Evening Star Newspaper, February 23, 1930, Page 32

4 -.“HE WALKS UPRIGHTLY,” : TRIBUTE TO HUGHES “Works of Famed Chief Justice of the! " United States Supreme Court Recalled. (Continued Prom Third Page) fane or otherwise, on his bad luck. President Harding stood by with a smile of utter enjoyment, and, as Judge Hughes made the last stroke that e: tricated the ball, the President said: “Mr. Secretary, that was a wonderful demonstration of Baptist faith!” No less calm and controlled was Mr. Hughes in 1916, when, after four days of doubt and confusion, it at last be- came reasonably l&;:arem that he had been defeated in the presidential elec- tion by & narrow margin of 3,806 votes in that gave Wilson the State’s 23 electoral votes. Less than 4,000 votes stood between Hughes and the vote of mnearly 18,000,000; yet Hughes took his defeat calmly, quietly, uncom Hughes it was just another election, and proceeded to resume the practice of the law, which he had quit when he became Governor of New York in 1907. It is just that quality of calmness about Mr. that is responsible for what little criticism there has been of his ap- pointment by President Hoover. Not a “Flag-Bearing Crusader.” Mr. Hughes is not, never has been and never will be a flag-bearing crusader against the wrongs of the world. Crusaders are necessary; they have their place in the world, but, very distinctly, the judge's bench is not the place for & man bent on reforming the the that the proposals of crusaders must be considered and put to the tests ©of common sense and common welfare. The j on the bench must take the law as find it and apply it to the con that arise in the varied contacts of men. Their inner attitude must necessarily be that they do not en know any of the parties to the tion. Before them all men must samé stature, whether cap- industry or workers in the factories. The judicfal bench tically is not the place for be termed, without invidious the “reformer.” Our whole government contemplates a from bias, prejudice or enthusiastic zeal to exploit some per- one who will take the time to animating motive, of the man the £ charged with extortion upon the public he gave use every atom of and talent. If, in later called upon to defend iclals who had called a by the Government to be law he gave himself as their cause as he did to corporation client whose fee $100, m (!1!! n;lul'e, lughes career inter- haracter of the man ap- m:lde over the highest and. pampered son of the idle | ther was a Baptist min- 'I:uu!‘lh New }'m'kh'nwn. ‘who country from Wales. mother before her marriage iy 3 paternal grandfat had been identified with the founding of the American Bible Soclety in London. An had been a preacher in Wales. ‘With such an ancestry it was almost in- evitable that Charles Evans Hughes - would find his interest in the serious matters of life. How He Prepared for College. Largely under his mother’s and ther’s tutelage, he gained his prapara- tion for college. When he had finished at Colgate University, at the age of 19, he taught Greek, mathematics and | French in a small school for a year, be- cause he possessed little money with which to further his own education. ‘Then he came to New York City and studied law for two years at Columbia University, meanwhile securing a clerk- mn 8 law office. When he was ad- to the bar in 1884 he had no rich, powerful clients or friends. He hn:dn to ‘1’1:‘:: 1§ycome he derllv;ed x:‘mkrln early clien tutoring in law it after night. " Seven years after entering the prac- tice of the law he left the practice to 8 law professorship at Cornell. His ith was impaired and it did not seem likely that he would return to the struggle necessary in the practice of the law. But, two years later, he was back in New York City, again engaged in the xactice of his profession. Not for 10 years more was he to emerge from the obscurity of a hard-working lawyer in New York's busy world. In 1905, upon the recommendation of one of his| clients, he was employed by a commit- tee of the New York Legisiature to as- sist in the investigation of the practices of certain gas companies. Inquiry Thorough and Effective. Hughes conducted the investigation with & thoroughness and effectiveness | dl B tion 'S § # i i ! : ; E : g ! 1 g i i s B, » led to public generally the quality of his intellect. The intricacy of the involved affairs of 31 gas com- panies, the intercorporate financial transactions, the maze of figures on cor- porate books concealing instead of re- Vealing transactions were never baffing &w‘h t:l u;hdum.:! o 1::.: en an e c and what had been done and that was needed for public pro- tection. Logically, he was the man to conduct the Inm,y tion of the insurance com- m auf a little later by the + iture. But before accepting em- tion discouraging to used | argues or presidency, out of a total popular | Hi sums of money were being paid to poli- ticians for favors granted: that money and property which should have been held in trust for the aged and for | widows and orphans were being dissi- pated for the private gain of trusted individuals. Example of His Methods Cited. Some of the transactions were so shielded by concealing book entries that even those who made the entries were unable to explain their import. On one occasion, for instance, when a minor official who had charge of the books and was obviously honest and willing to give whatever information he possessed, Wwas_unable to explain certain entries, uil:u himself took charge of books during the noon recess of the investigating committee. At the end of the hour he put the witness on the stand again and by a series of questions elicited information that revealed clear- .| ly, not only to the committee, but to |and the witness himself, what disposi hndbeenm-dno(monaylnflncufltm that belonged to policyholders but had been diverted to officers’ private pur- Pposes. Mr. Hughes' capacity to “see » gmpllcnud llmtlomy:nd e nonessen- tials and the immaterial, is a never failing source of amazement. This qual- ity was never more clearly revealed :hln fl:d t‘helmomln' lin 1920 when he ppeared in Indianapolis to represent in Federal District Court scores of officials and members of the United Mine Work- ers of America, including John Lewis and William Green. They had been in- dicted, together with & number of mine gnpmc ht:n, lon"u of whom I ited, Tges of conspiracy to te the Lever act by calling a strike, refusing to down coal mines, Hughes, up to the time of his “’ndhmpolll, had not seen the amended pleadings. They were . Scores meh the law, in the usual intricate, difficut legal verbiage. Any ordinary lawyer would have desired several days at least to examine these pleadings before venturing to make an argument upon them in court. Quotes Numerous Decisions. Mr. Hughes sat down and in the half hour or so before court convened he rapidly glanced through the doeument, wi turn over afte metll;gslul ¥ . n, opened. Mr. Hughes rose and made an lasting four hours, in which he‘:'mnuked the validity of the indictment on a THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C., FEBRUARY 23, 1930—PART TWO. Venizelos Is Greece’s Perennial Premier (Continued From First Page.) tion of England as she was in the 50s. When the dark hours came for the allies Venizelos stuck serenely to his England, he used to say, loses | faith: all the battles except one—the last! Against him, during the first 15 months of the World War, was the King, Constantine, married to the Kaiser's sister, an honorary fleld marshal of the Germany army since the war with the Turks—and proud of Germany would win. He had for Ger- vincibility. Greek People Divided. Conclusion: A country irremediably divided, and consequently incapable of | giving its full measure in a war. I {lived among the Greeks during part of the war, and I consider the following estimate accurate: Four-fifths of the Continental Greeks were for neutrality and, in their hearts, convinced that the | Germany would win; Crete, and all the Greek islands—except Corfu, Wwhere everybody was “German"—stood for intervention on the side of the allies. ‘When the English and French—fol- lowed shortly afterward by the Itallans Serbs—landed at Saloniki, Veni- 2elos protested as a matter of form, but at the same time secretly warned the French and British Ministers that it was a step of no importance, taken in order to avoid a breach with the King. But a few days later, at"the begin- of October, 1916, during a speech ning k- | he made in Parliaent advocating in- tervention on the side of the entente, & Deputy interrupted him: “And if German armies also come to llunlcedonh?" And Venizelos, unhesi- ta : gly: “All the enemies of our friends will be_our enemies.” He had never committed himself so far. On the next day he was summon- ed to the ace, where the King de- clared to that the Anglo-French landing was equivalent to the violation of Belglum—and exacted the resigna- tion of his prime minister. Venizelos remained another year struggling in the capital. He ended by drawing threatening hatreds on his head. Finally, he decided to act. On the 26th of September, 1916, came his ht from Athens, while a man, clev- erly made up as his double, showed himself at the window for a few days to deceive the police. A few days later he founded at Saloniki the National Defense government. Then, officially, there were two Greeces, divided from each other by a hatred the results of which still make themselves felt. In June, 1917, came a formal reunifica- tion; but it followed on a deed that th | Still increased the secret grudges. Venizelos Goes Back. Under a juridical pretext of a “pro- tection” of Greece that went back to the foundation of the kingdom, the the title. He was firmly convinced that | man efficiently the same religious re- | spect that Venizelos hac for British in-| number of grounds. He cited case after | British and French governments—but case, as decided by the Supreme Court | the idea came from Saloniki—sent Mr. of the United States and various other | Jonnart to Athens as high commis- courts, in substantiation of his conten- | sioner for the powers “protestrices et tion. As garantes” of Greece. Jonnart summon- , and when the His argu- ments evoked the ardent admiration of not only every lawyer in the court room, ot ordinary gods; that they were totally mll; “human” qualities. t he realized his aloofness and separation from the a: fairs of “ordinary” men and had ex- pressed the plaintive wish that some one would slap him on the back an call him “Charlie.” Similarly, news- papers referred {p his “baffiing austerity and dignity.” His Life Conducted on Principle. ‘There bably never was a sound basis in fact for these allusions. Mr. Hughes is naturally different; he always has been a busy, fully occupied man, enxafd in important affairs. He had little time to be a “backslapper” and “gladhander” himself. His is a life of purpose, conducted on E:mple‘ Yet there is not and never been any “holier than thou” attitude about him. I hnvadknde'n M:he H].“.'.?-m"r 15 years, and during years have had the good fortune to be as- 1a with him American Bar Assoclation and profes- sionally in a number of cases. I say “good fortune” advisedly. No lawyer, whatever his attainments, would con- sider it to be “good fortune” to have Mr. Hughes as his opponent! And, like all who have had any defree f personal contact with him, ha found one of his outstanding charac- teristics to be a respect for and tol- erance of the opinions and judgments of others. There is never any effort on the part of Mr. Hughes to impress others with his superiority of intellect. He mani- fests no desire to occupy the middle of the stage. Nevertheless, he usually is the center of interest in any gath- ering of men or women, simply because of his lucidity of statement, clarity of vis'on and depth of knowledge dased on a vast experience. His law cases, for instance, have touched almost every field of human endeavor—vaudeville billing, railroad operation, representa- tion of the Boy Scouts of America, the ttery business, patent lit‘gation, radio roadcasting. Classed High as Dinner Guest. Mr. Hughes is both interesting and ngenial. There is no suggestion of the “oracle” tful dinner o excess ego, nothing of him. He is & dell He has a sense of humor and He , if ever, sel talks about himself. He even has human tastes in food, for the are about 50 to 1 that if he accepts one's invitation to luncheon his order will be “scrambled ux: and ice cream"! From very early lys he has been of & quick wit that has aided im in his 1 work. During the insurance investigation of 25 years ago, for instance, his examination of a cer- tain witness elicited the statement that “The early promoters of our company, sir, had a pure spirit of philanthropy and benevolence to start a company which they beliéved to be & missionary enterprise, 5o to speak.” Mr. Hughes gravely listened to that tribute to the witness’ company and then, when he had finished, quietly said the official: * “Well, you have made a very full explanation and treated it as a mis- sionary enterprice. The qu back to the salaries of the It is the strength one instinctive wl X 80 A That stre. manifested. the midst of the ance investigation in 1905 he was ap- proached by an influential delegation who tried to him to accept the nomination for of New York It was an offer of a tempting to a man still itively ngf. both in years and the practice of profession. Hi did not hesitate in Teaching a ; and that, by way, is another of the attributes that ‘have contributed to his success and great influence. He has none of the ap- pearance, eyen, of a man who habitus wrestles with his or sense of duty. He does not hesitate in deciding between o ve | ty the | pen to have uisite. give to his clients—now ce | of ports of the volumes were brought he read the | right and what is wrong. His instinct decisions. tells him what is right. In the instance of the mayoralty offer, he wrote to those who had endeavored to persuade him: “In this dilemma I have simply to do duty as I see it. In my judgment, I ve no right to accept the nomination. paramount public duty forbids it. It is not necessary to enlarge upon the importance of the insurance investiga- tion. That is undisputed. It is dealing with questions vital to the interests nity for public service second to none and involves a correlative responsibility. I have devoted myself unreservedly to this work. It commands all my ener- paired efficiency. But it is entirely clear to me that this cannot be if I accept the nomination.” If he could be fair to the people, he could also be fair to the corporations, even though his whole political future might_be imperiled. As Governor of | him New York, in vetoing a bill limiting railroad fares to 2 cents a mile, he said: “But injustice on the part of railro corporations toward the public does not justify injustice on the part of the State toward the ra d corporations. We shall make matters not better, but worse, if to cure one wrong we establish has | another. The fact that those in control of raliroad corporations have been guilty of grossly improper financiering, and of {llegal and injurious discriminations in cha , points clearly to the necessity of effective State action, but does not require or warrant arbitrary reprisals. In dealing with these questions, de- mocracy must demonstrate its capacity to act upon deliberation and to deal Justly.” Highly Praised by Labor Paper. “Pro-corporation!” shouted his critics of 25 years ago, just as they are shout- ing the same thing today. Yet in the few years he sat as governor in the State House at Albany one-third of all the labor laws ever enacted in New York were placed on the statute books. Of him the Legislative Labor News, recog- nized n of the State Federation of Labor, said after his resignation in 1910: “Now that Gov. Hughes has retired from politics and ascended to a place on the highest judicial tribunal in the world, the fact can be acknowledged . .. that he was the greatest friend of labor laws that ever occupied the governor’s chair at Albany. . . . With such a record of approval and sugges- tion of ssive legislation in the in- terest of humanity to his credit, it is easy to believe that human rights will have a steadfast and sympathetic up- holder in the new justice of the Su- preme Court of the United States.” And so there comes to preside over highest court of the land a man who is human enough to confess that he likes best to read “a good blood-and- thunder swashbuckling romance or good old-fashioned detective story,” and di- vine enough to ,wire the convention which nominated him for governor: “I shall accept the nomination without other than to do my duty ac- cording to my conscience” pledge rigidly adhered to, to the amazement and discomfiture of the politicians. There will now again be associated with the other great lawyers on the court a man who has an unequaled record of uwmrlhhment in public af- fairs: successful negotiation of the Washington naval agreement of 1921 with the other great powers; useful service on the World Court, useful and invaluable service at the Pan-American tinents were imperiled, negotiation of settlement of the troublesome Mexican problem, constructive investigation of our military aircraft situation—to men- tion only a few of many brilliant achievements of public benefit. Noted for Dispatching Business. Hughes brings back to the court his g-fi ability to dispatch business—as jportant in the proper administration of justice as in the conduct of com- mercial affairs. And he brings back to the court the dwlalng principle ex- Pre-vd in his address to newspaper men in 1922, when he was Secretary of State: “A public officer has always got to re- mind 1f and he oung:c to say evzr§ as he approaches his task: ° am a servant and it is my business to see what I can do for the American I am not a boss, and my little or ,‘l‘tl( authority that I hap- ve for a day 1s not a personal h his term as Chief Justice of Btates Judge ,Hughes will &) the people the Nation—splendid character, great the Unif have to ability, wide experience and tireless in- | to_deny it is what is d tmumw- PREMIER VENIZELOS—GREECE'S MODERN ULYSSES. ~Drawn for The Sunday Star by 8. J. Woolf. g to abdicate for having vio- constitution. On June 11 Constantine abdicated in second son; on the 13th he Italy; on the 27th Venizelos left Salon- iki and entered Athens with a regiment of Cretans, wearing French trench hel- mets. the Serbians. eir military value had been nil, which is not d.llglrllln‘ for the Greek nation, for only & united Deorle can fight. If, after the years of home recon- struction and of the Balkan wars, Veni- zelos had been gullty of political and moral errors, during the peace confer- ence. where he could sit among the victors, he was even more guilty. For not only did he commit all the errors that are the penalty of politicians who must, in order to keep themselves in power, give “glory” to !gtlt country, but he also had to commit all those that were nothing but the ransom for his having ker 1t in the war with the help of foreign ba nets. And by that again did he aug- ment the number of the discontented in Greece. At the time of the foolish armed western (or western-paid) expeditions against the Bolsheviks—Giolitti and I were the first to stand up in public nst the futility of such a war— lemenceau. meeting Venizelos at one f|of the sittings of the peace conference said: “You are our-ally, are you not?” And Venizelos, suavely: d.%m you doubt it, Monsieur le Presi- nt?” “Well, then, do send a division imme- diately to Odessa for our expedition into Southern Russia.” Venizelos saw at once what blunder this would be from a Greek point of view. But he was no longer a free man after Saloniki. And a division was sent to wretched failure in Ukraine—and this ing Greek rancor against Diplomatically, he seemed to meet with nothing but success. By the treaty of Neuilly concluded with Bul- garia, and by the ephemeral treaty of Sevres with the Turks, he could boast of having gained Eastern Thrace, with Dedeabach: one of the coasts of the Sea of Marmora and of the Darda- nelles; the islands of Imbros, Tenedos and Samothrace; the greatest part of Southern Albania and in Asia Minor, Smyrna and & considerable zone around ft. In an agreement with the English he secured the promise that Cyprus would be given to Greece within a certain time, and this Anglo-Greclan - ment brought him one with Italy. Signor Tittoni had guaranteed to him during the Peace Conference in Paris, by an agreement sign 1919, that Italy would give over to Greece all the Island of Dodecanese with the exception of Rhodes, and that as far as Rhodes went Italy pledged herself to give the island to Greece after a plebiscite, when England would give her Cyprus. The same agreement established— ‘That Italy pledged herself support to Greece for the of Southern Albania. That, on the other hand, Greece un- dertook to stand by Italy at the Peace Conference in the matter of an Italian mandate over the state of Albania (ex- cept its southern part) and to recognize Italian sovereignty over Avlona. ‘When I came to power in July, 1920, and took cognizance of agreement which Signor Tittonl had kept secret, I absolutely failed to see how it could be of any use to Italy. I considered that a power like Italy ought not to have writ- ten -dgnmenunh e lfl.ctut.llut %r:ec: would “support” an essential point o Italian interests at the confe for Italian interests in Alban that there was absolute contradiction in wanting a living Albanian state on the one hand and in taking from it, at the same time, one of its lungs, Aviona. ‘This being so—and bent on settling to give her annexation nce; as I held ed on July 29, |he Ttalian policy toward ways that seemed to me more in conformity with our in- terests—I denounced the Tittoni-Veni- zelos agreement that meant for us nothing but a series of burdens. On July 22, 1920, I informed M. Venizelos of my decision in a note, in which I declared— ‘That, taking advantage of one of the provisions of the said agreement, Italy resumed entire liberty of action on all the points touched upon in this docu- ment; but that the Italian government remained, as before, actuated by a cor- dial desire for agreement on matters of reciprocal interest; that I trusted that the Hellenic government entertained the same disposition toward us, and that I hoped to make with Greece new, satis- factory and complete agreements. Nothing was more accurate. Hellenism constituted a vital element in the Near East, especially at that time when it still owned throughout the whole of Asia Minor .those flourishing colonies that a victorious Turkey was to destroy two years later. And I was—and am— convinced that a nation teeming with life like Xulf must go hand in hand with all the life forces in the Mediter- ranean. British Acted in Cyprus. Needless to say that, after I had can- celed the Tittoni-Venizelos agreement for Rhodes, the British government did the same for Gyprus. But, when the foreign minister of a great power, such as Signor Tittoni, goes, 8o far, at the Paris Conference, 8§ t consider it an important asset to hav Venizelos' support, one cannot deny that this Venizelos must have had, in the eyes of all—from Lloyd George and Clemenceau to the newcomers beggin, for new territory—the sort of legendary power of a charmer, of a siren, ‘Wilson himself—intractable Wilson— had a foible for him. With him Veni- zelos showed the virtues of ancient Greece that Homer attributed to Ulysses. The history of his first interview with President Wilson in Paris has, until now, only been whispered in the smiling after dinner conversations of the few who know. After a few minutes of gen- eralities, the American President, thin| ing the Th"-“ would be equivalent to dismissal and so end the conversation, told the Greek premier that he might be sure of his good will toward Hellenic national aspirations. “I am grateful, Mr. President,” an- swered the Greek statesman; “but what really matters now is not little Greece: what matters is your great idea of the League of Nations. To work, in the measure of my capacities, toward the realization of this great idea is my dee&:n desire; consider me, please, as a soldier at your orders for this task.” Greece Never Mentioned. Probably Wilson would have despised flattery from his own countrymen: but Wwas no match for great Oriental actors. He thought no longer of ending the conversation, which went on for more than an hour. mentioned. But when the modern Ulysses came back to his headquarters, he said this to his most faithful friends: “I think we have got Smyrna.” Unfortunately for Greece, he was right. As soon as Orlando and Sonnino had left the conference after their stormy _discussion with Wilson about Fiume, Lloyd George, d’accord with the American President, summoned Veni- zelos and, under the flimsy pretext that the progress of Turkish nationalism in Asla Minor was causing anxiety, asked him whether the Greeks could land at Smyrna “within two or three days.” Venizelos, disconcerted by the short- ness of the notice he was being. given, , however, that the offer was due to a quarrel with the Italians that he felt would be momentary, and unhesi- tatingly answered yes. 1 was then in Constantinople as high commissioner. There we received, my two colleagues and I, the order to inti- mate to the Porte that a Hellenic land- ing at Smyrna had been decided upon. It was a positive order that left me nothing else to do except to signify for- Greece was never Taft-Roosevelt Quarrel Made American History, but Was Overshadowed by War (Continued From First Page.) delivered the night before by his one- time friend, and, in a temper deflant alike of the restraining voice of de- corum and the placatory counsels of friends, he replied with what stands as the most extraordinary h ever made in the United States an ex- President about a President. deh' fists, 1fil.:m:h«i, head lhhl'\‘l:t for- ward from stocky voice 30 Cimes Hoarselyshwill with smotion loosed from all restraint, his features mnnlng with the anger that blazed within him, Roosevelt used anathemas about Taft not only sensational as nomi:l from an ex-President, or being hurled at a President, but “such as seldom have been heard on a public platform in this State.” “President Taft,” Roosevelt sald, “served under me for over seven years without finding fault with me. He only discovered I was dangerous when I dis- covered that he was useless to the American ple. 1 wanf from President ft a square deal for the mle of the United States. If he given the people a square deal he could have counted on my_ enthusiastic support. I do not believe he has given the people a square deal. I believe that he has yielded to the bosses and to the rnrelt privileged interests. Every boss the coun is with Mr. t and licrously false. and actions sensational in the extreme. He denounced as “an unpardonable sin” Taft's reading the night before of an old letter from Roosevelt—and then Roosevelt himself read an old letter that Taft had written to him, in which Taft acknowledged that Roosevelt had made him President. Excoriating Taft's ingratitude, Roosevelt said, “Mr. Taft is President only because I kept my prom- ise in spite of infinite pressure to break it.” All this, and much that was more violent, to the extent of two hours, Roosevelt sald to an audience that cheered: “Hit him again, Teddy! him between the eyes! Soak him! him over the ropes!” Through it all, as I have said, they never really “hated” each other. It was sincere, but it was the sincerity of their respective roles as heads of violently antagonistic political factions. When the political fighting was over, when one of the factions—Roosevelt’s—was dead, the two leaders met by chance in the dining room of a Chi- cago hotel, it became “Will” and “Theo- Hit Put ‘The generous heartiness of Taft's reconciliation with Roosevelt, the good- natured fortitude with which he had the inescapable circum- break, the serenity and humor with which he accepted his de- feat for me“:esldency at Roosevelt's hands—all bined with his other mally to my British colles that this wuya ‘measure that would prove fatal to the entente and to Greece herself. . But even without Smyrna the en- | forcement of the provisions of the | Sevres treaty would probably have suf- ficed to confirm my worst forel During the whole of 1920, at every terallied conference, our military ex- perts would meet, and, under the presi- dency of Foch, declare each time that neither Great Britaln nor France nor Ttaly had a division to add to those they already kept in the Near East. Then Venizelos would come forward and under the fond, admiring gaze of Lloyd George, declare himself ready to under- take the whole job. At the BQ‘IIOIHG conference (June, 1920) I said: “I am. contrary to all appearances, the only one here who ly cares for Greece. Remember that if one may die of hun- ger, one also may die of indigestion. Venizelos was not at Boulogne, which enabled Lloyd George to declare that it was easy to “ridicule” the political and military decisions of a statesman who was not there to contradict. A month afterward we met again for the lengthy Spa Conference. M. Venizelos presented himself there to urge his proposals before the Supreme Council for the last time—and had his way. The council was composed of Mr. Lloyd George, M. Millerand and myself. M. Venizelos set forth his reasons for being certain of success. I was the only one who replied, opposing his argument by showing the inger that Greece would run and I finished my reply with these very words: Die Was Cast. “My only regret is that the attitude of Italy should be attributed to want of sympathy for, or even suspicion of, Greece. I myself feel, on the contrary, inspired by sentiments of deep concern for her true interests. No peace is good that is not a peace tolerable for both sides. The Greeks, by gaining too much, risk losing averythn:g I am quite sure that in this hall there is at least one person who feels the deep sin- cerity of my words—and that person s M. Venizelos.” I looked at him and saw that, patriot as he was, he felt for a moment that my words might some day prove too true. But the die was cast. His basic error there, as before, was mistaking the bearing of British sup- port. Wilson—and it is, I believe, the only case in which his personal temper got the better of his ideas and of his plans —decided to give Smyrna to Greece to take his revenge on the Itallans who Te! to fall in with his views about Fiume. But one must acknowledge that Wil- son alone could not have been respon- sible for so great a blunder. A more active and enthusiastic advocate was needed for the Greek cause. This ad- vocate was found in the person of Lloyd George. Lloyd e believed that Venizelos would enable him to go on waging war against the Turks with the Greek forces, without using a single Tommy; whence his praises and his presents— presents of other people's land. The Greek leader's mistake was to suppose that praises and presents meant that British support would never fail Greece. In Greece the masses saw, clearer than their Great Man, how dangerous the situation was. The 1920 elections were a resounding failure for Venizelos and his party; he was not re-elected. Irritated, disappointed, realizing too late the risk of the game in which he had involved his country, he ed and left Greece, to which King Con- stantine returned. Venizelos settled on the French Riviera, married, traveled and even went to the United States. During one of his stays in Paris, when asked his opinion on the future turn of events in the East, he foretold the vic- tory of the Turks, the defeat of the Greeks, the perpetration of renewed horrors on the Christians of Asia Minor and finally predicted the humiliation of the great powers by a newly risen Tur- key. A mutual friend told me—I was then Ambassador in Paris—these words, that showed that Venizelos had, hence- forth, no illusions left as to the future. And I could not help remarking that it was the usual case of the clear-sighted- ness with which power-loving politi- cians suddenly became endowed when they fell. Those Greeks who, without realizing 1t, love Venizelos even bettsr than their country, have a ready-made excuse for those disasters he brought on—they call attention to the fact that the disasters came when Venizelos was no longer there. This does not do justice to Greece. It would be very unfair to pre- tend that the Hellenic army led by Kin Constantine, who enjoyed a versre popularity among soldiers and officers, did not fight valiantly. The dream of a greater Greece, which had consoled 80 many generations during centuries of slavery and misery, gave a wonderful force of resistance to the Greeks for levelrdnlh‘lonlumonbf:u. dBllQ the task woul ve béen beyond any army—as they felt at the Brlt{m war office when they urged the Hellenes to fight, but took care not to send a regiment to Qelp them! Goes to Conference. ‘When the frightful military disaster came in September, 1921, Greeks were driven into the sea by the | Turks—after a stubborn resistance to which cotemporary historians have not done justice—King Constantine was once more expelled and Venizelos came back—not to government at Athens, for too many enemies were in arms against him there, but to represent Greece at the peace conference at Lausanne. It was his punishment; he signed a treaty by which Greece lost all she had won since 1919. But Greece lost much more; she lost all the rich Hellenic colonies that for long centuries had kept a monopoly on trade, navigation and industry fi: Asla Minor. But all this has been wiped out by the Turks, who—following upon the Lausanne agreements, have cast back upon the Greek coast a million and a half Asiatic Greeks, yesterday rich and happy, today pariahs. such event, worthy to rank with the bar- barian invasions of the third century, can have taken place without arousing the horror of the whole world is one of the proofs of the mental disease and xg?n;rlcy that the World War has left nd. ‘The Turks, to defend themselves, had one word only, Smyrn: The o occupation, allowed in 9 by Wilson, offered by Lloyd George and lightly ac- cepted by Venizelos, had become their excuse. Venizelos personally does not matter much any more, except for Greece. Bui his fate—and her fate—should remain as one of the most striking lessons of cotemporary history. It is indeed dif- ficult, in my opinion, to find a more conclusive proof of this truth, a truth nations seem to have so much trouble in discovering and learning—that noth- ing is more uncertain than that the grandeur and prosperity of a country should be in absolute and direct rela- tions witheits territorial acquisitions. Greece has lost infinitely more—and with her, in a way, Western civilization has—by the expulsion of Greek people from Asia than by the fact that she had to give up at Lausanne the territories that brought her nearer to Constanti- nople, the dream of her folk lore. ut this terrible loss has not altered the aspect of maps and atlases; that is why—so much are men like children everywhere—the disaster already seems forgotten. It may be, indeed, that the new- comers will bring to Macedonia and Thessaly elements of transformation and of wealth. Symptoms of this are already becoming apparent. If Veni- zelos remains in power, to which he came back in 1928, he will one da; boast of it. And diplomatic historians will solemnly record his claims. Mary in l.‘uqu are still fettered by the leg- ends with which certain personalities of the bloody years of the war were embellished for political reasons. With no one perhaps is the a8 and the | PAr CANADIAN NATIONALISM REALLY WON IN 1837 Rebellion Led by Premier King’s Grand- father Has Resulted in British Colonial Autonomy. BY R. A. FARQUHARSON. act of Westminster, putting in writing for the first time the constitution of the British Com- monwealth of Nations, will soon be introduced in the British House of Commons, because 93 years ago the grandfather of Canada’s present premier led rebellious citizens in an at- tempt to capture Toronto. When -William Lyon Mackenzie and his poorly armed “patriot” army were put to utter rout after the merest excuse of a battle, the few shots started the British Empire on its march toward the goal of autonomy under one crown. ‘The fight which the grandfather lost with a toll of one man killed, two exe- cuted and several exiled, paved the way for the constitutional triumph of the grandson announced in February which Temoves the last. vestiges of old colo- nialism from all the self-governing units of the British Empire. Battle Site Unmarked ‘The battle of Montgomery's Farm, its site not even marked by a brass plate, is now heln{l recognized as of greater im to things British than Crecy, Agincourt or Plassey. Mackenzie failed as a general and a politiclan. Yet it was the rebellion he organized and the battle he lost that started the consti- tutional movement toward complete national status realized in the regime of his grandson, Willlam Lyon Mac- kenzie King. The Mackenzie rebellion was not serious as the uprising at the same time in Lower Canada, led by Papineau. But in Lower Canada there was racial division. It was the Prench who at- tempted to throw off what had become the galling yoke of incompetent British officialdom. A rising of French against British did not strike home to London in the same way. It was the little outbreak of British against British in the wilderness of Upper Canada that caused the home government to realize mnhml:: Jwas radically wrong and sent Durham out to investigate. Turning Point Recalled. Lord Durham’s report, the tangible result of the rebellion, paved the way for responsible rule realized in the next decade. It marked the turning int in the reaction against democra nd- encles. Britain’s method of preventing another American revolution. It fore- was there serious overseas interference in the constitutional development toward autonomy. ‘The act of Westminster, announced following a conference in London this ‘Winter of Dominion and British repre- sen‘atives, provides a legislative reali- zation of the broad principles outlined at the imperial conference of 1926, the first conference at which Canada was represented by Premier King. The new act is intended to harmo- nize legislation with existing conditions. It is to remove the anachronisms which have persisted in the statutes like blue laws in Boston. bt The amendments, as at present drafted, will go to the Imperial Confer- ence to be held this year and then will pass to the various dominion parlia- ments for ratification. The central measure, the enabling act, will go to the Parliament at Westminster. The act of Westminster will meet with no o] ition in the British Par- liament. e rights of dominions to anything they request in the form of legislation has long been recognized. In the Canadian House it will be dif- ferent. There is & strong ultra-im- gmu.uc minority which views steps ward Canada’s complete nationhood as lug:"nwu from Britain. Already there been noisy objection to re- moval of colonial anachronisms. But as the leaders and the majority of the two g“llcnl parties do not parade their British loyalty under the cloak of ultra-imperialism, the possibility of Canada refusing to repeal the last vestiges of colonialism is not even con- sidered. To Canadians it now seems as if the evolution of the third British Empire Was com| t direction the next move. take is not worrying any one. The first empire in America came to a sudden end with the vo- lution, when Nova Scotia and bec alone were left to Britain. Without the concession of responsible govern- ment, the direct result of the Mackenzie rebellion in 1837, the second empire would have invited the same disaster. Responsible government has since been conceded to all the dominions, with re- sults that have created the third em- pire—the British commonwealth of nations. shadowed the union of all the Canadas | ties and lald the basic formulae on which has gradually been built the status of nationhood at last secured. Even after Lord Durham, complete rummlbla government did not come without a parliamentary struggle, but the home government had learned its lesson in the rebellion and never again that the empire has become John Bull & Sons, Inc., but all the sons are car- on inde| t companies in Vhich Sohn Bull es not even & sest in the directorate. What Admiral Byrd Has Done In His Antarctic Explorations (Continued From Third Page.) rincipally handled with the New York s 1o station WHD in New York. A good portion was also handled be- tween various expedition contin- gents at New Zealand, the ships with airplanes and the trail iles. Through the courtesy of the New Zealand gov- ernment the Little America station was able to communicate with the ships at Dunedin. system han. official Government messages through Samoa, and radio amateurs not only in the United States but.in many other parts sistance ulu tests and in of personal messages. Most of the radio communications uencies from 6 up to 18 megacycles o le equals 1,000 kilocycles), corres| to 50 meters. unication condi- tions with the Northern Hemisphere at least have been best du our Sum- mer season when conditions are most nearly uniform at both ends of the circuit, whereas during our long Winter night absence of the sun’'s rays seems to play havoc with the hea layer so essential for short wave communica- tion, and Summertime static interferes with reception of signals up North. Yet by continuous trial of various wave lengths and “’::‘fil mu"c‘tum of m- coming signals, y cont was main- ulmd'wl?hnwm) with the exception of only a few days during the entire year. ‘The station has frequently been in direct communication with Bergen, Norway, and recently on several oc- caslons exchanged radio signals with the world’s most Northern radio station, RPX, of the Russian polar meteoro- logical party wintering on Pranz Josef- land. Short waves have given reliable com- munication with our airplanes and trail ties. Two-way communication was established on one flight between a plane and New York. e plane sets Were also constructed to provide Jong- wave communication with the base over short distances and a directional radio beacon of the airways t: was con- structed at the base as well as a radio compass. This was gone to !;xee:l sudden weather changes. Communication was maintained with the plane while it was over the South Pole. The so-called skip distance zones of the short waves have been verified and studied. One most valuable scientific radio work has been the study and exact measurement of the heaviside layer at the various seasons, which has thrown much light on the communica- tion conditions experienced here. In general the heaviside layer here appears to resemble conditions e: nced on Winter days in the Uni during the period of darkness the centrated layer seems to break uj drift apart with a mumygwm of layers at widely different heights. - ords obtained at sunrise during nn, {unher substantiate existing theories of he formation of the dense reflecting layer by the sun’s rays. Meteorology. ‘The meteorological work of the per air investigations. Surface observi tions similar to those maintained at a first-order meteorological station in the States have bezn made during the entire period since the expedition left Dunedin. These observations consist of a systematic record of barometric pres- sure, temperature, humidity, wind direc- tion and velocity, cloudiness and pre- cipitation, together with visibility and other optical phenomena such as aurora halos, mirages, etc. For the most part the observational work has been carried on_hourly both day and night. Investigations of the upper air were made by means of kites and pilot bal- loons. Approximately 400 pilot balloon observations have been made for ob- taining the wind direction and velocity at varlous altitudes. The have been carried on continuously since January 15, 1929, when the station was established at Little America. Many of these soundings reached altitudes of more than 30,000 feet. The unbroken series of observations is considered a most valuable contribu-~ tion to Antarctic meteorology inas- Sideranle light" upon he. atmonplien sideral a circulation the high Southern lati- tudes. The soundings were also of great value for current use in selectin, y | dition suitable for making exploration flights. The upper air movement was found to be ave any indication as to the weather the 1 future. record obtained ing to wave lengths from 17| year, Commt soundings | 1 . frplastewag. 40 ture and humidity at various levels. %\m data were obtained on the polar and other exploration flights and prom- ise to be of much value. Surveying. aerial survey is a new feature of ve great value already—they were to the geological party on the Southern d many of them are also beau- tiful pictures of the mountains. They show pressure and the movement of the ice as could nothing else, and their study will well repay the glaciologist and help to elucidate some of the problems connected with the movement of the on the jous pictorial map of them was obtained and also an out- line of the Barrier for about 60 miles east of the Bay of Whales. Since then this coastal survey has been extended 80 that it includes about 400 miles of coast from Discovery Inlet to the north- ern end of the new mountain range to the northeast. This survey was made from the sea side of the cliffs, so that the face of the icy wall is shown with ;!l’ i:tlndfllhfiml and irregularities in eigl On the polar flight the aerial sur- vey was made on one side of the rcute going out and on the other returning. 80 that it gives a complete picture of the terrif seen from the plane.. The mountains of the plateau on either side of the route are shown in this group. ‘This is perhaps the longest single map- ing jok ever done, about 1,600 miles ing covered. A large part of the coast line was mapped on the eastern flight, on which the mountains which rim the eastern side of the Ross Sea were discovered. The photographs of this country and the shelf ice and inland water pools and pressure ridges are most interesting. An aerial survey was made on the flight to Discovery Inlet and southward over the Ross Barrier. The Bay of Whales was also mapped completely, including the heavily crevassed and broken area to east and west the foot of the bay, which, under care- ful study, should reveal any of the for the formation of this in- the aerial survey of the bay, a careful survey on_the sur- face has been made from East an West Capes to the bottom of the bay, 50 that in later years it will be possible to determine just what changes have taken place in the formation of this curious indentation in the Barrier. In all, about 1,600 pictures have been made on these exploration flights, giv- ing a complete record of the territory 8 There have been two major sledging Jjourneys as well as several shorter ones and a tremendous amount of freight sledging. Last year 250 tons of ma- terial were freighted from the ship New York to the base and 440 tons from the Barrier cache, where the Bolling was unloaded, to the base, or a total of 665 tons of material drawn by dogs c= sleds. An average of seven tons a day was hauled during these operations and the heaviest loads were more than a ton, The loads averaged 160 pounds Rer day per load for each dog, and the eaviest loads were 245 pounds per day for each dog. There were 10 teams at work during the unloading, usmng an average of 76 dogs per day. The mileage during these operations, one t had been used, was 12.300. The eas ern and depot laying trips last seasol covered 225 miles more. - This year the suj eled 360 miles and including a miles, traveled 1,300 thin | seen. the observations throw con- i