Evening Star Newspaper, March 10, 1935, Page 36

The New Deal in Canada Continued From Third Page.) lead the forces opposed to the New Deal; he is a “New Dealer” himself. Many years ago, in England, it was said of Disraeli, when he introduced electoral reforms, that he had caught the Whigs bathing and proceeded to steal their clothes. Liberals level the same charges at Mr. Bennett today. They are not alone. The Socialist group—the Co-operative-Common- wealth-Federation — likewise claims leredit for some of the measures. Their | chief, J. S. Woodsworth, tireless worker in Parliament, former clergy- ‘man, longshoreman and strike leader, has urged drastic reforms for years. ‘Woodsworth has now joined in sup- porting the principles of the New Deal. But he goes further; he con- tends that the proposed measures merely scratch the surface of capital- ism. He ccntends that only the abo- Htion of the profit system can assure the happier life which Mr. Bennett seeks. With Norman Thomas, he be- Heves that capitalism and the profit system cannot be reformed. Only Two Choices. Mr. Roosevelt’s leadership in the | United States is regarded as a portent of a new political alignment. Mr. Bennett's “New Deal” crusade is con- sidered in some quarters as a similar portent in Canada. The choice, it is said, is now between a reformed capi- talism on the one hand and socialism on the other; there is no room for a third group. Such a realignment in Canada is not likely in the immedi- ate future; new trends, however, will be indicated by the approaching elec- tions. | The problem which now faces Par- | lament is not the opposition to thei New Deal; it is the constitutionality | of some of the proposed measures. | There is nothing in the British North | American act, the constitution of | Canada, to prevent the Dominion Par- | liament from amending the income | tax law; there is nothing to interfere with the creation of an economic | council; there is nothing to obstruet the reform of company legislation, in so far as Dominion companies are| concerned. The constitutional difficulties, as in the United States, arise in the matter of social and industrial legislation. But | the cases are not entirely parallel. | ‘The Canadian constitution contains | no guarantees of personal liberties or rights of property; no legislation can be nullified on the alleged infringe- ment of such rights. Therein it/ differs from that of the United States. | The problem in Canada arises from | the distribution of powers between the | Dominion Parliament and the pro-| vincial legislatures. This distribution | was made in 1867; it has not since | been changed. Vast Power Assigned. | lation of trade and commerce” to the Dominion Parliament: it assigns | “property and civil rights in the prov- | ince” to the provincial legislatures. It | is the conflict between these two pow- | ers which is principally responsible | for the present constitutional problem. The term “property and civil| rights” is wide enough to criminal law, and it has been so in- terpreted by the courts. The control | of labci in industrial undertakings has been declared to be primarily within the competence of the pro- vincial legislatures. This has been understood to apply to the whole field of social legislation, such as unem- ployment insurance, old-age pensions, minimum wage laws and acts regu- lating hours of work. The courts have declared unconstitutional a fed- | eral act for the settlement of strikes | and lockouts, as well as federal acts | regulating combines and prices, on the ground that they infringed upon | “property and civil rights.” The Do- | minion power to regulate trade and | commerce was relegated to a sub- | sidiary and auxiliary function. It | therefore would appear that Mr. Ben- nett’s attempts to introduce uni- formity of social legislation and to regulate industry may be shattered on the rocks of constitutionalism. In order to avert constitutional dif- ficulties, the government may pro- ceed In one of three ways: (a) By emendment of the constitution; (b) by requiring concurrent provincial legislation; (c) by the exercise of a combination of Dominion legislative powers. The first method is difficult because the power of amendment is not vested in the Dominion: it re- quires an act of the British Parlia- ment. The method of concurrent legislation is inconvenient and un- satisfactory, particularly where uni- formity is necessary. The third in- volves the exercise of the following Dominion powers: (a) The regulation of trade and eommerce. (b) The raising of money by any mode or system of taxation. (c) The control of the postal service. (d) The criminal law. (e) The power to perform the ob- Mgations arising under treaties. (1) The power “to make laws for the peace, order and good government of Canada.” Courts May Take Hand. It may be taken for granted that the Dominion Parliament may enact legislation regulating interprovincial and international trade. In the ex- ercise of this power the Bennett gov- ernment may attempt to impose minimum wages and maximum hours of work on industries engaged in such trade and commerce. It may invoke in aid of this legislation the exercise of the federal powers of taxation, the control of the postal service, the en- actment of criminal law and the en- actment of laws for “peace, order and good government.” Such legislation may, of course, be nullified by the courts on the ground that it is “color- able”—that is, that it seeks to do in- directly what it cannot do directly. Recent judicial decisions have drawn attention to the power of the Domin- jon Parliament to legislate in the performance of obligations assumed by Canada or by any province under treaties. Canada is a signatory to the treaty of Versailles and is a member of the League of Nations. The gov- ernment may now propose to Par- liament the ratification of some of the Geneva conventions dealing with so- cial legislation. It may then contend that it is within its constitutional jur- isdiction to enact measures in the per- formance of the obligations thereby assumed; the issue of provincial rights could not be raised. It was princi- pally on this power that Mr. Bennett relied in asserting the constitutionality of the first social reform measure in- troduced—the unemployment insur- | ance bill. He was asking Parliament to implement by legislation the labor provisions of the treaty of Versailles. He has since proposed the ratification of conventions regulating wages and hours of work. It is a novel procedure for solving the constitutional prob- lems. Its success will depend upon the attitude of the courts. The enactment of the New Deal in Canada will react upon her economic relationships with other countries; it is of importance to the United States. ‘There are billions of dollars of Amer- ican money invested in Canada, but its safety is not in any way threatened | —after all it is a conservative New Deal! There are hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of goods exchanged between the two countries annually; this trade may now be increased. Barrier Holds, American industry operating under codes of fair competiton has objected to the importation of foreign goods produced by labor receiving a lower wage than the N. R. A. minimum and working longer hours than the N. R. A. maximum. Mr. Bennett declared his opposition to a policy of higher wages and shorter hours for an ex- porting country like Canada. Closer trade relations with the United States, therefore, seemed unlikely for some e. The situation has now changed. A reciprocal trade treaty is under con- sideration by both countries. It is in accord with the policies of the Roose- velt administration; it runs counter to the traditions of the‘ Conservative party. Nevertheless, the circumstances are opportune; the New Deal in both countries may remove certain diffi- culties. The effectiveness of the pro- posed agreement will be determined by the extent of protectionist senti- ment in each country. In Canada It appears that Mr. Bennett proposes to offer a trade agreement, based upon lower tariffs, to the farmer in the West; he offers his social legislation primarily to the industrial worker in the East. Electorate to Decide. It may be sald with reasonable cer- tainty that Mr. Bennett's reforms are going to be introduced, régardless of immediate constiutional and inter- national implications. No party will oppose them in principle. The Lib- erals may urge broader measures. Mr, Woodsworth may urge more funda- mental changes. It remains for the electorate to de- termine whether the new program is to be put into effect and administered by Mr. Bennett or by Mr. King. The continued severity of the depression will undoubtedly influence their judgment. But whatever the decision may be, the New Deal in Canada is definitely on! New Airports Planned. The British air ministry will open 11 new airports this yeutrl:y e Failures on Decrease. Business failures in Argentina are decreasing. and Hatred of NGUS M'BAIN was the best engineer on the division. Sen- iority, or, rather, the lack of it, was what kept him tied to the way-freight job on the Kalen Valley Branch— that is, seniority and his love for the squat, unlovely 706, which pulled the biweekly way- freight between Loughside _termi- nal and Kalen Junction. His pride in that engine was almost paternal. He would crawl out before dawn, when nof. another oil lamp would be helping to break the gloom of night, and pick his way around to the It was |steamy round- house, where engines hissed and | clonked, and red sparks leaped upward S 2 | as the night staff shoveled coal into | notonously dull or else overstuffed | The constitution assigns “the regu- | the fire boxes. When he came to the | with exciting events. One hour every- | Aires told me recently. | 1y, when an importer of United States varying machine and the next is filled | £00ds could not get dollar exchange continent—Brazilian 706 he would stop and go over each part of her before going to the office to report for duty. Angus was not a married man. The only other emotion in his life was his hatred of his *skipper,” Con- ductor Dan Kearney. The younger men on the road swore Dan was the e to include | worst conductor on the system, but | dish glare. From his window he could nearly all legislation outside of pure|the old-timers would shake their |see that the roundhouse was already heads. “Dan,” they would say, “ain’t strong | on the rules and regulations and red | the fire from all directions when he | tape stuff, but wait till there’s a got outside. jam!” That was the point of trouble. Dan Kearney, big, lanky Irishman, with merry blue eyes, a face battered and marked from a score of fights, and a | joke always on his lips, never took |Overcome in an attempt to bring an anything seriously, not even his busi- ness. Rules, said Dan, were made to be broken. Angus McBain, Scot, short of stature and truculent in manner, had never wittingly broken a rule in his_life. The stream of vituperation which they poured on each other would begin when Dan handed up the train orders in the morning. It would break forth intermittently during the day when the men met in the course of their business. The annual grain rush had the dispatchers harassed over car sup- plies and moving tonnage. They went about, on duty and off duty, mumbling | to themselves about meets and de- lays. When the operator at Basin, in the bottom of Kalen Valley, clicked through that McBain was in the office claiming that Kearney had the train overloaded for “the hill,” the first- trick dispatcher was terse, as an overworked man usually is. “Tell him,” he commanded, “that the conductor is running the train and to follow orders.” McBain brought the 706 limping into Kalen Junction four hours late. He scrawled angrily in the work book, gathered up his bag and, without a word, took himself into the night. Dourly he found his way across the yard to the superintendent’s office, where a light was burning. “Well, McBain,” said the superin- tendent, looking up from the papers scattered about his desk, “what’s the trouble?” “Nae trouble, nae trouble at a’, Mr. Garfield. But I've decided tae retire from the service o’ the company!” Garfield knew railroading and he knew railroaders. He didn’t intend to lose a man like McBain if he could help it, but he realized that the DAILY SHORT STORY- RAIL RIVALS Angus McBain Had Two Passions: Love for His Engine BY MAURICE MAHOOD. His Conductor, Scot would never pull another drag for Conductor Dan Kearney. For the moment he was content to tem- porize. “Come and see me in the morn- ing, McBain, when | we've both had time to think it over.” Next morning the division learned that McBain was off on four weeks’ leave of absence and the 706 was to be overhauled and put on the Ramsfield subdi- vision way-freight. As all positions were open for bid in about two weeks’ time, the division didn't need to be stopped. particularly shrewd | to surmise why | Garfield had issued this order. On a railroad life is either mo- ! thing is clicking along like an un- with a confusion which only hui | parallel in war. | _Supt. Garfield awoke in the mid- |dle of the night to the ringing of bells and the whistle of locomotives. His room was illuminated by a red- | well ablaze. | Men and women were running to Garfield became aware of a man paddling along beside him and, turning his head, he saw it was )Dan Kearney. Together they came | to a small crowd which was rendering first aid to an engineer who had been | engine out. The old wooden structure had | blazed so quickly that already it was ! | almost suicide to try to enter. Only ! Angus McBain, in an old switch en- | gine, still attempted it. * The old fool,” muttered Garfield, “he’s after the 706. She was put | back in the shop this morning.” | Dan Kearney nodded his head in | silence. | The whole structure seemed to; lurch as the wind momentarily whipped the flames to one side, re- vealing the outline of a locomotive in the doorway. It was stopped! | _Conductor Dan Kearney had started railroading as a fireman, He backed | the switch engine out, dragging along the 706. He helped men to hand down the unconscious body of Angus McBain before he tottered and fell himself. Two weeks later Dan Kearney limped into the room where Angus McBain was still lying in bed. That was an awkward meeting. The two men did not have much to say to each other. But as he rose to leave Dan remarked: “Garfield was in to see me this morning. He told me that you're bidding in the Kalen Valley freight job again, and he’s decided to leave the 706 on the run!” The other man rolled over on his side and a rough grin lightened his features. “Ye derned auld leezard,” he mur- mured; “ye done it just to get a guid engine and a guid engineer!” (Copyright. 1935.) Tomorrow: “Illegal Heir,” by Ralph Wood Hunter, tells how a lawyer’s successful deception deprived him of a cool million. Special in Our Optical Department! BIFOCALS Very Specially Priced at— *8.95 (Lenses Only) —The finest lenses, invisible ground-in-one, for both far and near sight. If you need bifocals— buy them now at this low price. Engraved Frames *3.45 —New styles—white or pink gold filled— with comfortable pearloid nose rests. Use Your Charge Account 9/ STREET FLOOR Avenue=Tth, A snd © Bis __(Continued From First Page) costs more than other cars, of course, but it will last you for 20 years.’ “And that was just the point. I didn’t care a thing about a machine that would last for 20 years. Indeed, nobody wants an automobile that will last that long. You take my first mo- tor car. It was a British model and very cxpensive. At the end of five years its motor was just as good as when I bought it. But I grew so tired of looking at it that I sold it to & second-hand dealer and bought a new and less expensive one. Since then I've had a new car every year, nearly all of them of North American make. Not one of them has cost more than half the price of my old British car, but I've enjoyed every one of them. “There’s the reason Brazilians have preferred your motor cars. The de- signs are changed each year, like the styles and designs in clothing. They appeal to women, like the new styles in hats. In other words, we wish to keep up with the times. Brazil is a new country like yours. It loves new teaching her people to drink coffee as well as tea and commanding her nu- merous warriors to grow strong on beefsteak and mutton stew. Therefore, reciprocal trade offers her golden op- “For instance,” he went on, “one |portunities. of our depositors is a produce dealer, And in the matter of prices no im- the largest importer in the country.|portant nation, least of all the United Every year he has been buying from | States, can compete with Japan. $100,000 to $200,000 worth of North:Cheap labor, government-subsidized American eggs. He came the other day prepared to place a $50,000 order, expecting the bank to handle the transaction. Although his balance in Argentine currency was three times that much, we had to tell him that it couldn't be done. We couldn't ex- change Argentine currency for that much American money. “A lumber dealer who banks with us usually purchases an average of $250,000 worth of Washington and Oregon lumber every year. This year he has been able to buy only $25,- 000 worth. He has plenty of money, and there is a market for such lum- ber all right, but he can’t get dollars with which to pay for it.” Existing Treaties Handicaps. In many cases existing trade treaties with other nations make it difficult for us now to effect advantageous recipro- cal arrangements, even where there is things. “But your competitors have learned willingness to discuss such measures | with us. Uruguay was long one of this. They are now making lower- | our important South American mar- priced cars, paying more attention to lines and appearance, attractiveness of fixtures and decorations. Conse- quently, when you buy a British car today you are no longer investing for | |from that field. The people of “the the future, but for the pleasure and satisfaction of the moment.” ‘Thanks to the Prince of Wales and his lectures to British manufacturers on ihe subject of new methods in salesmanship and advertising, they | are paying less attention to British industrial traditions and more atten- tion to pleasing the public wherever they attempt to do business. Benefited by Exchange. But much more arbitrary methods | than these have also been adopted by | our competitors in the attempt to maintain themselves in South Amer- ica. In many cases exchange diffi- culties have played directly into their hands. Especially is this true in the case of Great Britain. The Roca-Run- | commercial treaty now in ciman effect makes it necessary for all-Brit- | ish exchange to be utilized for the remittance of the earnings of British- | owned firms in Argentina and for the use of Argentine importers of Brit- ish goods. And since Britain is the principal market for Argentine beef and mutton, such an arrangement is a boon to British manufacturers, while at the same time it plays havoc with United States exporters. Similar treaties exist between Ar- gentina and several other nations. France, Italy and Spain have recently concluded such agreements. Conse- quently, Argentines who would like to buy our products cannot get the ex- change with which to pay for them. “Triangular trade no longer works for us,” an American banker in Buenos “Former- with which to pay his accounts, he ) could get sterling, which was just as | nitrates, acceptable. But this is no longer pos- sible; consequently he cannot buy. | kets for gasoline, oil and lumber. | Lately Russia has been able to effect a virtual exchange of commodities with the Uruguayan government, and this has practically eliminated. us Purple Land,” as William Henry Hud- son was wont to call this tiny repub- lic, use Russian gasoline in their au- | tomobiles and Russian lumber in their buildings, where the “comrades” in Russia are wearing shoes and clothing made from Uruguayan hides and wool. The French have effected similar arrangements with Chile, taking nitrates from the Andes in return for French manufactures and Chilean ob- ligations to French bankers. Germany has already given notice to the coffee- producing countries that she can no longer buy coffee from them unless | they are willing to take the equiva- lent in Nazi industrial manufactures. one or two other countries, we are in | a position to make similar demands or agreements. However, it seems to be the plan of the Washington Govern- ment to follow a broader policy and merely ask mutual tariff concessions instead of demanding that other States products in the amount of our | purchases from them. Even if we should follow the latter policy we would lose out in such countries as | Argentina, Chile and Peru, because we are able to buy comparatively little from them. Japan Holds Upper Hand. But even if we were able to leap all | the hurdles put in our pathway by | other competitors we should still be | unable to cope with those of Japan. In the first place, Japan can use great quantities of all the leading commodities produced on the Southern Tubber, Peru- vian cotton, Chilean copper and Bolivian tin, Argentine wool. Even coffee and meats have possibili- "ties. Strange as it may seem, she is Who Are You? Romance Of Your Name BY RUBY HASKINS ELLIS. Walworth 'HIS name is derived from the place name Wallworth, a suburb of the City of London. The Walworth family, an eminent one in the United States, claims de- scent from Willam Walworth, the celebrated mayor of London from 1374-80, who was knighted for his many daring exploits. The progenitor of all of this family in America before 1800 was William Walworth, who came | to New London, Conn., in 1689. He | came over for the purpose of intro- | ducing the English methods of farm- | ing on Fishers Island. then owned by Gen. Fitz-John Winthrop. Wil- | liam Walworth came from County i Middlesex, England. | The coat of arms here shown has !been used by the family since the earliest times and is confirmed by the | College of Heralds in London. It is described: “Gules, a bend engrailed argent, between two garbs, or. Crest— a cubit arm, vested or, cuffed argent; the hand grasping a dagger, embrued | gules, pomel and hilt or. Motto— Strike for the laws.” The significance of the bearings is: Gules denotes mag- nanimity of heart, the bend symbolizes the shield suspender of a knight and denotes defense and protection, en- grailed indicates the land or earth, and the garbs are symbols of plenty— |the harvest, of either material or | spiritual gain. ! (Copyright. 1935.) Street District and 3rd 7200 Floors Br. 305 Small Carrying Charge EASY WASHER We offer you this new EASY ‘Washer—bigger, faster, im- proved in six new ways—at a price still the lowest ever asked for a new Damp-Dryer Model EASY. See how the EASY Damp- Dryer makes old-fashioned buys this new 2-tub wringers and wringing obso- lete—see how it saves fingers, saves mending buttons, saves ironing time and labor. Phone us today—buy only if you agree this is the greatest washer bargain you ever saw. B e s " i In the case of Brazil, Colombia and | parties to the agreement buy United | industry and shipping, a highly or- ganized system of distribution, and on top of all this a very depreciated currency—these things give Japan the upper hand. It is common knowledge that Japanese labor is paid the lowest wages of any important industrial country, while her manu- facturing is regimented to an extent unheard of anywhere outside of Rus- sia and possibly Germany and Italy. Certainly Great Britain and the United States offer no example which approaches Japanese control of pri- vate business. This being the case, they are in position to fix prices arbi- trarily. ‘While prices in almost every other country have risen in the last year and a half, Japanese prices have re- mained practically stationary. In such countries as Chile, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia price is the all-impor- tant factor when it comes to the sale of ordinary merchandise. They are price markets instead of quality mar- kets. Japanese Money Cheap. Japanese money Is about the cheapest in the world. Our depre- ciation of the dollar made it possible for us to compete, to some extent at least, with Great Britain and the “gold” countries, such as France and Holland, but not with Japan. In so far as the Chilean and Peru- vian markets are concerned, Japan not only can undersell us, but she is able to effect reciprocal exchanges of goods. Even tariff concessions would do us no good in Chile. Chile has al- ready signed a commercial treaty which makes it impossible for her to offer any other country more favor- This Style as low as $188.50 Other Models as Low as $99.50 Ask us for the $16,000 over Station WJSV. Phone Dlst. 7200 Branch 394 able tariff treatment than she grants to Japan. Japan early learned the importance of providing her own system of dis- tribution in each country where she attempts to do business. ‘Whenever certain producers—Brit- ish, German or United States—have gained a vogue, there is no hesitation about using ingenious methods to supplant them. Similar trade marks are frequently used. This is a weapon made easy by the poor trade-mark laws which exist in most of the Latin republics. In order to introduce their own products in a community or city, Japanese stores often sell similar well- known products—say, tooth paste, razor blades and silk hosiery—at greatly reduced rates. As one Peru- vian merchant puts it, “as soon as customers become aware that the Japanese stores sell these products for less than they can be bought else- where, the buyers become steady cus- tomers. Later, it is easy to switch them to Japanese products, which sell at still lower prices.” Buying Land for Production. Japanese companies are also buy- ing land, producing crops for export to Japan. In addition to buying great quantities of Peruvian long staple cotton for shipment to Japan, they produce and ship cotton of their own, ! all of which is manufactured into cot- Peruvian customers. | Two imposing Japanese govern- | mental missions have recently visited | most of the countries of the Conti- nent, dispensing good will wholesale. | Today in nearly every Southern capital you'll find a Japanese cham- | ber of ‘commerce with a sprightly | young secretary, who reels off Span- | ish, French or English with all the | ease and grace of any other Oriental | diplomat. | In a supreme effort to convince | | South America of the efficiency of | their industry and the superiority of | their manufactures over those of other ! countries, as well as to impress their SEE THE NEW FRIGIDAIRE '35 D—10 ' THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C't MARCH 10, 1935—PART TWO. w Fading Pan-American Trade own people with the advisability of buying from South America, the Japanese government has invited the various republics to participate in & pretentious South American trade expoes“ i;ion in Tokio this year. ch are some of the odds nst which Secretary Hull and his l’i‘v:l.url are laboring in their efforts to rebuild ::ru shattered South American mare MAN’S MISFORTUNE HELD BENEFIT T0 DOG Cléveland Doctor Discusses Devele opment of Science Through Experiments. By the Assoclated Press. BIRMINGHAM, Ala, March 9.— ‘The misfortunes and suffering of man have brought far more benefit to the dog than man has ever received from the dog in research, Dr. George Crile of Cleveland said last night in an ?dmm to a community health meet- ng. “The development of biological and medical sciences has been the result of experiments upon plant life and animal life,” said Dr. Crile. “It should be borne in mind, also, in considering the benefits derived from animal experimentation that the ton goods and returned to be sold to | enormous number of cases of sickness and death among the two billions of human beings always present on the earth has actually contributed to the welfare of the dog and other domestic animals. For the result of study of the cause of the diseases that affect human beings, the domestic animals also have benefited. “The principles of preventive medi- cine which are applied to man are as effective when applied to dogs and cats and horses by veterinarians.” . 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