Evening Star Newspaper, February 23, 1930, Page 31

] nized Reserves upon which the War . Beplnm ‘ * AMERICAN ARMY NOW HAS NEW MOBILIZATION PLAN War Department Outline Calls for Per-| sonnel of 254,767 Officers and 4,301,947 Men. the United States en- tered the World War 13 years ago no mobilization | plan existed for putting into the field an army of 4,000.- men. In a rather hit and miss fashion ‘War Department proceeded first to combat and other officers, and then through the selective service act by Congress to recruit the men fill up the divisions destined for France. Scores of camps were built in vari- ous parts of the country at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars. Into these camps the men called to the col- ors under the selective service act were sent, each camp usually being assigned to the training of a single division. New Mobilization Plan. ‘The new mobilization plan of the War Department, aimed to create six field armies, contemplates a fundamen- tal change in the mechanics of train- ing. Instead of large camps being built in the event of war, regiments and other units will be housed in pub- lie buildings, and other quarters in designated areas. If any new quarters are necessary, the place will be selected so that no great amount of water supply and similar construction will be necessary. e | Government proposes to profit by its ex- | Peflenct in the World War, and will not | aunch an expensive building program | to cover the needs of a war-time Army for a year or two. Stafl officers of the War Department have been studying the problem of a possible future mobilization. The task of the War Department, in this or any | other country, is to prepare for a war | that may never come. The big camps of 1917 and 1918—Camp Dix, Camp | Devens, cam}) Upton and many others, served & useful purpose, but it took a long time to build them, at a tremen- dous investment. Each one was & city in itself. The War Department feels that such con- struction would not be necessa: ry again, but to avold it a careful plan must be | Orga worked out in advance. Such a plan has been prepared, at least in outline. Personnel of New Army. The new general mobilization plan ealis for a personnel of 254,767 officers and 4301947 enlisted men. This is the so-called nel:lt Sy puni and un envisages an effo; per cent greater than the one the United States made | Dbetween April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, when about 215,000 officers and 3,634,000 enlisted men put on the | uniform of their country. Perhaps the most important differ- ence between a future mobilization and that of 1917 is the difference in time. Instead of 19 months, the Government will hereafter be able to put forward #s maximum effort in 10 months. As the World War hmmtmulnfi:n': ory the War Department soug] apply to its peace-time policies all the t lessons which it learned in 1917. ‘The fact that an army could be mobilized in one-half the time then required is proof enough of the ad- vance that has been made. Many factors may be cited In progress made in_preparedness. For one thing, there is a carefully worked-out plan for mobilization, the first in American history, and decen- tralized machinery has been provided for its execution. A well irained staff & ready to its execution, and there are more and better trained ctors and commanders. As & further advantage, the War Department has a reserve of material available for use at the outset of mobilization, and it also has a plan for industrial mo- bilization to supplement the war re- serve. Other Military Factors. Not less important is s larger and better trained National Guard and an Officers’ Reserve Corps, organized into military units, distributed geograph- ically, ‘'which gives the Nation the ekeleton for quickly putting a large the field. for 9 Infantry divisions from the Reg- ular Army, 18 from the National Guard and 27 from the Organized Reserves, in addition to a considerable number of auxiliary units and corps and army troops. ~Altogether the plan contem- plates 4,800 separate units. Of these about 2,800 have their commissioned personnel, or about 56 per cent. As a fact, the percentage is really bet- ter than this, for many of the units still to be organized are headquarters units, engineer auxiliary battalions, grave registration companies and similar organizations. They can be easily or- ganized after the declaration of war. ‘The 27 Infantry divisions of the Or- Reserves, the backbone of the Army, which will contribute one-half of the total force required for a major effort, are 96 per cent complete as to their component units and are 115 per ecent complete as to their personnel. Organized Reserve Units. Tt is the combat divisions of the Or- ent naturally places the great- est stress. These units have their com- manders and officers, their own mobili- zation plans and their own esprit de corps, even in skeletonized form. A few months of training after the passage of the sclective service act would | enable these Reserve divisions to enter active military operations. The Organ- ized Reserves have six Cavalry divisions and these, too, are nearly complete, both as to their component units and their | commissioned personnel. In all, about | Reserve officers are now assigned rganized Reserve units. There is still a sho of Reserve officers to complete the full requirements of the mobolization plan. More than 80,000 more officers are needed. The | Reserve officers of the future will come | from the C. M. T. C. and the R. O. T. C. Even if an emergency should erise, new officers will be needed just as they were | in 1917, and officers’ training camps ‘would be immediately established. There are, however, enough Reserve officers to take care of the situation for the first three months or so, until ad- | ditional officers could be obtained from training camps. This marks a tremen- dous advance over 1917, when the Na- tional Army had to rely on the officers’ ing camps established after the e=claration of war for the majority of | its commissioned leaders. Regular Army Quota. Under the general plan, the Regular | Army will furnish 24,000 officers and | 450,000 enlisted men, including n|ne| Infantry end three Calvary divisions, harbor defense troops and certain corps, Army and general headquarfers units. ‘The National Guard will give as its| contributions 18 Infantry divisions, 6 Cavalry divisions _and other units to make up 24,000 officers and 480,000 en- listed men. The organized Reserves will contribute 27 Infantry divisions, 6 Cav- alry divisions and units to complete 6 fleld armies and the zone of the in- terior installations, or a total of 153,- 000 officers and the balance of the en- listed men needed. Mobilization will fall into four pe- 60 days. progral calls for 131,000 officers and 2,000,000 enlisted men, enough to bring up to war strength the Regular Army in the United States and Porto Rico, the Na- tional Guard, !h;.;!:me of interior in- one-! ufficient to complete three field armies. ‘The second period covers the next 30 days, with 21,000 officers and 410,000 enlisted men called to the colors. These 1100,000 and will be capable of quick|==— zzgmslon to a strength of about 400,- third period brings into the Army the same number of men as the second pe- riod and covers 30 days also. The fourth period has the same requirements as the preceding two, with additional units to complete six fleld armies, Strengthen Organized Reserves. The War Department recently made important changes in policy, designed to strengthen the Organized Reserves and make this component of the Army more efficient. A few of these may be | mentioped. Beginning October 1, pro- motlong in the Officers’ Reserve | will be based upon a certificate of ca- pacity, involving an examination, both theoretical and practical. At present an officer can win promotion tI h obtaining credits amounting to 300 hours of work. Under another change, corps area commanders have been given authority to employ properly qualified Reserve officers for marking the correspondence —school lessons. Furthermore, previous restrictions have been removed which virtually barred from promotion to the grades of lieutenant colonel and colonel officers who have not had World War experience. Now those may be pro- moted who pass a stiff, but what is regarded as a fair, examination. Reserve officers have been given greater responsibility for training the units they command and, if properly qualified, Reserve officers may here- after be assigned as assistant chiefs of staff of Reserve divisions and as ad- ministrative and technical staff officers. Regular Army officers serving as chiefs of staff of*Reserve divisions are now required to make inspections of all units in their divisions and to make & report on them to the corps area commanders. Reserve officers placed on the unassigned list may again be placed on the assigned list if they pass an examination. Training by Correspondence. Inactive duty training is really the most important part of keeping the nized Reserves at a reasonable state of preparedness for a possible eme: Not every Reserve officer can find the time for active duty train- ing in the Summer, even if funds per- mitted. This type of training takes several forms, conferences, lectures and correspondence courses. In 1929 16,084 instructional confer- ences were held, with a total attend- ance of 193,452. In the same period 187,963 correspondence school lessons were marked and returned to students. A total of 18,851 students completed correspondence courses and they re- ceived a credit of 683,240 hours of in- struction. The Government paid $57,- 480 for this instruction, at an average cost an hour of instruction of 82 cents. Aside from the general mobilization plan, the War Department has fixed a objective covers the units which will be needed first in an emergency, and the ‘War Department will concentrate its efforts on the training of the Reserve officers assigned to such units. These, in general, are the Regular Army units, both active and inactive, the 33 Re- serve divisions and other units of the first stage of the mobilization. ‘The advantage of the peace-time procurement objective is that it con- centrates the training of officers for the most important units and makes it_possible to avoid the assignment of officers to units which are apt to re- main paper ones for many months after the first call for mobilization. The peace-time procurement objective is peace-time procurement objective. This | to about 98,000 officers. R. 0. T. C. in Eleventh Year. In the future the bulk of the Re- serve officers will come from the Re- serve Officers’ Training Corps, now in the eleventh year. At the present time the War Department maintains 317 units_in 225 educational institutions. The R. O. T. C. appropriation for the coming year amounts to about $4,000,- 000. The total enrollment in these units is about 127,000, including those in_units in high schools. Between 5,000 and 6,000 graduates of the R. O. T. C. accept commissions in the Organized Reserves each year, and second lieutenants from Yale, Har- vard, Princeton, Cornell and other in- stitutions will, 10 and 20 years hence, be colonels and majors of the Reserve units, if they continue their interest and expend their military knowledge. Since 19820, the R. O. T. C. have grad- uated 41,000 men, and most of these have accepted commissions as Reserve gl':ul'l in the Army of the United tes. Other Reserve officers come from the graduates of the Citizens’ Military Training Camps. Between 30,000 and 35,000 Americans spend 30 days in camp each Summer, under the super- vision of Regular Army officers, and those who successfully complete three tours of duty are eligible for commis- sions as second lieutenants in the Reserve. Many Accept Commissions. Many accept commissions, though the contribution is somewhat smaller than that of the R. O. T. C. with units in a large number of the universities and colleges. The aim of the basic and Red courses is to develop closer national and social unity g together young men from all parts of the coun- try. It teaches the privileges, duties and responsibilities of citizenship. The third year, the White course, gives to the ‘student more advanced instruction in the particular branch of military activity selected — Infantry, Field Artillery or Cavalry. So far about 2,000 graduates of the C. M. T. C. have been commissioned in the Reserve, and later the number promises to be much larger than this. In some camps Reserve officers have been assigned to instruct the boys in| the C. M. T.'C. Regular officers are in the last analysis responsible for the whole undertaking, but the Reserve officers, called to active duty for various periods, assist in the training, and in this way acquire practical experience Which prepares them for their responsi- bilities in handling their own units in the event of war. Considering the small amount of money it requires, the C. M. T. C. is regarded by the War Department as one of the best ass defense act. Status of National Guard. The National Guard is in a better state of preparedness than at any time in its history. It constitutes an im- portant element in the general mobili- zation plan, furnishing 18 Infantry di- visions, as well as Cavalry and other units. For the coming year the Na- tional Guard will have a strength of In 1930 the National Guard will go to camp over 160,000 strong, or 87 per cent of its estimated strength. As never before, the National Guard is a real military asset to the Nation, and its standards of instruction and equip- ment compare favorably with those of the Regular Army. The Guardsman, of course, is a sol- dier only by avocation. He has, how- ;;l;r. ott: benz‘m.mo! expert instruction m officers of the Regular Army and he has the benefit also of the lessons taught by the mobilization on the Mex- ican border in 1916, as well as partici- ets narrowed with each successive { glven o the country n the national | vate u tion of the National Guard in the forld War, Greatest Step In Preparedness. ‘The mobilization plan marks perhaps the greatest forward step in - ness against war that the United States has ever taken. It rests, of wumw the national defense act by Con- ress in 1920. Crea Army of components—the Estab- THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, FEBRUARY 23, 1930—PART TwO, 3 l T SR THE PROPOSED SUPREME BY SILAS HARDY STRAWN, Former President of the American Bar ‘Association. O_make an appraisal of Charles Evans Hughes, in 3,000 words is as difficult a task as that recent- 1y assigned to Mr. Coolidge when he was asked to reduce the his- of the United States to 500 words, used as an inscription on a na- tional memorial. Merely to list all the laws, statutory and common, for which Mr. Hughes is responsible, all the positions of honor and trust which he has occupied, all the offices which he has filled, all the pub- lic services he has rendered, all the na- tionally and internationally important decisions he has rendered, all the tasks affecting the common welfare that he has been called upon to perform, all the important cases in which he has par- ticipated as counsel, would more than fill the space available for an appraise- ment of the man designated by Presi- dent Hoover to become the eleventh BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended February 22. * x x x THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS.—Prime Minister Mac- donald has informed the House of Com- mons that the imperial conference will open in London on September 30. The conference will concern itself chiefly with the grand question of intra-imperial trade. In July, in a preliminary announcement regarding the coming session, the Labor govern- ment expressed the opinion that ex- tension of application of the principle of imperial preference would not be the best. meu-\o(r of attempting to further intra-imperial trade. The lz\eperm conferences originated from a meeting of the prime ministers of Great Britain and the dominions coincidently with Queen Victoria's jubi- lee in 1887. There were imperial con- ferences in 1897, 1902, 1907 and 1911. In 1917-18 an extended conference was held concurrently with the sessions of the imperial war conference. There were conferences in 1921, in 1923 and haps the most important of all) in On Feburary 17 Lord Beaverbrook formally launched a new political party under the name “United Empire Party. An accompanying manifesto declares that the party will seek to give effect to “the plain principles of empire free trade, without being shackled by those tactical considerations and temporizing counsels which now are paralyzing British politics.” * ok x x FRANCE.—On February 17 the Tar- dieu government was defeated by five votes in the Chamber of Deputies on a question of confidence in connection with the finance bill and straightway resigned. For several days the veteran finance minister, M. Cheron, had been combating proposed amendments aimed at increasing the tax reductions proposed by the bill, pleading that, in view of the terrible financial crisis re- cently weathered, reductions beyond those proposed by the bill would be perilous. The government’s margin of vote until it was not. Tardieu, who might have saved the day, was away, laid low by influenza. And it is of what significance you will that Briand, though in Paris (presumably, like Tar- dieu, absenting himself from the Lon- don Naval Conference in connection with the government's domestic crisis), was mnot in the chamber when the disaster occurred, and that the fatal blow was dealt by the sudden defection f the Left up of 18 dep- lishment, the National Gugrd when in Federal service and the nized Re- serve—that act gave Am for the first time a real military policy. Ten years have brought to comple- tion the machinery necessary to carry out the provisions of the act in time of war, Each corps area commander now has the responsibility for working out in detail the mobilization plans for the units in his area, subject to the general uirements of the War Department. h corps area commander will use the training facilities available in his area and units will be housed in towns and villages, avolding in the early stages the large concentration into camps, which was a feature of military effort during the World War. Time and money will be saved there- t the United auuv:: men in & few months should of itself be 3 l!unm:‘cnthn no nation, or group of nal {of whom probably pever have a policy that will bring with u"f:rumrm United States. COURT BUILDING Chief Justice of the United States. There is an almost irresistible tempta- tion to follow the course of the hurried and harried book reviewer confronted with a new and unabridged edition of ‘Webster's dictionary, who wrote, simply and truthfully: “No book could contain more and better words than this one. We cordially recommend it to our readers, one and all.” So it is with Charles Evans Hughes. No life, probably, could be filled with more and better deeds in the service of the public. Benefit to Future Generations. ‘There are widows and orphans, some eard of Mr. Hughes, and children as yet unborn, who have benefited or will benefit by a task well performed by Mr. Hughes 25 years ago. Out of the investigation of insurance company practices that he conducted as counsel for a legislative committee came laws in practically all States that put an end to abuses which uties, of which M. Danielou, & very close friend of Briand, is head. On February 20 President Doumergue, after the usual consuitations, invited Camille Chautemps, leader of the Radical Soclalist group in the chamber (the largest group in that body), to form a government. He accepted and before the evening of the 21st had formed his list as follows: Premier and minister of the interior, Camille Chautemps, Radical Socialist; foreign affairs, Aristide Briand, Republican Socialist; marine, Albert Sarraut, Radical Soclalist (senator); war, Rene Besnard, Radical Socialist; finance, Charles Dumont, Radical Socialist (senator); minister of justice and vice president of the council of ministers, Theodore Steeg, Radical Socialist (senator); public works, Edouard Daladler, Radical Soclalist (deputy); colonies, Luclen Lamoureux, Radical Socialist (deputy); merchant marine, Charles Danielou, Left Radical (deputy) ; labor, Louis Loucheur, Left i (deputy); _public _instruction, Jea Durand, Radical Soclalist (senator’ the budget, Maurice Palmade, Radical Socialist (deputy); commerce, Georges Bonnet, Radical Socialist (senator): agriculture, Henri Queuille, Radical Socialist (deputy); air, Maurent Eynac, Left Radical (deputy) ; pensions, Charles Gallet, Popular Democrat (deputy): posts and telegraphs, Julien Durand, Radical Socialist (deputy). It is seen that of 17 ministers, 12 are Radical Socialists, 3 are Left Radicals, 1 a Republican Socialist and 1 of the Popular Democratic party. The total membership of the chamber is 607. My understanding is that of the Left center ps M. Chautemps feels secure of the votes of only the four represented in his cabinet. The Radical Socialists in the chamber num- ber 121, the Left Radicals, 52; the Re- ublican Socialists, 18, and the Popular 'mocrats, 18; total, 209. In addition, M. Chautemps has the conditional promise of the votes of the Socialists proper, numbering 101. The Unified Socialists, or Soclalists proper, remained true to their principle of non-participa- tion in a government which they should not dominate, but thelt votes are Eledned conditionally upon maintenance y the new government of pronouncedly Lett policy In domestic matters, Obvious- ly this is but a precarious kind of sup- port, and continuing complete solidarity of support by the three minor Left Euum participating in the government by no means assured, especially should the Unified Socialists prove ag- gressive. On the other hand, a certain scattering support from among the nine Left groups not participating in the government seems likely. At best, the majority to be expected by the new government is meager, and its lease of life 15 most precarious. M. Chautemps had hoped to form a “government of Republican concentra- tion” to be supported by all the groups of the Left center and certain groups of the moderate Right. He offered Tardieu the marine portfolio and invited him to return to London as head of the French delegation to the Naval Con- ference; but Tardieu declined. The next blow was refusal by the Left Re- publican and Social and Radical Left groups to participate in the government. Rebuffed in his hope of a moderate government that should dispense witn Unified Socialist support (apparentl; the Unified Socialists cannot stomac a government farther right than the Radical Left), M. Chautemps was fain to fall back into the arms of the Unified Socialists, to reconstitute, so to speak, that Cartel des Gauches, whose govern- ment in 1924, under Herriot, failed so grotesquely. The ministerial declaration will be read to the Chamber on Tuesday, Feb- ruary 25, and the new government will be accepted or re; the ities. Assume acceptance, then head the naval delegation at London, IN WASHINGTON. Radical |} were & fraud upon policyholders and their dependents and a fountainhead of corruption of public officials. The insurance business, as the result of Mr. Hughes’ work, became a public trust in- stead of a public swindle. ‘Twenty-four years ago a newspaper man wrote of Mr. Hughes: “Erect not only physically, but men- tally and spiritually, his carriage signi- fies backbone. One can feel his moral and mental fiber.” Words as true to- day as they were then! If I were re- quired to characterize Judge Hughes now in three words, instead of 3,000, they would be: “He walks uprightly.” To write of this man in superlatives is now easy; it is “the accepted prac- tice.” It is difficult to believe there was a time when, engaged in the turmoil of political warfare, Mr. Hug! scribed as “a human icicle, tist Pope” and “a perambulating feather duster.” Through all those days Mr. Hughes continued straight on his course, deigning neither to notice nor to reply and there will be associated with him M. Surraut, minister of marine, an able old hand, and M. Lamoureux, minister of colonies, a deputy of limited exrerl- ence. I merely glance at the gossip to the effect that such & consummation | has been desired, if not actually fur- thered, by Briand. It is to be hoped that the new gov- ernment will happily falsify general ex- pectations; for it has not a look of effi- ciency or strength, only a few of its members (including 11 undersecre- taries), having enjoyed extensive ex- perience or demonstrated marked ability. M. Chautemps is 45 years of age and has been a deputy on and off since 1919. He has held cabinet office briefly. He does not, we hear, propose to repeat M. Tardieu's fatal error of absenting himself from the capital. No doubt, it was a magnanimous error in M. Tardieu to assume a truce of faction over the period of delicate international negotia- tion, but it was a fatal error neverthe- ess. The reader is advised, should M. Chautemp’s combination be accepted by the Chamber, to keep his eye on ensuing financial developments. * K ok X RUSSIA —Membership in the Com- munistic party is restricted to professed atheists, and one of the chief Soviet slogans is “Religion, an opiate for the people.” ‘Can the Bolshevists put it over, their resolve, namely, to deracinate the old religions from Russia—the Orthodox, the Roman Catholic, the Mohammedan, the Jewish? Of the one hundred and fifty or so million people of the Russian there must be still a hundred million who adhere to the Orthodox Church, at least fifteen million plous Mohammedans, more than three million professing Jews. History has shown that religious beliefs expand under per- secution; the ‘“blood of the martyrs,” you know. The Bolsheviks have taken on a large order, *xoxox CHINA.—The prospect of revival of the same old story in China, once the rigors of Winter are relaxed, seems favorable. At present hostilitles are mostly confined to Logomachy. The other day Yen Hsi-Shan, the “model governor,” sent a telegram to change Kai-Shek, head of the Nanking govern- ment, calling on him to resign and retire from the political arena. Chang re- plied indignantly. An_agreement between the Chinese and British governments providing for retrocession to China of the Weihaiwei leasehold, awaits consummation. The town of Weihaiwei, the bay with its islands, and a strip of land 10 miles wide edging the bay, were leased to Great Britain in 1898 by the then Chinese government. A “blll of rights” is under considera- tion by the central political council at Nanking. * ok ok % UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.— The Walter Hines Page School of iater- national relations at Johns to be set going at once, Owen D. Young, | tak chairman of the board of trustees, hav- ing announced that an annual sum of $50,000 over the next three years is as- sured, with good ts of an ade- quate endowment for the re- after. John Van A. MacMurray, until the other day Minister o China, is director of the new institution, which is the only one of its kind in the world. Says Dr. Joseph S. Ames, president of Joh_i\‘l;‘ Hop’llnl: 1 “The primary purpose of the school is to provide an o unity for re- search, with a view to ascertaining the fundamental conditions of international life. Its secondary purpose is the train- ing of teachers and advanced instruc- tion to a mmua number of well- qualified students. Provisions should be made for publication of the investi- gations carried on.” | Kidney. |Summary of ' Admiral’s Exploits Is ' ~—Drawing by E. H. Suydam, from “Washington, Past and Present.” in kind to his vituperators. In the Hughes make-up there is no rancor, no sense of personal grievance, no capacity to hate, no tendency to unreasonable anger. In a judge there can be nothing more desirable than the absence of these qualities. Judicial Temperament Habitual. In fact, it may be said of Mr. Hughes that he carries his judicial tempera- ment with him wherever he goes. It was more than eight years ago that this fact first impressed itself upon me. Mr. Hughes (then Secretary of State) and I were playing as partners against Presiderit Harding and Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler on the Chevy Chase golf course near Washington. Mr. Hughes' | ball rolled to the bottom of the deep ditch across the thirteenth fairway. To extricate it required half a dozen or more strokes. Mr. Hughes proceeded to take them, calmly, apparently unper- turbed, and without any comment, pro- (Continued on Fourth Page.) ‘THE ANTARCTIC.—Admiral Byrd's ship, the City of New York, left the Bay of Whales, Ross Sea, Antarctica, on February 19, pointed for home. The |good bark City of New York arrived at Little America sheathed in ice. A ! terrible time she had had of it, thread- ing the pack. Her veteran skipper, Capt. Fred C. Melville, familiar with the Horn, had “never seen such seas” as those which ensued. But he had full consolation for being blown far out of his course. At least he saw Mount Erebus, which answered to his dreams. Obviously a man of the Hakluyt The Eleanor Bolling is scheduled to meet the City of New York north of the Ross Sea ice pack and transfer to the latter fuel and other supplies. The City of New York was 44 days on the way from Dunedin, New Zealand, to Little America, distance 2,300 miles, many days being consumed at the edge of the pack searching for leads. It was a matter of only 37 hours to drive through the pack, but then, as noted above, the ship was driven far from her course by a gale of almost unprecedented .violence. Her return | journey last year from Little America | to Dunedin (Port Chalmers) was made in 21 days. * ok ok % NOTES.—On February 19 the London Naval Arms Conference adjourned for seven days because the French delega- tion was reduced to a nullity by the development at Paris, being a rump with no authority beyond that of un- official observers. The atmosphere at adjournment was not one of optimism. The Shah of Persia recently opened the first completed section of the Trans-Persian Railway, which is to run from Khor Musa on the Persian Gulf north a thousand miles via Hamadan and Teheran to the Caspian Sea. e completed section runs 90 miles north from Khor Musa. Except for this section the only railways in operation in Persia are a six-mile line running out of Te- heran and a branch of the Trans- caspian running down from Azerbaijan to Tabriz. General elections were held in Japan on February 20; the second under com- plete manhood suffrage. The voting was very heavy, very early returns in- dicating probability of “a Minseito victory. In the late House of Repre- sentatives of 466 seats, the Minseito, the government party, held 173 and the Seiyukai held 237. The issues were domestic, chiefly economic; the Naval Conference not figuring. Both parties made the usual claims, charges and promises. On February 9 Lieuts. Will White and Clement McMullen arrived at Buenos Alres in an airplane, completing the 6,870 miles of the route from Newark, N. J., to Buenos Aires (down the Pacific Coast of South America to Santiago, Chile, then across the Andes) in 52 hours, 15 minutes flying time (an average of 131 miles an §\our) and 5 days, hours elapsed time, both times being records. The feat is im- portant toward establishment of regular commercial air service on the route en, University ;n_Tokio To Install Microphones Mlcforh(mu will be installed in the largest lecture halls of the Tokio Im- perial University at the beginning of the coming school year in April, it is announced by the authorities. This in- novation in Japanese educational cir- cles was tried out in the Kyoto Impe- rial University a year l‘: and proved 8o satisfactory that the larger institu- tion in the capital has decided to follow suit. All Japanese higher nstitutions are crowded, but none so Imperial University Made He Starts Upon . Homeward Trip. (Continued Prom Pirst Page.) one had hitherto etrated, for al- thflulh&hmhlvemmylhlplin Discovery Inlet and in the Bay of Whales nobody had gone inland be- tween these two points. His first real exploration flight was to the northeast in the hope reaching land north of King Edward VII Land, the land which holds in the great curv- ing ice sheet to the north and west. That h=d always been one of his major objectives. After ing the Scott Nunaf ‘however, he found low clouds his passage and was forced to turn south. Even at that time, however, he thought he saw clouds around the peak of a distant mountain to the northeast, although he was not sure that it was not & mirage or mere cloud hank such as decelve the eye polar 3 But shortly after he turned south he saw rising before him the tops of a new mountain range which began about fifty miles south of the Nunataks and curves south and west in the sh: of & crescent. was Rockefeller Range. A second time, on February 18, he tried to penetrate to the mystery in the northeast, flying this time with two planes, the Fairchild and the Fokker, but again was turned back by thick weather. On turning south, however, he saw a mountain to the east beyond the Rockefellers and other signs of land in an area he named Marie Byrd Land. He kept on to the south far beyond the point reached on the former flight and saw what he belleved to be a rising barrier, indicating land. It was for this reason that he was inclined to believe that on the flights south he would confirm Amundsen’s appearance of land at about 82 degrees south. ‘That ended the exploration flying for the season, altho made a surveying flight to the Rocke- feller Range and mapped these moun- tains. Later Dr. Gould flew over there in the ill-fated Fokker, and by means of observations on the ground definitely located the range and also obtained some geological specimens which indi- cated to him that the mountains were formed of terial similar to the low- lying Alexandra Range, further north. It was on this trip that the Fokker was destroyed in a terrific storm . and Admiral Byrd rescued the stranded geological party by a dangerous flight late in the season. Area Named for Capt. Scott. ‘The area between King Edward VII Land and latitude 80 degrees 30 minutes south, west of the 150th meridian, which marks the boundary of the Ross 'B.c:) 'nlmed for Capt. tt. ‘The first flying this season was directed toward the Pole, as that was the most difficult from a flight stand- point because of the distance to be covered and the altitude at which the plane would have to fiy to pass over the Polar Plateau. It was preceded by a base-laying flight on November 18 to the Queen Maud Range, for it was found that the load limit imposed by 4ltitude would make it necessary to refuel the plane at the mountains on the return flight. On this trip it was hoped that a view of the land supposed to lie east of the trail in latitude 82 degrees south would be seen, and that a view would be obtained of Carmen Land. Much to Admiral Byrd's surprise, not only did he not see the two mountains which indsen reported hav seen in latitude 82, but there was no sign of Carmen d. High-pressure ridges running out into the Barrier from the foot of the Queen Maud e were suspect poo! y ressure had formerly been mistaken or land. A base was established to the west of Axel Helberg Glacier, about five miles north of a mountain, which, de- spite its size, was only one of the foothflls of the mighty range behind it, and fuel and food were left there. On the way home doss of fuel from & number of causes compelled a forced landing on rough surface just nortl of the pressure ri at Bl degrees 10 minutes south. he plane in cam| was flown out to the larger ship witl gasoline, and after two trips the big ship was again started and reached its home fleld at midnight on the 20th. It was on this flight that Admiral Byrd saw the mountains which he named the Charles Bob Mountains. The polar flight was started in the afternoon of November 28 and the Pole was reached after midnight. The route of Axel Heiberg, and the plane barely forced its way over the top of the g:‘u after food had been thrown over- rd to lighten it. From there the route lay straight to the Pole, and after it had been reached the plane flew on a course that would insure passing close to the Pole before turning and heading for home. In retumlnr it 'd over the Axel Heiberg Glacler and reached the Ross Barrier, where it landed at the mountain base and refueled. An hour was spent there and the plane returned to Little America after 17 hours and 39 minutes in the air. Able to See Far to East. The non-existence of Carmen Land was confirmed on this flight and the visibility was so good that Admiral Byrd was able to see far to the eastward. On the Polar Plateau he found that the broken up than had been assumed. He also saw a new mountain range on the plateau running :gpmxlm-my from latitude 85 degrees 30 minutes south and longitude 178 east to latitude 87 degrees 15 minutes, longitude 177 east. This mountain range is west of a small irange already on the charts between the trails of Amundsen and Scott. All positions given are approximate and will be more definitely located when the charts are made. The next long flight, and perhaps the most important flight made, was that to the northeast on December 5 Wwhen a new mountain range, high and running for at least 250 miles before it vanished in the southeast, was found. It apparently forms the eastern side of the Sea, corresponding to the at mountain ranges on the west side of the sea. So far as their southern end could bs observed, they ran from lati- tude 79 south and longtitude 146 west to latitude 74 degrees 15 minutes, and longitude 143 degrees 20 minutes west. Admiral Byrd flew first to the Scotts Nunataka at the western end of the Alexandra Range, then across Bi Bay and on to a point parallel with the mountains and outside the coast line so that the coast and some of the shelf ice with ice islands could be surveyed with the aerial camera as well as the range itself. He turned east to a point about 50 miles south of the northern end of the range, and somewhat closer to the mountains flew south again until he could alter his course to come back over the mountain called the Matterhorn, east of the Rockefellers and on to his base. He found a long ression be- tween the eastern end of the Alexandra Mountains and the new mountain range, d in it mlnflll’nl“m\ln and h mn'gooonfcrhrm!rom the coast, showing that there is water east of the Alexandras. Although there was rently a high to the barrier f | south of this depression, the location of water there, together with the eastern extension of the Ross Barrier, as the result of the southern flights and the non-existence of Carmen Land, may serve to strengthen the probability of some connection between the Ross and the Weddell Sea. Certainly the Barrier has been greatly extended to the east- ward, in That was the last im) it flight of hmtwwm it the h Capt. McKinley | Thi south was up Liv Glacier to the right| Queen Maud Range was much more | sky clouded over, warm weather began, and for more than & month was out of the because of im- possibility seeing either the horizom or the snow surface. The complete loss of all landmarks in this milky opaque- ness can hardly be imagined by those who have not exgefluwed it On January 22, however, the sun shone again and a flight was made along the coast to Discovery Inlet and then south 140 miles into the interior of !:0 tg’rtfleh Aboutnldflfl miles Itwi::hlgf the inlet a pressure ridge sugges e presence or land beneath it was ob- urvedr,' ma two of Lkbo‘;e i'l:u the plane though they saw rocl t ure, The others. were not certain, however, that the rock existed, alt) the pressure was unmistakable. Admiral Byrd also felt sure that to the south the Barrier rose considerably 300 or 408 feet above the surface at the point where pressure existed. The interesting thing about this indication of pressure was that it was almost due west of the pressure area on the trail to the Queen Maud mn“t. That flight wound up the season’s ex« mmflnn flights, as it was then too late the year and the weather was too uncertain to hazard a long flight to the southeast. 'The total mileage of the planes for the two seasons' flying was about 11,000 miles. Geological Work. ‘The first geological investigations were made in the Rockefeller - tains when Dr. Gould was flown there by airplane late last season. He found that the mountains were apparently of the same nature as the Alexandra Range, composed of granites and asso- clated rocks. ‘The main geological work of the ex- lition, however, was the southern trip to the Queen Maud Mountains. is was one of the it journeys for a strictly scientific o pose ever made, covering in all, includ- ing the preliminary journey, 1,500 stat~ ute miles. The ice conditions, the rolling- pres~ sure waves and wide crevasses at the foot of the mountains were carefully in- vestigated during the entire progress of the trip. One strange formation simi- lar to the fluffy balls of snow seen by Amundsen rolling across the surface were also found by the geological party. They were localized in one small area and there formed like small cylinders, 80 light that they crushed to powder in the hand. ‘The first investigations of rock were on Mount Nansen, where beacon sand- stone was found showing a connection with the mountains on the western side of Barrier. The party then turned east ¥nd went across the position where Carmen Land is marked on the former charts, confirming the observations |from the plane that this land did not exist, Study of mmfl and far as could be seen from a mountain near the eastern end of the route. ‘The net result of these reconnais- sance studies along more than 100 miles of the Queen Maud Range demonstrates that their geology, incl character of the rocks and their struc- ture, is totally different from that typified by Graham Land and the Andes Mountains of South America. From which it follows that %he of the Andes being continued ' Graham Land and across the continent into this range can no.longer be held. On the contrary, the Summer's- studies have demonstrated. both geographically and geologically, that great mountain range of block ecrystal uplifting on & scale which is unique in all the world and which takes its rise far over on the western side of the is tinued in an unbroken feat to the 135th meridian. In other words, these studies having been undertaken in such a critical area increase the known length of the great mountain system 350 miles. Finally, the net result of the wark of the two geological field parties, one in King Edward VII Land and the other in the Queen Maud Range, indicate more clearly than has bean known here- tofore the lack of structual and other geological correspondence between Past and West Antarctica. Physical and Magnetic Work. Continuous photographic records of the magnetic elements were made from the end of May, 1920, to the end of January, 1930, a period of nine months. ‘These records were supplemented by absolute measurements with different instruments over the same periods. The results indicated great disturbed etic conditions. declination, which is the compass error from the true nerth, was very 3 107 degrees east, and the magnetic dip 82'; degrees. The observations corre- spond with the maximum of a very important sun-spot cycle, which en- hances the value of the work. ‘The magnetic work was done under severe conditions and it is doubtful if any magnetic work has been done over a considerable perjod at as low tem- peratures as obtained in the snow and canvas houses where the instruments were placed. The lowest temperature in the magnetic house was 37 below zero Fahrenheit, and it avera about 20 degrees below for a long of time. The auroral record is very complete and accurate and is lgrobuhly the most complete section of the magnetic work. Aurora were seen on more than 90 per cent of clear nights and sufficient data obtained to determined the charac- teristic types, color movement, intensity, direction and frequency.: Correlation with the magnetic radio data should form an interesting section of the general scientific results, An investigation was made of the temperature and constitution of the Barrier. The data from early Winter to the end of January are complete and interesting. Particularly noticeable in regard to subsurface temperatures is the sudden upward rise at the height of Sudden temperature in the air during the rest of the year have not produced this abrupt below the surface. The sun's » actually penetrate the snow to depth. e heat obtained from sun was indicated by the way in which dark objects sank in the snow—s paulin, 15 feet squars, sank 9 inches in two sunny days. In connection with the sun’s radia- tion, observations have been made since ted by the sun, was 115 de- grees above zaro Fahrenheit on Decerge ber 28. It must be remembered that this does not represent the actual oute door temperature, ‘Temperature records in underground tunnels and snow huts are interesting as having a bearing on the change in crystals on the roof. D-mnlumuut the density of the Barrier snow at dif- ferent depths have been made this. data with subsurface temperatures .will ve information on the e snow. Investigations have of the wer of mosphere [erent ‘The fact thatl the radio and received at Little America, existence has well