Evening Star Newspaper, May 12, 1929, Page 31

| ¥hich came a party which wa: PILGRIMAGE IS PLANNED = TO G. O. P. BIRTHPLACE Party Leaders to Visit Ripon, Wis., This Summer—Exercises to Center About Historic Schoolhouse. I born natfonal and State leaders will make a pilgrimage in the early Summer as to a shrine. Although the little building is in the town of Ripon, in the heart of rural Wisconsin, it is .of much interest to Republicans of the Empire State. Alvan E. Bovay, the man whom his- tory credits with having suggested at Ripon the name of the party, was born in Jefferson County. N. Y., and had been a resident of New York City before he went West, there to become the sponsor of & great political organiza- tion. His suggestion was broadcast from |the question after Statehood had been | Printing House Square and found wide granted. Nebraska was too far r\ortl’;v acceptance. It is likely that a large delegation from the metropolis will be present at the ceremonies in honor of his memory on June 8 in the Mid- western coliege community where Bovay | der State and in about the same lati- ‘was a prominent figure. Grew Out of Slave Issue. The formation of the Republican party grew out of the gathering oppo- sition to slavery as an institution, es- pecially in the States which had been formed from the Northwest territory.| strength. Whigs were disgorging, and | This region was west of Pennsylvania, north of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippl and south of Canada. In accordance with the famous or- dinance of 1787, it was to have no slavery within its boundaries after the vear 1800. Its settlers were largely from New England and upper New York State who, just after the Revolution and for many decades later, trekked practically due west to seek their for- tunes. The ordinance did recognize the right of owners of fugitive slaves to recover them, even after the runaways had| escaped beyond the Ohio. As a fact. the “underground railroads” by which the Negroes were aided to freedom were | very active. The northern part of the territory was once known as Michigan | and included the present State of that | name as well as Wisconsin, Minnesota and part of Dakota. Wisconsin, aftel much delay, became a State in 1848 It was dominated by ardent Northern foes of slavery. Alvan Earle Bovay reached Ripon in | 1850, only two years after Wisconsin had become a political unit. He was then a vigorous aggressive man of 32. Bovay had been in business and then had been admitted to the bar practicing his profession for several years in New | York. As forceful a personality as he | was, it has only been in recent years that historians have paid much atten- | tion to his busy life, for some standard blographical works do not mention him. | ‘Wide Choice of Parties. Ripon was hardly more than a ham- | let in the 50s, and it was really not con- | sidered settled until 1838. Bovay at once | became a leading spirit. His chief ally and friend was Jedediah Bowen, the principal merchant of the place. There | were only about 100 voters in Ripon, but they had a wide choice of parties. Bovay was & Whig and an eloquent and ardent one. He was not so partisan, however, but that he recognized his par- | ty was likely to crumble any time from the boring within it. He saw in the slavery question an issue no longer to be avolded. It was | then a seething topic. Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, in 1852, had written | “Uncle Tom's Cabin.” ‘The political leaders who had for years been devising ways of avoiding a clash between those who live on either side of the Mason and Dixon’s line then | were in their graves. Henry Clay, call- | ed “The Great Pacificator,” had died in 1852 after 30 years of sustained effort | to silence the voices of dispute, begin- ning with his part in the Missouri com- promise of 1820 and ending with the ‘compromise of 18! ‘Webster was no more holding up the glories of the Constitution in rounded jods. John C. Calhoun, “his hot life scold o're,” was no more, but he had been succeeded by many who held that unless the right to hold slaves were conceded to her by the North the South should be permitted to go her | ‘way in peace. Gave Party Its Name. ‘Bovay seems to have suggested In 1852 that a strong anti-slavery party be formed to be called the Republican party. He broached it at that time to Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, upon whom he called in that year when on a brief visit to this city. Matters had reached a crisis, Mr. Bovay believed, when in 1854 bills were intro- duced in Congress permitting Nebraska and Kansas to choose whether or not they would have slavery. “Your paper,” he wrote to Mr. Gree- ley later, “is now a power in the land. Advocate calling together in every |other prominent State and National free | jeaders of the States all the opponents of the Kansas | have been made for their entertain- and Nebraska bills no matter what their [ ment at the Lawsonia Country Club on church and schoolhouse in the party affiliations. Urged them to forget | previous organizations and to h$ bound | together under the name suggested to you at Lovejoy’s Hotel in 1852, I mean the name of Republican. It is the only one which will serve all purposes, t and future—the only one that will live and last.” The joint bill had been introduced | on January 23, 1854, and in February of that year Greeley printed an edi- torial in the Tribune advocating that the name Republican be adopted by the opoonents of slavery. Kansas and Nebraska were to be admitted as Ter- ritories, with wer to do as they pleased about slavery, despite the fact that it was expressiy provided in the Missouri Compromise of 1820 that there were to be no slaves in any States or ‘Territories north of the line 36 degrees 30 _minutes. The bill in its final form declared the Missouri Compromise “inoperative and vold” because “inconsistent with | the principles of non-intervention by Congress with slavery in the States and Territories as recognized by the legis- Tation of 1850.” “The healing work of two genera- tions of statesmen” to quote from Woodrow Wilson’s ‘A History of the American People, “was destroyed at a stroke.” Mass Meeting in Schoolhouse. Mr. Bovay, during February of that fateful year, 1854, called again and again on all foes of slavery to rally under the Republican banner. Late in the month he gathered together, in the Congregational Church at Ripon, a group of those of his own opinion. On March 20 & mass meeting was called In District Schoolhouse 2, a small white wooden building. Of the hundred or so voters in Ripon Mr, Bovay, by constantly searching all highways and byways, had got 53 into the school. They were of all sorts and conditions of politics—Whigs, Democrats | | and Free Sollers—present on that cold and windy night. Then it was that Mr. Bovay offered his resolution that a new party, to be called “Republican,” be organized at once, based on opposition to slavery. The suggestion was adopted and_ the town committees appointed by the Free Soil and Whig parties were dissolved. A committee on organization was ap- pointed, consisting of three Whigs. one Free Sofler and one Democrat. Those who composed it were Bovay, Loper, A. Thomas, J. Woodruff and Bowen. Such was the’ beginning from | d tof s umber millions of followers an trol great national destinies. \ Douglas Assumed Leadership. Unc™ the leadership of Stephen A ‘ambitious to be President sas measures of May, 1354, were enacted. Agsinst them wer O the schoothouse where 75 years kindled the flames of opposition which ago the Republican party was | blazed all through the Summer. At a held at Jackson. | on July 6, 1854, attended by Nebraska” men, the title “Re- publican” was used, as suggested by the organizer of the schoolhouse meet- ing at Ripon. The name was employed later in a Wisconsin convention and spread to State gatherings in the East, held in New York, Massachusetts, Ver- ' mont andMaine. ! The newly passed law_was not quite clear as to whether the Kansans might elect to have slavery while they were | still living under territorial govern- state convention | | l | ment or whether they were to decide | |of the line defined in the Misso Compromise to be considered as a slav | holding commonwealth. Kansas, hos | ever, just west of Missouri, was & bor- | tude as her neighbor. Into Kansas | poured the partisans of slavery and of | abolition, including the fanatical John Brown and his stalwart sons. | | Party Gains Strength. The new party was slowly gaining in in 1852 they had suffered a defeat hich ‘had demoralized them. Then, 50, there had risen the “America party” or the “All-American party. commonly known ss the “Know Noth- ings” because of the reply they made when asked about details of their or- ganization and supposedly secret ritual. This strange body. founded on racial and religious prejudices, had succeeded | THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON. D. C, | i | | | | | | BY DR. JULIUS KLEIN, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for the MAY 12, 1929—PART 2. Europe Leans on Colonies Children of Old World Are Playing Part in Europe’s Economic Recovery and Building Our Own Trade OUNTRY’S. Ilands are now dependent upon foreign | achieve stability until this vital prob-| However, it is worth remembering that | sources. IN TANGIER, MOROCCO, ONE OF THE FEW COLONIES WHERE AMERICAN TRADE IS ON AN EQUAL FOOTING WITH THE MOTHER C | lem of surplus labor is Solved and 8| pnegriy half of the raw material im- | plorer and dashing Army officer, under the banner “Free Speech, Free Soil and | Fremont.” The Pathfinder was a pop- | chanan of Pennsylvania, more or less | Invitations to the "observances have | been accepted by James W. Good, Sec- past | George Vitee of Manitowoc and in electing governors in several States | and had sent nearly a _hundred mem- bers to the House of Representatives. | A political Cave of Adullam, a refug of malcontents of all kinds, was the great American party of “Know Noth- ings,” some of whom favored the ex- tension of slavery, while others op- posed. Also were the Free Sollers com- mitted to the abolition of slavery by political means. The Free Soil party had been connected with the Liberty party, which had much the same view, and also it had taken over a faction of the New York Democrats, called the | Barnburners, because their extreme views were compared to the policy of a man who burned down his barn to get rid of the rats. The Free Soilers flung wide their motto, “Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor and Freemen.” To the growing new party of Republicans came many kinds of po- litical faiths who had the common | bond of opposition to slavery —all “Anti-Nebraska or Kansas” men. Some had been Whigs, some Democrats, oth- ers had turned from such short-lived organizations as the Free Soilers and the Know Nothings. Arfinformal con- vention, which might better be called an organizing committee, was held in Pittsburgh early in 1856 at which the name Republican as the title of a na- tional party was firmly fixed. Fremont for President. ‘The Republican convention in that same year met in_ Philadelphia and nominated John C. Fremont for Presi- dent. Fremont was an intrepid ex- ular idol as a seeker out of the mys- teries of new lands, but the political | situation was such that James Bu- | of the pacificator type, was elected by the Democrats. ‘There had been a proposal to name Abraham Lincoln, then becoming a powerful factor in politics, but it was abandoned because of the belief that the widespread popularity of the ro- maritic Fremont could not fail to win. Lincoln, however, in 1860 became the choice of the Republican party when it met in convention in Chicago, - oughly and strongly organized, and with its issues well defined, especially on slavery, while the Democratic party was rent into factions. Th~1 came the election of Lincoln and the stirring events of the Civil War. After the great question had been settled for once and all the Republican party devoted itself to the upbuilding of the country, the strengthening of government and the promotion of com- merce and industry which has since distinguished it as a strong and ag- gressive organization. At Ripon, the birthplace of the Re- publican party, often referred to as its cradle, preparations for the coming cele- ebration are being steadily developed. President Hoover has accepted the ho! orary chl\fllflnshlJ) of the national Re- publican diamond jubilee committee. retary of War; Walter J. Kohler, Re- publican, Governor of Wisconsin, and party. _ Arrangements Green Lake. Residents of Fond du Lac County are most active. Judge Roy E. Reed of Ripon is chair- man of the national arrangements com- mittee. Among those assisting mmu:ra rs. Harry L. Thomas of Sheboygan, both members of the Republican national committee. Plan Historical Tageant. The Senate and Assembly of Wiscon- sin will attend in a body. Large dele- gations from Wisconsin and _other neighboring States will go to Ripon on | United States; Author of “Frontiers of Trade. In this connettion, of course, the | problem has a vital interest for some | of the major items of our export trade, | | LL too frequently the important Amos special trains, according to A. H. Wil- kinson of Milwaukee, collector of in- ternal revenue and chairman of the congressional district committee, Special facilities for the landing of planes will be provided at the Ripon and Lawsonia Airports. Nearby cities such_as Ripon, which has only a 4,000 population, wiil co-operate in furnish- ing hotel accommodations for guests. Among these are Oskosh, Fond du Lac, Berlin and Green Lake, all accessible by rall, bus and automobile, One of the features of the celebra- tion will be a historical pageant de- | picting the growth of the Republican party from its inception to the present | day. The exercises will center about | the historie schoolhouse. It is in the center of a natural amphitheater or | bowl on the campus of Ripon College, & co-educational institution founded by the pioneers. The students and resi- | dents of Ripon and surrounding towns | will take part in the ceremonies, wear- | ing costumes of the early periods. From {the steps of the schoolhouse addresses {will be delivered by Mr. Good, Gov. Kohler and others. Tablet on Schoolhouse, The speakers will stand near the| tablet at the entrance of the school- house, on which is set forth the story of a party. The inscription is as fol- n this School House, March 20th, 1854, was held the first mass meeting {in this country that definitely and posi- tively cut loose from old parties and advocated a new party under the name Republican.” Mr. Bovay lived many years after the meeting in 1854. With the outbreak of | the Civil War he helped raise a regi- | i ment of volunteers in his State and be- | came its major, and by his title in mili- tary service he is generally referred to in the records of the town. I | | Better Than Cold Bin. From the Lansing State Journal. Prof. Hubbs, university professor, is to quit his investigations in the Arctic for fact is overlooked that the Te- covery of Europe is by no means an exclusively European prob- lem. Its repercussions extend to all parts of the world. And this naturally implies an increasingly ac- tive interest on the part of our busi- ness community in the economic aspects of the overseas possessions and man- dated territories of the countries of the Old World. The emphasis placed upon colonial trade openings in the recent reparations | and agricultural organization would be | discussion in Parls is but the latest evi- | dence of the attention now being given to this problem. Nor was this discus- ¢ the | sion based solely upon the colonial mar- | programs. ket possibilities, important though they have always been. The overseas terri- tories are being viewed particularly in connection with the maintenance of the trade balance of the mother countries. Consequently more especial attention is being given to the exploitation of raw material resources for which the home- | notably cotton, tobacco and cereals. Re- | doubled efforts are now being mads |every colonizing nation in the Ol | World to_minimize depen America for these essentia would do well, therefore. to closely the colonial policies and pro- grams of Europe. Broad Interest in Program. | |in the problem. Without European e ! nomic stabilization our whole industr 0~ certain to suffer. |is the deveiop ‘This involves, as | not_ simpl | colonies ~ through the exploitation of | their rapidly expanding buying power, | only but also the development of their latent | chan 1t involves also, for England | $2,500,000,000. resources. | in particular, a far-flung stimulation of | immigration ‘for the unemployed. The mother count e by | periments in this direction have no |d | been entirely successful; the difficulty dence upon | Of fitting urban unemployed into farm, | ls, and we mining and lumbering pursuits is by observe | NO means major prospect for solution is evidently in the opportunities provided by the growing demand for labor in the dominions and colonies. Thus far, ex- small. Much is being learned from recent unsuccessful ex- T | each case. | ports of the United States, valued in excess of $2,000,000,000, emanated from | one or, at the most, two countries in In other words, America’s | vast industrial growth has moved for- | ward in spite of the fact that the re- quired raw materials have not come from colonies. So far as colonial markets are con- | periments in Canada, and it is hoped |cerned, an increasingly significant pro- We have, however, a broader interest | jal | enterprises—the latter. An indispensable item | to that stabilization the Atlantic | with large. A o ment nocfro.:;und ‘colonial | great stress which the German dele- indicated, | gates laid upon colonial markets in y increasing exports to the | reparations discussios with more success in later efforts. | that these lessons might be applied | portion of the exports of Europe is being_sold in_the overseas possessions. In pre-war years the colonies were | The British Empire absorbs more than often regarded simply as sentimental |46 per cent of England’s total overseas _day vestiges of | sales as against 35 per cent in 1913. In the romantic episodes of bygone cen- fact, the colonies take more than half turies—and not intimately associated |of Britain's total manufactured ship- -scale export activities. The the ns recalls the 1913 those that in Of course, in this connection the value of the colonies as producers of ry cannot possibly | raw materials also has been stressed. | ments. India, as her largest customer, purchased last year nearly $409,000,000 worth, or approximately 12 per cent of fact | England’s total exports. Australia was ‘markets absorbed | Second Wwith more than $271,000,000. $14,000,000 Worth of German mer- | An interesting feature is the rapid ad- dise out of a total export c(ixn#‘cemem of Nigeria in British West ca, whose imports per capita from | England are double the sales of British g00ds per capita to the United States. (Continued on Fifth Page.) The Story the Week Has Told that President Hoover advised only a |siderably and elaborately) a Democratic “limited revision” of the existing tariff | member of the ways and means com- BY HENRY W. BUNN. The following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended May 11: * kK K THE BRITISH EMPIRE—On May 10 Parliament was dissolved. There are 1,685 candidates for the 615 seats Conservatives, 559 Laborites, 493 Lib- erals, 24 Communists, and 27 others. There are 64 woman candidates, in- cluding 28 Laborites, 25 Liberals, 8 Conservatives, 2 Communists, and 1 in- dependent. Among the Conservative candidates_are 3 peeresses and Miss Margaret Bevan, one-time lord mayor of Liverpool. The Labor candidates in- clude several titled ladies. Among the Liberal candidates are Mrs. Walter Runciman and Mrs. Masterman, wives of distinguished public men, and Miss Megan Lloyd George, daughter of the doughty Welshman. I mentioned in a previous issue the institution of a regular air mail pas-| senger service between London and Karachi. On the seaplane stretch be- tween Genoa and Alexandria, stops are made Corfu, Athens and Suda Bay. The fare (including hotel rooms and meals) is $290, London to Alexandria, and $650, London to Karachi. EE FRANCE.—FPrance continues to cela-( | brate the fifth centenary of Joan of Arc's great year. On Tuesday was re- enacted here entrance into Orleans, held by Dunois and besieged by the British. A lady related to the maid by collateral _descent, Mlle. Nicole Chavane de Dalmassi, clad in full armor, with a white and gold banner in her right hand, riding a black steed (but presumably not, except in color, like that one which mounted the maid. “s0 malicious that no man dared to ride it"), and accompanied by pano- plied knights, I’ofleutilm the storied city. | O shades of Dead and Lovely Knights.” ‘The municipal elections of May 5 re—‘ sulted satisfactorily to the government. To be sure, the Communists held their own, but the Radical Soclalists suffered considerable losses. Moreover, the autonomists in Alsace were overwhelm- ingly beaten. *oxwiw CHINA —There's another little kick- up in China. It will be recalled how the other day Chiang Kai-Shek added | greatly to his military renown by | quickly disposing of the so-called | “Wuhan rebellion.” Now the most im- | portant element of the forces of | the Wuhan group was furnished .by Kwangsi Province. at the South of China, marching with Kwangtung Prov- ince, of which Canton is the capital. When Hankow fell to the Nationalist forces, and the Wuchan army was dis- | persed. the Kwangs! warriors made the best of thelr way back to Kwangsi. Thelr losses had probably been slight, their morale was unimpaired, their spirit | was that of Paul Jones, they had just | begun to fight. They would at once renew the war upon Chiang Kal-Shek and the Nanking nest of renegades, of | Politically there are no very defimte ! traitors to the three principles, but upon a better plan. First, they said, let us capture Canton; thereafter as may seem best. Their zeal allowed them no rest. At once three columns were set in motion, converging upon Canton. At this moment all three columns are ap- proaching the walls of the ancient town. The Nationalist garrison is much less numerous than the invaders and the | loyalty of many is suspected; funk is in to be hoped. Having to keep close watch to the north upon that old fox Feng Yu-Hslang, Chiang Kai-Shek can- not weaken his concentrations upon the Yangtze. So there you are. Another check to the Chinese millennium. Under date of April 27 the Chinese government dispatched identic notes to the powers expressing “the desire of China to have the restrictions on its Jjurisdictional sovereignty removed at the_earlicst possible date.” On May 5 Tsinan was evacuated of Japanese troops and garrisoned by | troops of the Nationalist government. Col. Max Bauer, military adviser to the Nanking government, is dead of the smallpox. The remarkable recent suc- cess of the Central government's forces against those of the Wuhan insurgent | group is largely attributed to him. He was & distinguished member of the lack of funds. And to think of the poor man gettng home and finding his coal bin empty. German general staff during the e t war; was, indeed, Ludendorfl’s right- hand man and nounced by him “the shrewdest r in the German the air. Succor from Nanking is not | |army.” He is said to have made the artillery _preparation for the great Spring offensive of 1918, He was ban- ished from Germany prominent_participation in the Kapp | putsch of 1920. | * * x VENEZUELA.—The other day Juan Vicente Gomez was unanimously re- .of the next House of Commons, 582 clected President of Venezuela by the | Venevuelan Congress, the term to ex- pire in 1936. The general is 72 years ‘uld. He has been in power since the | overthrow of President Castro in 1909; | President except for brief interludes |during which provisional Presidents | kept the seat warm and provided vaca- | tions for him, so to speak. But the | general has declined extension of his dlc!lwrshig. Like Cincinnatus, hav- | ing saved his country, he will retire to | his farm. He will devote the remainder |of his life to the chief national de- siderata, namely, development of agri- culture and stock breeding. Sk kN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.— The tariff revision bill has been re- ported to the House. It comprises 83,000 words. It-will be remembered because of his | law. “Limited” is perhaps scarcely the word for the bill, which is said to touch every schedule except that on tobacco, to revise over one-fourth of the exist- |ing tariff rates, to alter nearly every paragraph of the agricultural schedule, Of course, the changes are, with insig- nificant exceptions, upward. The bill provides for reorganization of the Tariff Commission. The num- ber of its members to be increased from six to seven, the salaries of the mem- bers to be raised from $10,000 to $12,- 000, and the existing requirement of division of the personnel on a party basis to go by the board. The admin- istrative innovations contemplated are of great importance and promise very pretty international controversies. A Dbitter debate is in rro!pect. ‘You can't, it seems, pay Paul without rob- bing Peter. For example: The bill would transfer cement, shingles and certain classes of brick and lumber, now on the free list, to the dutiable lists. The farmers cry out bitterly upon | this. Similarly as to the increased rates on sugar and on textiles (con- | POLAND IS SEEN ADVANCING | RAPIDLY TOWARD PROSPERITY Nation Is Politically Without Definite Troubles BY EDGAR ANSEL MOWRER. ARSAW.—After two and a half years I am again in Poland. It seems almost another country, & happler, movre energetic, cleaner, | brighter, more prosperous country. | "In company with several of my fel- low American correspondents I accepted an invitation of the Polish government to travel about new Poland. “A propa- ganda trip?” if you will, “personally conducted?” Admirably conducted, yet ostensibly allowed to investigate any- thing, pry into political cupboards, raise all sorts of unpleasant interrogations, ask all manner of embarrassing ques- | tions. ee years ago the Poles were retl- ! cent when asked about their numerous “thorns in the flesh,” about German re- sentment of their possession of the cor- ridor, about Dantzig's passive resistance to Polish rights, about the troubles with Lithuania over Vilna, about communist i propaganda and the faint yet very real | strivings of the Ukrainians for inde-. ! pendence. Today they speak freely and ! With conslderable objectivity. Poland on Stable Basis. Poland has definitely been stabilized. troubles abroad. Russian and Polish friction 1s reduced to a normal mini- mum. Industrial progress is making Germany. ‘The conflict with Lithuania lasts eternally, but bothers no one. Internally, the presence of Pilsudski, almost a natlonal god. convinces most of the country that “all's right with the world” The long fight between the Natlonalists and the Democrats is over, and for the time being anyway, the Democrats _have won. _For, unlike Mussolini, Pilsudski of the big mus- taches, has done nothing to consolidate his obvious power as dictator. He works for international understanding, not for Polish expansion through war. Pilsudski wants a new constitution on the Amerl- can model, which will make the execu- tive somewhat more independent of Parliament than under the present “French system.’ Once the reform is | carried through, perhaps in six months, { his greatest work will be done and his death or withdrawal would leave matters jas he established them. Chicagoan Alds Poland. Economically there is great change. | Pactorles are opened and running. In |Posen I inspected a locomotive works which can compare with those any- where in Europe for efficiency. In the Bank of Polski sits an Americal Charles 8. Dewey of Chicago. He sees that the American loan is wisely spent. Incidentally, he puts his experience and common sense at the benefit of the Polish government and }l trying to teach i I | i | Poland more and more independent of | the standing subject for variety house Abroad and Industries Making Noteworthy Gains—Pilsudski Held in High Esteem. Polish methods of business forecasting, cess has been fairly large. ‘Wages are still fainfully low, but the | people on the streets are fairly well | dressed and the streets themselves are | becomingly well | | paved. Warsaw itself seems to be under- decently clean and going renovation on a wholesale scale. More than anything else it would wel- come the opening of an American bank. New streets, new buildings (among them an _“American skyscraper” 12 stories high), new enterprises—these are every- where apparent. Returning Poles Great Help. ‘This innovation has been largely pos- sible owing to the return of gifted Poles from all the regions of the earth to co- operate in national reconstruction. Like the Jews after the captivity, the Poles, whom_political persecution or personal ambition had led to seek their fortunes abroad, have come back, bringing with them all that they learned in more pro- gressive countries. And the world is coming to under- | | they strangely delay to do so, but the stand this. Typical is the case of Gdy- nia, the new port on the Baltic that is gradually taking shape and already last year passed a tonnage of over 2,000,000. Three years ago it was the German fashion to joke about Gdynia. It was jokes in Dantzig. And today these same good Dantzigers are complaining that Gdynia is on the way to ruin Dantzig- a_curlous statement if we remember that today the traffic through Dantzig Har- bor is approximately four times what it was in 1913. Army Much Improved. The same improvement is visible in the Polish army. As an old war cor- respondent I have kept an eye for military equipment and morale. The ragged battalions that barely held the bolsheviks in 1920 have been whipped into a regular army, which foreign ex- ! perts pronounce of good quality. For all these reasons Poland can to- day afford to let the world see it as it is; for the Poles have nothing to hide. I do not mean that there are no abuses. Corruption, I am told, is still plentiful among the poorly pald employes; there is still a tendency to an almost Russian brutality in the handling of communists or political prisoners; there is still too much nationalism and safe boasting. But Poland is changing fast. Next year, in the city of Poznan, the world will be invited to see Poland's first national expositicn—a large-scale demonstration of what has been accomplished in a decade by this ancient nation so re- ceptly risen from the ashes, (Copyright, 1028.) industrialists truly American | cost | calculation and co-operation. His suc- | i | | first | ment of costs of repairing war damage | mittee has been heard to assert that, on a balance, the farmer, instead of being benefited would be stung to the | annual tune of $100,000,000. Well, well, | people will be looking gift horses in the mouth, It is satisfactory to note that Philip- ine products are not touched by the illl. Perhaps it is correct to say that the bill engages as much interest in Europe as in this country, the Euro- | pean reaction thereto being very sad. Please observe that in the above I | have expressed no personal opinion. | Such an expression could only be justi- fled after a thorough study of the bill. On Ma: rejected | benture feature from the Federal Farm | Board bill under consideration by that | body. Thirty-four Democrats and 13 | Republicans * (mostly “insurgents”) voted against the motion, 42 Republi- | cans and 2 Democrats for it. I THE EXPERTS' COMMITTEE —The week has seen very important, develop- ments in what we might call the Ger- man reparations drama at Paris, Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, head of the German representation on the experts’ commit- tee, did not return to Paris from his visit to Berlin with any new proposals, but Owen D. Young, chairman of the committee, submitted thereto a plan devised by its American members and known as the Young plan. The fol- lowing notice of the main features of that plan is d upon information not officlally thenticated, but prob- ably in the main very nearly accurate. It will be recalled that the plan proposed by the allled members of the experts committee contemplates 58 an-~ nuities, the first 37 to average 2,198,- 000,000 marks (the value of the mark gold par is about 23.8 cents, or 4.2 marks to_the dollar). The next 20 to be of 1,700,000,000 marks each, the schedule clml{;u with an annuity of 900,000,000 arks. It will be recalled, also, that the German ofter of April 17, contemplates 31 hlnnumefl. of '1,650,000,000 marks each. Now the Young plan_contemplates 37 annuities averaging 2,050,000,000 marks, 20 annuities of 1,700,000,000 marks each, and a final annuity of 900,000,000 marks. ‘The following calculation is of value for the purpose of comparison: The total of the allied plan is calculated to correspond, on a 5! per cent interest basis, to a present value of 39,500,000.~ 000 marks (about $9,400,000,000). The total of the German offer on the same interest basis is calculated to correspond to a present value of 26,000.000,000 marks (about $6,200,000.000). The total of the Young plan, on the same In- terest basis, is calculated to correspond to & present value of about 36,500,000, 000 marks (about $8,700,000,000). We are told that the Germans indi- cate a willingness to accept the Young plan with “certain reservations.” Asked to present these reservations in writing, general indication is that if the Young plan goes into the diseard, it will not be because of “German reservations.” Nevertheless, the Young plan is in danger of rejection. Why? Observe that under the allied plan there would be available (out of the 37 annuities) toward reimburse- a total, present value, of about 13,000,- 000,000 marks (about $3,100,000,000). And observe that the Young plan would cut this figure to about 10,000,000,000 marks (about $2,300,000,000). Where, chiefly, would the shares be applied? The precise figures are not obtainable, but apparently the British are called upon to make far the greater sacrifice. On May 10 the world was startled to read the newspaper report of a state- ment made the previous day to the British Commons, at its last sitting be- fore dissolution, by Mr. Churchill, chancellor of the exchequer. He re- marked that the experts sitting at Paris were empowered to reach conclusions and make recommendations independ- ently of their several governments: that the British government had kept in touch with its experts, but had given them no_instructions, nor would. But that the proposals just published in the press (the Young plan) would not, un- der any circumstances, be entertained by the British government. Now did Mr. Churchill really mean all that? Or was the statement com- pelled by electoral campaign exigencies, to’lapse upon the general elections (to be held May 30)? You see, the La- borites and Liberals have been charg- ing that, under Conservative manage- NATIONS WILL HONOR MACHADO AT INAUGURAL President of Cuba I Problems, of Int He Begins BY GASTON NERVAL. MBASSIES and special missions from the 20 American republics will gather in Havans on May 20 to attend the inaugura- tion of Gen. Gerardo Machado as President of Cuba. Re-elected by an overwhelming majority last November, Gen. Machado will take up the duties of chief magistrate for a second term of four years. Last year the Cuban Congress spent | several months devising a_way to keep President Machado in office after the | expiration of his present term on May 20. The Cubans generally ap- | parently were satisfied with the Machado regime. But the constitution | was explicit as to_presidential tenure— | re-election being barred. No president | during his term of office could be nom- | inated for a second term. Therefore {the only way was to amend the con- stitution, 1" "Iwo forms were proposed for this | amendment- one authorizing the ex- | tension _of his present term for two | years, the other permitting re-election. ‘The latter method was adopted, and in | November last the Cuban people went | to the polls and re-elected President iMarhndo by a large majority. Thus, |at the cost of changing the constitu- ! tion, Gen. Machado has been retained, {and he will soon begin a second term, | at & momentous hour for Cuba. An Interesting Period. The island republic is at present passing through one of the most in- teresting periods of her history. Dur- ing her quarter of a century of inde- pendence Cuba has won & conspicuous position among the Latin American account of the enormous totals of her foreign trade and the importan her position &s the greatest sug: producing nation of the world, but on account of the high cultural and in- tellectual position held by her people. Cuba, with but 44,200 square miles of territory (more or less the area of Pennsylvania) and three million in- habitants (about the population of Chicago) has come to be a personage in the concert of nations, and has voice and vote in the principal inter- national conclaves, where she has a seat beside the great European powers and the United States. To this country Cuba has a peculiar importance, due to economic relations. For many years Cuba has been recog- nized as the best market in this hemi- #phere for American products, with the sole exception of Canada. Cuba’s trade with the United States during the past year reached a total of $421,088,000. In 1926 Cuba imported from the United States goods to the value of $160,052,000, while from Great Britain, which holds second place in Cuban trade, she im- ported to the value of but $12,474,000; from France, $11,873,000, and from nopoly held by the United States in Cuban trade is explained by the geo- graphic proximity and political bonds the United States Is & large exporter | of all the goods which Cuba buys.. Al- | though Cuba’s trade with France, Spain | Mexico and Canada has grown enor- | mously in recent years, the United | States predominates in the Cuban | market. Export Trade With U. 8. As for Cuban exports, the position of the United States still is stronger, due to the fact that almost the total sugar producion of Cuba is shipped to the United States. And since sugar, the principal product of the island, rules its economic life, almost” the entire export trade of Cuba is with the United States, the largest sugar consumer in the world. ‘The United States also consumes large amounts of tobacco, tropical fruits, arly vegetables and molasses, all pro- duced by Cuba in great quantities. In 1926 the United States imports from Cuba totaled $242,882,000. Lastly, United States investments in Cuba reach the enormous total of of the total of foreign capital invested in the island and almost the equivalent of the total of United States invest- ments in all other Latin American na- tions, excepting only Mexico, On beginning his second presidential term Gen. Machado finds Cuba facing two serious problems, one a political question and one economic. Both in- to which Cuba has been closely bound since the first days of her independencs, Political Problem. ‘The political problem is that of the so-called “Platt amendmenty” which, to a certain extent, limits Cuba’s liberty of action in international matters. When the island won independence from Spain, thanks to her own valor and aid of the United States, Cuba acccpted, with the granting of her sovereignty as a republic the provisions of a treaty amendment proposed in the United Platt, among which provisions we find the following: “Cuba shall conclude no agreement which impairs its independ- ence, or concede territory or jurisdic “Cuba shall contract no debts without voting the funds to pay the Cuba consents to intervention by the United States to guarantee the lives and prop- ery of its inhabitants”; “Cuba skall cede to the United States fixed mari- time zones as coaling stations”; and other provision of minor importance. . What Cubans Claim. Much has been said and written as to the effect of the Platt amendment on the sovereignty of Cuba. It is claimed by Cubans that a covenant of this na. ture ordinarily would be dangerous to :he independence of Cuba. 1t is asserted that had such an agreement been made with some other power, less jealous of its_international prestige, and less_an ment, the Bridfish nation has been ! “stung"” in respect of the war debts and tives cannot afford to give color to further charges in like kind. Does this mean that the Young plin goes by the board, shoved overside by the Brit- ish government? Not necessarily. That sop Is expected to “amuse” Cerberus over the elections. Belike the British experts will (the British government conniving), sub- scribe to the Young plan. British sen- timent is widely set up over the alleged injustices to British, but it seems un- likely that the new Parliament, even though the Conservatives should be in a minority, would reject the Young plan. But the whole situation is in a phase of extreme dublety. Let us hope for clarification by next week. * xR X NOTES.—The Red rioting in Berlin ended on May 4, with a total death toll of 27 rioters (or persons in the area of , besides hundreds of injured, 36 policemen. On May the Graf Zeppelin is to leave Friedrichshafen on a second flight for the United States. On May 6 an_unsuccessful attempt was made on the life of Premier Walde- maras of Lithuania. The shots intended for him killed one person and wounded two others who accompanied him. The regime headed by Waldemaras was es- tablished in December, 1926, by a mili- tary coup d'etat, and has since been maintained the army. s PR '“4'7"!011 ho‘lllu{:rpn&rhn‘ nstant on an scale 1is reported between the new Ameer of Afghanistan (the ‘“water boy”) and ex-Ameer Amanullah, nations. She holds this not merely on | Spain, $11,516,000. This apparent mo- | of the two nations, and the fact that| $1,360,000,000 and represent 85 per cent | volve relations with the United States, ! States Senate by Senator Orville H.| tion to other powers in its territory”; | German reparations, and the Consery-’ s Faced By Two Big erest to U. S, As New Term. enemy of imperialism than is the United States, it is very possible that Cuba might find h!l’&l( deprived of her lib- erty. Fortunatfly, this agreement was | made with the United States, a nation | which makes respect for small nations one of the fundamental points of its | International policy. and, due to this | fact, Cuba has as yet suffered no harm- | ful effects from the Platt amendment. In 26 years, as a Cuban writer points out, there cannot be found one instance !of violence or oppression on the part of the United States against Cuba. .The | military _intervention of 1906 was sought by the Cuban government, and after an administration of conciliation, | the troops were withdrawn and the management of national affairs was | given back into the hands of Cubans The United States has never shown any desire to intervene in the internmal | affairs of Cuba, but has respected the sovereignty of the island, refusing to exercise any jurisdiction over it. However, and herein according to the Cubans, lies the danger the United | States could at any time jeopardize the | political autonomy of Cuba, by taking | advantage of the provisions of the Platt amendment. _ Although the United States never has taken, and assuredly vill not take in the future, any ad- vantage of the Platt amendment to com mit any act that would imperil the | sovereignty of Cuba, yet the mere fact | that it has in its hands such a formid- | able weapon is held humiliating by | Cuba. The mere moral aspect of this | pact is & problem for Cuba. Henee, | from the first days of his term as presi- dent Gen. Machado, although he is a | staunch friend of the United States, | has advocated the abolition of the Platt amendment, and now that he is to begin his second term he undoubtedly will renew his vows to bring this situ- ation to what he regards a basis. * Question of Sugar Duties. The other important problem of Cuba with respect to the United States is an economic one, and for that reason still more serious. This problem is the men- ace to the economic system of Cuba inherent in the proposed increase of duties on Cuban sugar imported into | this country. Numberless American statesmen and much of the press have protested against the plan,but beet-sugar growers of the West are asking Con- gress for another increase in duties. and this is allowed in the tariff bill just reported out. It is argued by friends of Cuba that the last increas- in the sugar tariff diminished the for- eign trade of the United States with Cuba, and in no way bettered the sit: ation of those who expected to benefy by the raiging of the price of foreign sugar—the very ones now asking an- other increase. Sugar, the principal | product of Cuba, rules the economic Iife of the island. Upon the prosperity of the sugar industry depends the gen- eral welfare of Cuba. And it is argued the United States has a deep economic interest in preserving this prosperity and welfare, for these are reflected in larger purchases of American goods. On the other hand, if the resources of Cuba are diminished when duties on her products are increased, if an eco- nomic ecrisis is thus brought upon her. | the Cubans necessarily will have to | decrease the amount of their purchases in the United States. From 1924, when the duty on sugar was increased the last time, the foreign trade of the | United States with Cuba has steadily | decreased. From a total of $199,778,000 in 1924 it fell to $127,860,000 in 1928, a | loss of 35 percent. ‘It is argued by | opponents of the tariff increase that the | export trade of the United States is | sure to suffer by reducing the purchas- | ing_power of Cuba. And Cuba buys more from the United States than any | of the Latin- American nations, !Ttaly Places Heavy Penalty on U. S. Tire Italy, like most nations, wants its citizens and all who dwell within fts confines to use Italian-made products. Heavy penalties are placed on the use | of foreign goods, so that the consumer |1s generally forced to choose & native product, however inferior, because of expense. ‘The difficulty met with by an Ameri- can manufacturer seeking to penetrate the Italian market is illustrated in the case of an American bicycle brought to Rome by an American boy of 7, whose father is in business here. One of the tires became punctured. No Rome bicycle shop was able to re- pair this American tire, nor did any Italian store have a tire which fitted the bicycle. As a last resort a tire was or- dered from the Chicago manufacturer. After three months the tire reached Italy, but the Americans wished they had bought a new bicycle instead. ‘The customs house charges and the fees of the company handling the shi ment of the little package weighing few pounds amounted to $10.35 or a) proximately ten and one-half times tg; cost of the tire itself. Needless to say the market for American bicycles in Ttaly is limited. | Berlin_lias Clapper On 25-Year Record | Handwork has a golden bottom, = German proverb says, and it is right. ‘The best proof in this day was fur nished by the completion of 25 yems ‘n a somewhat unusual career. This concerns Mr. Eckstein, nestor of the Berlin theater claque, who plays an | important role in the history of many Berlin theater successes. Now in col trol of a profitable organization, Ec) st2in started as an employe of a cotton firm at a salary of $25 a month with no chance for a raise. In his distress, a good friend took him to & theater manager, who engaged the boy at a salary of 8 cents & day as & profes- sional applauder. To supplement this | income, Eckstein was given 12 tickets every day, which he was allowed tc sell, earning 5 cents on week days and 12 cents on Sundays for each ticket. Thus the foundation for his fortune was laid. Today Eckstein furnishes | four theaters with plaudatory service. But he does not do the clapping him- | self, for he maintains an office which | supplies professional clappers. 'Reindeer Are Shipped From Norway to Alps | Chamois in the Austrian Tyrol are ! showing signs of nervousness—they must have heard that a shij it of reindeer is on the way from Norway to Teplace them in the snow and dee of | the Alps. | "1t is planned to make a first shipment | of 25 bucks and 175 does. If the herd thrives, then reindeer meat will appear in the restaurants, hikes up to the glaclers will be lightened by reindeer sleighs. ‘Transportation is said to be difficult, for reindeer insist upon eating their moss quietly, and the train must be stopped at three-hour intervals. They prefer also an environment of snow. m‘Whether or not the reindeer thrive in meat is more tender than chamols. There, is something about mm from peum to peak which turns iato