Evening Star Newspaper, March 10, 1929, Page 30

~ S0 THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON. D. €. MARCH 10, 1929-PART T TREND TO REVOLT GAIN N SPAW Masses Wish for End of Dic- tatorship and Return of | Regal Power. | position R LELAND STOWE, { Special Correspondent of The Star. MADRID, February 29.—After all else has been spoken or written about the | uneasy political situation in Spain to- | day, you must come eventually to what. in the ultimate sense, is unquestionably Spain’s most important problem. In- side the Spanish borders it is usually referred to with utmost delicacy or merely hinted at. Outside the frontiers it is probably given little or no thought | ¥_the average person Nevertheless. in the long view this problem supersedes all others. Express- | ed_concretely, it is this: What eflect | will the dictatorship of Primo de Ri- tera have upon the Bourbon dynasty in | Spain? You can lay aside a great many other products and by-products of the | Rivera regime, but this question is one which no thoughtful Spaniard ignores. Again and again I found it creeping. directly or by innuendo, into the words | of Spanish citizens of many different classes and professions with whom I talked here. Figueroa Talk Recalled. Perhaps there is no clearer or more authoritative example than the refer- | ence made by Don Alvaro Figueroa, the Count de Romanones. He is a_former premier, a lifelong student of Spanish politics, an_extremely rich man and at the same time for vears a friend of | King Alfonso. Despite all these factors, the following words crept into his dis- cussion of Spain's present governmental crisis: “The Spanish people are very patient, but there is a limit to their patience.” roval successicn. In Spain, as in Italy, rchy has suffered an equiva- | will give the | the mos | answered. None knows whether fate Bourbon dynasty & suc- lent drop in prestige, which, it is true, | cessor, and it is not clear how & new v be but s in I m: transitory. I striking crowns” in the twent! King in Delicate Position. Thus it happens that in Spain the question of duration of the dynasty is closely associated with the Rivera di tatorship, and King Alfonso cannot af- !ford to follow Primo_either too far or|done nothing to enforce the monarchy's too unquestioningly. In fact, the Kin today is almost unanimous regarde as a most delicate one. He is detocratic and gener: He is whole- htartedly devoted to the weifare of his xople, but in spite of these things he | g‘m.\ allowed the dictator complete and unbroken control of the government for five and one-half years. Because of the primary role which Primo has played and the markedly sccondary one which Alfonso has sub- | mitted to, it is admitted by many well informed persons here that the King has lost considerable prestige. Some even say were it not for the great per- 'mpathy which the people have always had for Alfonso or, rather, which he has always awakened in the people, the monarchy might have been en- dangered before this Since September, 1923, the elements opposed to the Bourbon dynasty or any form of monarchy have gradually strengthened. Their hatred of the dic- tatorship, associated as the dictatorship is with the throne, has fostered a lessened respect for the monarchy. The Republicans have become more insistent in their demands that Spain should fol- low the example of France and mod- ernize its form of government. The Catalans in the North have agitated more and more loudly for autnomy and even for federalism. The Socialists are concerned, not with the continuance of | the kingdom, but with their party’s pro- | themselves. |gram. All these factors have had an|gore than any other, there is justifi-: | undermining influence, perhaps not yet | cation powerful, but in all cases persistent. Dilemma Faces Alfonso. Thus King Alfonso has been faced with a dilemma. He was forced at first to support the dictatorship bécause the dictatorship offered Spain’s only salva- irope have demonstrated | enlisted to carry on. that “the heads which wear |death of Queen Mother Maria Chris- ieth century have | tina broke one more tie between the greater reason to rest uneasy than ever | Spanish people and the historic dy- | before. And the power and prerogatives | nasty. | which Kings relinquish today they find |of events over a considerable period of | vastly more difficult to retrieve in full. | years have developed so as to make the Yet the last| branch of the royal family could be In addition, the By an almost cruel fate a series problem of the dynasty increasingly confused and increasingly difficult. | Conservatives Lose Regard. | In such a complicated situation the | dictatorship of Primo de Rivera has | position, Even though the dictator him- self has probably not wished it, his| continuance in pewer has bean a new | tax on the high place which monarchy ! |once held in Spain. Today, 1t is said, even a portion of the powerful Con- | servative party has lost its former de- votion to the monarchy. This section of opinion places the return of parlia- | mentary government to Spain as first in |importance and the perpetuation of the dynasty as secondary. It is not to be assumed that there is widespread and active sentiment | against monarchy in Spain at present. 1Thus far, this sentiment seems re- |stricted to the Republicans and the sectional but flery Catalan group along | the northern border. But the seeds of discontent with the old order and of clamor for a new one are present in Spain and should not be ignored for | too long a period. That is what prompts men like the | Count ge Romanones to hope for and | ask for a new show of strength on the part of King Alfonso. They see in a protracted dictatorship of Primo de Rivera dangers as genuine for the monarchy as for personal liberty. They say that the moment must soon come when a parting of the ways between | { Primo and the King will be as essential [to the well-being of the monarchy in |Spain as to the welfare of the people Perhaps for this reason,. | for the view that Primo de | Rivera's dictatorship has entered its, | final phase and that the present small [ breach between King and dictator is certain to widen during the coming months. (Copyright, 1920.) SOFT-SPOKEN, MILD-MANNERED _KING RULES WITH IRON HAND Alexander, Jugoslavi Out of Chaos and BY JAMES A. MILLS, Associated Press Staffl Writer. | BELGRADE, March 9. — @prawled | along the Adriatic Sea for 450 miles and sewed in betwen Austria, Italy, Hun- gary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Greece and Albania, like a square in a crazy Orein- tal patch quilt,is the Baukan kingdom of Jugoslavia, whose diverse racial ele- ments would furnish first-class material for an ethnological museum. This het- erogeneous mass, which is mostly of Slavic origin, is composed of Serbians, Croatians, Slovenians, Dalmatians, Bos- nians, Herzegovinians, Macedonians and Montenegrins, who at one time or an- other were vi either of Turkey or Austria-Hungary They vary as much in mentality and religion as they do in costume and ap- | pearance. For instance, the Croatians | of the north, who are the most en- lightened, educated and progressive ele- ment in the entire triune kingdom, are Roman Catholics, while the Serbs of the old kingdom, who have more politi- cal experience, but far less culture, are members of the Greek Orthodox Chuch. Again, while most of the people in Dal- matia, Montenegro and Macedonia are Christians, those in Bosnia and Her- zegovina are Moslems, their men wear- m% the Turkish fez and the women the veil, Since 1919, when the old kingdom of | Serbia, as a reward for its services in | the World War, was doubled in area and | quadrupled in population, the medley of races composng the newly formed kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes have quarreled among themselves for political power. In that period Jugo- slavia has had 21 governments. As the country produced no statesmen of suf- | ficient popularity and sa, an Monarch. Estab- lished Stern Dictatorship to Bring Order Preserve Unity. sinated three prominent members of | | the Croatian Peasants’ party, including | Stephan Raditch, its leader, in opea | Parliament. This act precipitated such a grave crisis between the Serbs of the old king- | dom and the Croatians of the former Austrian provinces that it threatened the very unity and existence of the kingdom. It was at this point that King Alexander, distinguished alike for his fairness and fearlessness, stepped in and, scrapping Parliament, the consti- tution, all existing political parties and | most of the present laws, set up a mod- | ern dietatorship as the only means of bridging the crash. This absolutist regime, says Gen. Peter Zikovitch, its head, will endure until the King feels the people are fitted for a return to real | parliamentary ogvernment. What manner of man is this young King who had the courage to tear down the existing political edifices, bullt at the cost of so much blood, toil and money, and prepare the way for a bet- ter, more unified and enduring struc- ture, which may serve as a house in which all the quarreling units in_his kingdom will at last live in peace? The Associated Press correspondent had the privilege recently of seeing King Alex- ander at the royal palace in Belgrade and conversing with him for an hour. It is from that conversation, held in- formally over coffee cups and cigarettes, that the following impressions of the sovereign are based: The great-grandson of the famous peasant warrior, Kara George (“Black George”), who could neither read nor write, but who led the Serbs in their war of independence against the Turks, King Alexander inherits the courage and independence of his hum- blé but sturdy forbear. In addition to | Nass SNy ~— great simplicity and charm of manner. Although & man of distinct courage and strong convictions, he is intensely shy. He has none of the austerity or alooi- ness of a monarch. He rwes the visitor fecl immediately “at flome,” He is a careful listener rather than a com- municative talker. He has the typical | dark features of his Slav countrymen, with whom he is probably more closely connected, by birth, blood and breeding than any King of any people in the world. Mild Mannered, Soft Spoken. The King's large, prominent nose, firm mouth and dark eves denote the firmness of the soldier, but there is no | suggestion_either of the autocrat or the dictator. He is mild mannered and soft spoken. His rimless eyeglasses and his enzaging smile soften his dusky fea- tures. He has jet black hair and a| closely cropped moustache. He dresses habitually in the uniform of a general. | which offsets his somewhat undersized | frame to better effect than civilian | dress. He has just passed his fortieth birthday. | Throughout all the recent months of political stress and trial, when King Alexander tried by might and main to bring peace between the dominant but | less advanced Serbs of the old kingdom | |and the virile, progressive, but politi- | cally ambitious Croats of the North, the | sovereign was afflicted constantly poor health, He suffered intermitte from colds and fever. He was also tor | mented with tooth trouble, which was relieved only when he sought the ser ices of an American dentist ! Notwithstanding his physical distress. | the King remained at his desk, day and | night, trying still to calm the surging political waters, which latterly had be- | come so turbulent that they threatened | to submerge his kingdom. ‘The Serbian | and Croatian political leaders remained | inflexible and irreconcilable to the end. It was then that the King stepped in and virtually created a new Jugoslavia | overnight. Dislikes Publicity. King Alexander dislikes publicity and | | rarely talks for publication, but his views regarding the crisis that con- fronted him may be summed up briefly as follows: “It was one of your great Americans, Abraham Lincoln, I think,” he said, “who said that a house divided against itself cannot stand. Well, although all our people are of the same opinion, the demands of the leaders of the various political parties, I decided I would abol- ish Parliament. although I have pro- found confldence in and respect for true parliamentary government, and that I would deal directly with the peo- ple. My people are of one heart and mind, and I knew they would support me. Although in the new regime they will preserve their individualities, they all belong to the one family and have one common ideal—the unity of the Southern Slav race. Holds Results Justify Measures. “I think the results have justified the measures. The whole country is at peace. Everybody is at work. Those mischievous persons and organizations who sowed the seeds of discord have been silenced. By hard work and hon- Homes est deeds we must make up for the idle | political discussions and inattention (o the nation’s real interests of the last 10 years. We shall return to a normal re- gime as soon as the work of reorgan tion and production warrants it. I ar | sure that after a period of freedom fr | political discord and party strife a nc better and stronger Jugoslavia Wi | emerge.” . ‘The World Association for Adult Edu- cation, London, publishes bulletins on | the movement in the United States, Eng- land, France, Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Swe- den, Czechoslov ., Russia, Finland. South Africa, Australia, China a&nd | Japan. Lz}%;e T Jits and smaller homes of equally smart de- signs . . ., hundreds of them . .. will know the friendly protection ... the renewed beauty of good paint this spring! Use “Murco” Lifelong Paints on your property because they are in every sense, “good paints.” “Murco” Paints are reasonable in price, 1007 {tion from chaos and anarchy. Later on | his support was still essential because the nation’s split political groups offered {no assurance of an alternative govern- ! ment which would be strong enough to |endure. And in the last year or more | Alfonso has seen in this very dictator- i ship upon which he was compelled to {lean an agency which—even though it |had once saved the throne—was now |transformed into an inevitable dissi- vclt)’ to bring | {CONSTANTINOPLE 'LINKED WITH ANGORA BY HIGHWAY | Isalated Capital of Turkey Brought ‘Within Five Hours of Metropolis. the Count de Romanones declared. It may be tested too far—even to the point of ultimate danger to the mon- archy.” This amounts to saying that there is a point in his support of the Rivera dictatorship beyond which it would be imprudent, if not dangerous, for King Alfonso to go. It is tacit admission that it is entirely possible for the King to jeopardize his succession—and pos- Pure, and unrivalled in beauty. E. J. Murphy Co., Inc. 710 12th St. N. W. Main 2477 permanent peace among the ‘peop'»s of | this he inherits, on his mother's side. the various provinces, King Alexander |the boldness and dash of the fearless, himself was called upon constantly to |patriotic mountaineers who upheld Ser- arbitrate their dfisg:uu and pour sov- |bia’s independence in her days of great- jereign ofl upon ti troubled political |est adversity, for Alexander is the waters. '2;3;1/;150:1 of the dgughityh!%if\! Nicholas . of Montenegro, who with his predeces- King Successful Until Recently. | <ors kept the cross of Christianity shin- ‘The youthful Slav King had measur- |ing above the mountains of his rock- able success as peacemaker among his bound country instead of the star and 12,000,000 subjects until a few months |crescent of Turkey. | paliticlans sttempted to divide them. They sought individual privileges for their provinces which we could not grant. I could not allow them to un- | dermine the foundations of unity and | solidarity which it had taken so many | years to build up. I labored hard to | |avoid taking the drastic steps I took, | {but it was the only solution. Desperate | situations demand desperate remedies. | “My patience exhausted and sibly even his own throne—if he fol- lows blindly- any extremes to which Primo de Rivera may feel justified in attempting to go. Likewise, it is evi- dence that, in the minds of many re- sponsible persons, some of whom (like the Count de Romanones) have great mfluence, the hour is approaching| when Alfonso ought to step from be- | hind the figure of the dictator and assume his full and royal responsibility. Possibly the King's contention with Primo over political amnesty foreshad- | ows that he, too, has concluded to take that step. Revolt Tendency Seen. A similar view, perhaps somewhat radical, since it was expressed by a Spanish officer in the artillery, was voiced in this fashion. “The Spanish people are reaching more and more a frame of mind favorable to revolt— some of them even favorable to revolt against the King himself.” This| opinion is probably overdrawn, for one still finds everywhere in Spain evi-| dences of genuine and great affection | on the part of the people for Alfonso. | In Barcelona a young Spanish busi- ness man expressed the feelings of the ublic in undoubtedly more accurate ashion. He said, quite simply, “The Spanish people are Alfonsist, but they | are not monarchist.” ‘Which ‘§s a striking way of saying that today in troubled Spain it is Al- fervo XIII who is loved and reverod} by the people rather than the dynasty | which he represents. One of the in-| evitable results of dictatorship is to rub some of the regal luster from the ancient and one-time divine right of pator of royal prestige and power. down the monarchy with it if it was al- lowed to go too far. Yet any substantial substitute in which the King might have confidence wag not and perhgps still is not in sight. This has besn the political trend in Spain during *he last few years as it is related to the monarchy. Behind these political causes for con- | cern over thy, Bourbon dynasty's future are private reasons, far more grave, which all Europe knows. of the affliction in the Spanish royal family is one which stirs human sym- pathy everywhere. King Alfonso has four sons, vet it is doubtful whether the bealth of a single one of these princes will ever permit him to suc- ceed to the throne. Most of Heirs in Tl Health. ‘The eldest son, Prince Alfonso, al- ready is the victim of an incurable hereditary disease of the bleod. Prince Jaime, the second son, is deaf and al- most dumb. The hopes of the nation had been forced in turn.some years back to Prince Juan, the third son, but | Prince Juan, now in his teens, appears doomed to fall victim to the same mal- ady. If this happens there remains only the youngest, bright-eyed and vivacious Prince Gonzalo, whose true health will' only' be known some' years from now. The King has met this family tragedy with a fortitude and admirable courage which has long won him the unstinted admiration- of all the Spanish people and of statesmen and royal families throughout Europe. But the problem of royal succession in Spain remains the same—and un- The Wise Man Chooses and Knows His Be(lsPrins A\E you a slave to spine sag? Do you envy those bright-eyed, snappy men who seem to effervesce with “pep”? Better investigate your bedspring. Whether you sleep little or long there is one thing certain—you need the best of rest, and if you are wise you'll buy a Foster Ideal Spring. 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