Evening Star Newspaper, May 26, 1929, Page 13

NYE AND BOX ARGUE NATIONAL ORIGINS North Dakotan Attam; Clause as Texan Defends | It in Radio Forum. THE SUNDAY STAR. (Continued Prom First Page.) fnmigrants ® proportionave iliceness of eur present population and population | af our country at its inception back in | the colonial days. If ® given perrenr-‘ age of our whole populstion traced its amcestry back. let us swy to Norway, then under the natiomel origins plan af | fmmigration quotas the mumber of im- migrants admitted ammuslly from Nor- way would be the samre percentage of the total number of fmmigrants to be mdmitted, the totsl numirer being fixed @t 150,000, Thet was tiie theory of tfre national origine plen. Who could | eomplain against such & plen? None dared to; none wanted to. Time tw Work Quetas, However. it was at the time conceded that it would talte some little time to work out the quotas om tiris bmsis snd theory and: it was necessary ts set up some temperary machinery to govern | be mined to admit from emch of the quote eountries 2 per cent: of the total foreign- Harn population fund in America from those quota countries by the census of 1800. This would bring us spproxi- mately 150,000, tire same number s wae provided for in the nationsl origins pian. Under this plan. if the census of” 1890 showed a papulation of 25.600 i America who were borm in Belgium, tHen Belgium, umder the temperary quota basis, would b entitled to send 53 immigrants to us somually, this 2 per cent of thwt totwl. It is this basis of immigration quotas, thased upon the 1890 cemsus of foreign- worm in America, whichr lms since 1924 | heemr operative and which will continue 40 operate until the mmtiomal origins mlap becomes effective: or until change 4s made in the law. \In the immigration sct of XD:M Con- ~of | Stwte, Commerce and Laber in the President’s cabinet. They were Secre- tanes Kellogg, Hoover and Davis. This ~commission straightway put experts to *the: task of ferreting. out the facts upon wihich to base quotas under the national s plan and from 1924 until very resently these experts hmve been at work. Congress Postpomed Date. In 1927, after nearly three years of by the Mgain ‘were they dbvlared to ccurate and not final. In mach case, tie commission itself "made eiear its lacks off conffdence in the “Mgures, and again there was postpone- ment of the effectivemess of the m ‘tional onjgins basis. THen, this yemr, iir February, another stwtement was sub- mmitted by the experts shiowing what ‘they had again comciuded would be the quota for each country under this mational origins plan. Im many cases it was-as-différent from the last state- ment_submitted as there- i difference | deetween ndght end dey. Following the submission of the last statement mnd: latee in flw life of the dast sesston of Comgwess; T introsuced” = resolur.fimt v:rlitch gn wmmmr postponemen! = enfli.nu a libuster against. 'he move: to mne I wvas undertaken. At this: new: aidi spe relal sesslon -of’ Congress' bills to repul mnd resolutions to° postpone have: beer: @ffered, but they have beew tied up im ~committee 80 as to" deny to Congress *the chance to vote upon the question of repeal DENpSLONETEL p:-;-lm a1 mmgreement now seems to wyill afford the Senate, some: time: rext. wweek, a chance to vote and test utremth upon the issue. So evenly di- s sentiment: this | nmwimz countries would be slashed to | to the wrhat a variety of: guesses the were! T¥ndeed, it uym y the national:origins plan to he tnaccurate andmot pramticable. Let us seee how theserestimates lnsve varied: i tthe cases of atfewcof tife countries: ‘b]lal‘s: 2.171, 14486, ifl 1,6030 i 251, e rthe number:toes410, 1,328 mmt Mumlly | 11,304, The first; Frencht quots wwas 1772, then m m!m “Bnally 3,086. . Germany was first :plaeet st 20078 sand -each su tthe total unti the:final (Germany entitled $02859! ‘l:l:ggln{ Wl.? 3{"‘" o 1,571, st sequent = studies and estimates mxutrztét duvn;: 869. reland was it #IB0 = ity ‘quota. Then followingeestimates sww it =radually increased to mare than twice 1that num! A variation 612000 4s liowir in the various que Russin’y quotas, as arrivad' st by the ‘xperta, wobbled all the way fium 4002 4. Switzerland -was first de- :’lnre? r:tllflgd to 783 nunder the ma- ional origins plan, and {al wave 1 1007, | AR Qo rAnd g0 it cmees -t list | countries coming T the quats. daws. Four different <studies brought four different rcomclusions! ‘It sl goes:| demonstrate ‘how inacenrats must be conclusions 85 to justowhat; of our population’ traces its erigin to this, that and the other mun?r‘;‘ 1t all gives us an understanding of what prompted Mr. Hoover, -as a candidate his first message to Congress, for ity “iave Teerr rewcired by i ? 5 for E commissiory svd’ experts. ‘wonder t! the [ -l .&v» | ~tlared c : | e | The four. Austrian |estimutas were: | i | Euess-on ! i bsequent -estimute ‘ratsed: | dectared agiven | e { otas ‘determined due Poland: 2,784, st | the | A | to m‘ 1 | Tor President, to-deciave his hel 1 the national -erigins flans ‘n'lglm-' curate and ought to be repealed. and, | further, what promped ‘him to aste, i | STAR RADIO FORUM SPEAKERS | REPRESENTATIVE BOX AND SENATOR NYE, | Whoe browdeast over the Columbia system last might in The Star forum. —=8tar Staff Photo. fact that when s shipload of immi- grants arrived in America in those enrly dmys, if the ship bringing the im- migrants was @ British ship. and the | @great pulk of them were British. then | tifese immigrants were recorded as being of British origin. It is also a well kmown fact that a large number | of men who fought in Washington's | Continental Army bore names which | are not found upon the census rolls of | 1790, thus demonstrating how inac- curate is the 1790 cemsus. That being the case, it appeals to me, as it appesls to meny others, that we are better to mumintsin the present basls of quotas, | which is that figured on the census figures of 1890, showing the total num- ber of foreign-borm residents in Amer- | ira st that time, snd to maintain this | until some better scheme can be worked out. Figures Are Surprising. Careful tabulation of the records of immigration to America during the first | 70 years of immigratian statistics. start- ing in 1820 and ending in 1890, sur- | prises one when these records are com= pared with the temporary irmigration | quotas which have been virtue of the 1890 census of foreign: bern, These records disclose that Eng. lsad, Scotland and Wales sent to us, mlan that 70-year period, an average of 3B,380 immigrants annually. The quote of Great Britain under the 1890 busis, now operative is 34,007. Under nmtional origins it would be 65,721. Belghun sent us an average, during st 70-year period, of 628, and under the 1890 basis they sent us 512 immi- granty annually. Under national origins | would send 1,413. Esis sent am average of 3,663 and under the present basis of quotas is| privileged to send 2.248 each year. The national origins plan would give Russia 2,78¢. | Greeve sent us 39 immigrants on the sverage: during that T0-year period and | under tite 1890 basis now aperative | sends ux 100 immigrants annually. Un- | G!' national origins Greece would have | Germxnv sent us 64359 on the aver- age through that longer perfod and under the present basis of quotas is pri to send us 51,227 immigrants annually, whereas national origins would cut. Germeny to 25,957 Trefand sent an average in timat first | T0-yemr immigration period of 48781 | each. year and under the present basis of immigration is privileged to send 28,567 annually. The national origins | 1l)lln would reduce this number to 7.853. Norway, Sweden and Denmark in the 70 years sent an average of 15,251 iz grants a year to us. basis of quotas those countries ave enti- Under the present | fitled to' 18,803 per year. Under the national origins plan these Scandi- | 6,872, These m"s show how much mor repeal. Any basis of immigration guotas mmst, be reasonably accurate before people generally can be expected to acci t w 25 & proper basis. But. in spite-o very intelligent -oppesition “to mmmn origing, a made to foree mational origins to° be- come effective July 1 of this year, as | 1t will become effective if it is not repealed or postponed before then. If figures were.available showing im- migration to-our dand in the ‘Colonisl days and |hp1:rly—d:y( of -our mwry #s'a Nation, it might -be possbie to sit | down and work outa-basis'6f immigra- tion quotas on that theory. But there ceffort is hetng No Notes to Sign No Interest Terms to Suit You | Prices Plainly Marked | fair the present quotas are than the national origins quotas would be. T have said that there has been resort to the grossest kind of misrepresent- ations about what national origins would accomplish. I want to recite and cor- rect some of those representations. It is claimed that national origin is | & plan fo further restrict immigration to America. I am myself a belicver in restricted immigration, but the national origins plan was never intended to re- strict immigration any further than it was already restricted loy the 1890 quota basis. There is a difference of 9000 or 10,000 who can come to_this | country under the two plans, and I for one, as a foe of the national origins theory, would gladly consent to a pro- portionste shaving of the present basis of quotas to a point which would give | us the same number under the present ! basis as would be admitted under the national origins plan. But, the national origins plan was not intended to con- stitute a further restriction of immi- gration. ‘There is another representation to the effect that the national origins, if 1t discriminates against any people, dis- Cflmmlms against the people of South- eastern Europe. The facts are that the national armns plan will increase im- from Southeastern Europe by more than 4,000, and while increasing Great Britain, will &y nearly 50,000, while reducing 1 immigration by less than | immigrants can call such a basis of im- migration quotas fair. Under national origins the quotas from Italy, Greece, Russia and other Southeastern coun- tries would be increased. Italy, for ex- ample, would be increased from 3,800 to 5800 Great Britain would be in- creased from 34.000 to 65,000, and while this is taking place national origins is cutting the qunu of Denmark from 2.700 to 1,100, from 51.000 to 25.000, mmmmmnoflo Norway from 6.400 to 3,300, Sweden from 9,500 to 3,300. General Dissatisfaction. The contributions of the people who came to us through all our history from northern Eumpe have lucnf vflr.’t&sr: 50 indelibly upon the pages of our tory that I do not wonder in the least that there is gcn?rsl dissatisfaction with the national origins basis of quotas. We know of the records and the parts which theee people have played in all of those engagements which have meant the life Sres pmees sirtdas wich Chese peb- great whic! pie have made in behalf of the bullding of America. A further misrepresentation has been made upon this nh)ect with relation attitude of the American Federa- tlon 0! Labor, which has b@!n declared to be in approval of the national ori- Our Cusfiomers - Designed REDIT PLAN INCE 1863 we have been shaping our polwes according to the wishes and in- terests of our customers; CREDIT PLAN. Instead of mapping out a to our patrons, we have constantly studied our patrons’ needs and have ADAPTED OUR CREDIT PLAN TO CON- FORM TO THOSE NEEDS. As a result of this constant revision, we have perfected a plan whicl to the customers’ individual needs. We offer YOU that plan, not as an incentive to extravagant buying, you to have nice furnishings NOW. You don’t have to buy something cheap now and wait to buy what you want CREDIT AND NISHED HOME NOW. | gins theory. This is false. and the offi- | ctlls of the federation hove made % ;vm dell"g;lt they are oppased to national origins. There has also been an effort. made | to cause mEople to beliewe that matioms! OHKIIR would remecu that situation flnds our jails, and ‘nul! howpitals filled witts dm-d See- | biewmifided and paupers. who are im- | migrants ffrom countries of & bivod alien. to our own. When [hkscel:‘;\“A: was m?d!‘ upon the floor of the &lfl\;& ew | - s i~ @ an explanation was demnndw The | explanation was made through & demonstration of the kind of ipmmigrant | that is coming to us from Mexico. Bust | Mexico is In no way affected by the ma- tienal origins plan of quotas or the plan of quotas which is now in efflect. | Mexteo is nut upen. ® quots basis at sl quotas, we e | from countries which have contxibuted the finest, the cleanest and the most |able of immigrants throughout our | history: | The time allotted me to discuss this question is not at all ample to fully set.y forth the fcty pertwiming te this grest | controversy, tut rvmxld v conclusion, point ut this—that the national ori- gins plmy would: mot seem to bring us | nearly so accurate a counter part of | our population as does the present basis | of quetss which are builded upon the \z::yulaflml of foreign-bern Americs I woult point out also thmt it is hardly fair to draw so strict a conclu- sion as many do draw to the effect that our colonial stock in Amencn was Brit- ish stock. Ro once wrote that, “Ib is -l\nyl well to re- | member that at the day when we began. | our career a® a nation, we alrcady dif- fered from our linsmem of Britsin in blood as well @& iw name; Amerieans | belong to tie English rage only n the | sense in whieh Englishmen belong ta | | the German race.” | T wish witir all my heart for the re- peal of the natiomel origins clause in the tmmigration act because quotas un- der such a basis are certainly not in keeping with tie interests of | America as those interests are involved | 11 the question of immigration. Representative Box declared that the | national origins bmsis moves forward with each decade and econtinues with each census to be approximately pro- portionate to the white Ameriean pop- | ulation. He predicted, in case of th repeal of the that patriotic organizations of the eountry would launch a drive to redice all quotas as low as ome-half of what ey are now. Following is the text of Represemta- tive Box's speech last night over the radio forum: | The question whether the natiomal { origins provisions of the immmigration act shall go into effeet as now provided by the law as written fn 1924 involves | essentially the question of the restric- tion of immigration, ar the opposite of | that policy. The sum of the quotas on the na- tional origins basis is nearly 10 per cent less than all the quotas based on the census of 1890. But that uonly a minor element in the impairment of the immigration act of 1924 invelved in the proposed suspension or repeal of the national origins quota provisions. Friends of restriction should search for the ;ecord of zu‘ members. d cu- gress who are usually opposed to striction, and check that by their pd tion on this question. Such a com- parison will make it plain that vno» tically all opponents of restriction are now opposing the national origins pro- visions. Support and Opposition. T do not know a single opponent of the restriction of immigration, whether an individual member of or & person or group outside of Conj whomxs now supporting the nat origins provisions. On the. other hand every patriotic organization, or other group within the range of my knowledge, which has worked for restriction, now favors the national origins quota basis. I now give you the names of some of those organi- zations which have actively supported the restriction of immigration. Every one of tl insists upon the retention of the national origins provisions as the heart of our American_ Leglon, American Mothers, American Gold Star Im Commonwealth Club of San Franciseo, Disabled American Veterans of the World War, Daughters of the Union Veterans of the Civil War, 1861-1865; Junior Order United American Me- chanics, Key Men of America, Ladies’ of the Grand An'nv of the blic, National Soclety, ughters of the American Revolution, antmnl Soclety Daughters of the Revo}:’:lo‘;\v Nnvm;xkul Auxiliary, United Span! ar Veter- Natfonal Soclety, Sons of the American_ Revolution, the National Women's Relief Corps, New York Chap- Our — especially our plan and offering it IMPROVED AND h ‘adjusts the payments but to make it possible for later. USE YOUR HAVE A WELL FUR- ~ WASHINGTOXN, " D.T f | ter United Daughters of ‘the Con- fuglerac Ml Order ~ MAY 26, of | the Spanish-American War, Sons of Coufederacy (Eastern division), and abcut 70 other similar American :- triotic societies, whose names are fare .me. The organizations whose names I have called eompose less than 25 per | cent of the list now before me, which lack of time compels me to abbrevi. ate. These organizations represent many millions of high-class patriotic of every part of the United ‘There are millions of others. d and unorganized, who hold the same wiew. They are in earnest about keep?ng America American, and are not yln; politics with alien and hyphenat I know of riot one such organi: tself against the national origins | provisiens. Cenclusion to be Drawn. hat “l” ch believes in rosmcum’ g:'cl':' when it sees en restriction ar- rayed aga 1.n':¥ ational origins pro- visions, and flll nmnlznfiun! which work for restriction actively supporting ? The active o) ents and supporters of the uuonr%m provisions have | n the question s attention. Ara both ignorant of what is involved? | To believe that requires a peculiar | mental make-up, or & situation making it pol or otherwise convenient to entertain such & view. I do not deny the existence of a small minority of men who have voted for restriction, who now, because of peculiar personal leanings or local cdn- nections, or the musslnes of politics, will vote to change the act of 1924, by sbandoning the permanent quota basis therein provided, amd using in its stesd the 1899 basis mamed as a ‘temporary one in that act. But that simall mxnomy would amount to noth- :y numbers or political influence States. quota for their alliance with the opponents of T A well financed widespread propa: ganda has been put ouf: to mislead the :mrv into believing that the national origins quota basis is am after-thought added’ at some later time for some rea- son foxeign to the spirit And intent of the act: of 1924. These pnovisions were written into the 1924 act and have been cl': permanent lme of the arch of he qucda since it the | pioe mvmm that such’ mm basis should be' with the national origins as the permanent basis. ‘Weakness of Queta Basis. Few, if any, students of the problems and supporters of restriction failed to: recognize in 1924 the weakness of a. quota basis computed entirely on the. foreign-born population at a time 34 years then past, and necessarily destined, | to become more and more remote. When, the drafting of the 1924 quota law began, many were willing to use the 1890 cen- sus basis in preference to any other then suggested: but it was accepted for ut.hn which has declared | conchusion can a citizenship | 1929—PART 1. a time only because nothing more satis- factory had been offered. Many of the | ablest students of the problem in the Senate and House, and outside of Con- gress, saw the weakness of an enumer- ldon of foreign-born in 1890, or at any time as a quota basis. This | cllned the national origins provisions to be' written by the Senate, after which it was agreed to by the House and Senate conferces, and still later, by the House and afterward approved by the President. The number of foreign-born in the country in 1890 is a foreign-born basis. The national origins computation of every element of the whole population of America, native and foreign-born, as | built from the first settlement of the ‘cnlonles. the territories and other parts of the republic, running through the census of 1790, and every census to date, is an American basis. Misstatements Repeated. The oft-repeated statement that the national origins quotas are based solely on the apparent, origin of names shown ! in the census of 1790. or exclusively on | the whole of that census, is not true. The history of the settlement of the | colonies, of the settlement of Florida, | of Texas. of the Louisiana Territory and the parts of Mexico, which went |into American States, the census of {1890, and each succeeding census, with all our immigration figures and the emigration records of Eurape, went into the computation made by who had made a thorough study of census and population elements and had long practical experience in dealing with them. Each of the quota countries was then given a quota in approximate pro- portion to its contribution to our com- posite population, Of course they did not compute the racial composition of individuals. The law forbids that. To tell the public that is invoived, is to quibble and equivocate. |, An effort has, been made to impress the country thst the national origins provisions fumish only an unworkable | certain basis for the calculation of quotas made in 1924. Between 1890 and 1924, a period of 3¢ years, the inter- national boundaries of Europe had been conglomerated. and rearranged on a vast scale. that the census of 1890 showed as to the country of the immi- ant’s origin’ was that he was born in ussia, or in. Germany, or France, or Austria, or one of the many oft-chang- ing Balkan states, as the immigrant understood amd stated to the enumera- tor in 1890. Even if the statements of the forelgn-born, many of whom neither understood mor spoke English, made to the temporazrily employed thousands of um.ratned enumerators, as t0 where the immigrants were born, been correct, some of the countries ts which quotas were given-in 1924 3did not exist as nations in 1890 and were, of course, not listed in that census. People Under New Map. Some European states had been | countries. had been taken from two or three na- | tions to form new states. In many | instances regions had been taken from one country, listed in the census of 1890, and given to another during that period of 34 years. Indeed the mh\ Europe had been re-made. equipped diplomats had to have maps | and expert aphers at hand to advise them of the inclusion or exclusion of some regions, and the location of | boundaries, _existing, and proposed. Those who figured the quotas on the basis of the 1890 census had to estimate whether the Austria, or Poland, or Czechoslovakia, or Jugos: or Turkey, or France, or Italy, or Russia, or Ger- many of 1924 included the locality in | which the immigrant was born some time prior to 1890. These experts have frankly advised the Senate committee that this general condition prevailed, when they somewhat hurriedly com- puted the quotas based on the census of the foreign-born in 1890. took full effect was so short that even the temporary quotas provided for in that act had to be promptly approxi- | mated. Of course the result was a general and rough approximation, nec- cesarily made in a hurry, from in- sufficlent data, or immediate, Lhough temporary use. The country had right to have such an approxxm.non lt has the right, and is in duty bound make the more logical, fair and permnnent approximation provided in the natfonal origins clauses, in the more careful and deliberate manner Rmvlfltd by the law, time permitting German Basis Unfair. ‘The 1890 census basis gives to Germany 31 per cent of the total| quotas. Though Germany has con- tributed at most about 17 per cent of the racial stock of the United States. ‘The same failure of the 1890 census to furnish a fair basis developed in varying but substantial degrees in ap- portioning quotas to other countries. | A word of the testimony of the ex- perts who compared these bases -nd computed the national origins que will be worth hearing. Dr. Hfll u- sistant director of the Census, whose character, ability and expert knowledge, all admit, was chairman of the quota board. From his testimony I quote: Dr. Hill: “I will say, however, that no proposition has been brought to my | attention that seems to be fairer than | this one of national origin.” ! Again Dr. Hill was e question | “Does the distribution of quotas based on the 1890 census reflect with any accuracy the proportion of nationalities that now exuu in the United States?” Dr. Hill: “No, indeed, it does not.” The claim that the national origins basis is not workable is answered by the | fact that the quota board has worked | out, the secrétaries have certified and the President has vloclmmed the na- | tional origins qu The ‘Viees’ sacsetaries’ fn' thste fral | report said: “——We, in the discharge created out of the territory of other |of duLy laid upon us by the statute, In some instances territory have made the determination provided it is waiting for them. The time between the approval of | [the 1924 act and the date on which it made in the emergency then existing. | 13 in subdivision ¢7 of Section No. 11 of the act and jointly submit herewith the quotas of each nationality deter- mined as prov ided in subdivision (b) of the act.’ No Discrimination in Act. The claim that the national origins | quota basis discriminates against any nation, or people, is based on the as- | sumption that it is unfair to give quotas to immigrant-furnishing countries in proportion to their respective contribu- | tions to the whole white stock of the nation. No European countries or people acquired vested rights in the temporary quotas provided in the 1924 act, e;:é\ if those quotas had been presented as prospectively permanent. The absurdity of an assumption of such vested rights is heightened when it is remembered that those temporary quotas were presented as temporary, accompanied by provisions for their early abandonment for the permanent origins basis. The census of 1890 is now nearly 40 years old, and is becoming more remote. The national origin basis movas forward with each decade and continues with each census, ever approximately propor- {!nnate to the white American popula- | tion. ‘Whatever the Government does to re- | strict immigration always has been and will be viciously assailed by those who would have the people of Europe and other countries treated as possessing vested rights to places and opportunity in America. No sooner had the national origins basis been adopted than certain race-conscious blocs with strong foreign affinities, who have almost invariably opposed every restrictive act, began to move among other groups to organize | an attack upon that quota basis. If the | 1890 census had been the permanent quota basis provided in the Act of 1924, it would have been as violently attacked as has the national origins basis and would have been weaker under attack. Indeed that census had been assailed from the first while it was under con- sideration as a permanent basis. The country already has ample notice that it will be attacked if it should be made the permanent quota basis. If the groups who give body and strength to the attack now being made had not as- sailed national origins, they would have ! directed their forces against some other fundamental part of the law. The minority of friends of the 1924 immigration act, who are joining the opponents of all restriction in an effort to suspend or repeal the national ori- gins provisions of the law, are commit- ting a great folly. If the attack on the heart of the 1924 act should succeed, the anti-restrictionists will attack some other key position, and the patriotic people, who are determined to main- tain the numerical restriction included In the quota system will probably launch a well organized, nation-wide drive to reduce all quotas as low as one-half of what they are now, and to restrict im- migration still further in other direc- tions. If our friends want more of this war, Wear a V. F. W. 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