Evening Star Newspaper, May 12, 1929, Page 29

he Sunday EDITORIAL SECTION Star Part 2—8 Pages WASHINGTON, . (., SUNDAY MORNING, MAY 1929, EUROPE’S RETURN TO 1914/ SEEN IN GENEVA FAILURE Conscript and Reserve Forces Retained by Central Nations—Germany May Regain Army Strength. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. | HATEVER else may be said of the latest Geneva session, it iz clear that it has done no more than demonstrate defi- nitely that the limitation of national armaments by international and league operations is for the present impossible. After several vears of ef- fort and at least six sessions, the Pre- paratory Commission has ended by ac- cepting the double formula that re- duction is out of the question and limi- tation contingent upon national con- ceptions of security. | This means in piain English that the continental countries that have con- | script_armies are going to continue to | keep ‘them. that all the male popu- Iations of France, Italy. Poland, Jugo- &avia, Czechoslovakia, Rumania. Spain and Belgium are going to be traincd to bear arms in the future as in the past. that the only real reduction in armed strength will be the result of internal, not external. consideration: It i true that there have alread: been _considerable reductions, _mea: ured by 1914 standards. The French, for example, have a one-year period of service now instead of three years then, and few nations keep their boys with the colors more than 18 months. But while this does reduce the num- ber of men actually carrying guns at any given moment, it does not reduce | at all the number ready and trained to Dbear arms. If the standing armies of Europe are materially smaller than in | 1914, the reserves of trained troops are | just as large. | France Has Big Reserve. Thus. viewed in terms of disarma- | Tope is today planning a new war? limit naval strength. The Washington provisionz for battleships may be ex- tended to cover cruisers. But this must now be done by private bargain, not by | any League of Nations convention. | League authority in the matter of d Armament or even of limitation of a mament disappears with the presen mecting. Once you establish the doc trine that each nation must be the sole judge of its own needs in the matter of ecurity, no international body can have further influence. It would be unfair to charge this unmistakable failure against the League itself. At most the League is only ihe | meeting place of the representatives | of various countries. It can act as A | convention only as these representa- tives can agree. It is the barometer of | international agreement. Since none of the military powers is prepared ‘o con. sider any real limitation of its armed strenzth., Geneva can no more than register the prevailing state of mind. | And that it has done. although one | must regret the inevitable effort to ! scll” an_accomplishment, when the | fact is that what exists is a total paralys Europe ot Ready to Bisarm. Europe is not ready to disarm. it is not even ready to consider real limitation of armaments. That is th fact, but does this fact mean that Eu- No what it more clearly means is that Europe is still under the shadow of the last war and still fearful of the next. No nation is visibly preparing for ag- | gressive war—unless it be Italy; but all | the great continental peoples believe that you must have security before you can have limitation. much less disarma- | Peacemaker of Cabinet Henry. L. Stimson Has Proved H Fitness for Highest Pos i Presi SECRETARY STIMSON. dent’s Official Family BAN ON SURP ONE AIM OF RELIEF BILL Farmers Expected Much Food as lisell BY MAKK SULLIVAN. O say the passage of the fa velief bill I & turning poi lurming would be drai doe: nve drsinalic bul it i not & turning powl. | it 18 Lhie acceptance wnd foal crystalization of & trend that hias been under way for more than two relief wake plan, when in Wany farmers niore Prospe i It way even make Wiy fArmers very prosperons indeed. rhav depeits largely on_the men who munage the new Federal Farm operation, new plan will make farmers | Prosperons 50 long aud this s as the lotal nuwmber of kept down to the uumber who can rvaise just enough for the American markel, and no more. But |tie new plan will hardly cause farm- {ing to bec a growing industry. It will hardly csuse the price of “farm {1and to go higher —which is one form of prosperily (hat some farmers wish for. Almost certainly the new plan will not reverse the. drift of population from fu city. On the conirary. the new plan accepls (hat diiit as a thing to be vontented with. The new | farm relief plan contemplates bringing greater prosperity to approximately the presént number of favmers -but does | uol contemplate that the number snall | ncrease. Surplus Frowned Upon. The plan of farm relief about to be wore | tmportant farmers is | is the fruit of conditions LUS CROPS to Raise Only United Needs. facturers. ‘The contrasting treatment is 10t _deliberately devised by anybody: i at least two generations old. It began when we adopted the policy of & protective tariff to stimulste manufacturing. Also, the writer in other articles has explained that manufacturers can -practice mass production, while farmers cannot. And production makes it easy for wlacturers (0 have an export sur- plis successiutly. Let us now see where the Ameriean farier will end if these two principles are tollowed out limitation of exports tor the farmer, expansion of exports for other industries; port for the farmier, aggressive export for the manu- lacturer. lLet us examine the ultimate outcome of these (wo policies running parvallel. Farwers and their families compose e-fourth of the population of United States -about 28,000,000 ns on fa out of a total popu- lation of about 118,000,000. Two or three: generations ago, before we began 1o stimulate manufacturing by means of the protective tariff and otherwise, the farmer was more than half the total population. Farmers' Status in United States. The farmer is now about 25 per cent of the Nation. Mul perceniage of slandiog. o . that share in the couniry’s eco he has that propo power, that measure of capacity to hiwve his way. By 1940 the total population of the United States, as the ordinarily accepted adopled has a fundamental &sSUMP- |0 of increase, should be about 136.- i“"“‘ “The assumption is that the| 000.000. All this increase of 18,000,000 fariner shall cease Taising & surplus for | " (e hresent policy 15 continued, will ment. while France has a home force | ment. And none feels that it has se- By THOMAS CARENS | May 4, 1929, was a day of rejoicing In | misunderstandings which now prevail| In that phrase “simplicity and direct- | export: (hat he shall raise just 85 much | jaye gone into manufacturing and 4 of 400,000 and a colonial army of 25 000, as against a total military estab- lichment of 800,000 in 1914, France can put just as many trained soldiers in the field now as then, and she is going on with the training. Italy is in the same boat, while the new states have replaced Austrian forces with armies of their own larger in the aggregate. The action of the United States, through Mr. Gibson. in waiving our opposition fo conscript armies. has been sharply criticized both at home and abroad: but the British, who share our views, were forced to the same concession a year ago. While we might have refused to agree to any existing fact, neither we nor the British had the smallest chance of persuading the continental states to change their sys- tems. The fact is that Europe is mot pre- | pared to make any considerable move toward disarmament and is equally un- ready to make any large gesture in the | way of limitation of armaments. All| the youth of all the considerable coun- | tries—save Germany, which is under treaty limitation, and Russia, which has its own methods—will still be trained for war and preparations are to be made in all these countries to use all the manhood in conflict. The League has failed utterly to carry real disar-| mament one step forward, not because the attempt has not been made, but because Europe still feels insecure. Germany Ringed by Superiors. ‘The real disaster resuiting from this failure is discoverable in the fact that it leaves ‘uGtflnlny, m'llm !“fil.ll! the | greatest military power Tope, sur- rounded by states not only possessing standing armies but having a population fully trained to make war. Germany, with about 100,000 sol- diers, the entire establishment allowed | her by the treaties, faces in the camps of the three nations allied against her, France, Poland and Czechoslovakia, not.| only 1.000,000 troops actually under | arms but reserves at least five times as great ready to be called up. Even Bel- gium, also allied to France, has today a larger standing army than Germany. curity save through its military estab- | lishment. ‘Thus, despite all the camouflage spread from Geneva. the best one can say is that the whole question of dis- armament in Europe, even the more precise problem of limitation, has been postponed. The League has tried and found it insoluble in all present time. Despite all the pacts and conventions and contracts which have been signed collectively and severally, confidence has not been established. Everybody has signed the Kellogg Pact, thus renounc- tion of this solemn instrument has not | contributed to the disbandment of even a corporal's guard or the scrapping of a single torpedo boat. All in chorus an armed world praisss peace, while the League of Nations measures its last dis- armament conference _achievement y and simply in terms of words 5,500 Protest Suit—s Are Filed in Rome That Italian business is still in & far from healthy state would appear from an issue of L'Ora Commerciale, impor- | tant Roman finaneial weekly. This 48- page review is devoted entirely to the chronicling of protested promissory notes in Rome and its suburbs. The name and address and the amount of the note or notes of the signer whose | inability to pay brought the affair into the courts is all that the review carries. For the month of February alone this 1ist occupies three columns on 48 pages. ‘There are over 5,500 names of individ- pay sums due. Many will in due time be declared bankrupts (the percentage of bankruptcies is very high throughout Italy). Others are paying the notes in small installments—a policy followed by mutual consent by numerous Romans who find themseives unable to meet notes falling due. Now this gquestion is clearly posed: How long 65,000,000 Germans con- | sent to remain helpless and defenseless | in the presence of vastly larger armies | owned by their smaller neighbors? To- | day in case of conflict the Polish army | could go to Berlin. By the treaty Ger- | man frontiers have been stripped of | fortifications and the total German armed strength is 100,000, whereas Po- cist penal code goes into effect it will be possible to impose prison sentences on debtors, but at present there is no penalty beyond bankruptcy and the confiscation of assets. Though high Fascist officials have frequently declared that there are too many small businesses in Italy and that a considerable num- ber must go out of existence in order to obtain greater efficiency, the present land could mobilize 1,000,000 and has 300,000 actually with the colors. If| France needs a standing army of 400,- | 000, together with 100,000 colonial | troops always at hand, to insure her | security, what must the German feel | necessary for the defense of his far| more endangered and indefensible fron- tiers? Berlin Accepts Treaty Assertion. Up to the present moment Germany | has at least nominally accepted the | treaty assertion that her own enforced | disarmament was no more than the first step in the general disarmament of Eu- | Tope. She could at least vaguely hope | that she was not to be condemned in- | definitely to exist an unarmed and open country surrounded by armed and un- friendly states. But as a consequence | of the Geneva decisions she now finds | herself face to face with the prospect | of helplessness for a future not to be calculated. { For the moment Germany can and { will do little. Her first problem is to | get rid of the armies of occupation, which are still on the Rhine. Any | effort to nullify the disarmament terms of the Treaty of Versailles would in- | stantly destroy the chance of early ! evacuation. She is also struggling with | the question of reparations and any military defiance would certainly bring an end to all possibility of reduced pay- ments. Reparations and evacuation for the moment exclude the question of na- tional security, Building of Army Seen. Neveriheless it is clear that repara- tions must be fixed and evacuation take | { patiently waiting for the ice to give ! way, according to the letter. place. Sooner or later Germany will find | herself free to consider her own secur- | ity. And when that moment comes | policy seems to keep bankruptcies to the Jowest possible minimum. Letter From Ve;ssel In Ice Takes 4 Months A modern romance, involving a| “painted ship on a painted ocean,” is revealed in a letter that traveled across the frigid wastes of two continents—by Zoll team over the tip of Northeastern sia. Tt comes from the sailing ship Elisif ol' Brevik, Norway, which last Spring set, American regions .Last Summer it left St. Lawrence Bay for East Cape in Bering Strait. During its cruise the ship encountered ice that gradually grew thicker, forcing the vessel to zigzag its way through crushing pack ice. Finally navigation became impossible and the ship froze in the ice. Prepared for such an eventuality, the skipper had plenty of provisions and on October 13 from his small radio set wirelessed his intention to go into Win- ter quarters. On March 7 the letter came, dated October 27, saying that a Russian with a dog team happened to pass the ship on his way to Kolymsk on the Kolima River and promised to take the letter, which wandered along the frozen North, All are well on board the Elisif and Scandinavian American nothing is more certain than that she | will follow the example of all the states that surround her and build up her own national army as they have constructed | theirs. Then, at last. we shall see = new Europe. armed as was the old. sown as was the old with rancors and hatreds, | University Is Planned A new “international university,” de- signed particularly for voung cans who wish to acquaint themselves with Scandinavian culture, is about to ing war as a policy, but the ratifica- | uals and corporations which failed to | ‘When the new Fas- | | out for Alaska and other North Nor is it in the least unlikely that we | be set up in Denmark under the di- shall see a new system of alliances | Tection of Dr. Sven Knudson, well reproducing those of 1914, which in- | known educator and Boy Scout ieader. sured that the smallest local disturb- |The unigue institution will be housed | ance could set the continent on fire. | in the picturesque old Chateau Lerch- But in poker parlance, the last Gen- | enborg on the Island of Sjaelland, upon | eva conference establishes the fact that | Which the city of Copenhagen is located. wenceforth the European game of arma- | Its first classes will be opened in June ments is a ‘table-stake” affair, that Dr. Knudsen, who has in previous years there is no “limit,” and that every great | heiped in the exchange of American and and middlesized nation, except Ger- | Danish youngsters between private | many. will have all hte troops and guns | homes in the {wo countries. announces and forts it desires. The sole yardstock | that 600 Americans of all ages will be wiil be the natlonal legislature, which | enrolled in the first “semes holds the purse-strings. The single | school. Instruction will be given in possibility of real reduction must come | subjects related to the development of “hrougn the action of the voters in any | Northern Europe and the students will | given country, who may resolve to re- | be given an opportunity to visit the in- | duce taxation by limiting their own | numerable historical monuments which armies. are found in the Danish Islands and the peninsula of Jutland. The cur- | i riculum will also give them an op- | portunity to enjoy all of the sports in | which they might otherwise have taken part during the Summer months in the United States. Navy Solution Possible. 1ill possible for the naval powers in. Japan and ourselvez. con- ivably for France and Italy as well, to get together in .some privawe deal to T l | ! WEEK ago yesterday the people in the cities and scraggly settle- ments of Nicaragua were awak- ened at sunrise by the dull boom of artillery fire. As the day wore on the rough streets of ancient and bombs burst high in the air. But for once such martial nolses, : familiar enough to all the people who live between Corinto on the west coast and Puerto Cabezas on the Caribbean, failed to strike terror in the hearts of men and women. These were noises of peace, not of war. The guns at dawn were harmless salutes, fired in honor of constitutional officers chosen in an a0nest and orderly election. The march- ing soldiers were not moving out'to bat- tle in some noxious swamp or jungle; public. guiding hostile armies toward each other; they were innocent fireworks, BY J. A. O'LEARY. EGISLATION to provide for the 1930 census and to insure reap- portionment of Representatives is about to take the center of the stage as the next order of business at the Senate end of the Capitol. The census and measures were put forward separately {in the last Congress, but have been | combined at this session because they ! that one of the main purposes of the which to base the apportionment of | House seats among the States. | The census part of the bill is not Senate, but the reapportionment sec- | discussion. | the question will be before the Senate for about & week before action is had. Long Before Congress. Reapportionment has been before Congress at intervals for nine years, there having been no change in allot- ment of House seats since the last census, in 1920. The House on two oc- casions during that time passed re- apportionment. bills, but each time the Senate failed to act. The measure about to be taken up for consideration is sub- stantially the same as the Fenn bill, which was approved by the House at the final session of the old Congress, but which did not come to a vote in the Senate. If the Senate passes the bill now, House action will again, since the previous vote occurred in a different Congress. apportionment, leaves Congress a free hand to decide at the end of each decade on what basis ing a census. It provides at the same if Congress should neglect to take specific_action at the end of ,any 10- year period. Even in such an event, the pending bill does not undertake to lay down # permanent mathematical form- ula for determining the House repre- sentation of each State, change the total membership. It provides that when an automatic failure of Congress to pass & plan it would be based on the number” of Representatives and would be carried out “by the method used in the last preceding apportionment.” Thus without taking away the right of Con to definite the basis for each apportionment it would, neverthe- less, make certain a reapportionment after each census. After each census the President would transmit to Congress a statement show- ing the number of persons State and the number of Representa- tives to which each State would be entitled by using the existing total number of Representatives and what- ever method of apportionment was em- ployed the last time the House was ap- ioned. Should Congress decide to | enact a specific plan of apportionment for the next or any succeeding decade, this statement would not be called into use. But if no action is taken by Con- gress, as was the case following the 1920 census, then each Stale would be " of the |entitled to the number of Representa- | shown on the presidential state- ment, and the clerk of the House would 50 notify the execulive of each State. May Need Amendment. 1t is expected that while the measure is being considered in the Senate amendments will be offered from the floor seeking to exclude aliens from the purposes of reapportionment. members of the Senate believ cities resounded to the tread of march- | ing soldiers. At night rockets, star shells | the House of | reapportionment | interlock and for the further reason | census is to ascertain the population on | likely to produce much debate in the tions undoubtedly will lead to heated | The present outlook is that | be necessary | ‘The part of the bill dealing with re-| sponsored by Senator | Vandenberg, Republican of Michigan, | thie House should be apportioned follow- | time for an automatic reapportionment | nor does ll.} reapportionment becomes necessary by | in each | population eount of sach State for the | Some | Nicaragus. n it Conservatives and |among the sister republics of the New | Liberals, not so long ago at each other's | World. ~ Yet it is doubtful if his career throats, made merry in the new-found | will hold any more dramatic story than realization that political differences can | ihat of the “peace conference” which Ibe adjusted more satisfactorily Wwith | Nicaragua has just celebrated, ballots than by bullets. This second | In his little volume “American Policy anniversary of the peace of 1927, which | in Nicaragua,” Mr. Stimson himsell ended the most sanguinary of Nica- | tells with utmost simplicity of his meet- raguan revolutions, was called Peace |ing with Gen. Jose Maria Moncada, day in the official proclamation of the | then the leader of the revolutionary President of the republic. But most . now duly elected President. of | Nicaraguans cailed it by another name, | Nijcaragua: but there is drama even in | Stimson day, 1 honor of the distin- | Stimson's simple words: | guished American who brought about | =, o " T 5 : | the peace of 1927, and in so doing paved | “When in the early morning (ol the way for his selection as Secretary |4 We diove Into Tipitapa, Moncada of State in the cabinet of President . met us there . ... & bit weary Hoover. from a difficult journ . mountains which had laster until late ‘Work in Nicaragua. in the night . . . but ready for busi- Henry Lewis Stimson may perform | ness. He and I sat down under a large miracles as Secretary of State. Under | blackthorn tree near the dry river bed. Under him the | plicity and directness, so no interpreter dream of universal disarmament may | was needed. In less than 30 minutes | draw nearer and nearer to realization. | we understood each other and had set- | Under him may come an ending of the | tled the matter.” change would require a constitutional Representatives' (which at this mo- amendment, so the debate regarding it | ment would be 435) ‘by the method likely to revolve around questions of | used in the last preceding apportion- constitutional law) ment’ (which was the method of major While this is generally referred to as | f, ). This report the census af’ 1980, tndes e Bill gs| oy as it 1030, ot recommended by the Senate Commerce | the first day of the second regular Committee the count of population and | session of the Seventy-first Congress. the statistics regarding agriculture actu- | That entire session would be iree o |2ally would be gathered in November pass its own reapportionment on any of this year instead of May, 1930. This | basis it might see fit, fixing any size change In date was made upon House it might desire and following mendation of Government officials, any method it might care to embrac ticulariy the Department of Agricul-| But if it failed to act, then the clerk ture. in the belief that a November|of the House would notify the Slates count will produce more reliable data | in Mareh, 1931, that the spportion- regarding conditions on the f; If | ment lables reported to Congress by this date is to be retuined, the President, pursuant Lo » purely the legislation at this special session | ministeriai and mathemstical formula, of Congress is lmperative, would be forthwith effective. Then the ‘The Senale commerce commitiee in | States would have the balance of 1931 reporting out the pending bill explained | and the first hulf of 1932 in which to how the reapportionment plan would | redistrict themselves s they —may operate, as follows: | cnvose. The new apportionment would “The census would be taken in No- | govern the election of representatives vember, 1920. One year later, with|to the Seventy-third Congress aud these figures in hand, the President | presidential electors in November. 1932 would report the census figures, to- Precisely the same process would pro- gether with a table showing how, under | tect reapportionment in each subse- these figures. the House would be ap- | quent decennium.” portioned with ‘the existing number of |~ A more complete survey of the em- Your Own Little Bed Is Your Best M. D. BY BRUCE BARTON. the way without leaving any marks on his person or bringing down the displeasure of their superiors. They accomplished their pur- pose by keeping the poor fellow awake day and night. Napoleon sent 30,000 of his ans to Haiti to re- led by Tous- A few months later a bedraggled 5000 with- drew. What had happened to the other 25,0007 Shot? Toussaint did not have ammunition enough to shoot very many. He adopted a simpler and more effective plan. Night after night he would threaten an attack. All night long a few of his men would continue the pre- tense—and all night long the French would toss in sleepless- ness. They had faced the best men of Europe and won; they could not_conquer the | “Those who are full and regular sleep are t who recover most readily frem sickness,” Richardson, and adds: observation of this truth Menander to teach that the natural ¢ Menander should have fewer fewer deaths of middle-aged men; fewer quarrels—yes, even tewer wars—if the nerves of all men were kept toned and sweet by a generous measure of sleep. In all literature there ne NE reason for the world’s ’ tribulations is lack of | sleep. Men who ought to be firm-nerved and are vacillating and reselute irritable. Troubles that would be laughed away by rested brains are bungled into bigness. The world is too much by tired-eyed men. If you want to prove thi to yourself look at the flashlight pictures taken. They halp to explain why government and are not more efficient. ruled aleohol are mat- overeating and and the cigarette hab ters of self-control. But to get the sleep one needs (which means all that one can possibly scak into one’s system in 24 hours) often takes courage—the courage invitations, ule, to seem odd or ‘puri- | believe that more minor s are due to lack of sleep than to any other recognizable factor. A person catches co'd, | | gets lumbago, is constipated or | | headache-ridden because his vitality is below par, his phy. cal expenditure beyond his phy: | | cal income. Sleep would set him | | sauare with the world; but td get sleep means sacrificing the evening’s fun. This he won't do, and so he runs in debt, and is chronically edging toward a breakdown.” | When Pers: to refuse to invite docto the last King of | ancient Macedonia, was confined as a prisoner at Reme his finer line than thi guards wished to put him out of He giveth His beloved sleep. (Coprright, 1920.) down from the | ness” Mr. Stimson - perhaps uncon- sclously reflected the character of the b which he performed for the Ameri- 1 Government. As we look buck on | the affair now, it is not the complete success which marked his negotiations. for one must not be too optimistic about Latin agreements. but the speed with which he went ai the task assigned to him which evokes our admiration. R His Work Done Quickly. | White House in Washington on Mare 31, 1927. The peace under the blac) thorn tree was consummated on May 4. Only 34 days. Half that time was c sumed in preparation for the journey and in the travel from New York to the | American legation in Managua. He He accepled the assignment at the they were merely passing in review be- | him may come American participation | He spoke English with unusual sim- | was on the ground, therefore, slightly fore the reunited peoples of the re-|in the World Court. And the star shells were not | imm'e than two weeks and found that Isumlenl time to end a bloody civil war (Continued on Sixth P House Changes Just Ahead _Reapportionment Bill Soon to Come Before Congress—~Census Measure 1o Be Linked With I ployment situation than has ever been attempted in the past will be made as a part of the new census if Congress approves an amendment recently placed in the bill by the Senate commerce committee to authorize this additional feature. In one or two previous enumera- ‘ tions of population the Census Bureau | included dats as to the number of un- Census Director te commitiee, (he results were unsalisfaclory and Were not published. On those former occa- | slons thie enwmerators, in counting the "wpull meraly inquired, “Are you | employed, | Steunrt ns at worl or somelhing 1 that effec Government officials have advised C sress (hat they desite o collect the | unemployment data i a way that will | wroduce statistics of value aud ot | représent merely @ given number of | persons out of work on a certain date. | Secretary of Cummneice Lamout toid | the comumiiiee when it was consider- | ing whether to include an employment | survey that the subject of unemploy- | ment is talked of a great deal, some | ming large fgures aind others giving | smaller estimates. Big Shift Always Goes On. “We do not know.” the Secrelary of Commerce continued. “There is a big | shift going on constantly on sccount of men being displaced by machines, and | we do not know how long it takes for | those men to be absorbed in other in dustries or in other services, it would be very valuable to have a basis to work on. It is not an easy thing to do. It is not always easy to know when & man should be called or can be sai to be unemployed. We might be crip- pled and not able to Work: he wmight be sick and not able to work. - He might be temporarily out of employment. but | ployed. “It would require & €ood deal of care- | ful preparation of the questions to get | the facis us they should be. But if the | matter can be arranged now there will | be time 1o do that for this next census.” Census Divector Steuart has prepared tentative list of six questions to form [the basis of the unemployment phase | of the census-taking task. ‘They are: | Usual Gecupation:of person enumerated | 1s this person now without & job of &iy | Kind? Tt so. for how long has he been out of % job? If new out of & jeb, is he seeking employment? Or, is lie un- able to work by reason of sickuess or physical injury? If this person has a | J0b. is he naw on lay-off without pay? Tiow complete unemployment data s [to be depends on whether It is col- |lected as part of the population ques- | tionnaire or on a separate schedule. | Director Steuart points out that if it is made a part of the population sched- |ule not more than two or three general | questions could be asked. whereas il a supplementary schedule is used it would | be possible to frame as many questions |ws seem necessury o develop the true situation. He said that before the list | of questions is definitely determined he | would want to_consult |tives_of the Departn the Federation of Labor, economists and olhers who are experts on unemploy- ment statistics. It was estimated thut the cost of gathering the unemploy- | ment data will be upproximately $1.000 - 000. The inclusion of the amendment 11» cover al unemployment survey is i | line with suggestions heretotore ad- | vanced by Seantors Wag of New | York and Couzens of Michigan, ‘ Another New Researc ‘ Another new field of research to be explored in the 1930 census, if the pending bill is enacied. is the proposed | census of distribution through mer | tile establishments, similar to the data |on production obtained by a census of | manufactures. | | 1t has been pointed out in & census of distribution that “* support of nearly all !sthl he should not be classed as unem- | as can be consumied i America, and | no more. (What is here said refers to | the familiar American crops, such as| wheat, and does uot, of course, refer o | {cotton, which is and aiways has been | {raised largely for export) “The relief that s about to go into | sfiéct goes on Lhe basic assumption | that the [armer's export surplus is an | embarrassment, a thing to be avoided. | The plan will tend in its working out toward reducing the farmer’s export surplus to as near nothing as is prac- ticable, It looks to keeping the Amer- ican farmer prosperous by keeping his |crop down to what the Ameiican con- sumer can buy, and at the same time making the American conSUmer pay a | fairly high price. % In effect, the policy of this bill says. “Let the [avier stop Wying Lo ral crops for sale in Europe; lel him ‘can- fine himseif 1o raising crops that America can consume, and ouly 50 much of them as America can con- sume.” Slated with conorete refereuce to one crop, the policy says: “Ralse just as much wheat as you can sell in Amerivs, snd nQ wore. As 10 ihe Te- msinder of your wheat acreage, on which you now raise wheat for Kurope, wim that acreage into other Crops which Awierion cai consume.” Haud i hand with this farm relief policy goes & tariff policy supplementi- iag it and meant to be equally helpiul w agric ullure.n llnfi the tarifl hill lbfl‘ll: to be passed Propostd to S8y effect: “We will put & protective tarif not only on all crops now raised in Americs, but on a1l crops that can rea- sonably be raised in America—in short, we will: give to the American farmer s substantial monopoly of the American market as o all products thai Ameri- can farmers can reasonably raise.” 1 have said that this policy of keep- | ing the export surplus s NeAr zero as practicable is fundsmental in the pro- sram now being adopted. It is like- wise fundaniental in the alternatives proposed. While limitation of the ex- port surplus is not so apparent in the “debenture” or bounty plan, or in the “equalizailon fee” plan; it 15 necessarily intierent there. It & bouuty on exporits should be paid, either by the farmers themselves or by the Goverument, the tendency | would inevitably be to keep the bounty low by keeping the exporis low. Seu- alor Norvis of Nebraske, who supported uhie debenture plan. understoad dhi condition and accepted it. Ris amend. jment o the debeature plan contem- plated, in efiect, Whav the export sur- plus should not become larger thau it oW is. In short, this policy, that he Amer- ican farmer shall uot Uy to be an ex porter (o the rest of the world, Is cer tau to be basic in the immediate fu ture of American agriculiure, Tmportant Resulls Seen. From this policy-limiting the Amer- | cuier (o raising s much as the | n market will buy-—certain re- | will follow, socially and perhaps politically. We can understand them | by comparing our policy about farming | with our policy about other industries. | To the farmer we say, in effect: “Limit yourself to producing just enough for the American markel, or as | near (hat as you can approximale, and | we will puy you Americau prices for it prices higher than sy other farmer | i the world gets. We will keep you | under the protective twriff cloak with | the resl of Awericu, and prevent any | Argenlinian, Australian or Canudiai | faviier from selling in competition with | you. Amierica shull have the highest standard of living in the world and | you shall share 1. Confine youlsell 0 the American market and be con- | tent with Americwn ligh prices for | your crops. Don't bother with wying | 1o raise auything for export, which, lu | ihe nature of (hiugs, Wist be sold at | low prices Now let us contrast this policy for | farmiug with the quite difierent policy | we have for manufacturing. To manu- facturing we say: | “EXpo Export more and more. Flood the world with American manu- factured goods. Send American manu- | factures lo the’ farthest corner of the earth, Muke America the greatest ex- | porting nation-—in manufactures —in the world. | domes trade, to industries other than farm- ng. t\ur can count on this because the fartier is told tu keep his business down to where it will supply merely the American murket. To be sure, the incressed 18,000.000 of population will cousume that much more wheat, corn and other iwrm goods, but there will be no increase in the number of farmers. ‘This is true, first, because the present export surplus which the farmer 15 now counseled o forget and dismiss, will be enough to feed much of the added population in America; second, because methods of farming always are belng improved and (he improvement in methods will increase farm produc- tion sufficiently to take care of the greater population without any increase in the number of individuals employed in_the industry of ! ‘Meantinie the entire increase of popu- lation will have gone into industries other than farming. ‘The farm popula- \tion will be stationary. The industrial | population will be increasing rapidly. | Ten years from now the farmer will be less than 25 per cent of the total popu- iation. ‘The farmer's share of popula tion, the fsvier'’s share of ihe total voling _strengih, the farmer’s pi tion of influence in politics, his in the whole economic and social - ture will be steadily growing less. The | farmer's economic status and his soeia | status will tend (o become that of gar- dener t0 an immense manufacturing and business community. Changes Are Forecast. Presently we shall reach a point where the farmer will be only, let us say, one-fifth of the total population, where the farmer will have only one vote, while the other industrial interests will have four votes. About that time something may happen. About that time the manufacturers and all those engaged in other industries may say their food is costing them top much. They will run into a period where it is difficult to sell American manufactured goods abroad because of the compe- tition of other countries. They will *|'encounter obstacles to carrying out the grandiose wdvice about flooding the world with American exports of manu- Tactures. At that point the manufacturers may | say that America must reduce its manu- facturing cost. Among the first things | to occur to them will be the thought that Awerica’s food is costing too much. ‘Tne employes aud everybody engaged in other industries will say the same thiig. Under the pressure of diminish- ing wages they will look about and say: “The gardener's pay is 100 high—our food is Costing us too much. Let us take the (ariff off farm products. We aust buy our food as cheaply as possi- ble. If Australin or South America or Canada is willing to produce food more cheaply we must buy from them.” ‘This would be the logical course of & country in process of becoming mainiy & manufacturing country. If manu- facturing and export is the main indus- iry, agriculture must become subordi- nate. That is what happened to Eng- land when she became a manufacturing nation. . This definite subordination of farm- ing to other industries would seem likely to be the ultimate outcome of these two policies running parallel, the policy of non-export for the farmer and aggressive export for the manufacturer. ‘The farmer, relative to the rest of the population, is in a current similar (o whst hus happened as between the liorse wnd the automobile. In the be- ginning the autumobile had to conform W the horse. Legislation took care of te Lorse and the driver of horses—at oue liwe some State laws required the sulviioblle driver 0 stop until the horse driver should pass him. As the sulumoblle industry grew stronger, leg- wslation touk increasing care of it. To- day, lu several cities, the horse is actu- ally ruled off some streets. AU this, of course, is about the future, and may turn out to be wrong. Other forces, ot now possible to foresee, may come into play. One thoughtful farm leader admits all that is said here about the present. As to the future. how- ever, he envisages & different outcome. He says there will be, so to speak, a merger b«melrn much of manufactur- “There is 1o malice, no evil intent in | ing and n of farming. There will (his contrast between what we say 1o | decentralization of industry. He farmers and | thinks that much manufacturing, now | carrled on in cities, will depart from | the high taxes, high wages and other- of the business statistics now available relate to production, with litlle data as o the movement of commodities from the producer 10 the dealels or con- sumers. It 15 believed that economies in markeling could be bLrought about | with_adequate stalistics regarding ihe | distreibotion of commodities. It noum‘ 1urnish figures as 0 the value of goods | deall in during the year and as to| stocks carried al (he end of the year. It would provide statistics as to the number of retuilers and wholesalers e gaged i the distribution of commodi- ties. While he was Secretary of Coln-‘ merce more than & year ago President | Hoover outlined to the committees of Congress the sdvantages to be gained from a census of distribution. H Census and _reapportionment were mentioned by the President in his mes- cage At the opening of the prasent ses- | sion as being among the questions that | could be undertaken at this time with- out unduly extending the session, | wise high costs of the towns. They will g0 out (o the villages. Farming com- munities will be dotted with factorles. Some farmers will become part.time farmers and part-time workers in industry. Once Lovely Flower Now Considered Pest Once & cherished flower, now a pest that Is destroying thousands of acres of valuable pasture lai the little lan- (ans plant is the object of attack i Hawail. Lantana, known in the United States as.a pretty flower, was brought to Hawail many years ago by some nature-lover, just who is not definitely known, and immediately began to spread. It grows thickly av ;Ifltude; from n]e:.lml to 1.500 or 2,000 eet, and several large Hawaiian ranches are heavy losers in grazing land,