Evening Star Newspaper, July 19, 1925, Page 31

TURNOVER OF TEACHERS THINS EDUCATORS’ RANKS Nation-Wide Campaign Urged to Make Positions Safe of Tenure and Attract Competent Talent Into Field. BY WILLIAM McANDREW, Superintendent of Schools, Chicago. ow fact account for the that while rallroads, banks and industrial con cerns are” encouraging by stock shares and other de- vices persistence of their employe: the number of school boards opposing # permanent employment for teachers do vou is in the majority? ‘This was one of the vital questions taken up by the National Education Association In its big meeting at In- dianapolis. The Commonwealth convention was held, Indiana, at- tempted through legislative action this year to provide tenure of posi- tion for public school employes,” but without _suce: Its neighboring State, Ohio, is notoriously unable to secure_steady employment for teach- Illinols is weak in such pro- in which the t is the reason? What is the cure? Teaching is public service and therefore political. The democratic idea of rotation in office suffuses the ordinary school board and cheapens the educational service. “The right 10 hire and fire” appeals to the cheap ve of power which curses repub n government. It outweighs, if it does not prevent, consideration of the fact that frequent changing of workers in so essentially & continu- ous and steady process as educatlon is the cause of enormous waste Problem Is Pressing. The short-term contract system, with its facility for dropping teach: ers on rumor or on personal prejudice, is one of the most potent preventives of preparation for the service. Who is going to undergo the expense of *ime and money to prepare as if for a life work, when he knows that the gossip of busybodles or the dislike mani- fested by a prominent citizen, or of board member's wife, is going to terminate employment in one short year? ) At Indianapolis there met a com- mittee of 100 on tenure. Fred Hun ter, superintendent of schools, Oak- land, Calif., the chairman, report. It insisted upon a nation- wide campaign to insure the children in the schools the kind of continuous, loyal service which managers of com- mercial concerns are getting in their organizations. He urged us a slogan for the campaign, “For the children " “No problem before the aid Hunter, “is more charged with progressive, patriotic read the | value than making the service, In the public schools attract the compe- tent talent of the nation. The pres- ent annual turnover varies at from 50 to 68 per cent per annum. Politl- cal influence is the curse of the | schools. The boss wants power. He holds the club of dismissal over the efficient and inefficient alike. The competent has no encouragement. Appointment and retention of teach- ers in most of American cities is a bulwark of the evil system of spoils and party tyranny. Professional growth under it is retarded. New York, New Jersey, Maryland and Cal- ifornia, where tenure is in force, are bullding a profession of teaching to which it is an honor to belong. Our calling in most communities has not the security of the common workman. We are playing with education, not taking it serfously. We have been boasting of our superiority over the nations of the Old World. There are 10 KEuropean countries in which the percentage of illiteracy is less than in ours. In every one the teacher is assured of continuous employment from year to year unless proved in- competent or otherwise unfit.” Better Field Elsewhere. Good men who think on public problems are asking, ““Why don’t more of the best men go into teaching?” A prominent perfodical is offering lib- eral prizes for essays on the subject There's no riddle for a sphinx here. The worth-while man who wants to give his fellows the greatest service of which he is capable must have a reasonable assurance that his serv- ice will be regarded as worth continu- ing. If he goes to work for an ordi- nary firm, or even for a private school, he knows from the record of thousands of cases that he can make himself practically indispensable to the owner. If he examines into the regard for teachers in an ordinary un- protected school system—most of them are unprotected—he sees that no one is regarded as indispensable. the contrary, the sound of teachers dropping from their positions makes from the middle of May to the last of June a continuous patter from Maine to New Mexico. It takes time, it costs money to train a teacher. There must be as- surance to the worker submitting to the hard work essential to learning this business that it is worth while. Stabilize the public schools! Make their service high class. Lure high- class workers into the service and then ‘protect them (Copyright. 1925.) British Giving Square Deal Americans in World Trade (Continued from First Page.) to continue to find‘a market in Eu- for a good many years to come. No adequs found for the great American hog, and no substitute is likely to be found un- til_some other country that can grow Indian corn takes to growing it on a large scale. American bacon got rather a black eye during the war, and a curious tale is attached thereto. The British government wanted large Guantities of bacon and wanted it quickly, and in order to get it quickly provided ‘its own formula for the cur- ing. Now, good bacon could not be cured by that formuia, nor within the time specified, and the bacon shipped under the British contracts was not good bacon. The British people had to eat it, but they didn't like it, and they conceived a prejudice against American bacon. That prejudice is now wearing away, but wearing slow- ly, for your Britisher certainly does hate to let go of a prejudice, once he gets it into his system. I have spoken before of the stren- uous efforts the Lancashire spinners are making to free themselves from de- pendence upon the United States for thelr cotton supplies, but I don’t think our Southern cotton planters need have any particular worry on that e substitute has yet been | | score. Well informed opinion here is that the world's rapidly increasing de- mand for cotton goods will absorb new | production as fast as it can be brought |in, and that American spinners proba- I bly will take the whole American crop by the time the Lancashire spinners are in position to get along without American cotton. - There is another, and possibly more important, story to be written about European markets for American farm products when the European situa- | tion is surveyed as a whole, but T am confirmed by expert opinion in believ- ing that the above pretty accurately sizes up the situation so far as the United Kingdom is concerned. As a summing up of my observations here, before moving on to the conti- nent, I want to say that the British, as we are at home, seem still a good deal bewildered by the post-war situa- |tion. They realize, as we do, that {after the vast upheaval of the war the | world will never be the same again | They know that new economic forces are at work, new currents setting in, but how those forces will operate and where the currents will lead they can only guess. In the meantime, they are |going ahead and doing the bast they |can, “hoping and believing that the {ground is getting firmer under their feet, but not feeling quite sure of it. (Copyright. 1025.) French Facing Vexing Problem In Riffian War in Morocco (Continued from First Page.) trated perhaps a hundred thousand troope, even this force is inadequate to maintain a solid front in the moun- tains and over 150 miles from Wezzan to Taza and it is physically impossible to prevent native groups from slipping through the cordon. The capture of Fez, Wezzan, Fez or Taza remains unlikely, but by no means impossible, although the cap- tors would certainly be driven out promptly when the French conceh tration had been made, but, on the oth- er hand, the French have no chance of achieving a decison as long as the Riffs can find sanctuary within the Spanish border and for the present Summer and Autumn little can be a complished because of the heat. Ulti- mately the French will have to go and get Abd-el-Krim, frontier or no fronti Meantime their situation in Moroceo will become more and more difficult as time passes and they are unable to subdue their foe, and the up- rising of the tribes of the French area v spread to the central mountains compel new reinforcements to ins behind Casablanca. complicated the that the and cover the p! What has grave situation has been the fact French political power has rested in the hands of a Radical alist com- bination, in which the Socialists have Leen the dominating partners and they have strenuously opposed the Moroccan campaign, while the more radical Communist members of the french Parliament have openly en- couraged Riffian hostility. Moreover, no French government would dare send French conscripts to fight in the Moroccan mountains and the opera- tlons have to be conducted mainly with native troops. Recently M. Painleve, after his re- turn from sensational alrplane «woop to Rabat to confer with Mar- shal Lyaute: has succeeded in get- ting the support of a st majority in the Chamber and his hands are thus free to push operations. His first step, too, has been to send a new mil- ftary commander, Gen. Naulin, who had a distinguished, if subordinate, record in the World War. Gen. Man- gin, who would have been the indicat- ed commander for such an enterprise, unfortunately died recently, thus re. moving the most distinguished of French colonial soldiers, the man who made the “Black Army."” Seek Spanish Help. At the same time the French gov- ernment has been carrying on. nego- tiations in Madrid looking to joint Franco-Spanish operations. But, while there has been agreement on certain points, it is not quite clear ihat Spain is ready to permit French troops to cross the Spanish border, for the Spanish, not without a degree Inr justice, suspect the French of | wishing to’ obtain all of Morocco, re- sent the French influence in Tangler and also feel that the French are now aying for their failure to support the panish when Spain was making her | terrible fight against Abd-el-Krim. Some compromise will doubtless be | reached in due time and the French will cross the frontier and slowly but | surely dispose of Abd-el-Krim. For | the moment it is just conceivable that truce and a peace might be ar- | ranged, but it would only be transi- tory. The French went all through this experience with Abd-el-Krim in the first half of the last century. But, as far as one can now see, France is in for a long, costly and troublesome campaign. in which she 1s bound to have awkward moments and not impossible occasional disas- ters, all of which happened in her Algérian experfence. May Hurt Domestic Politics. This Moroccan affair may, too, have evil effects upon French domestic poli- tics and will add new burdens on the financial side. The only thing which is certain is the ultimate result, for aside from the narrower questions of Morocco, all French establishment in North Africa, in Tunis as well as Al- geria, would be compromised if France retired from Morocco. But, while the RIff foray unques- tionably excltes enthusiasm in all Moslem lands, and while, in addition, there is little question that the Rus- sian Reds are doing what they can to encourage and explolt the affair, Abd-el-Krim is nefther a new fanatic nor a Soviet. He is no more than a successful partisan leader, no mere uneducated native, to be sure, but to be reckoned among the pirates of “High Barbaree” rather than as the hero of any new national or religious explosion. In the last analysis France is hav- inz an experience which, as I have sald, recalls much British history in India and she is dealing with native tribes who recall much which fs fa- miliar to every reader of Kipling. The essential difference is that while Brit- aln cannot in the nature of things conquer and police the wilds of the vast frontiers of her Indian dominion, France and Spain, in the end will_abolish the Tenace now existing in the wholly restricted acea between the mouth of the Muluya River and the Tancler peninsula. (Copyright, 18925.) | | | i I i . Must Know Business, From the Chicago Dally News. According to a recent decision Ger- man judges may now go to sleep during the trial of cases. It looks like contempt of court, but they must know their own business, JULY 19, 1925—PART 2 The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN. OLLOWING is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended July 18. Two of the items, excluded in their fresh- ness because of the lack of space, are, though now a little faded as news, in- serted because of their continuing sig- nificance: The British Empire.—By the death at Oxtord of Alfred Denis Godley, Eng- land has lost a most accomplishe’ classical scholar, a brilliant wit and a delightful personality. One might say that Godley received the torch from Charles Stuart Calverley. Let us hope that he passed it on into worthy hands. Godley is best known on this side of the water by his “Fifth Book of the Odes of Horace” and his translation of Herodotus in the As T have remarked before, the se- lection of Sir George Lloyd as Brit- ish high commissioner in Egypt to succeed Field Marshal Lord Allenby was a peculiarly happy one. Sir George was greatly esteemed by Lord Kitchener and was, I believe, asso- ciated with the latter in the organiza- tion of the British intelligence service in the East. He has been a mighty traveler in central Asta, India, Persta, Asia_Minor, Mesopotamia and Arabla. His knowledge of Oriental languages, and espdclally of the Arablan dialects, is sald to rival that of Sir Richard Burton. He was associated with Col. Lawrence in the organization and leadership of the wild Arab tribesmen in the World War. His name will forever be identified with one of the most stupendous and beneficent of engineering constructions, the barrage at Sukkur on the Indus, which was pushed to completion by him as go ernor of the presidency of Bombay Lioyds Dam, larger than the Aswan Dam on the Nile, through the five canals which it feeds is reclaiming a formerly barren reglon of 10.000,000 acres. Sir George's experience of riverine constructions and irrigation problems will serve him well in rela- tion to the Nile. Field Marshal Lord Plumer, the new British high commissioner in Palestine, is said to be the most imperturbable of living men. No one, apparently, has ever seen hjm without his manocie in situ. Cyclonfc moments he has had, effective as the charge of brigades, but the monocle was not disturbed. A man to_hold by, all agree. Fineland mav have to tighten up a bit—perhaps a good bit—In Egypt and| Palestine, and the right men have been chosen for the little operation, should it be found necessary. On June 23 3 of the 11 climbers of the Mount Logan expedition reached the summit of Mount Logan, in Can- ada, the highest elevation, except the pinnacle of Mount McKinley, in Alaska (450 feet higher), on the North Ameri- can continent. The expedition, under the auspices of the Canadian Alpine Club, was headed by Capt. McCarthy, one time of Summit, N. J., now a rancher of British Columbia, and one of the victorious three. A handsome and well managed performance. They had a Httle political landslide in Nova Scotia the other day that probably is a record for political land- slides. Forty Conservatives and three Liberals were elected to a new legisla- Knowledge That NE must go back to the not- distant days of the “bicycle craze” and the “bicycle buflt for two” to reach the source of the first widespread agita- “ion in the United States for improved bighways. Better roads were needed for the “centuries” and other long runs in which numerous bicycle clubs indulged during the early days of the present century. The motor vehicle, coming immedi- ately after, found the way prepared for the “'good roads” movement, which has resulted in a national network of 180,000 miles of “Federal ald” roads, which when completed will connect practically every city and town of 15,000 or more inhabitants in the United States. Ninety per cent of the Na- tion’s population will live within ten miles of such arteries of travel, while substantially all of the remaining 10 per cent will be within that distance of a State road linking up with the other highways. Never before has the world seen such a “peaceful revolution” as that which has been brought to its eco- nomic and social life by the automo- bile. Statistics showing figures run- ning into the billions yearly for ex- penditures on motor vehicles, roads and allied products, do not half tel the story. International conferences are being held to study the problem of transportation. It was one of the sub- jects at the recent meeting in Brus- sels of the International Chamber of Commerce; it will be the sole topic be- fore the First Pan-American Road Con- gress, which is to meet in Buenos Alres next October; and an interna- tional road congress is to be held at Milan, Italy, next year. Benefit To Farmer. While the automobile and the motor truck have become almost indi~—ens- able in the conduct of business and professional work in the city; while approximately 150,000 physicians in the United States now visit their patients by motor; and while touring has become a movement of interna- tional economic proportions and millions of people now take their va- cations touring from one point to another, it is the American farmer who has been most strikingly affected by the changes which the automobile has_brought. Of the 17,500,000 motor cars and trucks—one for every seven persons in the United States—Government estimates place the number on the rms at 4,570,000; and as there are 6,500,000 farms in the country, it will be seen that the percentage of farm- ers owning automobiles and trucks is many times above the average. The development of motor transportation has revolutionized the life of the farm. It has brought the town and country into closer touch. It has to a con- siderable degree destroyed the historic isolation of the farm and the farmer. Buenos Aires Conference. “The automobile has been perhaps the greatest single new productive velopment of the United States in the past 25 years” says a report which will be presented by the United States delegation to the Pan-Ameri- can Road Congress in Buenos Alres. With some additions the report will be the same as that prepared by the American section for presentation to the International Chamber of Com- merce meeting in_Brussels. “Practically unknown when the twentieth century began,” the report adds, “individual transportation has since added billions of dollars -of wealth to the Nation's resources. In force in the economic and social de-; 1900 there were but a few hundred automobiles in the United States and tive assembly. whereas in the recently defunct assembly there were 40 Liber- als and 3 Conservatives. Moreover, the new Conservative majority is the first in Nova Scotla since 1882. In the On- tario elections of 1923 also there was a striking (though not so striking) re- versal in favor of the Conservatives. Tt is, therefore, expected that if Do- minion general elections are held, as proposed, in the near future the Con- servatives will replace the Liberals in power at Ottawa. The extreme char- acter of the reversal in Nova Scotla is generally attributed to wrath of the people because of the failure of the government to end the prolonged strike of the United Mine Workers in the Cape Breton colliery district. An- other grievance was the doubling of the budget within the past three years. * x ok % France.—The 1925 budget (balanced at approximately 33.000,000,000 francs) has been passed by !ubsmn(la]rkri- tles in both houses of Parliament (421 to 150 In the Chamber), and on’the 13th Parllament adjourned. The So- clalists voted against the budget. The Left bloc is of the past. Calillaux has been elected, almost unanimously, a member of the French Senate. After all, Gen. Naulin is not to be supreme military ‘commander in Mo- rocco. The great Marshal Petain is on his way to assume that role. He is to be heavily reinforced. Rumor has it that parts of the classes of 1922 and 1923 are to be mobllized. An agreement on Franco-Spanish po- litical collaboration with respect to Morocco has been signed. I note here merely by way of memorandum (for the subject is frightfully complicated) that the preposterous international regime of the Tangier zone (an epitome of all the difficulties in the way of in- ternational co-operation), seems to be a fatal bar to complete political and military Franco-Spanish collaboratior with respect to the RIff probjem. * ok % x China.—On July 9 Chinese soldiers forced their way into the English Presbyterian Mission in a town about 50 miles up country from Swatow, Kwang-Tung Province, and beat and cut with knives three missionaries, including two women. The mission- arles escaped to Swatow. Swatow continues to be a dangerous spot. The strike of Chinese employes of British and Japanese persist, as also the embargo on supply of food to British and Japanese. The situation is tragic—comically complicated by the fact that rival military com- manders are contesting in a casual way the domination of the city. On or about July 6, incited by agi- tators, the 10,000 Chinese miners at the British-owned Peking syndicate coal mines in Honan Province struck, cutting off light, water and food from the British staff. After five days at the pumps, the latter fled to Peking. The dispatches have not reported any incidents of especial importance con- nected with the anti-foreign agitation since the above. Chang Tso Lin is 4t Tientsin, hav- ing changed his mind about golng home to Mukden. It is reported that he has advised Tuan Chi Jui, the provisional President, to take Liang Shih Yi for prime minister. This is the man whose installation as prime UTO PROVED NECESSITY AND AN ECONOMIC ASSET Increasing Number of Cars Brings Good Roads Are Cheaper Than Poor Ones. their use was regarded as a luxury limited to the few. Enormous sums have been invested in the purchase and maintenance of the millions of machines now owned here. For ten years the average sum spent in the acquisition of cars has been $2,000,- 000.000 annually and the amount ex- pended for gasoline, tires, repairs and garage items will now average almost three times that amount. Motor Economic Asset. “Obviously such an expenditure on a mere luxury would have had an adverse effect upon the other eco- nomic factors in production,” says the report. ‘““But during the period of the motor car’s advance in America, savings bank deposits have nearly doubled, assets of buflding and loan assoclations have tripled and life in- surance in force has increased two and one-half times. This would seem to prove that development of the au- tomobile as a basic element of trans- portation has been a vital part of the increased efficiency and productive ca- pacity of all Interests. Cothing then to the question of high- way administration and finance, it is asserted that “the motor vehicle only reaches its greatest efficlency as an element in transportation when im- proved highways are provided fo, its use.” Experlence has demonstrated it is stated, that road improvement more than pays for itself in the form of decreased transportation costs and increnient in general valuation so long as the degree of development is not in excess of the traffic needs. A year's survey of the passenger car and motor truck movement over a selected mile- age of the Connecticut main State system, it is pointed out, showed that the saving in motor vehicle gasoline consumption alone when high-type pavements were used as against low- er type roads was sufficient to pay in 20 years the entire cost of the con- struction of these paved roads. Good Roads Cheapest. “The two controlling principles in modern highway finance in the United States can be briefly stated,” says the report. “The first is contained in the eplgram of Thomas H. MacDonald, chief of the United States Bureau of Public Roads, that ‘it {s cheaper to have good roads than to go without them,’” proper administrative direction being of course understood. The sec ond is that the costs of highway im: provement should be equitably dis- tributed.” Mr. MacDonald will be a member of the delegation from the United States to the Buenos Aires road congress. The recently appoint- ed chalrman of the delegation, Her- bert H. Rice of Detroit, one of the di- rectors of the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, In discussing th?dcomlng conference a few days ago sald: “We feel that our mission is espe- clally important on account of this country’s long and costly experience in establishing an adequate system of highways. Those who have been con- nected with the good roads movemerit in the United States since its incep- tion have learned many lessons which should be of the greatest value to any other nation in the earlier stages of highway development. If, by citing our own experiences, we can help our sister nations of the South to avold needless waste of time and millions of dollars of money which we were obliged to go through before highway construction had become eystematized as it is now in this country, we feel that our return trip to South America will be as productive of good results as the delegates from the Latin Amer- ican countries were kind enough to say resulted from their visit to the United States last year." minister by Chang Tso Lin in 1922 ‘was one of the chief reasons asserted by Wu Pef Fu for his attack on Chang in the Spring of that year. Wu denouncing Liang Shih Yi as a pro-Japanese reactionary of the blackest. But all that {s changed now. Japan is a disinterested friend of China. At any rate, whatever else may be thought of Liang Shih Y, he is a finanajer of the very first ability. The above detalls may be discov- ered in the sequel to have some im- portance. The Chinese situation, of which no doubt the reader is a little weary, may be dismissed for this week with the observation that the powers seem to be moving cautionsly toward action in fulfillment of their Washington conference commitments toward China. * ok E X United States of America.—The representatives of anthracite miners and operators In conference at At- lantic City are discussing their dif- ferences in a very leisurely manner. A spokesman for the operators poo- poohs Mr. Lewls' huge yearly total of crippled miners, 20,000. This figure, he says, includes petty accidents, such as a speck of coal dust in the eye, a finger scratch, etc. A miners’ champion retorts, charging exaggera- tion by the operators on other heads and o on. The sweltering public shivers a moment, apprehensive. The forecast of the crop reporting board of the Department of Agricul- ture for the wheat crop of 1925 is 661,000,000 b!fl:elu, the smallest yield since 1917, d less by 212,000,000 bushels than that of 1924, too small, thinks the board, to admit of much or any export therefrom. It s the Winter wheat that has been so hard smitten. The promise of Spring wheat is good, but it is consoling to remem- ber that th€ department's prediction last June for the 1924 crop was 693,- 000,000 bushels, whereas the yield was 872,000,000 The total value of our exports from the 1924 crop is a record one. The monthly record of the Metropoli- tan Life Insurance Co. for March shows an inorease in the number of deaths from automobile accidents of 97 per cent over the number in March, 1924, * k% ¥ Cancer—The most important news item of the week is to the effect that certaln_members of the British Na- tional Institute of Medical Research, in chief, J. E. Barnard, Dr. W. E. Gye and Dr. G. Russell, have {solated and have observed under the micro- scope an organism which they believe to be the infectious (external) agent in cancer. As early aw 1912, Dr. Peyton Rous of the Rockefeller Institute tentative- ly announced the theory, based on experiments by him, that the trans- mitting factor in chicken sarcoma was an ultra-microscopic organism. By injection of a flitrate from chicken sarcoma he had induced that disease in healthy chickegs. Later, by stmi- lar methods, he transmitted mouse and rat gsarcoma to healthy mice and rats, thus broadening his theory., The British investigators started from assumption of the correctness of Dr. Rous’ theory, namely, that an ex- ternal erganism is a causative agent BY ALLEYNE IRELAND, Authority on Oriental Affairs. HE présent situation in China undoubtedly menaces the peace of Asia and, inferen- tially, the peace of the world. The danger of the situation is to be attributed chiefly to the almost complete ignorance of China in which the outer world is plunged. It is a most unfortunate, and to- day a most_perilous circumstance that the world’s information about China has always been dependent for its cir- culation upon the news. value of some current event, or upon the sensational appeal of some isolated occurrence. The unpleasant fact is that this dis- continuous stream of _disconnected and unexplained news items has be- trayed the Western World into the foolish habits of attaching to events in China the precise significance they would bear had_they occurred in Eu- rope or in the United States. What very few people ever ask themselves is “What do these Chinese events mean in China?” Just Single Incident. Nothing has ever happened In Chinese history of which it is more im- portant to ask this question than it is of the happenings which have taken place since the establishment of the Chinese Republic in 1912, and of which the Shanghal situation is but a single Incident. The picture, in its broadest outlines, Includes the overthrow of an anclent dynasty, the setting up of a republic in the North and of a rival republic in the South, the disappearance of every trace of a national government, the seizure of authority by the mili- tary leaders in the various provinces, and the substitution of armed force and personal intrigue for all other sanctions in public affairs. To any American, to any Western European, familiar with his own na- tional history, but ignorant of that of China, the canvas 1 have painted can only present itself as the precursor of one on which would be depicted a country reduced to the condition of Europe at the end of the Thirty Years' War, of a people utterly ruined and debauched by the employment against it of every resource at the disposal of a cruel, licentious and unrestrained soldiery. The second plcture has, however, no remotest relation to what the first means to China. The reason for this is simple in the extreme. In Western KEurope and in the United States we have become accus- tomed to a general interest and par- ticipation in public affairs, and to a general acceptance of the enormous influence which the State exércises over every detall of the dally life of the citizen. The Chinese, in these respects, are our exact opposites. With the pos- sible exception of the Scotts, the Chinese are the most extreme living example of familism. In addition to this they ceased a thousand years ago to expect anything from government except office as an advantage and op- pression as a disadyantage—the lat- ter utterly outweighing the former, on account of the disparity in numbers between those to whom the one and the other can be a matter of interest. ‘What the Chinaman is concerned with are his parents, his wife, his children, his home, his crops or his business; and this Interest is fortified by a profoundly philosophical attitude toward the whole content of life—an attitude which characterizes every rank of soclety from the highest to the lowest to a_degree which canmot “} but amaze any Western observer who | pearl.. in chicken sarcoma, likewise in sar- coma of mice, and again in sarcoma of rats. It did not follow that the same agent or closely kindred agents operated in the several cases. The several sorts of sarcoma showed great specific dif- ferences. Still less did it follow at all that an external organism was a causative agent in human cancer. But such inferences were highly plaus- ible. Ah, if only our microscopes were better. Enter J. E. Barnard, hatter; he experiments with artificial light (ultra violet rays, etc.). He pro- duces a camera microscope Wwhich makes visible (though only, as it were, by the shadow of its shade), the little sneak in each case, showing that in human cancerous tissue, as well as in the several sarcomas of chickens, mice and rats, an external organism is present, whatever he might be doing. But are these Mttle fellows of the same family? For the several sar- comas differ so much.” At this point Dr. Gye or Dr. Russell takes a mental leap and, landing, answers: “Yes, and here's the proof.” For convenience let us call_the external agent “snike.” Gye or Russell now makes a prepara- tion from human cancerous tissue and injects it into a healthy chicken; no harm done. He next makes a prepa##a- tion from a chicken sarcoma, elimi- nating therefrom Mr. Snike and sub- stituting for him another Mr. Snike from a human cancerous tissue. He injects this preparation into a healthy chicken. A typical chicken sarcoma de- velops. “We've got you Mr. Ubiqui- tous Snike. It is evident that In each REDUCTION OF VARIETIES CUTS COSTS AND WASTE Standardization in Much-Used Products, Such as Paper Bags and Bottles, Effects Great Saving. BY HENRY L. SWEINHART. ARIETY may be the “spice of life,” as the old adage has it, but it is not the “life of business,” and the division of simplified practice of the United States Departmient of Com- merce has discovered that business is being hampered and that tons of mil- lions of dollars’ worth of idle stock are being carried on store shelves and In warehouses all over the Nation because of the necessity of handling many varieties of the same article. This waste is being eliminated. Different brands and sizes of gro- cery paper bags have recently been reduced from 6,200 to 4,700 in num- ber, at an estimated saving of $600,- 000 in paper stock alome, which will be possible. Simflar savings are being applied In many other lines of business. They Include all sorts of articles from cafeteria and lunchroom china, which has been reduced from 668 to 177 varieties; loaded shells from 4,076 to 1,758 kinds, and plow bolts from 1,500 to 840 varietles, to warehouse and commercial purchase forms, which have been reduced from thousands of different blanks to 18 paint and varnish brushes from 480 to 138, milk bottles from 49 to 9, several instance of cancerous sarcoma you are operating in conjunction with a specific chemical factor. We'll now go for operating in conjunction with a specific chemical factor. We'll now of the matter to date are a above. Of the several investigators Mr. London Knox or Dunlap, who for 30 years has partially neglected his toppers and panamas in order to in dulge a mad passion for experiment with microscopes. The expression “mad as a hatter” will acquire a _quite ew and peculiar meaning if. as seems likely,” the world should be found to owe to this hatter a decfsive advance toward cohquest of one of its chief scourges. Of course it 1is, or would be, for we should restrain our joy pending irrefutable proof. It is one thing to isolate and observe the cancer germ. Quite another to deal effectively with him. Koch discovered the tubercle baccilus in 1882, the world still awaits an effective serum for tuberculosis. * ok ok K Notes.—The King of Italy has in- vited Mussolini to be his guest for a few days, so that the much burden- ed premier may enjoy a complete | rest. The invitation is withoyt prece- dent, and some see a good deal of significance in it. Strike riots, alleged to be of a Com- munist complexion, in nitrate works near Antofagasta and elsewhere in Chile are reported. Both troops and | rloters (59 of the latter) were killed in the course of thelr suppression, be- | sides many wounded MENACE OF CHINA IS DUE TO IGNORANCE OF LAND Western Powers Err in Ordering Ori- -ental Affairs as They Would Their ‘Own, Ireland Holds. has enough intelligence to be amazed by anything- \ The overwhelming mass of the Chinese are today absolutely indiffer- ent to nine-tenths of all the things which forelgners think they ought to be deeply moved by. Whatever un- rest we now observe In China is due ultimately to our misguided efforts to prevent 4 Chinaman from being Chinese. Devoted to Tranquillity. The republican agitation is a case in point. Tt is anti-Manchu and anti- foreign far more than it is anti-mon- archial. Within any time with which we need reckon it can have no other effect than to rouse to irresponsible excitement a people who are devoted above all things to regularized tran- quillity. The Chinese ask no more of their own officials or of forelgn officials than that they will take their toll of the Chinaman, according to the rules of official-squeeze or of business-squeeze, and then leave him alone to live his own life his own way. One of the most scholarly of living Chinamen—e. man of the old school, a triend and close assocfate of Li Hung Chang and of Wu Ting Fang—said to me in Peking in 1922, speaking of the American-trained Chinese republicans: “The trouble is that those bright young fellows know a great deal about America and nothing about China.” That is the trouble with most of us: and it may prove to be the detenator which alone makes dynamite danger- ous, by converting a harmless yellow wubstance into a violent explosive. (Copyright, 1925.) Punishment for Crime In Chile Is Modified Punishment for crime fn Chile has been much modified through recent penal legislation inspired by groups of sentimentalists. In the first applica- tion of the new penal code recently 10 inmates of the prison in Valparaiso were granted provisional lberty by the ministers of the court of appeal. Under the law these court officials will make half yearly visits to the penal institutions, go over the record of every prisoner who has served half the period of his sentence. If the record shows exemplary conduct the prisoner may be granted provisional liberty 1 the prison head approves. The newspapers of Chile hail the penal code as a step toward modern- ization, but suggest that it would have been well to draw up the law so that the character of the offense would be given consideration by the pardon board in its consideration of applications for parole. Rare Exhibits of Pearls. In a shop. in Regent street, London, is belng shown a remarkable collec- tion of pearls gathered.from fisheries all over the world. There are white Austrian pearls with their silver sheen very beautiful, but cold in color, that can be worn triumphantly by the pale blonde. The warm magnolia-tinted pearls from Ceylon, of the golden and brown pearls found in the depths of the Red Sea are ideal for darker wom- en. as are the rare black pearls found only in the Gulf of Mexico by pearl fishers searching for black mother of Barnard Intrigues us most. He is a | erally accepted milk bottle caps from 29 to 1 and bed blankets from 78 to 12 sizes. Business and Labor Co-operate. “Many of our business leaders be- go for that factor, but first we'll ex-|lieve the place to look for tomorrow's pose you to the world.” The accounts | profits is in today’s wastes,” sald Ray little | M. Hudson, chief of the Commerce vague, but I take it the gist i given | Department division in charge of this simplified practice program. “Fur- thermore, it {8 becoming more gen that waste elimina. tion is one fleld in which both capital and labor can co-operate to mutual advantage. In builders’ hardware a reduction already has been effected from 34,806 to 16,648 varieties, a 52 per cent elimination, and notable achievements also have heen brought about in sim- plification during the past vear in the lumber and the sheet steel in- dustry. In the former the reductions represent about 60 per cent in the variety of finished yard lumber items and In the latter the reduction was from 1,819 to 263 items. More than a dozen labor unions in different crafts have signified their formal acceptance of the 43 simplified practical projects now in effect, and William Green, president of the American Federation of Labor, has declared himself in favor of the Com- merce Department’s activities in this direction, declaring that the organiza- tion which he heads Is “deeply con- cerned for the elimination of waste and for the most efficlent possible production.” Rapid Turnover Essential. “The rapidity of turnover is the life of business,” said Mr. Hudson. “If turnover is impeded or slowed up, bus. iness is crippled or dles. Often in this circulation system' of business there are leaks or impediments which are not readily traceable, yet which seriously affect progress and cut pro- fits to the vanishing point. These hidden handicaps are due in many sults in needlessly large investments, lost motion and wasted material. Simplification as developed by in- dustries with the co-operation of the division of simplified practice, is one of the best means of revealing such conditions. Simplified practice has Note—Modern business is @ ma- chine_of ever-growing complexity. Our law feourts find it more and more difiicult to keep pace with the countless disputes that arise from our industrial system. The movement of which Mr. Child writes offers substantial relief to the situation. CHILD. his and tried RICHARD WASHBURN The monkey who put into the narrow-mouth jar to take out all the nuts would hold found that he could not withdraw - his fist without pain and without letting go a good deal of the | prize to which he felt entitled. Sometimes, no doubt, those who go to law are entitled to all their claim. But the experience often is a painful one and usually a considerable part of the prize is dropped in the form of wasted time, costs and fees. Fur- thermore, when the courts are so over- crowded that their business is months and years behind, prospective litigants who withdraw are rendering the com- munity a real public service. The way out is through arbitra- tion. Probably the foremost obstacle in the path of making this practice a commercial, industrial and political custom is the assurance in most hu- man hearts and minds that they are 100 per cent right. Although each of us knows plenty of instances when we have been 100 per cent right we find it difficult to cite any case when any one else has been 100 per cent right. The truth is that justice sel- BY ROBERT UNDERWOOD JOHNSON, Former Ambassador to Italy. Italy continues to disappoint the croakers. The firm of J. P. Morgan & Co., which does not take leaps in the dark, has arranged to give her a temporary credit of $50,000,000 with a view to stabilizing the lira. This is authentic proof that the condition of the peninsula is stead- ily improving and will of itself con- tribute to a further improvemeut. Every now and then’ we learn from headlines that “Mussolini hag his back to the wall” only to read, soon after, that he has received an overwhelming vote of confidence in the Chaniber of Deputies. Again the knell of Italy was thought to have been sounded by a strike of 100,000 metal workers, Mussolini, kept his country virtually free of strikes, being represented as power- less to meet the crisis by reason of a mortal illness. A few days later Mussolini, apparently in good health, appeared before the applauding Chamber, and thus another myth- ical “revodution” went into the his- tory of petty events. And now the peninsula proceeds steadily and pa- tently on its course of convales- cence from the ills of war. My convicti®h that Italy is essen- tially conservative was a hard saying to those who saw only surface indica- tions of much ebullition of feeling and some turbulence of action. Thomas W. Lamont of the Morgan firm called at- tention in -a recent address to some cases to too much variety, which re-| hand | his hand | Nation-wide and even an international | who had | been declared by a group of leading business executives of the country to be one of the 10 most important fac- tors in modern business administra- tion. d “Our division is now co-operating. with over 200 industrial groups in their gimplification programs. The groups survey their respective flelds, decide what items can be eliminated, present their recommendations to us and we then help them get support. for their simplified lines. The form or procedure is much the same every case and so are the results. Business From Varieties. “We have found it almost axiomatic that, regardless of the hine, wnether it be paving brick or bed blanket 80 per cent of the business comes froni 20 per cent of the varleties offered It is in that 80 per cent of varie which yields only 20 per cent of the business that you find the greatest opportunities for simplification. In the motor-car industry, for example, this elimination of the unn 4 means simplification of design better engineering. It means eas and more economical manufactu lower overhead, lower productios’ costs and so forth. It means colns petition of the right sort, a common effort toward a larger field for your products, better service and greater satisfaction to the owner.” Studies which have been made b the division of simplified practice of the diverse sizes of motor license plates and brackets have been taken up by the Eastern conference of mot« vehicle administrators, and a comm tee on simplification and standardiza tion is considering possible action. Vegetables Have 14,000 Names. Vegetables of only 1,000 actual and tinct varieties are known u e than 14,000 varietal names in the catalogues and by the trade, an official count shows; wherefore the De partment of Commerce and Agri- culture are to co-operate with the seed trade and canners’ associations and the vegetable growers' association ta. determine the varleties representi the major proportion of the demand As a result of simplified practice applied by a number of railroads which have cut thelr average stoc on hand, as well as thousands of sup ply items, a saving estimated at $180 000,000 has been made in their, in- vestment of stores. Large manufa turing companies, it is stated, are likewise cutting out the unnecessary and the superfluous in the items that enter into their finished products, and the results are said to have more than justified the effort The progress of the simplificatior | movement in the United States is be ing watched very closely, it is stated by the representatives of other na tions, particularly those of industria countries. Visitors from a number = | of countries during the past year hav shown keen interest in the work the department’s division of sim fled practice, and these personal vi have been supplemented by requ | from foreign industrial associations fo | information as to simplification, and some cases it has been suggested t! | further progress in this direction ms | serve as a basis for initiating move ments of an international character Dull seasons have been eliminated and labor stabilized as a result simplified practice, it is claimed Competition has been sharpened and broader markets, it is asserted, have been developed. (Copyright, 1925.) | Arbitration of Legal Disputes Provides Way Around Courts. dom finds all the weight on one side ~ of the scales and if arbitration reaches the same finding, blame justice and truth and not arbitration. Remember also that arbitration is not necessarily her best role is that of a slave of men's wise de | u wish me I am here. | < to the savings in money. | time and good will, commercial asso clations, trade groups, various indus. | tries are enlisting the services of arbitration to keep out of the long labyrinths of the courts. Steps are being taken to provide means for ar | bitration between buyer and seller shipper and _transporter, contractor and client. The machinery is so sim- ple that almost any one can provide * it for a trade group or a community. A leadership in the movement has been taken for some years by the_ Arbitration Society of America, a'* wholly unselfish organization. s Arbitration should be made a habit of American life. It is being made so. Several State Legislatures and Con- gress, under the Coolidge administra- tion, have given legal recognition and effect to the rulings of accepted proc- esses of voluntary arbitration. The * old objections of some judges and “ some lgwyers have fallen away The 'opportunity in arbitration is not only the opportunity in prospect * for those who otherwise would have to go to law; at the moment the great opportunity is at the feet of leaders of civic progress in every city and town, is knocking at the door s of every national or local organiza- , tion devoted to good wilj and service. i We need this new national habit It may spread around the world. Italy Emerging From Economic Chaos, Says Former U. S. Envoy | jof her achievements under the wise administration of the minister of finance, Signor di Stefani—the balanc ing of the budget, the simplification of the tax system, yielding larger rev | enue; the determined stand against in 1 flation and the “reasonable effort” to consolidate and reduce the floating debt. Against every remalning difi- culty with which she has to contend the placed “the intense and unremit- |ting industry” of her people. Since Mr. Lamont's speech was made Signor di_Stefani has confirmed the non- inflation policy by publicly burning a large amount of Italian paper notes in the streets ofy Rome, an incident which recalls the destruction, after the French Revolution, of the presses that printed the “assignats.” The secret of Italy's renaissance is that her entire population is at work. The effective vigor and enthusiasm which Italy threw into the war— which are even vet unrealized in America, and are fatuously denied in certain English quarters—have been carried over into the activities of peace. She has recelved hard blows in the house of her friends, two from # us—the gerious Ilimitation of her , citrous exports to the United States and our virtual embargo on her emi- gration. But what we have lost by this misguided policy other countries will gain. She has the moving forces of pride and optimism, and a still greater prosperity is assured to her if % she will bear in mind that she has but one great problem—the physical, mental and moral education of her prolific population. The key to Italy’s future prosperity i§ the Italian child,