Evening Star Newspaper, July 19, 1925, Page 29

a — — - EDITORIAL PAGE NATIONAL PROBLEMS EDITORIAL SECTION st | Ohe Sundiy Sl Part 2—16 Pages BRITISH GIVING THE U. S. - SQUARE DEAL IN TRADE WASHI Reports of Discrimination Mostly Founded on Misinformation or Isolated Instances. Note—This is the second in a series of four articles in which Mr. Pearson asks four of the world's greatest police chiefs “Why Amer- ica leads the world in crime BY DREW PEARSON. HY greatest That | ences of opinion between the British and American governments as to what does and what does not constitute un- fair competition in shipping, but, after all, it wa more or le a matter of different viewpoints. [ asked an Amer- ican here, who in hix official position has a good deal to do with shipping, If British shipping interests had done anything American shipping interests wonld not have done under like ¢ cumstances. He would not like to an- swer an unqualified “no” to that, he said, but. he added, with a twinkle in his eve, “We've done one or two pretty clever things ourselves.” BY SHELDON 8. CLINE. ONDON.—1 am going to devote this letter to a discussion of the combined subjects of ship ping and trade, with particular reference as to how these prob- on the relation between the Britain. going 1o be a the intricacies 1 will leave have done voluminous reports not is' crfme America’s i industry ? | question, which | originated from a state- ~ ment by A. ., Bedford, | chairman of the Siandard Oil Co. 1 took 10 ex-Chancellor Johann Schober, president of the Vienna Police, and one of the greatest police |administrators in the wo 1d. | Herr Schober replied: “Your crime ! problem is great, because you are the most energetic country in the world You are the most virile, the ric \\;‘!;l. | the most subject to temptation. The Seems 10, ations of Europe are older and more & It is no particular credit to So that is that for what me to have been a good deal of a| that | tettled 3 " that we have fewer murders. Herr Schober proceeded to mare’s nest My conclusion is | It we are going to engage in the ship- | % (At bing game. in competition with more 7 experienced players we can't afford to|outline the method he used to pre- do the baby act and let out a h.mlv““"h'}"':“"" "" ‘H"‘"‘('I':‘ s svery Hine! some gne Wlars on ous) Whichitias dmade i toes. What have got to learn to|Sufest in the world. But before do is to hit K peating this prescription for crime H | cure let me give you a picture of this {famous Austria Jems hear United States and Great But don’t think it is technical discussion of of the questions involved that to the experts, who and will continue to do it 1y in heavy and awe inspirin that hardly any one reads writing for the technician average reader. But, of conldn’t leave technicians wholly out of It necessary that 1 read a lot of thelr heavy reports and to talk to a great many of them in order to get the hackzround for the picture. But now I am zolng to lay their heavy reporis aside and forget as many as I can of the intricate and perplexing things they have told me and try in simple words to tell a sim ple tale British will deal that disposed letter I am but for the course, 1 the < it was ie of the re- we b we Trade Problems Complex, | When it comes to discussing Amer A Genial Policema | icun and British tvade and the many | Her complex problems involved it ix diffi- | (ry men It 1o resch general conclusions | plump and jovial. A white Vandyke without the dunger of falling into|beard gives him the distinguished serlous error. So far as | cun findluppearance a prime minister is sup there not in Great Britain any-|posed to have. but dves pot hide a thing more nearly upprouching an ac-|genlal twinkle which instantly tells cepled national trading program than | you that Dr. Schober is more of there is ut home. Here, as in America, | human being than fo there are the sume divergences and| “Yes, this ix my first onflicts of Interest. What is trading | ica,” he told me. when meat for one man may be (rading |changing preliminary formalities poison for another. There is not in|“and I conf that I am achin Great Britain anything like that com-|be home. In 12 vears I have not heen munity of industrial interests which away from Vienna for more than existed in Germany before the war!three weeks. That was when T w and which now, according (o reporis. | federal chancellor and attended fhe is being rapidly restored. The Brit-|Genoa conference. It lasted six week ish industrialist is still very much an but I was there only three times for individualist, inclined to go his in-!very short stays.” dividual way. A few days ago there| Herr Schober was one of Austria’s | was loud acclaim in the British press | first chancellors. When that once | because certain competing British | important empire was shorn of its + steel fabricators had pooled Interests | vassal races—when its factories were and underbid German competitors on ' given to Czechoslovakia, fts wheat a big contract. But this was only | fields to Hungary, its cattle and lum done in desperation after having seen! her regions (o Jugoslavia and its the Germans carry away a lot of de-| 6,000,000 people were confronted with sirable business, and there is no rea-| the problem of making a living on a | son to think it_is likely to grow into | little patch of rocky soil about the {a permanent British poliey. Condi e of Maryland, Herr Schober was tons here are not at all similar to|given the job of chancellor. Through | those under which the Germans work. | the succeeding days of food riots, and Communist intrigue Schober led his country, either 5. chancellor or in the important position of president of the police. During this period Vienna suffered from very little violent crime Recret of Vie When 1 f these facts and asked me the secret of i1, he | estly: “Yes, Vienna Crime has decreased now at a point lower as his fellow coun- Schober, Is short, . T first subjes President 1 be. call Dr cause soonest previous great deal of American people have a merchant But I don't think American people There was no b the allies were shipping shortest and I xald In a 1 find in England a bitterness because the seem determined to marine of their own that is anyihing the need worry about tterness here when calling upon us to build <hips and more ships to trans port Amertean troops to France and to take the place as food and munition earriers of those the German subma rines were sinking. threatening Eng land with starvation and the possi- bility of surrender. In response to those appeals the American people spent about three hillion dollars build ing ships at a per ton cost two or three times what it would have been had we been building ships in normal times merely for our own use. And having built these ships at the ear nest solicitation of Great Britain and her European allies. it seems to me it comes with.rather poor srace to criti cize us now hecause we have them and are anxious to get back some little part of the money their bulld fng cost ns. 1 suggested as much to an English man interested in shipping the other day. and he was quick Lo acknowledge the justice of the American view- point. And then he made a point with respect to our shipping which 1 had not heard made before. He said. in substance, that it was not the | ships America had in operation that worried British shipping interests, but the ships America had lald up and was not operating with t of. As A w ex- i | | starvation | Herr | | | | | National Program Ignored. When it direct trading | States and the is found that s comes to the question of between the United United Kingdom there me divergence of in dividual opinion and conflict of per sonal interest. It is true that there is a large national program, to which all subscribe in theory but disregard in practice whenever it conflicis with personal interest, that Great Britain must sell more to and buy less from America. But that is more a matter of politles and international finance | % than it js of business. All the aver age British business man seems to know or care about the problems of his government in meeting bliga tions in America is that he has to pay the taxes. The problem fise'f s one for the government to worry | bout. | There i= a more or less pronounced | national sentiment, inspired by propa- | ganda in behalf of languishing Brit- | ish industry, in favor of a preference | for Britishmade zoods. This does not | | prevent American goods and even | German goods from finding ready sale. | ibut it does crop up every now and ithen to cause embarrassment. An in-| | stance was called to my attention the | |other day. The proprietor of what we | call a filling station (they have another term for it over here) installed the | very latest model of a gasoline pump, | with a glass measuring tank and all the other up-to-date embellishments. His customers were pleased with it | and commended him on his enter prise. until one of them discovered in ! an inconspicuous place in small let- ters “Made in U, A Then they | kicked up such a fuss abont it that the proprietor had to take out his pretty American pump and install one | of British make. Yet it is probable those same complaining customers did not themselves hesitate to buy American or German goods whenever they saw a price advantage. The trou- | ble with the filling station man was that he made too public a display of his non-adhesion to “British goods for Britons.” rese Order. reminded the ex-chancellor him to tell | replied mod- is a fairly safe city steadily until it Keeps Freight Rates Dow than it was Asked for further light, he explained that the immense tonnage of Amer- iea’s war-built fleet, now laid up in Hampton roads and elsewhere, much of it almost worthless, but a great deal =still potentially nsable. was veritable wet blanket on British ship. ping interesis and the shipbuilding industry 1t served 1o keep down ocean freight rates and to disconr age new construction He recalled that there had been recent talk of equipping many of these vessels with Diesel engines and putting them into service, and he assumed this would he done whenever ocean carrying reached a point of recovery where profitable cargoes were to be had. That operated as a matter of course, he said. to prevent advances in ocean carrving charges, and it operated also to deter shipping lines from placing orders for new tonnage to meet future needs, for there always was this un nsed but usable American tonnage hanging over the world's pool of =hipping He intimated that if the United States Government only would take this laid-up tonnage out in the Atlantic Ocean and sink it, no one would then complain because the Americans wanted to try their hands at the shipping game. I gathered, in faect, that he rather thought the Brit jsh would he able {0 make monkeys of ns, meeting on an equal footing T called his attention to the pro- posal of Senator Fdge of New Jersey, A member of the Senate commerce commitiee. that the Government should bufld twe 35.000-ton liners to 1al:e their turns with the Leviathan on A fast transatlantic service. That didn’t worry him a bit. He rather thought it would be a sporting thing to do. He hadn't any fears, he sald hut that British liners would get their full share and a little more of even| strietly American passenger trade, so long as American laws kept American liners dry. Don’t Like Ship Subsidy. By GEORGE E. ROBERTS Vice President of the National City Bank of New York. OMETHING of a sensation seems to have heen caused at the recent meeting of the Interna tional Chamber of Commerce at Brussels by the utterances of | two eminent delegates. Both of them set forth in rather pungent sentences that payments upon reparations or international indebtedness of any kind were possible only by means of | zoods or services, and that the credi tor countries were unwilling to squarely face this fundamental con dition. The doctrine itself is generally accepted by economists, but the pub lic seems to have interpreted these addresses as predicting failure for the | Dawes plan. Difficulties Recognized. No Signs of a Boycott. T am convinced, and T find much bet ter informed Americans here who agree with me, that the necessities of the | situation will make headway for the large national program of buying less from Americ but it will be an evo- lutton rather than a revolution in our trage relations. There will not be any- thing like a boyeott of American | goods. It is even probable that within | provides a few years the working out of nat.| German ural forces will bring about such a re adjustment as to meet the require ments of the situation and permit an even increased consumption of Ameri- can manufactured goods. 1 do not think American manu- facturers have any reason to fear serious impairment of the markets they now have established in Great Britain. I do think American farmers must expect to see a diminishing | market here for their produce, but that does not necessarily mean le: The fund which accumulates in the prosperity for American agriculture.| cenyral bank may be used to buy It _probably wil] call for a readjust-| foreign exchange, but that exchange ment of the American agricultural| must be first created by the sale of program. Already American beef is|German products abroad. out of the British market because the There is no gainsaying that this day has passed when American beef principle applies in any kind of p: can compete in price with beef from ments running from one country to the Argentine and other countries,|another. Indeed, it appears even in which still have free range. Frozen | business between different sections beef and mutton from Australis of the same country very section where there is possible grazing land | of this country pays for what it buys equal to about half the area of the outside of its boundaries with the United States, is figuring more and | commodities of its own production. more in the British markets. A few ! Money is only the small change of the years ago the British would not eat husiness world, a convenience, but not meat that had been frozen. Today|an original means of payment. thev come pretty near to having a o Values Must Be Tangible. preference for it. 1 1 Tl Must Reckon With Russia. There 1s room for | opinion about the policy of protection Pt } 1o home industries, and over how to are crop failures in countries where | ¢3! With the foreign debts, but th Wheat can be grown more cheaply,|Should be no disagreement about And when Russia returns as a great | how international payments actually exporter of wheat, as it is bound to)are made. Final settlements are ac- do in time. there will be sull less | complished only by the transfer of reason to expect a market in Kurope|tarwible values. Of course, payment other shippers and shipping Interests, |for American wheat. The world hu" may be postponed by giving promis- and it was not infrequently charged |[now about adjusted itself to the ab-|sory notes or bonds, or through in- that the British government lent moral |8ence of the former Russian supply.|vestments hy citizens of the creditor and material support to such discrim-| When Russia returns as a producer|country in the debtor country, but fnation. I have made inquiries it Is likelv that wheat acres other|obviously that is not final settle- wherever I could, chiefly of Ameri-|than American ones will be driven|ment. Tans stationed over here, and whe |out of the business of growing wheat.| It ix not required t ceive goods direct from the debtor We have several thousand vears of | nught to know, as to how much foun- r 3 I £ dation there was to these reports, 1|history to justify the assertion that|countries: they may have credit bal- . world will always get its hread [anees with other countries which the W told of twn three instances |the 14 will alway et it ances with other conntries wh uf\:«rv Aiseriminatinn looked pretty |SYAins where they can he had the | can transfer to us, buf the proposi- rave and where it evidently had the cheapest. | tien that payment to ug must come fv.:-pe;"nz the British government.| American pork products are likely lin goods still hnldu{m This Theze have been some sharp differ- (Continued on Third Page.) roundabout method of settlement /\ The Dawes plan, however, does not guarantee specific payments. It recognizes that there are difficulties ! about making payments outside of Germany which the German govern ment alone cannot overcome: so it that the obligation of Then T spoke of revival of agitation government is for a ahip subsidy, and of the fact that 1t was heing supported by the Cham- her of Commerce of the United States He didn't like that so well. He didn't think British lines ought to have to compete with lines subsidized outright hy the American Government, though he admitted that most of the lines of other countries were subsidized in some way or another by their govern- ments. Then he fell back on the ground I have grown so familiar with over here. demanding to know why America persisted in losing money in a game for which she was not qualified when other nations could serve Amer iran shippers more economically, espe cially in view of the fact that these other nations owed America money which they must find some t paving. It did not seem to occur to him, and I did not raise the point, that under his hypothesis even our tied-up ship ping of which he complained might be a good investment for America if it served 1o keep ocean freight rates down. T have quoted central bank at Berlin to the credit of the transfer agent repre. | senting the reparations commission. This agent is charged with managing | the transfers out of Germany, sub- Jject to the condition that they must "he accomplished without disturbing | the exchanges or depreciating the German currency, for the stabilizing of the exchanges and currency was the very first step in the Dawes plan. | the this British shipping man at length hecause, from the best information 1 can get on this side. hoth from Americans in a position to know and from British shipping inter ests, he fairly presents the general Rritish view of the American program for an American merchant marine, is true of beef will be true except in vears when there Question of Discrimination. At home 1 had heard a great many storfes about unfair discrimination against American ships by British and method | Declaration at International Chamber Many Causes Leading to Conflicts Must Be Understood Before There Is Chance of Permanent Relief. Causes Sensation—Creditors Not Willing to Approve. the | discharged | | when the required sums are paid into | aifferences of | we should re- | NGTON, D. , SUNDAY MORNING, JULY 1 CRIME PREVENTION BEST Herr Schober, once pre- mier, now police chief of tells is kept down in Austria and Vienna, how crime why it is not kept down in America. He describes his police officer as follows: “His job to prevent crime hefore it happens. If a stranger moves ‘into his district it is his business to know all about him—to find out who his family is, what his income is, how he spends it, whether he is living with- in his income., where he spends his evenings and who his friends are. This takes an enormous number of po- lice, but our low crime rec- ord shows that it is worth i intrusive into prohibition more about | S0 that we This, despite the | police are any more | tact that the war got people in the | personal affairs than your | habit of using violence and despite | officers. U we know the fact that crime usually increases | people in a quiet way, after every wa | can always find them. “You ask me for he | or instance, every traveler who continued. ““There We | registers at a hotel, must also register simply practise crime | with the police. In the United States prevention, which orig- | this ix not necessary. Our practice en | inate after the war | ables us to keep track of a great many 1 “When I came into criminals who travel from one city the police offices top heavy with from one country t6 another.” | white-collar clerks and executives,| Despite the plight in which Aus.| who did nothing but sit in their offices | tria found herself after the war, she and uniforms which you Amer- did not suffer from Communist revo icans would call ‘sporty 1 dered | lutions nearly as much as some of all of these men out on the sireet as | her neighbors, such as Hungary and plain clothes men I made them into ' Germany So I asked Herr hober | detectives and each detective had his how he dealt with the problem of | | distriet for which he was responsible. | Bolshevist propaganda | “His job was to prevent crime be “Wa have had a lot of it.” he ad fore it happened, not to detect it mitted. “Whenever there is economic afterward. If a stranger moved into unre: there is also social unrest. | his district, it was his business tq | Whenever e factories close down, a learn all about that stranger, to find bunch of Communists from Germanv | out who his family were, what his in- | or Russia put in their appearance come was, how much he spent, wheth- and begin distributing literature and er he was living within his income, preaching the third internationale where he spent his evenings and who | the panacea for all social ills. his friends were. Those gentlemen are easy I sim- | This takes an enormous ply capture them and give them—how | police, but our low crime you say it—a good ‘boost’ out of | | shows that it is worth it Austria t “But with the Austrian Communists | ah, that is differeni! We let them alone as long they are peaceful.{ but when they advocate force, we ar rest them. | | before the war. the secret,” is none. system of I helped to office T found | number of record Belore. When I reminded Herr Schoper that the United States had always prided itself upon personal liberty and was opposed to having the police spy into the personal affairs of citizens, he replied ‘ot Emperor threaded work of are rather Know all is much Freer Now Than Drawing the Line. “How can you draw the line where peaceful demonstration ends and force 1 asked also is difficult. You must use common sense. There is a_pro- | vision in our laws—paragraph 305 which gives me almost anv power. 1 can arrest people for inciting others course, in the old Fr with spies, used about different. davs under nz Josef, Austria was a most thorough net so that our people to having the police them. But today it 1 doubt if our | | | sometimes is referred to as though it was a solution of the problem. but it is not a solution unless our imports in | the agzrezate are greater than our exporis by enough to pay the debts. | | U. S. Holds Balance. | | In the year 1924 our foreign trade with the grand divisions was as fol- lows BY DAVID STARR JORDAN, Chancellor Emeritus of Stanford University. HE common appeal in behalf of military cost in all coun- | tries is hased on the idea of being ready “if war should come.” In the words of a recent exponent of that notion, “Peace is a fragile thing, as fragile as a scrap | of pape “The fragility of peace.’ such as it is a phase to the operation of what has been called “Johnson's | law,” was this stated in 1912 by Dr.| Alvin Johnson | “With expanding and competing na- | tions war shall consume the fruits | | Imports From. Exports To $1,096.356,118 $2,444,490,070 95.075.059 1.090.022 660 466,471,209 . 315.064,92 931,370,655 514,605,131 | 156.504.866 70.294.309 | Europe N. America S America | Asia Ocean Africa $4,590.981,9 o 980,428,392 This shows trade balances In our favor with three of the grand divi- sions and against us with three. but a net balance in our favor of $980,428,- of progress.” 1t was a medieval belief that dis- ease, pestilence and all things evil | came “of themselves” or as visita- tions of Providence on helpless hu- manity. The same childish fatalism seems to infest popular feeling in all ! 392, Can any one shift these totals so | COURLIIéS, showing visible results in as to accomplish a reduction of the | JONNSON's law of fear and “pre- v Lo he | paredne vear's trade account was settled by | NOthing comes of itself.” that every increasing the sum of foreign indebt- | Condition, every incident. ha k s R e Ot Geiter fective cause. Hence such visitations £ as the yellow fever, the black death, | paight, Oommos Newauaper Sydicxfe the bubonic plague and their like are Co William Allen White. Chairman Editorial P b Hoard traced to their sources; in these cases |Sees Federal Growth Apart From Federal Aggression BY WILLIAM CABELL BRUCE, Senator From Maryland. tional Government an authority so plainly national in its nature. so un- mistakably calling for uniform prin- In making out a case against the|cibles and rules of administration, co- | recent strides of Federal authority,|eXtensive with our entire national do- | it is not an uncommon thing for the Main? upholder of the rights of the States| When Dissatisfaction Ts Justified. thoughtlessly (o pass bevond the real) The just dissatisfaction of the Ameri scope of his'own objections to Federal | can citizen with the Federal power aggression. The mere fact that the begins only when the long-established operations of the Federal Government | boundaries between matters of na- have been enormously enlarged is not | tional and matters of.local moment are | a thing at which State jealousy needs ' invaded by congressional enactment, | take alarm. With the vast increase | judicial construction or constitutional | that has taken place in the population | amendment; in other words, it uprmgn} and wealth of the United States, this |up when the Federal hand is thrust | enlargement was inevitable. into_the purely domestic concerns of | 8 , | the States, such as education, the care iness Volume Cited. | ;¢ 1 igren, marriage and divorce, and | The volume of the national business | could not be expanded without a cor- sumptuary restraints, and pro- | duces the irritation, resentment, de responding expansion in the Federal | rangement and discord which never agencies by which that business was | fail to follow the attempt of a cen- transacted. Even, therefore, if the!tral government to prescribe general | circle of Federal activities had not |and inflexible rules of conduct for com- | been greatly widened by congressional | munities widely separated from each | legislation ‘the decisions of the Su-| other in point of historic traditions, | | preme Court, constitutional amend. | social usages and habits, and economic ments and the stealthy growth of|wants. What is wholly agreeable or | Federal bureaucracy, the present or- | beneficial to one of such communities Nation's Bu would necessarily be highly complex |cial to another. and imposing. Nothing has imparted | Leave to the Federal Government | more power, dignity and usefulness to | the care of all the interests 0o uni- the National Government than the versal, too continental. too national to criginal authority conferred upon it by | be reconcilable with mere local pre- the interstate commerce clause of the essions, prejudices or peculiarities, Federal Constitution, which gave to it leave the rest to the States. That | the control of all the leading instru- the line of partition originally mentalities, by which intercommuni- | drawn by the Federal Constitution, cation hetween the United States and | though now marked by more than one | foreizn countries and between the | melancholy deflection; and ne safer | several States Is maintained. But|line can ever he traced for the ml what thinking man begrudges the Na- ' ance of the American people, i | formed | mans | the 9, when I think they mav to violence. But I use to violence, o incite others this only in moderation. in all things—that ix the successful police. ‘lLet me give you an example of how we manage these Communisix At one time they wanted to hold parade around the Ringestrasse. You remember this street? Well, I forbade the parade “But the burgomaster intervened He is a very fine man. but he is a Social Demoerat and he must play politics. 8o’ in order 1o appease the radical wing of his varty he urged that a meeting be held instead of a parade. 1 agreed to this But 1 knew in advance who would cause the trouble. There you see the advantage of our police system, whereby we know #ll ahout every citizen. Only Three Bricks Thrown. “So when the meeting was held I placed heside every Communist one or two detectives. And this 1 consider a good joke—there were only three bricks thrown during the entire meet ing. Immediately when a brick was secret thrown a detective was alongside that | | man and | made had him off to only three arrests. we knew our jall. We That was because men in ad vance. Nex phatically, concluded the “the police That is the work."” is there so much and so little crime asked one thing.” replied Schober, after some thought tions of Eurdpe are made up of homo- geneous peoples. We are either Ger or Austrians or Slavs. One country fights with another, I regret to but within' each individual nation we do not fight so much. That is, there is not much crime. “America is entirely different are made up of every national ity under the sun. There are Germans and Austrians and Slavs and Latins all mixed up together. You do not fight with the outside world Tn fact. vou have heen a surprisingly peaceful country. But instead. vou take it out on vourselves. You fight within your own count 1 wonder if this race mixture does not have a_great deal to do with your amount of crime? President must be principle em in on which 1 “Why America rope?” crime in in Eu 1 Herr Too Many Revolvers. “Then emotional you are w in sports also, you are impulsive and You are energetic and ealthy. You lead the world and also in the mass of riches vou have stored up In this great | red-blooded ! country. You produce men. "It is natural that when you excel in most good things. you should also_excel in some of the bad. “Of course.” concluded the dent, with a wave of his hand, “these are all theories. 1 do not know if they are true. But if you want facts I will give you one that cannot be dis puted. Americans more_revol vers than all the people of Europe, Asia and Africa combined. 1 suspect that this one fact alone causes more violent crime than all of my other theorfes put together.” (Copyright Presi- 1925.) PAYMENT OF WAR DEBTS STUDY OF WAR SPIRIT IN COMMODITIES SEEN NEEDED TO BRING PEACE to insect-born microbes carried from sick men or sick rats to be implanted in the veins of healthy people. The causes, once known, can be found and eradicated, a process which has saved the lives of countless millions. War, the greatest of all human pests, must be studied and treated in similar fashion. It does not come of itself, but {ts causes are powerful enough to override all nations who do not brace themselves against it And the remedy does not lie in more war or more armament, but in more clearness of vision, honesty of pur- pose and a more intensive patriotism. | A patriotism of courage and devotion not a lip service on flag-waving days. No lover of this country will heip to plunge his nation ints war even in a righteons cause. for there r and better ways to | settle personal or political differences than the Types of War Makers. There are in the main five tvpes of war makers. First are the militarists, whao tire of dawdling peace functions. When they fire they crave “a mark that wiggles when it is hit.” The ambler's zest for the chance of glory and the grave" from the war spirit. Next we have the war-maker politi- can fearing the loss of power, and acting in accord with Treitsche’s law: ““Foreign war is the swift remedy for all internal unrest and lack of patriot- ism.” Not far behind comes the “‘gray old strategist” “scenting from afar the cadaverous odor of lucre.” Next comes the exploiter of “backward peoples.” who demands for protection the costly terrorism of our way Finally we have the mob which fol- lows every band wagon and which if often Jed by hot-blooded and empt headed youth who has yet to learn the real meaning of patriotism. “trial of battle.” Through these elements war comes, | < and people are led or pushed into conflict. Every nation at all times needs all the patience. virtue and in- telligence it can musier to keep off bloody but well traveled road which leads to ruin. ‘War Easiest Course. In any time of international cord to go to war is to follow line of least resistance. tion is organized for war, not one for peace. It requires leadership of courage and conscience to struggle against the current when the test comes. The “‘stream of events” which sweep on toward war has been in every country prepared with diaboli- cal ingenuity. Gen. Maude, a Ger- man war advocate, speaks of military drill which has “turned half the male population” of continental Europe to ‘'vibrate in harmony with war calls.” ‘One needs,” he says, “‘only to strike dis- the very na- other ethical conception which those who have not organized their forces beforehand can appeal to.” War is an acquired vice dnd contrary to the natural feelings of humanity. As Simon Patteu has ob- served. “Peace and sympathy are the natural expression of our emeotions.” War can never come when men are normal and when their government is led by wisdom and intelligence, (Copyrizht. 1025.) Moderation | of | =l “the na- | You | is inseparable | one | 'VEXING PROBLEM FACES FRENCH IN MOROCCO WAR Prevented From Violating Spanish Fron- tier and Meeting Internal Opposition, She May Have Long Fight Ahead. | | | BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. HE Moroccan campalgn has already developed into a firstclass colonfal war and has no parallel in French ex- perience since the historic re | sistance of Abd-el-Kader in Algeria | three-quarters of a century ago, pre. | sents all the aspecis of the border | warfare which the British have car {ried on along the Afghan frontier of | India for more than a century. It has | also peculiarities of its own due to | the existence of a frontier hetween | the French protectorate and the Span- tish. and this circumstance is respon sible for most of the French difficulty. Retiring behind this frontier, that is withdrawing from the French to the Spanish territory. the Riffs have hith erto been safe from pursuit. To understand the reasons why French have been and may well | linue for some time o have an awk- ward problem on their hands it is | necessary 10 go hack a little into past | history. * Following the final division | of Morocco and the liquidation of the | Franco-German dispute, which culmi i nated in the Agadir episode of 1911 France 100k over the control of most of the old Sherifian Empire, but Spain cquired a narrow strip of territory on the Mediterranean seaboard, ex tending to the Atlantic coast, but not including the port of Tangier Zone Is Mo This Spanish zone suggests vaguely & section of Chile. narrowly restricted between the Andes and the Pacific. Tt is. xave for the Atlantic portion. a re gion of confused highlands, some of | the mouutains exceeding 8000 feet helght. with very short moun |tain streams plunging down |the sea. It has an area of some £.000 square miles, about that of | Massachusetts, and a population of | much less than a million. The people belong 10 the great Berber race, which has lived in North Africa since the be | Binning of recorded history and sur vived many invasions of which the | Roman is the first recorded. Rut fol {lowing the Arab invasion the people | were converted 10 Mohammedan faith and in the main lost their own lan guage, which still survives in the Al gerfan Kabyleland The Riffian Berbers are mountain eers. inhabiting villages on the sum {mit of the peaks: they have been and {are pirates in a small way on the | coast and they have for centuries op- posed a successful resistance both to ithe Spanish, who from the davs of { Columbus on have stiriven to conquer Algeria and Morocco. and to the Sherifs of Moroc After 400 vears ! Spanish found (hemselves a few vears ago still restricted to a few coastal towns of which Melilla was the most considerable. while in the hills Tetuan was their single fortress facing Gibraltar was no more {than a penal colony Just a few vears hefore ‘he World { War Spain carried on a long und cost |1y campafgn about Melilla. but with the usual results and the agelong fight for Morocco was again discon tinued. Following the World War the Spanish resumed operations on a very | considerable scale and in the past two | vears have emploved upward of 150 {000 troops at a time in a desperate effort to conquer their own sphere of Interest, the Riffian area abolish all danger to themsels Abd-el-Krim. the Riff hardly care to have hostil | his rear while fighting the his front i rance, therefore way of preparation scattered garrisons. gregate did not sand men on the frontier. Thus it came the Spanish abruptly decided 1o the coast and abandon the efforts 1o conquer Abd-el-Krin French suddenly themsel ing a critical situation. The vietor possessed a small regular trained in European stvle by renegade KEuropeans He d from the Spanish vast military Including artillery and airplanes. of the small regular army he reservoir of a hundred tho ing men 1d n h on leader which e ni did nothing in the Keep! y few which ir iR~ exceed & thou whaole ot when wn | mur e far- Riffian saw stores Back the con uble. Winter Foresaw Beginning strove frantically to prep: storm which seemed inevits houses were established points in the mountains the frontier, and )wlands, taken and a na begun. Troops were and the Mo from Alger But the t and Radieal - Sa ent France was oppos # ita penditure. Marsha Lya nor zeneral of Morocco. w able to accomplish limited time allowed In the midd of fell Beginni with Riffian_ operations the volume of understand this bear in ming last rz inder covering ighways the row-ga vas ated forced Afriean colon the n ex s ainous. was alist April ) & ttle raids, the To apidly swellad a real campaizn campalgn one the geographical cumstances. The Riffs coming south out of the Sy and across relatively < which concealed They had three | They might aim a fortified town ing the Atlantic plain | drive directly Fez, « and across the valleys of the Wergha and Lebene Rivers. two streams whic come out of the Spanish zone |ward and then turn west into Sebu: they might drive for Taza the east and nearest their own terri- {tory. To take Wezzan was to gain the rich plain of the ( » and menace a wider fertile area; indeed. to menace the whole plain right to Rahat They might drive for nd to Fez was to win a far-shining which would its effe all_over Morocco, but Mohammedan North Africa Or they might content with the more modest ward. Taza. which, if cut the line of tween Algeria over. one of French lay in t not know in advance would strike and troops to guard adequately a hundred and fifty miles m were nish high their possible at Wez: zone movements. is cover which at ing down | uthe the h to Fez have t only ope and Moroee the handicaps of tha o fact 1 could where the Riffs the nt of 0. More- f Struck at Center. Actually. the Riffs struck and with Fez as their Sweeping down the mounta 1in numbers exceeding 15.000 | merged the thinly held line of French | blockhouses, as Ludendorff submerged | the first line of the British in his gre | offensive of March, 1918. Actua | however, this phase suggests the Aus. | trian attack on the Asiago Plateau. in | North Ttaly, in 1916, when the Aus- n trians o rough t sentures a quarter of a century ago. | Sttt e oo e e T | This national protest culminated in | - € Ly the transfer of power to a dictator | hS,biain. Verona and Vicenza, their and one of the'Nrstdecialons the dlc-| oyecon trom it rpout the same tator had to make was to abandon | ke, from the Jumpine.off mace o the the Moroccan affalr and draw the | R’ i i Spanish occupyving forces hack Lhathe few posts on the coast. strongly o e et tified and covered by warships. the “.';”\ s ; Leb, BX cRIDC AICK | the plains on the Atlantic coast could | 1i€ ;7 erEun and Tebene streams and be held easily. This evacuation took | oY May 1 thes were on the edge of the place last Autumn and Winter and |J\0 a0 within Sishit oF {lie aelitly was complete before the recent Spring. i at's of Fez. less than 25 miles dis Meantime: the.:French, atarting in | oo, hOUT -Was very critical, for | 1911 ‘and going forward even during|Irench had not yet received adequate the Workl 'Warli;had accomplishedyrolaforcements, - Nevertheleas, once marvels o thels Gsuhere © But thelel IRY SNEW Where the main attack was | eMort has heen concentrated in the | PeIng made. (he Krench concentraied west. that is along the Atlantic coast | 2fl their forces. executed a counter | and the rich plains of the hinterland, | Pffentive. and drove the Riff< | while thelr military effort has been di. | Infe_ the hills and svstematically re rected against the rebellious tribes of | [le¥ed the garrisons of the block. the Grand Atlas. the central mountain | POUses. which in the main had held {area. southof Fez and east of Mar. nm.,ma:\lvlr‘:_ a defense which cone | rakesh. The northern region, adjoin ‘r:::’ a brilliant page in colonial wa | ing the Spanish zone. has little actual | f2re. : or potential wealth and no present ap. | UL, having relieved the bickhouses. eal to Frencl ort. STt em, sinc y"I'hl ,'v\'h?l’hd:rl{l’:;l great things in | W38 no longer. possible to maintain the ‘weatern region. the French con: | COmMunications with all these littla tented themselves in the north with | POStS. which in theaggregate consumed | opening a highway and a railway con- | 0 Ma0V men in garrisons. Thus the | necting Fez with Algerta and thus | iTst phase was over by the middle of | bridging the gap between the network | MaV and Abd-el Krim had not taken of rallways in Western Morocco and | Fe7z He had. however, swept up a | the Algerian aystem. But the rail-| Rumber of border tribes. for a mo- way an military highways connecting | MeNt been within sight of his ohjec- Fez with Algeria were of utmost fm.-| Ve and he had inflicted losses as portance because they enabled France | Well s suffering many casualties. and o move troops and supplies rapidiy |h° remained within French territors from Algeria to Western Morocco in |&Nd in possession after abandoning time of emergency. The raflroad and | Plockhouses. highway between Fez and Taza. that | Blocked by Frontier. is half of the way from Fez to the Al i gerian frontier, runs along the valley | In ordinary circumstances the 6f the Tmawen River. a tributary of ment was now come, but no offensive fhe ‘Sebu. swhich flows b Fez and inio | could be undertaken hecause (e Rifts the Atlantie. The Inawen River|Were standing on the frontier and skirts the Spanish zone and is only | could retire hehind it and the French 20 or 30 miles from it at points. could n""' fn";‘:“' TN‘ failure of “: rench to strike gravely compromise heir prestige with the Morc who Spanish Attack Menacing. believed that fear and frontiers | Tt has always been plain. then, that e lan attack coming from the Spanish, 'estrained the French. Thus the slow | Zone would have grave menace for |Put steady desertion of the border vil- this vital line of French communica- | 128es followed the forced inaction of | tions. Moreover. Fez, while no longer | the French. s 5 | of much political importance, since Presently Abd-el-Krim, having re. | the French have created a mew gov.|covered from his defeat and reorgan. ernmental center at Rabat on the At.|ized his forces, struck again. This lantic coast, was the traditional capi- | time the blow was leveled at Taza, | tal of the Sheriffian Empire, a clty of | And with all the circumstances of tha great religlous and intellectual pres.|®arlier effort it came far nearer to tige in all of North Africa. And Fez|8uccess. The civil population was is hardly 40 miles from the Spanish | Withdrawn and there w again a frontier and at the foot of several Moment when its capture seemed far | trails leading through passes to the|from improbable. Once more, how- Mediterranean side of the Maritime|©Ver. French concentrations were | Atlas. Taza, too, at the other end of Made in time and a brusque counter- | the corridor of the Inawen River, is an | Offensive for the moment crowded the even smaller distance from the fron- | Riffs back from the vital railway and tier and, if the Riffs could seize this, | highway. Nevertheless. this second | the ren. the Spanish Effort Fails. This struggle. however, has not only heen uniformly unsuccessful, but it has produced unrest at home on ac- | count of the cost in money and in | blood. The sentiment against further |advenfll"! in Morocco presently par- |a|le{ed the sentiment against Cuba Austrians., ton. the Riffs ! | { ccans they would not only cut the French | venture had severely tried French re- communications with Algeria, but | Sistance and as a consequence the open communications with the still un- | Spread of unrest and even defection ganization of the Federal Government | may be wholly. obnoxious or prejudi- | the necessary chords in order to evoke | subdued tribes of the High Atlas, | AMONg the border tribes continued and |a response sufficient to overflow any whom the French have surrounded | increased. | and igolated, but not yet completely, Such. briefly. is the story conquered. | Moroccan campaign to date. Unfortunately for themselves, the (VpPe of Indian warfare carried French, while spending great effort in | dificult mountains. and the French | the west and south, creating iroads, ©Perations are 1 times compro- ! military raflways and establishing A ™ised not alone by the absence of all strong posts. had neglected the north. | communications and the unsuitahility ern area. This was due to the fact; of the country for the use of artillery, that obviously expected ne at-! Put alse by the intense heat and the tack from a friendly Spain. while they (#hsence of water at manx points, calculated that the Spanish oparations | While the French have now concen: would keep the Riffians busy and thus (Continued on Third Page) of Tt the is A on In