not the chairman of the Democratic | national committee. Raskob is that. | But Raskob appears to have managed | the Democratic national organization | with a skill brought over by him from | the world of business—a skill exceeding | by far the present and recent manage- ment of the Republican party. Raskob, with the talent for delega ing work to other shoulders that con- stitutes successful administration in business, set Shouse up as a kind of | No. 2 man to himself. Raskob, in short, | made Shouse chairman of the executive committee of the national committee— | and then Raskob himself retired to the background. Shouse, obviously provided | with plenty of funds. has kept the Dem- | ocratic party on the front page with a | continuity and a favor which the | narty’s performances in Congress really | | have not deserved. In this work Shouse has been aided | | by a newspaper man who also appears | to be a fruit of Raskob's extraordinarv genius for picking good men. Raskob seems to have come to Washington, looked over all the correspondents writ- | ing for Democratic newspapers, picked | the most experienced ,one. gave him | something like four or five times the calary that any newspaper man writing | for one newspaper gets, and then told | him to “go to it.” The newspaper man that Raskob picked is Charles Michel- | <cn. Michelson is a genius for th's par- ticular kind of political work and hap- pens to the brother of another genius. Albert Abraham Michelson. a <cientist. who gets into the newspapers every few davs by messuring the dis- tance of another star from the earth. I Work of Raskob Aides. | Jouett Shouse and Charles Michelsun heving been chosen by Raskob, and { having been provided with ample funds | by Raskob, and having been given adc- | quat= quarters in Washington by Ras- | kob—and then having been let alonc | by Raskob—Shouse and Michelson hate { put more vitality into the Democratic | party than all the party's members i | the Senate and House combined. In- | de<d, most of what the public reads &< aving been done by Democratic Sen..- | | l 5 n gives a shows striking falling-off as compared | being hard hit, and will for considerable | (ors or Representatives really is tli | fruit of the brains of Shouse and Michelson. | " About every other day the public | reads that this or that D-mocratic Sen- | ator or Representat.ve has thunderously | denounced President Hoover, or the | Republican tariff, or the venerabic Smoot, or some other Republican lcad:r or the whole Republican party. The public reads it because the newspapeis print it, including the Republican news- | papers. The newspapers print it b.- | | cause it is good stuff—the thunderiug | is put in pungent and emphatic phrases. | Does the public_innocently imagine that Democratic statesmen have sud- denly, all within a short time, b-come skillful in popular political polemics? | If so, the public is very innocent and very credulous. | | What happens in most cases, it is safc | to say, is something like this: Joueit Shouse or Charley Michelson (as fre- ternal, as twinly as Amos 'n’ Andy happen to be reading a morning news paper. They st~ an account of some- | thing the Repidlicans have done— | something that is a political mistake—a rather familiar trait of Republican | party management lately. “That's a good thing to denounce” says Amos Mich:lson. “Go to it,” say Andy Shouse. “ So Michelson writes a denunciation. ‘Then he calls up a Democratic Senator. “Senator,” says Michelson, “I've written a denunciation and it's your turn to stand for it." “O.K. with me” says the Senator. And the next day the public reads a snappy stat:ment begnning: *“'The Republican administration has again commiited an outrage upon public de- cency.’ said Democratic Senator Blank last night.” . . . ! It is all very well done. And as a well done bit of strategy it is merely | one detail of a picture in which the Democratic party management so far outclasses the Republican that there is no comparison. Didn't Claim Victory. But the particular reason for the cel- ebration of Shouse in the present con- nection and in this article is a predic- tion he has made about how the Demo- crats will come out in this year's elec- tions. Shouse did not—and this is his title to rare distinction—Shouse did not claim that the Democrats will carry the House. That usual type of grandiose gesture—to claim everything—Shouse allowed a Democratic member of Con- gress to _make. Then Shouse waited until a Republican Congressman, Will Wood, of Indiana, claimed that the Republicans would hold the House. “Thereupon, Shouse emitted his_own extraordinarily worded prediction. Then Shouse said: “The Democrats will make large in- creases in their membership in both houses of Congress. How great those gains will be I am not making any prophecies, except to express the belief that the figures adduced by Demo- cratic Chairman Byrns, predicting that the Democrats will have a majority in the Lower House, more nearly approxi- mate what is going to happen than the counter statement by the Republican, Mr. Will R. Wood of Indiana.” There you have the working head of a political party on the eve of a cam- paign year holding himself in from claiming that his party is going to have a majority. That is an extraordinary event and ll’fiuefl an extraordinary man. For the enlightenment of the reader, let us drop all this and consider what is really going to happen in these elec- tions of Senators and Representatives this year, As res) the Senate, there is hardly any doubt. The Republicans are going to lose two or three. Democrats are going to gain two or three. The net of it will be that the Senate next year will be like the Senate this year, only more so. In other words, in the Senate as in the Senate this year, publicans will have a nominal majority; but the fact will be that the Senate will be controlled by a coalition majority made up of Democrats and insurgent Republicans, In short, we shall have in the Senate next year just what we have in the | of view of the coun! mittee of National Group Lauded for Management. Senate this year, namely, coalition gov- ernment—if you call it goveram: As respects the House, the situation is more simple, but will amount to the same in the end. In the House at present the Republi- cans have 263. The Democrats have 164. (There is a fringe of 8 Farmer- Labor and vacancies.) That is, in the present House the Republicans have a majority of 100. A majority of 100 is a very large margin in a total of 435, Because the Republican majority is large it is also solid. Herein is in- volved a political axiom. Because the Republican majority is large there is no temptation for an insurgent group. There are in the House some 30 or 40 Republicans who come from the same Midwestern States and have the same political philosophy—or the lack of it—as the Senate insurgents. But the House insurgents don't insurge. Why not? The answer is there aren't enough of them to make, when com- bined with the Democrats, a coalition majority. But let us now see what is likely to happen as a result of this year's elec- tions. In the Lower House the Republicans now have 263, against the Democrats’ 164. In the coming elections the Re- publicans will lose, let us sa Then the relative strength Republicans and 194 Democrats That looks all right for the Repubs licans—a comfortable majority of 39, But remember those 30 or 40 potential insurgent Republicans coming from Wisconsin and elsewhere in the Mid= don't insurge, but next year they will. They will see under the conditions of next year that by combining with the Democrats the two can make a coalition majority. That is what we are likely to see in the House next year—a coalition ma= jority made up of Democrats and in= surgent Republicans In other word: seem likely to have in both houses next year the same kind of coalition control that we have had in the Senate this year. Is it a happy prospect from the point ? ‘The answer t0 that is another question: Was the coalition control of the Senate this year a good thing? Coalition Never Good. The true answer in all seriousness is that a coalition majority is never a good thing. A coalition can't govern; it can'y act. It can only prevent action. When a coalition tries to accomplish an af firmative action, as the recent Senat¢ coalition tried to write a tariff, it fails It fails because failure is in its very nature. It can't hold together. Tht period during which the recent coalie tion kept control of the tariff making was about the longest duration of coalis tion control we have ever had in Ame® ica. In the end it flew to pieces. Almost any average American who likes to see things managed sensibly and orderly would say' A Republican majority, all right; a Democratic ma= jority, all right; but a coalition majore ity, never. If the Republican party management was shrewd and able—as the present Republican party management is not— it could take advantage of t The Republicans could state to the public— and the Democrats could not deny— something like this: “The Democrats cannot possibly win enough seais this year to have a ma- jority. There,ore,” the only result of the Demociats winning any considerable number of seats will be a coalition ma- jority. If you don't like coalition gov- ecnment. return as many Republican Senators and members as possible.” That would be a good deal lik compa‘gn slogan the Republi 1924, under circumstances analogous, with La Follelte running as a formidable third party candidate. The Republicans devised a slogan—was it the late Col. Harvey who invented it?— “Coolidge or chaos!” That was a good slogan, because. among other reasons, it was apt to the conditions. The Re- publicans need something like that this year. School of Oriental Culture Is Planned A Summer school of Oriental cul- ture is being planned by Kajyu Naka- mura, former member of the Japa- nese Diet, for the benefit of American university students who are interested in Japan, but have never visited it. Ac- cording to his project, the school will open July 15 and will continue for four weeks. Negotiations are now on to se- cure a suitable meeting place. Profes sors from leading universities in this couatry will lecture on Japanese his- tory, political science, the history of fine arts in Japan, Oriental philosophy < it affects Japanese life and, finally, the various phases of modern Japanese life. The work of the school will be divided into two terms of two weeks each and the tuition charges will be $15 for one term or $25 for two. Lectures will be held fiv during the week, and the week-ends will be devoted to trips to nearby places of historical in- terest. Before and after the school term the students will be given the op- portunity to visit the more distant parts of the empire. Mr. Nakamura hopes to have 300 students for his school. Last year he took 30 Japanese students on an educational tour in the United States, during which time he conceived the idea of attracting American stu- dents here. Argument Is Ended By Doctor’s Death between t'; recently ende An awesome debate Basuto witch doctor: sensationally at Teyatzyaneng, North Basutoland. The witch doctors were arguing about their powers before & great crowd of natives, and the elder of the two stated w considerable emphasis that the other was “only & boy” and could not possible have the powers which he himself claimed to have. He added that if he (the elder) willed that the other should die, he would die. The younger man took up the challenge and the older one pointed at him with a stick and said solemnly, “You will die.” The young man then rose to his feet, staggered and fell against some barbed wire and im- mediately expired. The other witch doetor was_placed under arrest, but was released after the post mortem ex- amination which showed death to be due to a stricture. £ South ‘A“fri(;a W'ag!;s Campaign on Dres! South Africa is conducting a public morals campaign so far as dress is con= cerned. At Durban the police have ac- tually been using a tape measure on the bathing costumes; at Capetcwn back- less bathing saits have beea banned, and in Johannesburg a magistrate sent a man to prison because he turned up in court in “rational dress"—short and an open-vrecked collar. This need sur- prise nobody because it is all in the spirit of the founders of the country. For instance, the sumptuary laws of the Dutch East India Co. in 1755 stipulated that! “None but persons of highest rank can ‘carry umbrellas in any weather. Ladies are forbidden to wear trains, and bridesmaids and brides have to dress according to their station in life. * * ¢ For no one but the governor and the Council of Polity, his advisers, may dust thy sign of woe, be sprinkled be- 1 after death.

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