Evening Star Newspaper, June 30, 1929, Page 29

(Continued From First Page. after the end of the war brings ever again unessential considerations into German policy, all the more so as the sense of triumph among the forces of occupation every now and again ex- presses itself in acts of brutal vielence; also, and it should be clear to every- body, that the capacity to pay of a na- tion among whose population a short time ago were more than 2,000,000, men unemploved has its limi May the lapse of 10 years after the signing of the Versailles peace treaty mean the end of a period of psycho- | logically mistaken measures which neg. Jected to take into consideration the | financial position of the debtor. | Better Feelings | them to ferment until a state of mind develops which makes it necessary to settle them on the battlefield. The experience of the last decade in thwarting incipient wars by the use of the machinery set up in accordance with specifications and provisions in the treaty of Versailles gives a basis for believing that the plague of war can be stamped out if the leading nations will only respect their treaty pledges and give half as much thought and ef- | fort to the promotion of peace as they | have been giving to preparations for war. We Germans wish nothing else to enable us to live at peace with the| world. We want to work in industry | and agriculture, in science and art for | the welfare of our own as well as for | other nations. We are permeated with the belief that two armies which are fighting one another form in reality a single army that is committing suictde. Two-Fold Problem Of Treaty Parley Regarded Difficult BY NORMAN H. DAVIS, r to American Peace Com- | ners at Versailles The state of peace established by the “Treaty of Versallles has now lasted for | a decade, and these 10 years enable us | to get a fair perspective of the value| and_effect of that treaty, to flppl’fllsl“ it on results rath-| er than on theo- | time we still are very far distant from | the ideal of a guaranteed peace based Among Nations Is Cited as Result BY WALTER SCHUECKING. Advisory Member German Peace Delegation at Versailles. BERLIN.—As nations, like men, seemingly learn solely from their own painful_experiences, the tragedy of the | World War has given them a strong in- centive to avert recurrence of suc disaster by building up and organizing international law. It is not to be denied that in the last 10 years since the conclusion of the treaty of Versailles many things have | happened in this field. At the same on law The underlying reason for this con- sists in the fact that the victorious na- tions of the World War up to_today | have seen the system of law to be de- fended only in the one-sided treaties dictated by them, in spite of all the in. equalities contained in them. In truth, however, only the realization of justice —that is, of natural right derived from ries, and also to| reach some defi- nite conclusions with regard to a continuance of ace. peA! the Paris Peace Conference. | from which this| treaty emerged. | there were two distinct and diffi- | cult tasks to be| performed. One | was to bring to end a disastrous war and to settle ! the many questions growing out of it; ! the other was to establish such a new order in world affairs as would prevent the recurrence of a similar calamity. 1 Regrets Post-War Reaction, These tasks, sufficiently difficult in themselves, were further complicated by the post-war reaction which set in and swept over all of the victorious ) countries, crystallizing in an intense and selfish nationalism that caused many to forget the lessons and aims of the war and to oppose settlements and measures that would give a just and lasting peace. The concessions which Mr. Davis. !in the minds of the peace plenipoten- things themselves—and not the perpet- uation of written injustice ean pre- serve us from new catastrophes. The welfare of the world, accordingly, is dependent on this truth being recog- nized in the next decade and on ways being found to remove from the earth by means of legally organized and peaceful processes the great political frictions that still exist among the na- tions today. Briton Sees Work Of League Part Of Pact’s Result BY RIGHT HON. GEORGE N. BARNES, Member British War Cabinet in 1917. LONDON.—Two things were present tiaries at Paris in 1919, (1) Setting up & League of Nations, (2) Drawing up terms of peace. The League of | Natfons was given | recedence owing the personality THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON.. so busy in w-[ln1 ‘war that we had but little time to think of. or gauge, the consequences of it in the aftertime of peace. Looking back now, in the light of un- expected happenings and grevious dis- appointments of the post-war years, the feeling is one of wonder that so much has been done to bring the world to its bearings. Chief of the disappointments has, of course, been the failure of America to follow the lead of President Wilson, and our most ardent wish is that the Ameri- can people will yet see their way to join with us in the organized effort to banish the fear of war and so lessen the burden and danger of armaments. Australian Sees European Secure in Efforts at Peace e BY RIGHT HON. SIR JOSEPH COOK, Representative of Australia at Versailles Peace Conference. CANBERRA. —In my opinion any serious war is farther away today than &t any time since the last one. This is largely the result of nine years' pur- suit _of “peace by the League of Na- Gradually, tional understand- ing mind—is ‘per- vading Europe and all things are work- ing there for good. Even dictatorship has kept peace and concentrated the minds of the peo- ple on economic | M r e cons truction | problems away from war. Finan- cial diffculties, particularly reparations and debts ques- tions, are constantly being reviewed and exploited. They seem to hamper and hinder the intense desire of the world for peace and good relations. Meantime, treaties of friendship of various kinds multiply. Among them the Kell pact takes front rank and place. T work of pacification and restoration is slow, because of the tre- mendous difficulties, but sure. The problem of disarmament tarries for a similar reason. The most hopeful sign in the world today is the growing rec- ognition that war is a symptom—causes are seen to have their origin in eco- nomic and financial as well as moral realms. Earnest minds celve that the evils of war must be attacked in the preventive stage. ‘The first steps toward peace are a clear apprehension of the difficulties that lie in the path., Gracually the world is digging down to the elements of the problem, which are more appar- ent now than any time in history. Briefly, the outlook is hopeful, but the need of patience and pers:verance 1s great. Enduring Peace Foundation Seen In Post-War Pact Mr. Cook. has been to adhere to the principle to heal the wounds, repair the damages, 1lift the country economically and cul- turally and to guard the independence recovered under such difficulties. “This determines our international policy, which aims at the tranquil pree- ervation of peace. eful policy not only agrees best with the character of our people, it is also a categoric necessity for our whole policy since 1018, and for all future. ‘Guided by these basic considera- tions, our governments did everything to give this tendency practical res- sion in their relations to neighbors and other states. Since 1918 our kingdop has concluded arbitration treaties and trade pacts with a series of states, in addition to various conventions helpful to live on good and friendly terms with the contracting partners. “Especially in the Balkans and in Southeastern Europe our kingdom en- deavors to give the present status las ing solidity in an atmosphere ot peac: ful understanding between the variol states and nations. Our pzople firmly are convinced that “peace today, not only national but also international is ‘Therefore, they welcome ing policy from whatever quarter it comes, being prepared to con- tribute with their modest ns to the preservation of peace the legal state resulting from peace treaties. “Like hitherto, we regard the United States and their statesmen as great pioneers of peace and good will among all nations, and I am convinced that in this quest your distinguished paper will ve its share in the eonsolidation of Europe. Therefore, I gladly followed D. C, JUNE 30, the invitation to furnish this contribu- tion.” Economist Decries Personal Motives Of Foes of Treaty BY BERNARD M. BARUCH, Member of Economic Section American Pesce Commission at Versallles. . Ten years—a decade—since the Treaty of Versailles was signed! It ‘seems only yesterday that Wood- row Wilson attached his signature to an instrument opposed since by many but attacked with vicious spleen by some whose motives were more | personal than pa- triotic — attacks which brought a great spirit lov and wrote an in- glorious page in the history of America. but which | could mot disor- ganize or destroy the treaty itself. It is fashionable to sneer at the Treaty of Ver- sailles, but the sneers are unde- served; for, al- though prepared in four and a half months of feverish activity, and in the face of the passion engendered by four Mr. Baruch. 1929—PART 2. T years of the bitterest and bloodiest war in the world, the treaty worked. It may be doubted if ever a projection into the future was more successfully made, Results Called Apparent. | It is not a perfect instrument—where can one be found?—but the record it has built up is far greater than the evils that have followed it. Today, 1 years after the treaty became effective, its beneficent results are becoming in- creasingly apparent. The Treaty of Versailles brought the peoples of the world back to work. It |took them from the business of death |to the business of life. It has brought easonable order and_contentment to | Germany. England, France and the other signatories. For 10 years at least there have been no important wars, and I have yet to have pointed out to me in its clauses the seeds of future con- flict such as have been left lavishly in many of the great compacts of history. On the contrary, the very essence of | the Versailles Treaty was the will to | peace. Inconspicuously it has seeped |into the hearts of the peoples of every signatory power. The treaty made men peace-minded. In England today, for example, a man who talks of war Is hissed. Here he is laughed at. Men d women think peace, talk peace and act peace, and war is the last instead of | the first thought at every international clash of interest. Treaty Monument to Wilson. These are the very aspirations toward humanity and justice that Wilson felt and sought to manifest. The treaty stands as a monument to them and Gt is not too much to say) to him. Let the dissenters compare the end of the 10-year period following our Civil War with the end of the 10-year period following the World War. The South was broken and enslaved. She scarcely had a political existence. Not even the most bitter cynic dares com- pare Germany's position today with As I said in my book, “The Making of the Economic and Reparational Clauses of the Treaty,” no claims were made for perfection in any of the de- partments of the treaty, but there was inherent in the treaty a method of cure and correction for such evils as might develop. Thus, the conference on reparations in Paris, which has resulted so satis- factorily, were provided for by th treaty and the reparation record dem onstrates the wisdom of the treaty in having declined to set up conditions that would have proved unworkable. The question was deliberately 1c future determination when the heai of the moment should have cooled and the economic horizon cleared. Finds U. 8. “in the League.” 0| that of the South. Above all else, the treaty has brought | : 4 America into the League of Nations, know shouts of dissent will be raised at this statement, but I repeat it. The name and the form of our entry are unimportant. The fact remains that America is co-operating with the League of Nations in_every single ac- tivity of that body. This was the re- sult Woodrow Wilson intended. It was deliberate misrepresentation to say that the League is a super government for | Ithlt can call us into war at will. Were | the United States in 20 icagucs, no war {could ever be entered upen without o | formal declaration by Congress. We should have been mo more deeply com- mitted to our international neighbors by acceptance of the Treaty of Ver- | sailles than today we are by the logic | and necessities of the last 10 years. If | the vision, the judgment and the hu- | manity of Woodrow Wilson required | vindication 1 should find it amply in the international_situation as it exists | at this moment. We are in the League, though not of it. We are going in through the back door instead of the | main entrance. I am thankful for the | good that association has brought to the world and to America, and I sure that the treaty will liv the gratitude of mankind for brought into being a world will formally organized effort to do with war. GIRL WINS AWARD. Oxford Student Newdigate Poetry Prize. | OXFORD, England (#)—Poetry s | becoming & woman's prerogative in this | ancient_university town For Ahe third succestive year the Newdigate prize, awarded annually te f(h! Oxford undergraduate who w.iies the best verse, has been given to a girl, Phyllis M. Hartnoll of St. Hugh's Col- ege. The runner-up also is a girl, Lillian E. Jones of Lady Margaret Hall. Woman Gets “ntire*100000 Stock MUST GC @ COST and ess than Cost Come in early and get your share of the bargains while they last. Our large stock must be closed cut at once, re- and predilection of President Wilson. but the prolonged 30 that the wreckers and car- P o had to be made to the reactionary de- mands have been gradually minimized by the wise provisions for self correc- G S, gardless of former selling pric BY SIR GANGA SINGH BAHADUR, tion and improvement which were in- corporated in the treaty. As we look back on that period of passion and prejudice and compare the state of mind and conditions just after the war with those of today, and as we take account of what was ac- tually accomplished of an enduring nature, as against temporary setbacks or mistakes and failures, the Treaty of Versailles stands out more and more as quite a remarkable achievement, marking a distinct advance in world peace and progress. Conditions Prior to Treaty. Prior to that treaty, there was no organized system of international conference or co-operation for dealing ‘with questions of common interest and there was no concerted effort to settle disputes in an orderly way instead of by violence. tions dealt with one an- other mainly through the diplomatic pouch. War was recognized as an in- herent right to sovereignty and as a | necessary and valuable instrument of national policy with which it was not polite for onlookers or innocent suffer- ers to interfere. In the Treaty of Ver- sailles, this unsound doctrine was dis- carded; war was recognized as an evil which it is everybody’s business to pre- vent; and far-reaching measures were taken to secure united effort in remov- ing the incentive to, as well as the ne- | cessity for war. The nations which signed the cov- enant and became members of the ‘League of Nations recognized that war between some nations is a matter of concern to all nations, and they agreed not only to a limitation of their right to wage war, but undertook to work to- gether to prevent it. In compliance with their pledge to seek the settlement of all disputes by pacific means, they established a system of co-operation, ¢ Which they have since been developing and using with increasing success and to the benefit of the entire world. Quotes Root on Peace. ! In speaking of this modern interna- tional peace machinery, Mr. Elihu Root, that distinguished statesman who as- sisted so ably in the organization of the World Court and in the recent revision of its statute, has said: “The League in the political fleld and the Court in the judicial field have been | .Tendering the best service in the cause | of peace known to the history of civili- | zation, incomparably the best.” ‘While the United States has not seen | fit to join the League or even to ad-| here to the protocol of the Court, we are getting a better understanding and appreciation of the necessity and value of this peace machinery, and that is| reducing our fear and prejudice and | changing our attitude and policy. We are not only finding it advisable and| i even necessary as a matter of self-in- | ! terest to co-operate more and more with the League, but in the Kellogg-Briand peace pact’ we have now joined with ! other nations in renouncing war as an instrument of national policies and have also bound ourselves to seek only by pacific means the settlement of all dis- putes. If this treaty means anything, it is that we will refrain from all ag- gressive war and earnestly endeavor to find and use the most effective means ; possible for settling disputes and pre- venting any kind 6f war. 1f we are to * keep faith and live up to the word and spirit of that treaty, we must either find a way to make use of the peace ma- chinery that already exists and func- tions as satisfactorily as can be ex- pected, or we must undertake the diffi- cult task of setting up other machinery with which to effect pacific settlements. | War Menace Still Remains. ‘While more distinct progress has been made in the last decade toward the prevention and elimination of war than in all previous periods of history, the menace of war has not been as yet re- moved. In spite of treaties renouncing war and of the experience of the World War, in which both victors and van- quished lost, nations are still arming and preparing for future wars. There is, however, an increasing realization that in this age of sclence, invention and industry modern warfare is so de- structive and the effect of it so disas- trous and far-reaching it is no longer saf. to employ such a dangerous force or to let it loose. Furthermore, people are becoming restive under the burdens of past wars and those imposed for fu- ture wars and are more than ever de- termined to remove both the burden | and the menace of war. ‘While human nature may not hlve‘ changed there has been man_knowledge and e: has led to & change in ‘ward war and an improvement in the methods of preveniing it. Above all, there is a growing realization that there is more to be gained from operation than conflict, and there is a a gain in hu- rience, which | pact does clear the air to some extent, he attitude to- | attention given to it led to delay in other meditated adjustments—not- ably in the Ea And this delay pre- vented effect being it o been ‘whiel a en o adumbrated and which, if effect had been given to them, would have left Turkey in a less power- ful position than she now occupies. Praises Work of League. ‘The League, however, is now in being and is establishing itself. It is pulling the Old World together, building up a public opinion for future guidance and promoting a spirit of world co-opera- tion to take the place of that obsession of national vanity which led to past wars. It is also doing much, mainly through its auxiliary bodies such as the labor office, to remove possible causes of friction between the nations. The covenant of the League provided for the establishment of a Court of Inter- tional Justice—a provision which has eventuated in the court, now success- fully functioning, at The Hague. And it also provided for the submission of certain specified disputes of a judicial character to be judicially determined. Although not binding on the afliated nations, 24 nations have bound them- selves to this procedure. Further, the covenant provided for reconsideration of any treaty which may become inap- plicable owing to changed ecircum- stances and the continuance of which might endanger the peace of the world. The terms of the Paris treaty itself should. therefore, be considered in the | light of that provision. Says Sea Freedom Was Omitted. Let me now tum to the terms of peace. They were largely based on the 14 points of President Wilson, which were formulated before the armistice. There was, however, one omission. They left unsettled the question of the use of the seas. This was left open and remains as it always has been. The British_conception is based on block- ade during war, the American on free- dom at all times. President Wilson had proposed a compromise, which may be briefly described as freedom except when blocked to a nation breaking the covenant of the League. I believe that existing uncertainty as to what would happen if & nation broke its bond has been—and still is—the main outstand- ing danger to world peace. esumably Great Britain would be called upon to_apply the blockade against the offending nation and American commerce would become sub- ject to the ban. ‘What then would the American Gov- ernment say if her nationals wanted to trade? Nobody knows. But the Kellogg for a nation breaking the covenant would also be breaking the pact and America would come under moral obli- gation to “stand in” with Great Britain against the lawbreaker. Will another Ppact be necessary, giving a legal expres- sion to this moral obligation? Or wiil there be such a gesture on the part of the two governments as to make such & pact unnecessary? These, to my mind, are the two most pressing ques- tions arising from the faflure of Paris to deal with the question of the use of the seas. And they are %\:esuom which have now the greatest bearing on the peace of the world. Holds War Means No Money Gain. On the positive side of the peace terms the main defect of the treaty lies in the reparation demand. The war was a second offense on the part of Germany autocracy, and there was much to be said for the attempt to make the German pay, but experience has proved it to be impossible to exact payment with advantage. It would have been far better to have “cried quits” so far as reparations were con- cerned, but to have tried and punished the authors of the war, For in modern war there are no winners in the sense of money gain and the haggling for money payments during the post-war years has but delayed the coming of an assured peace. Another disappointing outcome of the treaty has been the un- satisfactory working out of the principle of self-determination. e of the new, or reconstituted, nations have been puffed up with pride in ill-fitting im- portance and have kept themselves in a ferment which has endangered the peace. The only remedy for this is, I supy ', & better sense of prospective to- gether with a strengthening of the ro- straining power of the League. Position Good, However. But, on the whole, the position of the world affairs is as good as could be expected, having due regard to all thc facts as they are and have been. It is true that better things were hoped for in 1929. But we had scarcely then gc habit on the part of nations into conference or court to settle differences while it is possible to ' gio .80 .rather .than to wait and allow realized the psychological unsettlement or the break in our social r caused by four years of horror, ‘We had been Maharais of Bikaner, Ten years after the signing of the Versailles treaty I feel it is justifiable to say that the treaty at least provided a foundation for just and enduring eace. The growing influence of the eague of Nations and the conclusion of the Kellogg pact cannot fail to con- solidate the work begun in Paris a dec- ade ago. Peace of World Regarded Dream By Polish Signer BY AUGUST ZALESKI, Porelen Minister of Poland. WARSAW.—Ten years ago the very idea of permanent peace seemed a con- ception from the realm of Utopia. Today the idea has been brought within the range of practizal i- bilities, and all the best forces of the world are striving for realization of these possibilities. § The avenue to such progress opened up the civilized by that sombination of ‘haracteristic he American peo- ale. The League o Ni Y.:tlrmmcoveh nant _al oug! M. Zaleski. g I Wi o pressed with the peculiarities of the American mind. In its framing the covenant, leaving the widest scope to the practical means of realism in poli- tics, never loses sight of the moral interests that preside over the destinies of mankind. League Formation First Step. The formation of the League was) the first step of the great departure from the pernicious fallacy of the “might before right” principles. There have been several years when impend- ing conflicts were avoided and even hostilities already begun were stop] by the League's.action. The gre Togress has been achieved, however, rn the growing feeling of the moral and material solidarity of all nations and the growing conviction that the just rights and legitimate interests of nations are bst served by international co-operation. On the ground thus prepared, an- | other all-important step toward the working out of a real law of nations | based on ethics and right was realized by the signing of the Kellogg pact out- lawing war. The good faith of the signatory powers and the good will of | the peoples are to be relied upon that, after this solemn act, any parties con- cerned in contending national claims will work sincerely and resolutely for settlement without menace to interna- tional peace. Goal Still Held Far Away. There is still, certainly, a long way | to go before reaching the goal of per- | manent and secure peace. Men being | made up of moral strivings and ma- aterial cravings, it is most fortunate that the 10 years since the signing of | the peace treaties have been also | marked by some progress in preparing f:lr international economic collabora- tion. Only by leveling up of the moral ideas, international culture, technical civilization and material prosperity of all the nations will humanity realize the ideal of a permanent, just and secure peace. America Credited For Aid Accorded To Young Nation BY DR. MILNA GEORGE MILOJEVITCH. BELGRADE. — The following state- ment in connection with the tenth an- niversary of the signing of the Treaty of Versailles was given by Dr. Milna George Milojevitch, assistant Jugoslav- ian foreign minister in 1919, and now minister plenipotentiary. It reads: “Since the conclusion of peace the Kindom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes has directed all efforts toward strength- ening their country internationally and internally. 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