Evening Star Newspaper, September 10, 1936, Page 27

MONROE DOGTRINE U. 5. POLICY BASIS Intended as Starting Point for Pan-American Federation. (This is the fourth of a series of articles on the “New Pan-Amer- icanism” and the coming Pan- American Peace Congress in Buenos Aires.) BY BRENT DOW ALLINSON. *The Monroe Doctrine,” & famous European historian has said, “is some- thing that North Americans would die for; but they do not understand it.” Clearly, it is a doctrine basic to American foreign policy, which Con- gress has reaffirmed in the Neutrality Act of 1936 by exempting Latin Ameri- can nations from the operation of our neutral embargoes on loans and war supplies when those nations are en- gaged in warfare against a non- American nation. This exemption is withdrawn, however, if the American nation should co-operate with a non- American state or states in a war in which the United States is neutral. The Monroe Doctrine is also clearly an example—not infrequent in history —of an idealistic utterance sometimes perverted to selfish purposes alien to its originators. Jefferson’s Position. ‘When Thomas Jefferson counselled with President Monroe concerning the bold policy about to be announced by the latter with the collaboration of John Quincy Adams, his Secretary of | State, after the successful revolutions | of the South American colonies of | Spain, he declared in a letter to Monroe (1823): “I could honestly join in the dec- laration proposed—that we aim not at the acquisition of any of those (formerly Spanish) possessions, that we will not stand in the way of any amicable arrangement between them and the mother country; but that we | will oppose with all our means the forcible interposition of any other (government, under any) form or pretext, and most especially their transfer to any power by conquest, cession or acquisition in any other way.” Jefferson advised Monroe to lay the matter before Congress immediately, since his proclamation might lead to | war with some European power, or| powers, “the declaration of which re- | quires an act of Congress.” An enemy of war and of all injustice, he was moved to approve the Monroe Doctrine from many considerations, and even his European friends, ardent cham- pions of liberty, indorsed the action.| Lafayette's attitude. | ‘The Marqius de Lafayette, in par- ticular, had written to him, in 1817: “I would not be sorry to see the ! American Government invested by the | follies of Spain with’ the opportunity | to take the lead in the affairs of her | independent colonies. Unless that is| the case, or great changes happen | in the European policies, the miseries | of those fine countries will be long protracted. Could you establish there a representative system, a free trade, and a free press, how many channels of information and improvement should be open at once!” Jefferson’s able historian, Prof. Chinard, has stated that the doctrine | was not considered as an instrument | of imperialism by its formulators. “It was primarily,” he says, “the extension of the doctrine of self-pro- tection already advanced by John Adams in 1776, and since then main- tained by Washington and Jefferson himself. It was also a corollary of the theory of the balance of power which Jefferson always kept in mind.” (That is to say, the balance of America #gainst Europe.) It was always associated in the minds of Jefferson and Henry Clay with the eventual possibility of a continental responsibility for continued security and orderly process of government, to be mutually shared with the other independent American republics when they should grow of age and develop into stable and self-governing na- tions, functioning under free and en- lightened republican constitutions. Cuba Urged Southern Limit. In other words, Jefferson, Monroe and Adams conceived of the “Mon- roe Doctrine” as a brave but pro- | visional assumption of politicl re- | sponsibility by the United States for | the republican safety of the Western | Hemisphere, until such time as a gen- Sketched above uine and co-operative pan-American- ism should become possible. Jeffer- son declared that the island of Cuba should be the absolute limit of south- ern expansion of the United States. Monroe wrote: “The political system of the allied powers is essentially dif- ferent from that of America. We owe it, therefore, to candor . . . to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.” The great democratic political ideal shared by Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and others with Thomas Paine—its most eloquent propagandist —conceived a vast plan for the “Amer- ican system. It contemplated the possibility of a continental federation of autonomous and successfully fed- erated States, bound together by com- mon interests and political ideals—if not by a common language—with in- terstate commerce unshackled by tariff restriction, with slavery abolished, or dying out, and with war extirpated by the uses of arbitration, freedom of thought, of speech and of transit, and the elimination of all expensive and oppressive military establishments. . . . In short, a vast pan-American cus- toms-union of federated American republics, dedicated to the develop- ment of the arts of peace in democ- racy and economic freedom, protected from abuse by equitable laws, en- forced without fear or favor. ‘The enlightened spirit of the age of the American revolutions could see no obstacle to human progress more insurmountable than physical distance and the temporary igno- rance and selfishness of men and groups too long under servitudes to ancient custom and autocratic insti- tutions. Such was the dream of the American System by the “founding fathers” of the United States; and such is the noble promise and pedi- | gree of Pan-Americanism, upon the threshold of which we now stand, tempered by European experience and military disillusionments. . 200,000 New Houses Needed. 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The operation was on August 25, The New York Academy of Medi- cine Information Bureau, which has been issuing official bulletins on Pendergast’s condition, announced this afternoon: “He is doing very nicely; he continues to improve.” Toy Balloon Goes 800 Miles. A toy balloon, starting at Stratford- on-Avon, England, bearing the legend “Warwickshire Federation Women's Institute,” landed in Silesia, Czecho- Al(;;llkll. after a journey of nearly 800 miles, "JUNIOR GAS ROUTS STRIKERS MIDDLETOWN, Conn. September 10 (#)—State police used tear gas bombs last night to disperse 800 strikers at the Remington-Rand, Inc., plant here after violence, dormant for several weeks, broke out anew, Four persons were slightly injured. ‘When the factory, where a strike began May 26, shut down for the day, strikers pelted automobiles carrying workers, Pive arrests were made. Police withheld the names. CLEAN FALSE TEETH NEW EASY WAY ing — Den Al ood H Bureau. 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