Evening Star Newspaper, May 12, 1929, Page 92

\ THE SUNDAY STAR., WASHINGTON, D. C, MAY 12, 1929—PART 7.~ Synthetic Skill Creates New Realm to Meet Modern Demands New Scientific Methods Represent Ro- mance as Striking as That Which Has Been Associated with Nature’s De- velopments — Coal-Tar Products Recognized as BY KATHLEEN READ COONTZ. y mpathetic vaudeville ago. To- tuted - pathetic” he | ng & more modern line, | d quarter of the twentieth | ushered in a new -ua’uy'l‘ nd ents, with | pwe their | She decks | t never came | nfathomed | th; dashes | attar of roses, | ould make the lare it a product neme, but which in ver had much as a speaking tance with either. She visits hment stand where she sips , fruity dri unadulterated, with not so much as a drop of fruit. er words, the wants of the aver- today arc largely supplied from sson, eminent scientist, he fourth kingdom—the ingdom. The dear old standbys have struggled nobly to supply the demands of the de- { Adam and Eve. But along wentieth century, with wants and needs never dreamed of before, and this time science, not Mother Earth, as- sumed the role of fairy godmother in ingdom. ¢ up its magical wand it waves foul-smelling com- pesitions, and presto—there comes forth the fragrant, glittering, iridescent syn- thetic kingdom. There has been handed down in many families a vial containing a drop or so of that perfume said to be worth a Kking's ransom—attar of roses. One whiff of its magic sweetness and the imagi- nation flies to that far Bulgarian valley, wrapped in its blanket of roses, roses that bloom and yield their dew-wet, fragrant petals for the costly attar. Today one can buy a gencrous bottie of American attar of roses, so similar to the breath of the Buigarian article that it is said to have misled even the most discriminating noses. American Beauty roses or fabled | provide the ingredients for this | ncopator. not lo if he theti ith the dec] n nor yet of of jasmine or ance of ich wi ; vine or bush de of the illustrious 1 r. termes 6 | | | THE LOWLY CORN COB IS NOW Great Factors. delectable essen; thing of a shock, that it is b e prosaic background of & c cal laboratory from American tol fcan chlorine. | a recent | etin, “has de- | independence of | 2lleys, dyewoods | Natior clared the world's perfumes from closed from distant tropical jungles, resins| from damp jungles and medicines from | : Independence has not been chieved entirely, but if all the flowers lost their perfumes and colors, and all | the spices their pungence and most fruits their flavors, chemists could closely imitate most of the factors syn- theticai * x or these herbs and spices and dyes that were wont of old to conjure up pictures of heavily laden merchant vessels with billowing sails, putting into laden with the treasures of the Far East, now come to us most fre- quently from an American mixing bowl. Anthranilic acid produces the charm not only of jasmine, but the distinguish- ing flavor of the grape and bright bluc known in old India as Indigo blue. The precious musk of Tibetan mountain deer now finds an almost perfect imi tation from Delewanna, N. J. Th equal of the tannin from Argentinian quebranho hails from a Rennselaer, Y., chemical vat. Balsam of Peru. a tural product of ~Salvador, might lcgically be renamed in America bal- sam of Pennsylvania. No longer is the housewife entirely dependent upon distant tropical is- lands for vanilla extract, for the arti ficial vanillin, although not entirely equal to the product of the famous bean, is a very good substitute. Bitter almond oil, whose natural source is Spain; citronelle, from Jav: Thelio- trope, from Cannes, now find new sources in synthetic factories at Gar- field, N. J,, and Flushing, N. Y., while numberless other necessities and lux- uries have a like history. Every day the world awakes to find a new synthetic product. Not long ago it was pearl buttons from sour milk, and soon, we are told, we shall have food from wood; while the masquerader for silk, rayon, is today wrapping its shim- mering folds around the world. Pearls * TU] NED INTO A NUMBER OF THINCG WAX MODELS, DYES FOR SILKS, INSULATORS, SIRU | INTERIOR OF A (?IIE!\!ICALTI,\BOR:\TOR\’. ‘WHERE SCIEN H . WORKS DAY AND NIGHT T PARTICULAR LABORATORY HELIUM IS MADE FOR GOV NMENT THE PROD! JCTION OF SYNTHETIC:! USE. and other synthetic jewelry light a mil-| lion sparkles. | Things might begin to look a little| alarming for old Mother Nature, with — INSULATING BLOCKS, P, ETC. such close competition, if the scientists, always generous, did not assure us that she is holding her own and will doubt- less continue to do so. The faithful little Japanese silk work is kept just as busy supplying its silken strands for looms that still move ceaselessly; and the uncommunicative oyster is still se- cure in the assurance that the gem over which it keeps watch will continue to be demanded by those'who have the! price. Those fossilized golden drop: dug up from the Baltic sea and known | to us as amber, and the precious dia- mond mines will be just as feverishly sought, even though their counterpart in am appearance decks every bar- gain table. While the sclentists and the syn- thetic kingdom apparently have robbed the world of its romance, they have opened the door to many who might otherwise never enjoy glad raiment and sparkling attire. To be a fine lady and wear a silk dress were synonymous to the Mother Goose suitor, silken garments make a shining trail from scrubwoman to soclety queen. ‘There is no group of people, perhaps, to whom these materials of the fourth kingdom have been such a boon as that group which makes up the theatrical world. Here a great deal of the suc- cess of a performance often lies in claborate costumes and stage settings. Of the aid of synthetic material in this line there is strong tesiimeny. * K K X ALTHOUGH it is today challenging a bit of Mother Nature's romance, synthetic science in itself represents a stupendous romance. “The year, the very day, in fact, that it began to free the world from economic bondage to far places and obscure islands, can be fixed,” says the National Geographic Bulletin. “It was Easter, 1856. Willlam Per- kins' London _technical school was closed for the holidays, but he was in a chemical laboratory—his own home- made laboratory. Perkins was laboring with an assigned problem which has never been solved—synthesizing qui- but today | nine. While cleaning up his glassware, he noticed that the water was colored violet by a gummy black waste in the bottom of his test tube. He investi- gated and discovered mauve, the first coal-tar dye, now called, in his honor, ‘Perkins’ violet.” “The gummy black waste Perkins found proved to be the same nasty, black stuff that used to clog gas mains. But no longer does it stop pipes be- cause coke ovens carefully extract 12 gallons of it from every ton of coal. Basic coal tar gives up more than 300 intermediates from which dyes, flavors, perfumes, resins and medicines can be made. “Using the 300 intermediates, chem- istry has contrived upward of 200,000 coel-tar products, which have reversed the trade geography of the world. To these must be added the other impor- tant synthetics from air—nitrogen, cot- ton, corn and wood, ranging from fertil- izer to rayon material and from paint to artificial pearls. “Science fighting for civilization's economic independence has proved per- haps more ruthless than the machine. The machine will take away & man's job, but will give him another. . “Thousands of Levant farmers grew madder plants from whose roots came madder red untfl the invention of coal- tar red wiped out the natural madder market overnight. Today the New Zealand government labors desperately to help the kaurl gum diggers out of the slump into which they have been thrown by the creation of the synthetic resins, The Chilean government has had to overhaul its natural nitrate productions to_compete with synthetic nitrates which have taken a large share of the world market. Malaya and Sumatra tremble in fear that a success- ful synthetic rubber will bid them turn back to the jungle their hard-won groves of rubber trees. “What has happened to the millions of acres of India once devoted to the indigo plant? Their owners must grow something else. Nor does science re- spect kings. The Emperor of Japan must run the royal household on smaller funds since American and European synthetic camphor has come into competition with the royal monop- oly of Formosa.” * FOR fear that we might be led to| suffer pangs of compunction for the triumphant invasion of science into the fleld of natural production, we are reminded by scientists that it is the increasing demands of the age that have brought it all about. “Were synthetics banished from our lives all the fields and forests and oceans could not support the world in the luxury to which it has become ac- customed. Who among you would be willing to give up the yellow of his but- ter, the red of his frankfurter (ponceau 3R), the green of his pistachio ice cream or the coal-tar yellow that adds the lemon or orange appearance to cake icing?” says one. Old mother nature couldn't grow enough mahogany trees to supply the various articles that are dignified by that appearance, but the wizards of the fourth kingdom, sensing the demand, have created a mahogany product that is not surface stained nor did it ever yet grace a forest, but which graces many a radio case and other useful and ornamental objects. Next Christmas we may be nibbling away on nuts, sheken not from trees, but from chemical vats. For word has already gone out from certain labora- torles that nuts and soap are two of the new synthetic products to make their debut. Houses of brick may, in the near future, be even more popular than they are today, especially in the farming districts, and the farmer will not have so many corncobs to waste on the old kitchen range, for briquettes compounded from corncobs, and 10 per cent asphaltum, already promise satisfactory material. Soon the twen- tieth century “little pig” may be able to build his house with straw, without fear of the wolf who will “huff and puff and blow it in.” ‘The century-old romance of trans- forming old rags into clean white paper is being duplicated today by the use * k% Natural Products of Animal, Vegetable and Mineral Worlds Are Duplicated by Science, with Saving in Transpor- tation and Increased Efficiency for Many Forms of Activity. of cornstalks for paper and composi- | from those laboratories in the next few tion board products, while a corncob | years composition to take the place of cork |~ In the Bureau of Chemistry and Solls, will soon be swelling with pride in many | chemists are working night and day to an iceless refrigerator. | free the American farmer from his still While substitutes are being com- | heavy dependence on forcign material pounded for wood, that old standby is | for nitrates and potash. Today the playing startling synthetic roles. First ' fertilizer industry is in rapid transition wooden clothes and now food fromto a chemical basis, largely as a result wood. 5 | of the development of methods for fix~ Over in_ Heidelberg University, Dr.|ing atmospheric nitrogen. This depart- Frederick Burgess has evolved a'food | ment's fixed-nitrogen laboratory has out of wood, by treating it with con- | made noteworthy contributions to tr centrated hydrochloric acid. ‘This | science of fertilizer synthesis. The cox converts the cellulose into a digestible | tributions of agricultural chemistry to food containing dextrose sugar such as | human welfare in the past, great though is found in cane sugar. One hundred | they have been, are little more than a parts of dry wood yield 75 per cent of | hint of what will achieved in the food, upon which German pigs are wax- | future, says the Sc ry of Agricul= ing fat. Just to what extent this syn- | ture. thetic food, which may later be brought | ~ And so the fourth kingdom, created to embody all of the necessary food | by the magician science and patterned values for human diet, will be de-|upon the three other kingdoms, veloped s another intriguing chapter | ues to expand. It paints the yet to be written in the annals of the | more brilliant hues, anoints it with 1 fourth kingdom. perfumes, swathes it in ook 'HE ranks of foreign sclentists work- ing on American wood utilization problems in the forest products labo: ratory of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture at Madison, Wis., | were augmented recently by the arrival of five men sent by their governments and private agencies in Australia, Fin- land, Poland and Sweden. These emi- nent’ sclentists, several of them work- ing on scholarships and some on a leave of absence, will put in 12 or 18 months on an intensive study of the chemistry of wood, with a view to other synthetic products. Pandora’s box never sprang | more surprises than doubtless will burst raiment, adorns it with glittering els; it lavishly pours out color and co; modities into the lap of D: ‘asl as once the Orient filled the lap Jenice. Enter, madame! | . | Meat Supplies. | THE United States appears to be a | little behind in its meat eatis | the present time or else the meat pro- | ducers have been unduly active. What- {ever the cause, the stocks of meat in | storage have risen more than 100.000,- 000 pounds over last year. On March 1 the total on hand ~was 1.127,910.000 pounds, or about 10 pounds man, woman and child in the coun ARTICLES MADE FROM MILK CASEIN. ~(_Ila,pital Star Gazer Uses Homemade Telescope With Success BY GENE DAY. P you stroll along Jocelyn street northwest on a clear night you may come across an amateur astronomer of Washington who uses a home- made telescope in studying the se- crets of the distart stars, planets and satellites. A queer hobby this, you may say to yourself, as you watch Hugh Boutell manipulate and maneuver his hand- made cquipment. But a hobby which 15 as fascinating as existence itself, and one which impresses its followers with the incalculable marvels of creation. Watching the distant stars and seeking to unravel some of thoir, riddles is a scientific amusement which et present occupies the spare time of some 600 telescopists in various parts of the | United States. There are certain mysteries of astronomy which will be cleared up only through the organized efforts of a large number of observers and the publication of the results of their co- operative sky research. The great ob- atories of this country are too with problems_involving the use arge special telescopes o devote much time to observations of varieble stars, occultations of stars and like undrums. Briefly, professional not feel ‘that their should be used in g Nevertheless, these 5™ are worth shooting and may ght_down by the co-operative of the amateur star gazers. The ald of thousands of non-profes- radic enthusiasts, who kept mb; dio time signals and ascisted in y-wide experimentation _during infancy of wireless communication, ed measurably in the upbuilding of extensive industry which now ope- s through the ether. Only by sim- | ganization and unrecompensed s by persons interested in_tele- scopy will various perplexities of Mars, Saturn et al. be solved. Mr. Boutell, a graduate engin- eer of George Washington University, first was inoculated with the germs of | astronomical curiosity he discovered that he made the acquaintance of an educational pastime which would well classify_as i serious sts between $300 s the amateur gains ex- “star studies,” he, logically, desires still better and more costly equipment, just as the tyro in golf disc s his original clu and pur- chases better ones when he has at- tained some skill. * * VIR BOUTELL, who made haste clowly in taking up astronomical experimentation, decided that there e effective way of reducing slescopic equipment— ial apparatus at * | tory astronomical telescope. { brakes on the telescope to hold it in | servattons. Boutell built a satisfactory, handmade six-inch reflecting telescope. With this homespun apparatus he has observed astronomical phenomena. The total cost of this homemade tele- scope was only $25, yet it is as well suited for amateur astronomical re- search as the finer factory-made re- fracting telescopes which sell for 20 times as much. Other craftsmen gifted with a fair amount of skill and energy who are interested in the mysteries of “sky science” can, unquestionably, duplicate the feat. Mr. Boutell would probably be glad to advise any other | ‘Washingtonians interested in such a | strange task how to proceed. Amateur workmen who have equipped their home shops with the proper tools can utilize certain parts of a discarded, cheap motor car in making a satisfac- ‘The roller bearings of the rear axle and the dif- ferential gearing from such a “junked” automobile are useful in making the two axes of the telescope. The brake bands and drums from the abandoned motor car also may be adapted as | proper position. The automobiie axle and roller bearing, in particular, provide the telescope with easy, smooth action in turning. Unfortunately, Mr. Boutell was not equipped with the necessary tools to make 2 telescope from automobile parts. | Hence he had to evolve a different de- | sign which be could make efficiently with the few hand tools available. The reflecting telescope which he eventually completed features a 6-inch | concave mirror, silvered on its face, which reflects the inverted image of | remote stars and plancts through the length of its wooden tube to a smaller silvered glass made from a piece of glass salvaged from a broken automo- bile windshield. An adjustable tele- scope eyepiece, attached at right angles to this tube, is employed by the ama- teur astronomer in making his ob The telescope tube s mounted on a wooden pedestal, or tri- pod, heavy enough to be rigid yet light enough to be portable. _ N a refracting telescope the light is| converged to a focus back of the len: In such a case the light has to pa | through the lens, and this dema ! that the lens be corrected for all optical errors. Such a lens is made of two| pleces of glass, one of flint, the other of crown. Only optical glass of the finest quality is suitable, while very delicate hand working is essential to give the necessary curvature to the four surfaces of these pieces of glass, Ob- fously it is very difficult for the ama- teur craftsman to procure and manipu- late this glass properly in the -produc- | tion of such an intricate lens. | In the reflecting telescope the light is converged to a focus in front of the mirror. The mirror in the Boutell telescope, for example, is seated at one { | home. it was difficult to cure the necessary “how to make” data. Using a book &5 a reliable guide, Mr. \ the mirror and are converged back to| the telescope mouth, where they ore | deflected at right angles by a second | mall mirror to come to & focus at the | eyepiece 502 inches from the large| mirror. The eyepiece serves merely as | a miscroscope, which magnifies the m- | age any number of times, depending o its power. | As the rays of light do not pass through the ror, it is feasible to make this most important part of the telescope of ordinary plate glass. Mr. Boutell purchased two plate-glass disk: 1 inch thick and 6 inches in diameter, for §10 from an Eastern dealer who | handles such supplies. One of these | disks was employed in grinding and working the surface of the other to the proper curvature for the reflecting mir- Tor. You cen visualize the accuracy of this work by the fact that the permis- | sible error in such a surface must be} no greater then four one-millionshs of | an inch from a true parabolic curve. Mr. Boutell festened one glass disk | with pitch to the top of a barrel and | used the other in the hand-grinding | He employed various grades orundum as & grinding medium | between the two glass surfaces, replen- | ishing the supply as often as sary. In the actual grinding process he i stroked back and forth, disk over the other as he and around the barrel. This work is 5o tedious and laborious that the average craftsman can continue it only a few hours at a time. Altogether it is ap- ! proximately a 14-hour job. When the desired curve is approd mated on the upper glass disk the rough grinding is stopped and the polishing is_bcgun. The lower glass is coated th pitch and sprinkled frequently with optician’s rouge during the subsc- quent, hand-polishing process. It takes a little longer to polish the upper glas: disk than was required to grind it to the desired curvature. After a highly_polished surface W eveloped Mr. Boutcll changed h spherical surface to a parabola by rub- | bing encrgetically so that the center was worn away faster than the edges It is a long-drawn-out task because of frequent interruptions to gauge the quality and amount of the work psr-; formed. The job is so delicate that| even the heat of the human hands dis- | turbs the accuracy of the work. The test by which the character of | the mirror's surface 15 determined is| one of the most delicate known to| science. Yet it utilizes commonplace equipment, including a safety razor blade and an oil lamp with a metal chimney, in which a small hole is punched as an “artificial star.” end of the telescopic tube. The par- allel rays of light which enter the Mr. Boutell spent one day of delicate | {hand manipulation to develop the re-| rubbing one - [ ked around [ f glass disk. When he silvered the face | hous of this reflecting mirror with a solu- tion of silver nitrate, potassium hy- droxide, strong ammonia, nitric acid and sugar dissolved in alcohol. The kin of silver which he applied was so thin that it did not disturb the in- credibly fine curve of the glass surface. The production of this mirror is the most difficult task involved in the man- ufacture of a homemade reflecting tel- escope. EEE S (QNE can use either a flat plece of silvered glass or a right-angled open or opposite end of the tube strike quired parabolical formation in the prism, procured from an optical supply | Shuns Expensive Equipment, but Finds Recreation Among Amateur Scientists Who Seek New Facts About Stars and Planets—Others May Employ His Method of Construction. OPE. for about $5, as the second mirror in a homespun telescope. Mr. Boutell made the “fat,” as this second mirror is called, from a piece of windshield glass, the face of which he also silvered. Both the telescope mirrors were siivered on the face instead of on the back, in order to eliminate the double reflection which otherwise would be developed Such a homemade reflecting _tel pe, if made properly, will produce brighicr image than the ordinary re- fecling tclescope, because it possesses great light-gathering power. The Boutell felescope is mounted on st v two axes, one of which is parallel to the axis of the earth, in order that it {may be used to follow the course of the stars under study, even as the earth |turns over in space. The setting cir- fcles of this telescope consist of pro- | tractors such as draughtsmen use in marking off degrees. Science does not |know exactly how far ar astronomer |can see with a telescope of this type. | _ With his handmade telescope Mr. | Boutell has seen and studied the out- |lines of the seven major planets which | are distant neighbors of the earth. He has observed the various phases of Mer- cury and Venus, the lar caps and markings of Mars, the belts and satel- lites of Jupiter and the rings of Saturn. This inexpensive instrument is as suitable for reviewing the mountains of the moon and tie spots on the sun as a much more costly telescope. Sev- eral of the nebulae are also visible through its eyepiece, as well as the star clusters. Mr. Boutell hopes eventually to secure some worth-while results in’the study cf variable stars—stars which, unlike most of the ones visible in the sky, do not always shine with the same bright- ness, The laws concerning this varia-| tion can only be ascertained by many | observations over a long period. ‘The Autumn months are the best for telescopic investigations in the latitude of Washington, although some observae | tions are possible in any season when | favorable conditions exi.t. The layman unfamiliar with at spheric conditions invariably assumes that any night which is clear and “starry” is satisfactory for astronomi~ cal observations. This is not true, how= ever, for on many bright nights the air is so fluctuating as to prohibit satis- factory star studies by telescope. The Boutell reflecting telescope une der the best conditions will magnify far-distant objects approximately 250 times. It is useful exclusively as astro- nomical apparatus, because it gives only an inverted image. Mr. Boutell say: sport which he enj scope mpore than rej time and trouble he d fection. that the sclentific with_his_tele= all the work, oted to its per~ | ! (Continued From First Page.) was in Bubbling Over's year, when E. R. i Bradley’s magnificent chestnut colt simply trotted away with the honors, with his stablemate, Bagenbaggage, fin- ishing second. I was up on a nice sort of colt called Recollection, owned by Kohn & Theisen, but any possible chance he may have had was lost at the start when the colt got the tape of the barrier in his mouth, turning ‘him | sideways before he could get rid of it tand causing him to lose a lot of ground. Recollection, but for this mishap, would have made a fair showing. His subsequent races at the meeting proved that. But he could never have beaten the Bradley colt, which simply out- | classed his fleld. Bubbling Over was the best horse that I have seen run in any Kentucky Derby, and on that day, in the form he was in, he would have | given Man o' War, at his very best, a | desperate race. The failure of Pompey, ! which had been the champion 2-year- old of the previous year, was the fea- ture of that Derby. After his defeat | Pompey practically faded out of the picture. Many are the accidents and mishaps that occur to horses both in prepara- tion for the Derby and in the running of the race. Luck plays a big part in it, as it does in all racing. Morvich was very lucky to win his Derby. That year E. R. Bradley had a high-class colt in Busy American, who broke down badly and ran out, throwing the rest of the fleld into confusion and i leaving Morvich with a long lead. And then, just as My Play, Man o' War's brother, started to make his run at the half mile post he spread his foot. But for that accident My Play surely would have beaten Morvich. Reigh Count, last year's winner, didn't need any aid from Dame Fortune, He was just the best horse. And so was ‘Whiskery in 1927 and Bubbling Over in I 1926. But Flying Ebony finished i front of a better horse when he woi from Capt. Hal in 1925. Black Gold, the winner in 1924, was lucky in getting out of at least two positions in the race where he might have been badly pock eted, but he was the best horse and deserved to win. * * * % BL ACK GOLD was the most popula winner of the Derby in my recol- lection. The only horse owned by the Oklahoma Indian woman, Mrs. Hoots, and trained without other stablemates, unless it was a dog and a parrot, Black Gold was the most colorful of any Ken~ tucky Derby winner in recent years. The form “of horses, as judged by their running in the Preakness Stakes at Pimlico eight or ten days before the Derby, is_often reversed. Display, Walter J. Salmon’s iron horse, won the Preakness, Derby. Bagenbaggage was among the “also rans” in the same Preakness, but beat the rest of the field in the Derby | when he finished second to hi. stable- mate, Bubbling Over. And, as pre- viously told, Zev failed in the Preak- ness but ‘won the Derby. Sir Barton is the only horse which has won both the Preakness and Derby. ‘This year's Derby was robbed of some of its interest when Jack High was not entered. However, there should be a big field, in which Eastern horses will not be S0 strongly represented as in past | years. Blue Larkspur, owned by E. R. Bradley, will be claimed by Kentuckians as a Westerner, though last year this colt was raced exclusively at Belmont Park and Saratoga, as were all the Bradley horses. I saw Blue Larkspur prepared last year for the Futurity—in which he was beaten—and he certainly was made “to stand up to it.” His trainer is a severe taskmaster, a very exacting one, and Blue Larkspur got a grueling that few horses can stand. Walching his races but ran nowhere in the| Turf Classic Features Day of Days | all season as a 2-year-old, I think that, 1l going well, he should carry the white nd green silks of E. R. Bradley to that owner’s third Derby victor: But no matter how many horses sta. next Saturday or who wins Kentuel great_classic, the race will give a W | derful thrill not only to the many thou- | sands who will see the contest, but to the many more thousands in all sections | of “the country who will eagerly await | the news of the result. Great as it will be to them, it will be still greater to the riders who will Jine up at the barrier on the twisting and | plunging contestants, all eager to get a | good break and be in the first flight at | that all-important first turn. To them {1t is the chance of their lifetime to win the greatest of America’s turf classics, the Kentucky Derby. | New Indian Policy. |"'T'HE “disciplinarian” has passed into the limbo, at least so far as the | Indian schools of this country are con- cerned. In his place the Department of In terior has provided advisers duties will be wimt the nam Secretary Wilbur, in comn the change, says that any v lold military rule which once existed in the schools for the Government's wards will be weeded out, if found. He points out that the Indian boys !'and girls are heirs to a billion-dollar estate, to say nothing of their right to American citizenshi Mr. Wilbur belie children who have a capacity can be best fitted to assume these t(wo great heritages of na- tionality and estate through proper education and development of self-] liance. The purpose of the schools be to bring the young to upstanding and independent mainhood and woman- that the Indian eady shown their