Evening Star Newspaper, March 1, 1925, Page 41

DITORIAL PAGE E NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL ARTICLES Part 2—20 Pages BRITISH ARE UNDISTURBED | 'BY EUROPEAN CONDITIONS See No Imminent N Crises and Believe ations Are Settling Down Into Third Phase of Redevelopment. BY FRANK ¥ ONLON.—In SIMONT previous articles I have di ¢d the temper and outward appearance of Brit- ain as contrasted with other war and post-war times, and also the foreign policy which the new British ministry is likely to pursue. Now I should like briefly to examine Europe from the British point of view. How does London look out upon the European prospects and problents at the present hour? What do the British government, press and public expect to happen in the next few months? Again, at the outset, T should like to repeat that in looking out upon ~a Europe still troubled and brewing problems which are still far from settled, one is conscious of a great calm bere. All the hysteria, more or 55 unreasoning apprehension, irrits tion and anger have passed away. J. I Garvin, the greatest of British foreign experts, described this as the evidence that his fellow countrymen had recovered their sense of humor. At least, allowing for an American’s traditional doubt as to British humor, there is no mistaking the recove of the state of balance. See No Great Crisix. Speaking broadly, the British view of Europe is that there is no great crisis immineit, no frightfully dan- e development in the immediate forezround. You may see the thing pretty exactly if vou note that in the British mind Europe is entering third phase. It has emerged, not alone from the war period, but from that period of transition which, roughly speaking, extended from the armistice to the close of last year. Of course, it is quite impossible to set dates for such a change, but one might say that the period of trans- lation from war to peace came to ® close with the past year, and a period which might fairly be de- ecribed as one of peace began. The long serles of crises, bol- ehevism, reparations, Ruhr, Anglo- French disputations, Turkish chal- lenge following Greek defeat, crises Wwhich seemed to threaten to throw urope into new anarchy and post- pone indefinitely all real recover: from the British angle, tended to close with the London conference Which adopted the Dawes report, the | Eerlin action in accepting that report | nd the Geneva meeting, which, de- | =pite the British excessive and ex- solutions, marked one more step toward European reconstruction, Little Faith in Dawes Plan, That the Dawes report will prove A final solution is not much believed here. What seems to the Americans perhaps a solution, a settlement of the reparations difficulties, appears to informed Englishmen rather as &) useful, exceedingly useful, bridge to get from an intolerable situation to one in which reasonable adjustment might be possible. 1 do not find any one who believes that the decisions of the Dawes plan will all endure, or that substantial modification will not be inevitable, but all agree that it has already proven an invaluable | contribution to any later agreement. As to the protocol of the league, as I have pointed out in a previous article, the British public is unlikely to accept it in any such form as it was adopted in Geneva, and is bound to force its government to seek many and sweeping modifications at the next meeting of the assembly of the league in Geneva next September. Meantime action in abeyance, while discu sion is very general and public d bate going pn everywhere. Turning now to specific circum- ances, the outstanding fact is the improvement of Anglo-French rela- tions. A year ago. three vears ago, the British public displayed excessiv irritation and unlimited distrust of | French policy and French purpo: France seemed a menace to peac determined to stay on the Rhine, re- solved to use the reparations claims to prevent the recovery of Germany. All th has passed away Today the British, speaking generally, feel that the spirit of France is pacific and that the single obstacle to a final removal of any French veto of con- solidated peace in Europe is the lezitimate concern of the French people for security British See Differently. Wherefore the whole matter of se- curity for France and Belglum a mes a different aspect in British es. There is a great and growing cognition of the fact that new French demands for security are reaching an irréducible minimum. The moment is at hand when the problem must be opened and explored. Again, 1 say, there is nothing more striking in London than the absence of dis- trust and irritation with France. As Ramsay MacDonald would say, the atmosphere in which to negotiate has arrived, and, to be just, he is largely ' responsible for it. London, then, sees the probability of some British decision and commit- ment. which will take the form, not of a specific alliance against Germany, but rather of an agreement to support the territorial situation now existing in the west, which means the @efense of French and Belgian frontiers, pro- vided France will in turn agree to the evacuation, at least within the time fixed by the treaty of Versailles, of all the Rhine area, with the Sarre included. Suth an agreement would not neces- sarily be offensive to Germany, for it would insure the evacuation of Ger- man territory, abolish all the basis for the apprehension that more or less forced reasons would be employed to maintain the watch on the Rhine. And the cardinal principle in the British view the evacution of all of Germany: Beyond this narrower agreement lies the broader possibility of an Anglo-French-German agree- ment to maintain existing frontiers in the west of Europe. Belleves Germany Will Agree. The British, believe that the Alsace- Lorraine retrocession to France must and will be accepted by the Germans, provided they are assured of the re- turn of all the occupied territory in the west and convinced that modi- fication of this territorial status can only be the result of a victorious war in which they would again have to fight Britain as well as France. They believe that France will be willing to exchange the wholly {llusory insur- ance of an occupation of the Rhine with its inevitable war-breeding con- sequences, if they get a firm guaran- tee of their own security within their own frontiers. There is the underlying Dritish hypothesis, the basis of British-con- ception and probably of policy, and it envisages a deliberate undertaking revelation of British purpose to main- tain the existing status quo and, nec- essarily, the integrity of France and Belgium, while 'quite as inevitably bringing about the liberation of Ger- man territory within the delays fixed by the treaty of Versailles, Turning now to Germany, the Brit- ish regard the recovery of the Reich as already assured. They feel cer- tain that within a brief span of year: Germany will almost automatically recover her position as the grea of the continental states. Quite in the same way they are satisfied that while it is conceivable, even likely, that Germany may accept the western settlement of Paris, there is not the smillest chance that she will submit to the mutilations of the east. They are convinced, then, that all Ger- many’s efforts will be directed toward the regaining of the lost provinces, which include Upper Silesia, Dantzig, the Polish Corridor and perhaps Posen. Some Disquiet "o And the cardinal point in British opinion is that it is perfectly useless to undertake to block this German purpose. British desire and diplomacy is rather directed at producing a situation in which this’ inescapable process may be carried on without menace to the general peace of Eu- rope; that in practice there may be some way found for allowing a peace- ful revision of the Paris treaties so far as the west fs concerned. This inevitably implies that under the in- fluence of British policy France, to- day the guarantor of the eastern settlement in Europe, will withdraw its support, as it feels assured that changes in the east will not compro- mise its position in the west. British optimism, then, envisages German acceptance of the historic frontiers of the west, just as it as- sumes German success in modifying those in the east. It expects Ger- many to regain its eastern provinces and, in addition, to find a way to in- clude Austria within its own fron- tiers. Indeed, it expects that Germany will enter the League of Nations, per- haps mainly to work for some form of amendment of the league covenant which will permit revision of the treaties in her favor. On the other hand, one must note that there is present, and even mount ing, British disquiet as to German conditions. The possibility of some form of restoration is recognized, but even this is not so gisturbing as the tone which the Nationalist press and orators are beginning to take now that the Dawes plan has resulted in the amelioration of German material conditions, while the political com- binations have brought the Nation- alists back into power. The British are unpleasantly conscjous of the fact that once more German nationalism is speaking #n the tone, adopting the manner, proclaiming the purposes of the pre-war time. Would Oppose Junkers. If one were to assume that this tendency continued to develop, then there is every reason to believe that Britain would take a very definite line. To put the thing very bluntly, there is no disposition here to permit regain its pre-war strength and work steadily toward a moment, selected by itself, to force a new war. I think one may dismiss as unimportant British apprehension of the evil con- sequences of economic competition of a restored, but peaceful Germany. I do not think one can exaggerate the Bri h determination to forestall any development of a hostile and ag- gressive Germany. Actually the British view the historic words of Horace Greeley in the reverse direction “Go east, young man,” would seem to be the H ish admonition, and the are anxious that German. excursion eastward should ndt be blocked to a degree which would dam German energy and result in an ultimate flood on all frontiers. A new partition of Poland to the advantage of Ger- many, of a Germany which accepted western decislons, the British are prepared to sanction, and hope to make possible without conflict. But everything now depends upon the spirit of Germany in the next few months. The danger to world peace, to European safety now seems to London to threaten, if at all, from Germany; there is a feeling that the evolution of Germany toward peace or war may well be determined within the next few months. To remove all incitation to Junker violence, the British are working to get the whole matter of the evacuation of the Rhineland established on a definite basis, so that the Germans may be satisfled that this evacuation will fol- low schedule. AlL British conceptions and pur- poses are now, obviously, at the mercy of any sudden explosion in Germany or of any slower but only less obvious development of Ger- many toward belligerent purposes. And under the surface you feel a very marked British intention to leave Germany with no such uncer- tainty as to British action in such a crisis, as so dreadfully and perhaps fatally compromised the situation in July, 1914. Disturbed By Russia. Looking now to Russia, again one feels the British view to be that the varidus territorial settlements of Paris were absurd. Russia, despite election hysteria, does not appear a danger. On the other hand, there is the universal expectation that within a time, the extent of which cannot perhaps be fixed, Russia will again reappear as a great power, and when she appears she will not for a mo- ment accept the decision of Paris which deprived her of her Baltic facade and of all her acquisitions in western Europe. Thus, again, the British look with positive horror upon the proposed commitments of the protocol, which would involve all western Europe and specifically France and Britain in a contract to defend the smaller Baltic states against Russia, as it would obligate them to defend Poland against Germany. That such a position would insure a Russo-German alliance against the west the British feel inevitable, but such an alliance would mean war and terrific war, It would also almost cer- tainly bring Japan to the Russo-Ger- man side and carry the conflict into Asia, where Britain {s most. vulner- able’ and most sensitive. And from this possibility British opinion in- stinetively shrinks. S Belleve Recovery Sure. By and large, then, one can see that British public opinion of the informed and -of the official sort ac- cepts the recovery of Germany and recalls to divide Europe into two distinct sets of problems, two questions, the western and eastern, the former of waich to be illuminated by the clear of Russia to something like their pre-war stature as only a question. (Continued on Third Page.) a Junker and aggressive Germany to | British | e EDITORIAL SECTION Sunthy Staf WASHINGTON, D. C., SUNDAY MORNING, MARCH 1, 1925. Editor's Note: This is the third article in a series on the question “Is Religion Losing Out to Jazz?" Mr. Pearson has put this question to four of America’s leading churchmen, who have consented to take the witness stand and submit to being grilled upon the responsi- bility and position of the church in the so-called moral slump. Today he presents the answers of Dr. S. Parkes Cadman, said to be the most elogquent divine in this As head of the Federal Council of Churches he is qualified to speak for them. BY DREW PEARSON. HEN interviewed, Dr. Cad- man was in the study of his Central Congregational Church, at Brooklyn, ex- tremely busy smoking a large cigar, putting on his ministerial robes and presenting a large stack of books to his deacons with pointed in- structions as to how carefully they were to be read. He did all of these things yvery well®except the cigar. It went out. Dr. Cadman had fust received word of his election by a referendum of 20,000 ministers to a place among America’s 25 greatest living preachers, but he didn't seem much concerned about It. He Is also president of the Federal Council of Churches. A few minutes before he was ready to go into his pulpit, Dr. Cadman fin- ished with his deacons, his cigar and his gown, and sat down to be inter- viewed. He didn't bat an eyelash at the volley of questions, but fired back his answers in a deep voice and with an English accent, He Is a product of the English coal country. His notions of 'life were not gathered in the cloistered quiet of a theological seminary. He began life | as a boy of 10 in an English coal min | The foundations of his education were laid in the intervals of grinding toil as a miner over a period of 10 years. Dr. Cadman Answers. Q. Has the church lagged in moral leadership? A. The church body can move no faster than its members. When you herd sheep, the pace is set not by the leaders, but by the stragglers. So it {is with us. We have to wait for the lame, the halt and the blind. But despite the heterogeneous and con- glomerate which makes up Protestantism we are doing things to- day that we should never have thought of doing yesterday. Take the Federa- tion of Protestant Churches, of which I am president. Some pastors I know would have fainted at the suggestion of it 25 years ago. - Q. Why don't more people go church? A. The preachers who draw the crowds are not always tfe men who mass to AUGHED at somewhat, treated mainly with indifference, the movement to establish in the | District of Columbia a great national conservatory of music is gaining impefus and even now what may prove to be the first steps in this effort to make America in- dependent of Europe in music have been taken. P, The movement is no idle, visionary dream. It has back of it the indorse- ment of considerably more than 20,- 000,000 voters. A bill in the Senate, introduced by Senator Duncan U. er of Florida, while lagging hat, has been delayed largely, according _to - Senator - Fletcher, be- cause conflicting’ ideas on just what form the proposed ccnservatory gov- erning board should take. Throughout Congress Senator Fletcher has found a considerable amount of interest in the proposal and although nothing can be accom- plished in the present session, a con- certed drive will be made for action when the new Congress convenes. Spend $15,000,000 Annually. Back of the movement lies not only national pride,. but great economic reasons why America should train its musicians at home. It is estimated that approximately 15,000 students annually go to Europe for training. Their expenses amount to some $1,000 a year each, making a total of $15,- 000,000, roughly, which is taken out of the country for purposes that might as well be accomplished here. Other huge sums. are lost to Amer- fca from enormous salaries paid to forelgn artists who are cloaked with a robe of superexcellence in the popu- lar mind because of the almost un- challenged bellef that nothing Amer- ica can produce musically can com- pete with that from abroad. This is largely responsible for the use of foreign names by American singers, for Willlam Roberts, tenor, has no lure to a public steeped in the belief that he could not possibly compare with “Guilliame Roberto, the great Italian tenor.” Trip to Europe Turns Trick. A typical illustration of this atti- tude upon the part of the American public is found in the case of a well known Washington composer. Grad- uated in music from Oberlin, after some later training, he advertised for a position. His responses were few and - unattractive and he decided to g0 over to Europe to Wolf and Draesecke and take up advanced work in composition. Returning, he again advertised for a position as in- structor in music and cited his studies abroad. He received in response a great number of fine offers, although, he admitted later, so far as instruc- tion work was concerned he was little better off for his years abroad. The value of music, both from a point of view of pleasure and amuse- ment and the standpoint of physical well being, are too well known to be in need of further amplification. There is only the need of a thorough understanding of the lack of proper support of music by the general pub- lic and the necessity of awakening a more widespread ~appreciation of music. Radio programs have gone a long ways toward developing a love of music among people who formerly could not have. heen dragged to & concert. . Most of these. programs, “THIS 1S THE AGE OF THE GOLDEN RULE” Dr, Russell H. Conwell says morals are in a worse state today than at any time in his long life. Cardinal Hayes says wom- en are yielding ground in the onslaughts of irreligion. A. C. Bedford, president Standard Oil Co., says the churches are responsible for the crime waves. BUT Dr. says: There is no moral slump; People are better today than ever before; The Golden Rule was neve more widely practiced Laboring men are too busy trying to squeeze more out of their employers to think about God. 1S Parkes Cadman do the best work. There are thol sands of qulet, unadvertized Christian pastors today who are doing more work outside their pulpits than some of the rest of us do in them, but that doesn’t get on the front pages. We can’'t compel people to be religious, though a man might as well sit on a fence out in the country and try to whistle Latin and Creek as to acquirs religion without exposing himself to it. Q. Are we in a moral slump? A. If you belleve what the papers tell you. Personally, I belleve that the golden rule was never in wider practice in all our history and that the church, despite criticism, is quietly and steadily leading the moral life of this country. -The great national pastime today is church-baiting. When crime and the- atricals and internationallsm and all the bizarre events which flame across that flimsy pulp we call the press run low, vou turn on us. Criticism is always easler than constructive help, and you take the line of least resistance. What rizht have you pen- and-ink Napoleons to talk about re- liglon? You care nothing for morals —only for good copy.. Busy for God. Q. Why have workingmen deserted the church? ° A. Because they are too busy thinking about the wages they can squeezé out of the other fellow. Labor has ot to zet over thinking solely of MOVE FOR GREAT MUSIC CENTER HERE IS GROWING Establishment of National Conservatory in Capital Winning Support in Congress. Proposal- Economically Sound. leaving jazz out of consideration, have been composed largely of songs or instrumental music in which a pronounced melody has stood out, aid- ing the non-musical in finding their way along unaccustomed paths. A generous sprinkling of the classics has failed to bear out the fears of boresomeness that their very names aroused before the days of radio. Though they haven't realized it, grad- ually thousands who never cared for music befors are being educated into liking compositions of a high char- acter. Then, too, the radlo vocalist, for example, uses English in singing and his thousands of listeners can fol- low the import of the song, rather than to sit back and try to guess what It is all about.” The success of the radio has lent the weight of practical experience to the arguments of those who believe that America is ready for an Ameri- can school of music. The backers of the Fletcher bill are firm in thejr con- viction that a success even beyond their hopes will be realized if a great conservatory is established here, which will instruct in all branches of musio from performance to composition. Their plan is to have a general (Continued on Third Page.) Dr. S, Parkes Cadman itself. We all have grievances. There are two sides to every stor The trouble with labor is that itscontrols a good many votes and has been patted on the back and coddled until it is spoiled. Q. Does not labor claim that the church, with its magnificent buildings and expensive pipe organs, is 100 capi- talistic? A. Labor is capitalistic. capitalist. You're a capitalist. Any man with $50 is a capitalist. Labor is not only capitalistic, but despotic. Russfan labor has proved itself more despotic than anv czar ever thought of being, and British labor, given suf- ficlent power, would have become equally so. Labor argues: “The feudal lords had their day, then came the industrial lords, and now it's our turn.” Christianity and Industry. Q. Can we put more Christianity into industry? A. We can, and it should emanate from the bottom as well as from the top. tion. you “Yes losses?" Capitalism, with all the faults of which I am too well aware, is the only system which history has proved workable. Now if any workingman could show me a better system, I'd preach it from my pulpit tomorrow. But no better system has shown up I'm a But when you ask labor: “Are ready to share the profits?” » “Are you ready to share the No.” I believe in tndustrial co-opera- | yet, and untll it does, I say, “Why cut down Brooklyn Bridge if IUs the only one we've got?” Labor is always looking for short cuts. - But whenever we take a short cut we get into trouble. Our chief fanlt is that we're always in a hurry. And God's not. That's the “diff.” What Would Christ Do? Q. Would we listen to Christ if He should appear today A. Would Christ, if He appeared today, preach what He did 2,000 years ago? Times have changed. We live in.an age of factorles and rallroads and crowded cities. Christ traveled from Palestine to Egypt many nights on a donkey. We make it overnight on a sleeper. We cannot predict what He would say today any more than I can go to Chicago and announce: “This is what Mr. Pearson would say, were he here tonight.” I prefer to let Mr. Pearson and Christ speak for themselve: These 2,000 years since Christ have bullt the foundation upon which re- ligion rests today, and 1 should not discard those vears of religious ex- perence and return to the original gospe Religion Changed, Not Killed. Q. Has dur present industrial age killed religion? A.- It has chaneed religion. Back in the days when we lived wholly by agriculture, man battled against the forces of nature—climate, crops, the forest—and thus man conceived of the Deity as residing in the stars or in certain animals or in images. Since then we have grown. We can now overcome most of the forces of nature, and the battle is with ourselves. Out of man's struggle with himself emerges a finer, stronger, more moral soul. Religion today is not confined to the worship of the Deity, but to the development of all that is fine and clean and upright in character and human relations. Q. Do you believe that prohibition is undermining our regard for law? A. I do not believe in compulsion, but some of it Is necessary. Prohibi- tion is like censorship. It is a moral crutch for weak minds. Force never won anything. We all agree to that in theory, but when it comes down to brass tacks, we don’t always prac- tice it. I have to stand for prohibition— though I wish it were not necessary— because I believe prohibition to be better than the old ystem. The old saloons, which the liquor men refused to abolish or improve, were the cause of prohibition. The liquor men brought prohibition upon themselves, and the liquor men of yesterday are *he bootleggers of today. (Copsright, 1 CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT REVISION FINALLY WON Change Comes as Amendment to Postal Pay Bill After Four-Year Fight. Now Up to President. ERAL revision of the va- rious laws relating to cor- rupt practices in Federal elections is provided for after four years of persist- ent effort by an amendment to the postal pay bill. This legislation was made neces- sary by (a) the amendment providing for the direct election of Senators, (b) the decision of the Supreme Court of the United Statse in the Newberry case, holding' that the law seeking to regulate primary election of Senators was unconstitutional, and (c) the en- franchisement of women, doubling the vote and increasing the cost of Ish-Cable Bill. The amendment under Title IIT of the postal salary bill is essentially the Walsh-Cable bill. Representative John L. Cable of Ohio began working on this problem immediately the de- cision in the Newberry case was made known. He introduced the bill in the Sixty-seventh Congress and later in the Sixty-eighth Congress. It was reported out favorably by the com- mittee on elections of President, Vice President and Representatives in Con- gress, of which Mr. Cable is a mem- ber. It was approved by the President in his veto message of June 7, 1924. Is the Russian Peasant Waking? BY WILLIAM ENGLISH WALLING. HE peasants of Russia are the people of Russia. There are 120,000,000 of them and they will decide the fate of the country. P The peasants have never accepted Soviet rule, except under compulsion. They have revolted against it in thou- sands of cases, they have fought against it, and when they could they have voted against it. They have been exeocuted, imprisoned and exiled in enormous numbers. They have re- fused to pay taxes or to plant grain for the Soviets to expropPate—thus striking not only at the food supply of the Soviet enemy, but at the eco- nomic foundation of the whole Soviet system. Gravity of Peasant Menace, In the comparatively good crop years, 1923 and 1924, the Soviets con- sciously made the export of grain from this starving and agriculturally backward country the basis of their economic policy. This monstrous policy of maintaining the dictator- ship of an international sect at the cost of millions of Russian lives has ‘brought peasant discontent to & new Ppitch and the Bolshevists openly rec- ognize it. Since the famous “new economic policy” of 1921, graciously allowing—as a concession to the peasants—a strictly limited amount of petty private trading, they have publicly, and fully admitted the gravity of the peiasant menace. Their explici§ statements show they “ha: tried to, meét it. without giving the peasant any Voice in the government and without leaving him a larger part of the products of his labor. These concessions have not made much of a hit with the peasants. Last December, in the first stage of the Soviet national “election,” the peas- ants elected an anti-communist majority &0 overwhelmingly that the Soviet dic- tators took the extraordinary step of postponing the national Congress from January to April, and President Kalinin explained that new elections must be held everywhere “where elections turned out badly and gaye undesirable results.” Censorship Colored News. By January the Soviets were beaten also in the villages, and decided on an- other “strategic retreat” They decided benignly to allow the peasants to fill the petty village offices they had failed to occupy with Communists. But so com- plete is the control of the Moscow censor over all American news bearing a Rus- sian date line that they were able to publish many columns describing this grudging compliment to the efficacy (within narrow limits) of the peasants’ passive resistance as a general extension of euffrage. This propaganda went on for 30 days until Zinovieff himseif, one of the Soviet triuhvirate, showed up its falsity, and brought it to a sudden conclusion by de- claring that to construe the so-called electoral reform as meaning democracy for the peasants was ridiculous, that “as long as the bolshevist party, Leninism and the real dictatorship of the pro- letariat exist the party will stand above the government.” The peasants are winning—slowly and at the price of horrible suffering—while Russia continues to degenerate and the Wworld continues to suffer from Moscow's underground warfare against all other governments. The peasants are winning, and they could mot fail to win. +But it may bé a long and tough struggle. Let us be on guard as to what Moscow says about it. If we want to understand what is going on in Russia—and great events seem tp be brewing, expecially in the agricultural sections—we must learn to see through the Moscow censorship. (Copyright, 1925.) ~ It was approved by the Senate on Toll call on amendment to postal sal- ary bill offered by Senatoer Walsh (Massachusetts) in January, 1925, by a vote of 71 to 3. It was approved by Borah Senate committee on campaign expenditures. As part of the confer- ence report on the postal salary bill it was approved almost unanimously by both House and Senate. The corrupt practices Yegislation is concerned with two principal proposi- tions: First, §t regulates the election of Representatives, Senators, delegates and resident commissioners by pre- seribing that they shall not expend more than the amount permitted by the laws of their respective States; or, If such States do not fix by laws the amount, a candidate for Senator may spend from $10,000 to $25,000, and a Congressman, Delegate and resident commissioner may spend $2,000 to $5,000, depending upon the votes cast at the last general election, as the act pro- vides that a candidate may spend an amount equal to the amount obtained by multiplying 3 cents by the total number of votes cast at the last general elec- tion for all candidates for the office which the candidate seeks, Other Expenses Allowed. In addition thereto, unless there is a State restriction, the candidate may pay for his necessary traveling ex- Denses, postage, writing, etc., as pro- vided in the present law, excepting that the cost for the use of billboards and newspapers is included in the limitation. A candidate must file, not less than 10 nor more than 15 days hefore, and also not more than 30 days after, the date on which the election is held, a complete statement of receipts and expenditures. The act does not seek to regulate nomination of candidates at primaries or conventions. The second principak proposition is publicity of receipts and expenditures of political committees. A “political committee” is defined to include “any committee, association or organiza- tion which accepts contributions or makes expenditures for the purpese of influencing or attempting to influ- ence the election of candidates or presidential and vice presidential elections (1) in two or more States, or' (2) whether or not in more than one State if such committee, associa- tion or organizatjon (other than a duly organized State or local commit- tee of a political party) is a branch or subsidiary of a national commit- tee, association or organization.” * Reports Required. AlL political committees are re- quired to make four reports every year—that is, between the 1st and 10th of March, June and September in each year, and also on the first day of January, the latter covering the preceding year, and two addi- tional reports every year a general election is held at which candidates are elected in two or more States— namely, between the 10th and 15th and also on the fifth day, covering all contributions made and’ all expend| tures. made for any purpose’whatso- ever. The act thus requires full publicity as to all money raised and expended in the election of a President, Vice President, -Senators and Representa- - tives. BY OLIVER OWEN ARATION of KUHN, B the Rhineland | from the Reich, direct or in-| direct, tacit or actual,-is a| bugaboo that may be counted: upon te disturb the British for- eign office to its depths. At the mere mention of French effort to separate these historic lands from their owpn- ers, whether they be league-of-na- tionized, republicanized or neutralized as a step to further French security, British cabinet mambers set to quak- ing. | British statesmen in the Paris peace | conference held some of their most | prolonged and exceedingly diligent | conferences over French efforts to| implant in the treaty clauses which | would denude Germany of her Rhine- | land provinces. As Premier Lloya | George strenuously fought the French thesis in the peace conference, every administration since stoutly has resisted the idea. So set against the idea of Rhineland separation are the British that they are ready, in the in- terest of continental peace and equ librium, to make almost, any political | sacrifice, but this move, no matter | how successfully it might be sugar-| coated through strict adherence to| the treaty of Versailles or other| French pretexts, they are not willinz | to sanction. The reason is clear. | What Separation Means. The British know the world knows, Rhineland provinces are scparated from Gerthany under any pretext whatsoever there immediately are into motion in Germany preparations for the next war against France, and the British have not completely abandoned the idea that “the last war was to end war.” It it was not, then every effort should be made now to prolong the day of military rec! oning. Enemies might take away other DI'O\'JHCE! now part and parcel of the German Empire, but the Rhine- land is different. German literature and romance are woven about the his- toric Rhinelands. These are as important to social | and political Germany as the very bread the nation eats. Any separa tion would bring grief to the heart of every German, and in grief be born determination to wage | to them would be a holy crusade of restoration. These conditions are not theoretical. They are actual. Eng- land knows that if any one of the| allies should desire to provoke Ger-| many to warlike wrath then it would | be only necessary to seriously move toward Rhineland separation. As may be expected, England now Is res| ing and will continue to resist new wave of “Rhineland separation” propaganda that is sweeping France and which has even forced Premier Herriot, Socialist that he is, into| position of Ifinting that it ma be necessary for France to continue tacit if not actual control of Rhineland regions forever. positively, and | that when the the | | Herrlot ‘Turns Nationalist. | Herriot, in other words, apparently | has espoused the creed of the na- tionalistic Poincare, much to the glee | of the militarist school of political thought in France. This creed wa enumerated by Clemenceau in the conferemce of peace, and ably backed by French military leaders, who, ap- pearing before the council of ten, cited adequate reasons from the French viewpoint, at least, why Ger- many should be deprived of her his- toric and treasured regions along the Rhine. They would have made the Rhine Germany's western border They suggested disarmament and neutrality for this section when the first annexation demands were spurned promptly and more or less forcibly by both Lloyd George and | ‘Woodrow Wilson. Then th¢ neutral-| ization plea was et forth as an- other compromise, providing that the League of Nations should forever keep an eye over the territory in order that Germany should not make it a jumping-off place for future ag- gression against the French. Then the republic idea was fostered, and England was kept on the anxious seat two years ago while French-inspired leaders were fomenting strife lead- | ing to the formation of a republican | government under the 'guidance of France for the Rhineland |€glont‘ This movement died, as it was to be oxpected, when the circumstances surrounding its fomentation are con- sidered. It is a singular and well marked fact that whenever French aspira- tions are involved in any really seri- ous problems with England, or larger political problems affecting the future of western Europe, France imme- diately begins to hint of Rhineland occupation or separation. Under Way. At the present moment most na- tions desire settlement of the polit- ical questions affecting Germany.| France is negotiating with England | on the question of war debts and | she is negotiating with England in| regard to a future security pact be- tween England, France and Belgium. As recently revealed, France wants | the protocol ‘to the League of Na- tions covenant and if she cannot get ‘this, as it seems likely she will not, then France wants an out-and- out security pact from England. France, playing on England's desire for: restored economic status and Negotiatios | & RHINELAND SEPARATION CLUB -AGAINST ENGLAND France by New Threats Influences Nego- tiations for Security Pact With Britain. apparently banshees Downing street. will succeed depends, whether the present ment will have French desire but them raises old and flaunts effective at 10 Whether France of course, on sritish govern- courage resist Austen Chamberlain, foreign minister, is declared to have promised France a security pact. Other members of the British cab- inet, it lately has been revealed, are inclined to believe that an pact should be all inclusive, and to head off eventual alliance of Ger- many with Russia, should include the Germans. The French, questioning the good faith of the Germans, refuse to permit them to be a part of any conference. ~ The British have sug- sted that the allies meet in Brus- sels in the intmediate future and after it has been decided what tha allies shall do toward the forcing of Germany to meet all of the treaty of Versailles provisions in regard to disarmament, call the Germans in and not only present the demands, but tell them that after compliance Ger= many will be permitted to join a security agreement which shall em- brace all of the western spean nations once at odds. Naturally, rman tenure of the Rhinelands for- ever would be corrollary to pac curity Rexist Britixh Demands. The French dous campaign demands and are waging a against the British cite the report of the interallied control commission, but now being revealed piecemeal, - as justification for their belligerent atti- tude toward Germany. This report, it is declared, summarizes the control commission investigations in Ger- many and d to declare that through Germany's ill faith she has so maneuvered her resources, ec nomic, financial and military, to such point as to be able to wage immediate war. = The report is disconcerting from the standpoint of those who have been arguing for a chance for Germany to show her good faith, and it directly contradicts the announcements of the Marx and Luther governments that Germany actually has sought to meet treaty stipulations. But the Brit believe_ that the report but emphasizes facts which have been revealed in the past from time to time, and it cannot be the basis for any revival of nationalistic sure in France in favor German® further th 3ritish believe that an fort of France i many, on whatsoeve dangers the life of and sows the seeds flict, and as a consequence upset by the Rhineland doctrine so recently revived riot, who, Socialist pected to steer clear of nostrums at all junctu quarters it is believed position as a Socialist leader is heightencd by tion of conservative a governments both in ~ondon. tremen- h pres- of pressing wall further antagonizi r pretext the for but en- plan con- are much separation Her- was ex- nationalistic In some Herriot's and moderate the restora- d nationalistic Berlin and in Dawes future tha Negotiations Affected. ~ That France's renewed agitation in regard to the Rhineland will have far-reaching effect on any negotla- tions that now may be under way looking toward a general spirit of economic, financial and social rec- onciliation on the continent is cer- tain. French and British statesmen continue their negotiations, but London advices indicate that the gulf between the two nations is constantly grow- ing wider—in fact, it is intimated that there anger of France once more asserting her privilege and right of proceeding in settlements affect- ing France in her own way, just J France acted in regard to the Ruhr invasion. England wants no recur- rence of any such nationalistic effort, for it is admitted generally that this stion deferred the day of peaceful adjustment and but added to the po- litical sores that now beset the body politic of the continent One key to eventual solution lles with Germany. Chancellor Luther already has taken Gen. von Seeckt to task for infractions of the treaty of Versailles in the organization of the Reichswehr and has let it be known to old Nationalist military leaders that Germany cannot and will not tolerate infractions of the treaty, in so far as its military exactions are concerned. How much weight this insistence will have and how far Ger- many will go immediately to disabuse the allied mind of any attempts at immediate military conflict is not known, of course, but, inasmuch as Luther speaks for the Nationalists of Germany at the present juncture and has their hearty backing, some- thing may be done by Germany im- mediately to ease the allied situation. Germany realizes full well that if she persists in treaty violations she will suffer materially in her western provinces, and as the return of Co- logne and other occupied regions ‘at the earliest possible date iz the thesis of practically all German po- litical parties, the British argue, and not without some semblance of logic, Germany cannot be considered as an obstacle to continental adjustments. The chief thing is to prove to France that Germany is sincere. It may be expected that only when France Is convinced will the Nationalists ‘of France cease to rattle the saber along settled political order in German: Scientists in South Africa are uani- mous in -declaring that the now fa- mous Taungs (Bechuanaland) skull, one of the missing links in the ape- to-man chain, definitely proves that South Africa, and not Mesopotamia, was the real cradle of mankind. The question now on everybody's lips is, Was. the Garden of Eden in Africa? Prof. Raymond Dart of the Wit- watersrand University, who made the discovery, said in an interview: “Apes were only able to exist in the seclusion of the tropical forest. But this anthropoid or man whose skull we have found was sufficiently intelligent to live outside the jungle. It represents a more intelligent type than any modern ape, and probably lived on small shrubs, fruits and roots. . “It could also use missiles as weapons for offense or defense, be- cause it was more erect than the modern ape and better able to rély on its feet for walking and on its hands for handling things. “The skull was found In & slab of pathways leading to certain war. Scientists Now Think Garden of Eden Probably Was Located in South Africa rock which had been blasted out of a cliff. -1 examined pieces of the rock, and found that the cast of a brain in one piece exactly fitted cast in an- other piece in which fossil bones and part of a jaw were visible. “After cleaning the rock, the out- 1ine of a face and skeleton appeared. Then I carefully chipped the rock until the complete skull was found. 1t took a month to clear the fossilized bone from the rock, but the result has provided a more complete skull than anything ever found in this class of remains.” There is now a general desire among South African scientists to keep the Taungs skull in that coun- try. “Too many of our treasurss hav been sent to-the British Museum, said Prof. Dart. “This particular treasure ought to be retained, as it would increase South Africa's status in_the scientifie world. . “One thing this discovery should emphasize is the need for endowing research work in South Africa,” Prof. Dart added. He is an Australian, and has bsen in South Africa only a few, months.