Evening Star Newspaper, August 15, 1937, Page 5

S PATEDROL N CHNA EPOCH Boxer Rebellion of 1900 Ap- parently Reopened In- vaders’ Cycle. B7 the Associated Press. There is a theory among some Chi- nese students that the histery of their land moves in cycles of centuries— that once in every few hundred years a foreign invader overruns the country and rebuilds it to his will. It may be, these students say, that the Japanese are cast in some such historical role today with their armies apreading over the Northern provinces and already in control of Peiping, one of the principal cities. If this is true, the United States as well as Japan has played an important part in the modern cycle of the an- cient country. Thirty-seven years ago yesterday American forces and troops of European nations and Japan helped to open the door to the Dragon Land by crushing China's single great effort to put an end to foreigners within her borders. A faction known as Boxers— their Chinese name meant “Righteous Harmony Fists"—had set out to rid the country of foreigners. Manchu Dynasty Dies. The tramp of troops marching through the gates of Peking on August 14, 1900, fell upon the twlight of one | period of China’s greatness, the period | of the Manchu dynasty. A few years | later, following the death of the reign- ing sovereign. the dynasty was replaced | by a young republic that has struggled | since to restore national unity and| strength | The capture of Peking for the relief | of hundreds of foreigners trapped | Wwithin its walls was not the first time that city had fallen before a foreign foe. A thousand years earlier a Tar- tar tribe had crushed it and called it Nanking. or Southern Capital. Centur- fes later it fell successively to Genghis Kahn and Kublai Khan and the| Manchus who in 1643 named it Peking, | or Northern Capital After the modern Nanking, farther | to the south, became the capital of the republic, the name of Peking was changed again, this time to Peiping, “Northern Peace.” More War Than Peace. Of peace, however, its history sho not so much as of war | At the time of the Boxer uprising, | China had suffered several seasons of ! drought and the people, hungry and discontent, were ripe for an uprising Blaming their troubles on the foreign- ers, they bsgan to desiroy foreign property From this their wrath turned upon Chinese Christian col whom | they called condary foreign devils,” | and then upon missionaries. With the close of 1899 an English missionary | was killed and the Boxer movement began to roll with tidal violence over North China | By May, 1900, the wave of destruc- | tion was coverging upon Peking and Tientsin. From the latter city an | international force of 400 men was | dispatched to Peking to guard the legations. About that time United States Minister E. H. Conger wrote the State | Department that famine was a major | factor in the unrest. “If the rain, | now commenced, continues copiously, I apprehend we will hear little more | of the Boxers,” he said. But rain came too late. Additional Troops Trapped. On June 10 an additional guard of | 2200 men started from Tientsin to| Peking Chinese railway officials, forced to furnish trains to carry the troops, had the track torn up 25 miles from Tientsin. When the troops reached there the line behind them also was cut and 180 of their number were wounded. They were isolated for 10 days until a relief column from Tientsin succored them and they fought their way back. Conditions in Peking grew rapidly more tense. On June 20 Baron von Ketteler, the German Minister, was slain. At noon all missionaries in the city crowded into the United States Legation, but later that was evacu- ated except for a skeleton guard, and all foreign civilian< were crowded into the British Legation. There were 300 | women and children, about 100 civilian men and 100 soldiers. Another 300 soldiers guarded the other legations. From* that day until July 17 the | foreigners were under constant fire. The British Legation became a fort with raised walls, bombproof cellars | and tunnels to prevent mining. Silk | curtains and table linens were turned into sandbags. At one time all the | peaple had to eat was a half portion of horseflesh. Foreign Envoys Wary. About the middle of July the Chi- nese foreign office invited the besieged Ministers to conference. They de- clined, fearing an ambush. While the firing continued, somewhat less- ened, the Chinese government sent a small supply of fruit and three bags of flour to the legation., It later developed that this meager offering was evidence of a division of feeling in the Chinese court. Some ; advisers wanted to restore friendly | contacts with the lagations. Others wanted to wipe them out, and so the fighting continued for another month. In Tientsin, also, there had been fierce fighting. Among those in the foreign colony were young Mr. and| Mrs. Herbert Hoover. The story is| told that Mrs. Hoover, working at the | hospital, fed several babies milk from her cow, which had but recently borne a calf. One day the cow disappeared and the future President of the United States set out to look for it. He led the calf in the hope that its bawling might bring an answering “moo.” In this he was not disappointed, but when he knocked on the gate of a strange compound to ask for his cow he was met by soldiers with bayonets, who, according to the story, not only refused to give him the cow, but took the calf. Tientsin Finally Quieted. ‘When quiet was restored in Tientsin on July 16 there were about 23,000 soldiers of various nations on hand. A large detachment was dispatched to Peking. In the capital city the siege had continued sporadically. The Belgian, Austrian, Italian, Dutch and French Legations were burned. The American Legation was saved. The last night of the siege brought | the flercest attack by the Chinese. The relief force lay just outside the city. A conference had been arranged be- tween the Ministers and Chinese .offi- cials, but when the time arrived the Chinese sent a note saying they were too busy to attend. Minister Conger reported later that they added that “strict orders had been given to their troops not to fire upon us, and if any- body did they would be court-mar- tialed.” Yet that night the Chinese descended in hordes and made a last rts, THE SUND An air view of the area surrounding the famous Shanghai race course, shown in center. A rrow at right points to intersection of Avenue Edward VII and Thibet road, where, in front of the Great World Amusement Cen J_cilled and hundreds injured b, including Dr. Frank J. Rawli Rear Admiral Edward J. Marquard. commander of the United States Navy's Yangtze patrol. ter (1), hundreds were reported y aerial bombardment yesterday, nson, prominent American mis- Col. Charles F. B. Price, com- mander of the 4th Marines at Shanghai. AY STAR, WASHINGTON. sionary, and H. S. Honisberg, w D. C, AUGUST 15 ealthy auto dealer. Other arrow shows comparative location of Nanking road and the Bund, along- side the Palace and Cathay hot ment took place. evacuated by Americans. Many (4, near the Shanghai Race Cl Mrs. Frank J. Rawlinson, who saw her missionary husband killed by air bomb in Shang- hai. els (2), where another bombard- The Broadway Mansions (3) was among hotels foreigners live in the Park Hotel ub (5) with its grandstands and Miss Ellen Louise Schmid, Stanford co-ed. who witnessed first air raid by Chinese. —Copyright, A. P. Wirephotos. Shanghai :gn( ulued"F‘x;pm Flr;t Page)‘ 20 years; Dr. Robert K. Reischauer, member of the Prir~eton University faculty, in Shanghai on a study tour. The war in the air was only one phase of the battle of Shanghai. The conflict, in the second day of actual bloodshed, was fought from the air, on water and on land along a front | from Shanghai to the mighty Yangtze River, 10 miles north. Mostly it raged along the Whangpoo River, Shanghai’s Harbor and wind- ing highway to the sea, crowded with the shipping of many nations and | the 21 naval vessels that Japan has concentrated here. Far north the five-week-old unde- clared war in Hopeh Province con- tinued bitterly, involving ever-increas- ing forces and a steadily widening area. : ‘War planes of both China and Japan were over Shanghai most of the day in spite of heavy, low-hanging clouds and frequent rain. What tolls of death and destruction they claimed in distant Japanese and Chinese parts could not even be estimated today. In the international area the fatal bombs fell late Saturday afternoon when Shanghai streets are always teeming. Two plunged together into the in- tersection of Avenue Edward VII and Thibet road, in the French concession. Police there said they killed 450, in- cluding Dr. Rawlinson and Honigs- berg, and wounded 750, all Chinese. The other tore a great hole in Nan- king road, just between two of the city's leading hotels, the Cathay and the Palace, both packed with guests and refugees. This is in the Inter- national Settlement. Police said two foreigners were killed there and seven wounded. They estimated Chinese dead there at 130 and wounded at 70. Bomb Fragment Tears Off Leg. Reischauer was in the lobby of the Palace Hotel when a bomb fragment tore Off his leg. He died later in a hospital. The known Americans injured were R. R. Rouse of Saco, Mont, and J. M. Kerbey, employe of a firm of accountants. Both were expected to recover. Rouse, a former Marine, now em- ployed in Shanghai, was hit in the left knee and shoulder. He was caught in a crossfire with machine guns. His wife and child, with him at the time, were unhurt. At least 16 Chinese planes ranged over Shanghai and the Whangpoo great effort to capture the legations. The next morning the relief column entered the city to find 65 of the for- eigners had been killed and 185 wounded. ' The Chinese court, with the Empress Dowager disguised as a peasant, fled to distant Sianfu, where it remained for 18 months. Following capture of the city, lengthy negotiations produced the Boxer protocol. Its provisions in- cluded permission for fortifications and policing by foreigners of the lega- tion quarter of Peking and for main- tenance by foreign troops of com- munications through Tientsin to the sea 30 that in any future trouble in China foreign civilians might be evac- uated quickly. It is under this agreement that the United States and many other nations have troops in China today. ¥ | River, striking at Japanese warships and land concentrations, but ap- | parently doing their greatest destruc- | tion in the foreign-controlled sectionz. | | Japanese craft went up to fignt| them, but with little effect. There were reports to indicate tne | Chinese airmen had bombed Jap- anese centers and vessels with sav- | age effect. Japanese indicated they | would take swift and terrible revenge, | possibly bombing Nanking, China's | capital. Thus far only Japanese naval forces have been engaged with 30,000 Chi- | nese, regulars and irregulars. There were some 7,000 specially trained | Japanese sailors or marines ashore before Saturday, and as the battle grew in intensity hundreds -more were | hurried on land from the warships in the river. Reinforcements Reported. There were ominous reports that | the Mikado's army was rushing re- inforcements to punish the Chinese | | at Shanghai, as it did in 1932, when the navy failed to break stubborn Chinese resistance, but there was no confirmation. Dr. Rawlinsdn was motoring with | his wife and 15-year-old daughter | Jean on Avenue Edward VII when the | bombing occurred. He stopped the -car, and as he stepped out a frag- ment struck him in the chest. He died at once. Mrs. Rawlinson, although suffering from shock, drove to the foreign mor- tuary, turned over her hushand’s hody and then collapsed. [Ihe daughter was not hurt. Dr. Rawlinson. born in England,} was a naturalized American and came | {o China in 1902 as an American | Baptist missionary. Of recent years | he had been editor of the Chinese | Recorder, supported by the American | Board of Commisisoners tor Fereign | Missions, with headquarters in Bos- ton, Mass. Honigsberg’s body was found in & motor car, burned beyond recogni- | tion. An unidentified foreign woman lay dead beside him. Papers in the pocket of the car enabled police to identify him. Dr. Reischauer, born in Japan of American missionary parents, had moved only today to the Palace Hotel, where he was fatally injured, from another hotel nearer the zone of hos- tilities, seeking greater safety. U. S. Protection Increased. Protection for Americans was in- creased late Saturday when the 10,000~ ton cruiser Augusta, flagship of the United States Asiatic Fleet, arrived after a forced-draught run down the coast from Tsingtao. Admiral Harry E. Yarnell, commander in’chief, was aboard and took comamnd of Amer- Perfect DIAMONDS Also complete line of stand- ard and all-American made: watches. : Shop at the friendly store— you're always greeted with & ‘senile—with no obligation to buy. Ci e Accounts Invited G ican naval and Marine dispositions The Augusta tied up in the Whang- poo about 3 miles above the city. in an area frequerdly bombed during the day. The 1.050 officers and men of the 4th Regiment of United States Ma- rines continued on duty on a 3-mile front along Soochow Creek, forming the northern boundary of the non- Japanese part of the Interna‘:onal Settlement. Hundreds of Americans were on duty with the Shanghai Vol- unteer Corps. Officers of the American consulate general, Marine Corps and Navy tried to establish contact with and help evacuate an unknown number of Americans living north of Sjochow Creek and believed to be in serious danger. But the Chinese and Jap- anese battle lines made it virluaily impossible to enter that area. The cruiser Cumberiand, flagsaip | of the British China Squadron, ar- rived early today from Tsingtao and immediately put 200 Marines ashore to reinforce the 950 British infantry already in defense positions around the Settlement's borders. (In London the British Admiralty announced that the Cumberland had been bombed by Chinese air- craft at Woosung, the Chinese mis- taking it for a Japanese vessel. The Cumberland was not hit.) A battalion of the Royal Welch Fusiliers was en route from Hongkong to reinforce the British garrison. The British consulate general moved : from its spacious buildings on Soochow | | Creek to the Metropole Hotel, half a | mile further south. ‘i British officials were und considering the advisabil | evacuating as many as possible o; | 8,000 nationals in Shanghai. An American emergency committee drafted plans for making Americans | safer and also considered the question | of evacuation, without reaching = | decision. | A French naval force was landed ! | from vessels in the river to augment | the defenses of the French concession. 1 30 U. S. Sailors Put Ashore. The U. S. patrol vessel Sacramento | steamed from its position off the| | French concession down the Whang- | Poo to tie up alongside the power | company plant. Thirty sailors were put ashore to protect the plant and | prevent Shanghai being thrown into | utter darkness. | In the industrial area of Pootung, | across the river from Shanghai, air f their (SEEER GUARD AGAINST ACID CONDITION . 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Fighting was reported continuing in Chapei area (C) while Jap- anese maintained quiet control of Hongkew section (D) of the —Copyright, A. P. Wirephoto. * A—5 AN PRPISIG RESOUTE ATION Cabinet Weighs Measures to Force Chinese to Re- consider Stand. By the Associated Press. TOKIO, August 15-(Sunday) —After a three-hour cabinet session, ihe Jape anese government early today asserted that latest developments in China, ine | cluding those in the Shanghai area, made it necessary for Japanese Au= | thorities to resort resolute to “firm, measures.” These measures would be taken to make the Nanking government and the Kuomintang effectively reconsider | past positions, the statement said Japanese authorities said they did not intend any harm to the Chiness | masses in general and that their aim | was still for co-operation between China, Manchukuo and Japan The cabinet heard from Admiral | Mitsumasa Yomai, minister of the navy, and Koki Hirota, foreign m ter, detailed reports on the Shanghai | situation, after which measures to be | taken were discussed. | Arrogance Charged to Chinese. i v office issued a lengthy | statement reviewing clashes between | Chinese and Japanese since July 17, | when Sino-Japanese forces were in brush west of Peiping, and emphas ing the claim that Japan had ex cised self-restraint throughout. It leged the Chinese g arrogant and offen ‘The Chinese at asser showed the terpreted Japanese me: | evacuation of the Ya which was intended prima vent the spread of ho: “The Chinese grow and advance two ste) anese concede one,” said. “There is no t | atrocity and avarice. The Japanese are now compelled to take necese sary and effective measures for selfs defense.” Tatsuo Kawai, foreign office spokesman, expressed “horror and dis= tress” over the Shanghai bombing, in which hundreds were killed. He said the foreign office had learned the presumptuous if the Jap- the statement to their Hopeh Province. passing in a steady procession of trains through Tientsin and on to Peiping to be thrown out on the fighting fronts. This reinforce- ment, it was estimated. would bring the Japanese North China Army up to about 50,000. Chinese government had warned all | foreigners except Japanese to evacuate {the Honkew area Kawal said the Japanese govern- ment was prepared for attack and was ready to co-operate keeping and wind spread the flames over a wide area. Japanese sources said the burn- ing tanks belonged to the American S d Vacuum Oil Co. Tanks of the American Texas Co. and the Brit- ish Asiatic Petroleum Co. also were re- o iree insec po! tically for Japanese war for North China. in its week, went battle sixth ferocity ourteen thousand Japanese troops | d from Manchukuo were reported move rapidly ing ed abla: unconnected with Shanghai, the the Chinese- | By the A on with unabated | capital | but fore ned into the battle zone in ' Shanghai Nanking Fears Involvement. ociated Pres KING, China, A remain an obse to be dra anese-Chinese confl spread. ers Shanghat disorder, He said he Chinese troops would display discipline than on past occ; he feared they w pattern.” zust 14 —This | calm tonight, feared it was| Meanwhile. tense official Japan plot- into the Jap-|ted & message to the nation in the hostilities at | face of China's aerial deflance in bioos Shanghati n U if Now ...KITT'S are showing . NEW 1938 A 12-tube, all- wave combination $3 5 5 with automatic record changer. 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