Evening Star Newspaper, May 21, 1933, Page 40

In the Motor World BY G. ADAMS HOWARD. HE opinion of Frederick C. Rus- sell, noted mof authority, on the subject of ‘proposed blending of alcohol with gaso- line is of interest. Mr. Russell's cated articles have appeared in mmnobun section of The Star for many years and it is known that he has a wide fl}owm:. Mr. Russell puts the case as follows: Substitutes may come and substitutes may go, but gasoline appears to go on undaunted as the most efficient fuel for the motor car engine. History has demonstrated this for the past. Its present popularity is unquestioned. ‘The best thought on the subject forecasts its continued popularity for the future. Some facts about gasoline’s supremacy are appropriate at this time by reason of agitation for governmental legisla- tion to compel the mixing of 10 per cert of grain alcohol with each gallon of gasoline. Quite aside from the fact that this would benefit the farmer at the expense of those citizens who have | invested heavily in petroleum enter- | prises, the technical angles to the ques- tion seem to leave gasoline still stand- ing towering above its nearest rivals. There are many disadvantages in the | use of fuel containing alcohol, not the least of which is the fact that it would | retard the present trend toward more highly efficient motors. Makes Most of Fuel. The modern motor is able to perform capably over a wide range of speed, and in zero weather as well as in desert heat, because it has been de- signed to make the most of its fuel. A change in fuel now would be a hand!- cap to thousands of cars and would | necessitate changes in design that might | add to the expense of car manufac- ture or lower the performance stand- ard, or perhaps both. Brazl tried to force the use of grain alcohol for motor fuel purposes, but the law hu; n repealed. be;l heg:)l.zved that if American motor- ists were forced to use alcohol the farmers would not necessarily beneflt, since there are apportunities for boot- 1 g. Alcohol can be made out of ;.2?.“.‘.« cheaper than out of grain. Ten years ago there was much dis- cussion” of “synthol,” a form of wood alcohol made synthetically frem water gas by the projection of & of steam on coal. Predictions then wer that the process would be brought dver from | Germany where it originated. News | ‘was dispatched to the papers to the effect that one of the American explo- sive manufacturers was negotiating with the German patent holders for the American rights and that one of the Jeading car makers was planning & spe- cal high-compression motor to fit it. None of this came true. It is almost invariably the case with substitutes for gasoline. Many of the substitutes tareatened to win popularity by reason ¢ their anti- knocgo qualities. But since the Nation- wide marketing of fuel mixedd with tetra- ethyl lead the anti-knock advantage no longer figures. Merely by increasing the percentage of tetraethyl lead in cur- rent brands of gasoline, it is possible to make today's fuel meet the require- ments of still higher compression. Anti-Knock Experiments. Several years ago the lumber indus- try strained itself to finé an anti-knock fuel that would outclass ghsoline. Mak- ing anti-knock motor fuel from wood tar was the chief goal. Seventy-six per cent of a standing tree is wasted, and about 31 per cent of the wood used for making lumber based on the log is available for carbonization for the pro- duction of charcoal, tar and other pro- ducts. Seventy million gallons. of tar will produce, throu?h cracking, about 23,300,000 gallons of motor fuel. ‘This is sald to be equal in anti-knock properties to benzine. Any use of grain afohol, or of any- t! else devised for economic reasons, would be certain to stimulate interest in the great variety of fuels which are being used with varying degrees of suc- cess throughout the world. Benzol, which is widely used, would be certain to become a conspicuous con- tender for popularity. It has also been found that mixtures of benzol with al- cohol have not been as effective as benzol with gasoline. The use of straight benzol requires adjustment for more air. It is & powerful solvent and cer- tain precautions are necessary. One of the objections to the use of alcohol lies in the fact that this fuel has an affinity for water. There is ‘water in the car’s fuel system, collecting from condensation in the main tank. This complicates matters and has often been found to produce difficult engine troubles. Not until there is a shortage of gaso- line is it likely that anything in the way of a substitute or an adulterant that does more than increase its efficiency will materialize. Gasoline's popularity is based on the fact that it works well and we have plenty of it. Volume Production Seen. Better days are seen on the automo- tive horizon, according to Associated Press dispatches out of Detroit. These dispatches state: Volume production on a modest scale again is the rule in the motor car industry, hflnflnJ, & sight that has been uncommon.in the auto- mobile industry for more than three years. Row upon row of cars just off the assembly lines stand parked in open lots adjacent to the factories, await- ing shipment to dealers in various parts of the country. Under thelr own power in “drive- aways,” in double-decked trucks, by boat and by rail, the shipments arc| going forward. The new vehicles do not remain long in the factory lots, but their presence there for even & ! few hours means that the industry's| production facilities have been shifted into higher gear, and for the moment e running a bit faster than the dispatching division. | ‘The stepping-up of production, of course, has been most notable in the low-priced division, but even the middle and higher priced brackets also are| calling for increased factory shipments. ‘Automobile shipments are furnishing no small part of the cargoes of Great Lakes freighters at present. Cars de- stined for points East, Northwest and West are being shipped from Michigan factories via boat. Some vehicles pro- duced for export also are being placed in freighters here for transit through the lower lakes and down the St.| Lawrence River to the Atlantic sea- | board. Three-Way Explanation. Sales executives generally have a| three-way explanation of the present | upturn in automobile demand. On the one hand, they say, an in-| creased demand at this time of the year is seasonal. But coupled with this, they point out, is the release of con- siderable purchasing power due to the more favorable outlook for business fnenlly. and the fact that obsolescence as begun to cut into the many thou- sands of vehicles that have been con- tinued in operation long beyond their normal life. The sales directors long have said that the downward trend could con- tinue only during such time as cars in the indispensable class were not af- fected by obsolenscence. As soon as vehicles essential to business or pro- fessional pursuits began to wear out, they said, the replacement demand would start upward again. In this connection the sales heads of several companies have pointed out that cars sold on a cash basis, and without the trading-in of a used car, have represented a larger proportion of the aggregate retail trade in recent weeks than has been the rule in nor- mal times in the industry. Coincident with these statements the sales executives have claimed a sharp reduction in the stocks of used cars held by their retail divisions. The num- ber of vehicles going direct from the road to the scrap heap, they say, will be consideral this year than in any of the last: years, Mila_d_y’s Motoring BY FREDERICK C. RUSSELL You don’t havt to speculate as to what most motorists are driving at. You may not femember when skirts Iterally swept the streets, when climb- ing aboard an automobile might have been & feat requiring special knack, but today you must keep in mind the risk in parking with cars fashioned in the new deep-skirted fenders. A curb- ing that is a little higher than usual will dig a fine set of initials in such a fender, or flute its edges in anything but s modish style. Make it a habit to park a little farther away from the gurb. That the present destructive price war in the automobile tire industry doesn’t concern you and me 8as mo- torists is the national trend of thought. fit's pleasing to the pocketbook to see tires scaled down so low in price and to meditate over what we used to pay for rubber in the days when blowouts were & regular accessory to any trip.| But this is a dangerous attitude of | mind. How about personal safety? How fuch is your neck worth? Would you | risk your life to obtain your tires a| few dollars cheaper? Do you really lieve tire prices can continue to go down without safety going down with them? The week's safety sermonette con- ierns the importance of having the| motor switched off whenever you hlvel the hood raised for inspection or for | checking the oil level. ere is always the danger of having the fan blades strike your fingers. This is especially true of adding water to the radiator on those cars where this is done with the hood raised When both girls on the front seat have to grasp the steering wheel in| an effort to pull out of a parking space | there's something wrong, either with the car or the girls. Parking should | not be that difficult, even with a 3| ©or 4 year old car. The usual explanation for hard steer- ng in parking is fallure to keep the front tires properly inflated. But, in addition, there is the habit of forget- ting that the car should be kept slightly in motion, either forward or backward, | n order to steer easily. It is bad for | MOTOR DON'TS N'T LET YOUR MOTOR BECOME COVERED WITH GREASE AND DIRT. EXCESS GREASY DIRT Su! INDI! MOTOR CONSTITUTES EAGEROS FIRE-HAZARD AND MAWES EVEN THE SLIGHTEST ADJUSTMENT A MESSY AFPAI THE MOTOR, SHOULD BE % WASHED AND CLEANED TWO OR THREE TIMES A VEAR. THE COST IS VERY UTTLE the steering gear and unnecessarily fa- tiguing for the driver, to attempt to turn the steering wheel while the car is stock still. Because the matter of keeping the car moving is so generally overlooked many women have come to believe that a small car steers much more easily for parking than does a large one. This is not necessarily true. The dif- ficulty with the larger car is simply one of restricted space. The driver does not realize that she is trying to turn the steering wheel without keeping the car in motion. Because the smaller car has more room she unconsciously keeps it rolling when getting in or out of a space. Do you like the sound of your horn? If not, you can have it retuned to your taste. Quite a variety of tones and combinations are offered where dual horns are used. some cases one horn should be matched against the other 50 as to obtain & beat note. | Many service stations include this little | detail among other Springtime tune-up. ‘Where do you go when you try out 8 new car? It should be somewhere that enables you to make comparisons either of speeds, power, acceleration, time or comfort. like the plan fol- lowed by one experienced woman mo- torist. She headed for the city, taking al one of her children for a dentist’s engagement. It gave her an opportunity to test the car in trafic and to park it. She came home with- out the usual fatigue of such a trip. She bought the car. The next time the men folk are talking fluently about some of the technical jargon pertaining to the car | try them with the query as to, “What | is a pivot skid?” Youll have them | floored It's the simplest skid of all and the most common. It occurs when the rear wheels lock and the rear of the car starts to slew around to the front, go- ing in either direction. You can check it by immediately steering the front | wheels in the direction the rear ones are slewing. Steer sharply and quickly if the car is big and heavy; a little easier if the car is lighter. ‘When people are getting into or out of the car it is wise policy to have the windows of the doors either all the way up or all the way down. A half- lowered window is more api to break should the door be slammed. The glass then has nothing to brace it at the top. features of a “Hangovers” Held Worse for Drivers Than Highballs Special Disphtch to The Star, after 18 years as commissioner of motor vehicles for Maryland. On the eighteenth anniversary of his appointment 1o the post, the commissioner last week ex- plained his views on the dangers of the “jitters.” He said: “An operator with the ‘jitters' is muzzy-headed and can’t think as quickly as another man who has been stimulated by RACERS' OPINIONS VARY FOR MAY 30 Drivers Confident of Breaking Records, While Officials Doubt Chances. | Spectal Dispatch to The Star. DETROIT, May 20.—Speed as op- posed to new rules is likely to be the | deciding factor in the Indianapolis 500-mile race of 1933, scheduled as usual for May 30. Drivers and de- signers of the racing cars are reasonably confident the record of 104.144 miles | an hour set last year can be exceeded. |~ Officialdom, however, expresses a dif- | fering opinion. The new fuel rule lim- | iting gasoline tanks to 15 gallons' ca- pacity is the reason. This rule has been framed to necessitate at least three pit stops for every car while the race is in progress. | The racers average about 50 gallons | of gasoline during the five-hour period, jand the tank restriction has been de- creed to give the contest more action for drivers, the mechanics who ride with them, the pit crews who serve them and for the spectators as well. New Record Held Unlikely. According to W. D. Edenburn, chief steward of the A. A. A. Contest Board, who has handled every race on the speedway since 1915, th> chances are against breakage of the 1932 record, unless the cars show sufficlent speed increase over last year to overcome the handicap. “I may be wrong,” he added, “but given an otherwise perfect performance. the car that requires the fewest stops under these conditions will have the best chance to win. It all will depend on how much the speed has improved from that of a year sgo. In the 1932 race, Fred Frame, who won in the Miller-Hertz Special, made seven stops in all, but most of them were very short and not sufficient to keep the car from setting a new mark.” Ralph De Palma, veteran pilot, who is on the inactive list this year, takes & contrary view. “With progress made in both engines and fuels” he says, “the boys should be able to push the cars faster than they have ever done on this track, chiefly because they have become better acquainted with the conditions that the two-man cars have brought about.” In view of this situation, even a period of seconds any entry has to sacrifice in refueling may mean the differcce between win or lose. Speed in refilling the gasoline tanks will be essential, and the pit crews may have recourse to the “air bottle” method of forcing the gas into the tanks instead of pouring it in from cans. Compressed air is let into the gas container through a hose and is made to exert pressure that speeds up the operation. 42 Cars to Start. ‘The fact that 1933 has brought 62 cars up for the trials, scheduled to start on May 20 and to continue until May 28, indicates that depression has interfered but little with the racing interest. Only 42 cars can start and they will be the fastest that qualify from & entry group. Qualification now cal for minimum speed of 100 miles an hour for 25 miles as compared with the 10-mile (four laps) distance of former years. ‘The eight-cylinder jobs predominate. Forty of them have been nominated. Thirteen others have four-cylinder en- gines which, with three 16-cylinder power plants, complete the known power classification. For the remain- der, no power plant data is disclosed on the entry sheet. It may be noted as well that no sixes have been listed. ‘The front drive division consists of nine cars. All but one of the remain- ing list are rear-driven cars. It is a year unsuccessfully. This car also has its wheels independently sprung. The entries for which stock car origin may be designated as distinct from the “Specials,” which are purely racing machines, count up to 19. They include 10 Studebakers, 3 Hudsons, 2 Fords—one a four and the other a new V-8—2 Buicks, 1 Graham-Paige and 1 Chrysler. Two others are Mar- mon “sixteens.” The “Specials” whose lineage can be traced represent 12 Miller power lants and six more that are Duesen- rglor recent and past years. Pred 8. Duesenberg, whom death took away from racing last year, will have the family tradition carried along by his son, Danny, who is too young to drive but has a car entered under the family name. 1933 Driving Talents. ‘The best of the driving talent sched- uled to Ferlorm includes Fred Frame, victor of a year ago; L. L. Corum, Lou Meyer, Louis Schneider and Billy Arnold, all of whom have previous wins to their credit. Clff Bergere is slated to captain the Studebaker team, which will consist of five cars. The Stude- baker factory has elected to follow up its advantage gained a year ago when cars-of this make were placed third and sixth. Russell Snowberger, who piloted a Hupp last year, will be at the wheel of a rebuilt Studebaker en- tered under his own name. Chet and Al Miller are programmed to take two Hudsons placed in the raced by “Bucdy” Marr. The pilots of this season include Bill Cummings, Egbert sunl?. William Cantlon, Ernie Triplett, Phil Shafer, Ira Hall, Lou Moore, Deacon Litz, Leon Duray and H. W. Stubblefield. One lone foreign - entrant is Juan Guadino, the South American, who will ;:‘nvc Raoul Riganti to alternate with m. Harry Hartz, now retired, who has gained Tepute as a winning owner and track coach of his own entries, will “master mind” two Miller-engined jobs that will exemplify streamlining imitating lines and aerodynamic princi- ples lYted from Sir Malcolm Camp- bell'’s “Bluebird” as it was driven over the Daytona Beach sands this year to set 254 miles an hour as a new world mark for straightaway. ‘The Studebaker five-car group, it is intimated, also will try the streamlin- ing idea in & new way to lessen wind resistance. (Copyright. 1931, by North American News- aper Alliance. Inc.) GREAT INTEREST SEEN. Entry of Cars and Demands for Tickets Reported by A. A. A. Popular interest as disclosed by the demand for tickets to date, the large number of cars entered, the color and reputation of the drivers, new and more restrictive requirements as re- gards oline and oil, and a lar entry list of the type of cars used by the average motorist, all point to & new high water mark of interest in the Memorial day automobile race at In- dianapolis on May 30. This prediction, on the basis of a pre-race survey of the outlook for the | premier sporting event of the country, gls made by the Contest Board of the American Automobile Association, which supervises the race and authenticates the records. AUTOMOTIVE BRIEFS Joseph B. Trew president of the Trew Motor Co., local Dodge distributor, an- nounces the appointment of T. J. (Jack) Waters to his retail sales force. | Waters is well known to the automotive | public and trade, having been for many | Washington. | Royal Golden Wedding. Hundreds attended the golden wed- ing celebration of Prince and Princess Perdinand, which was held re- ce la Louts Ba- in view, Naj. at opinion that Zour-wheel drive job that competed last | sen " THEM GUYS WOULD WORK HALF AS HARD PUTTING CARS TOGETHER AS THEY 0O JIG-SAW DUZZLES, WE WOULDNT AVIA ROUND troo] threatened G of driving the low-fi; the future of ground armies. By machine-gun or rifle fire “There should be no necessity to point out that this equipment and the meth- ods of its employment probably will be unsuited to, and different from, those altitude targets; emphasis must, how- ever, be placed upon this fact, for it is in danger of being constantly over- looked. “The effectiveness of such equipment and methods as are devised, should be proven by test and not by conjecture. These tests must embody the time ele- ment and the surprise element, for these are essential in determining the requisite quality of flexibility. This matter of test is a problem of its own, for it will require the devising of a target which will simulate the “action of the attack plane. It will do us no good to conduct firing tests against the type of target which we have been using habitually for training in the past, for outside of the fact that the target which we have been using is moving and in the air, it is totally dissimilar in speed, altitude, and course flown to m-!t _which the attack plane will pre- The need for a target for actual fir- ing purposes is confined to test, Maj. Hibbs said, poinun* out that it would seem more reasonable to conduct the major portion of training by simulated | years connected with the industry in: fire or use of blank ammunition against & plane or planes actually simulating attack. This would afford training not only to personnel of the sttack squad- Tons, but also to animals, drivers and other personnel of ground columns. “This,” he continued, “would provide us, in addition, the opportunity for de- veloping, under actual eonditions, meas- ures for reducing the casualties which may be incident to the varying situa- tions under which attacks may be made upon us.” Speed of Attack Is Problem. The difficulty of organizing a defense against attack planes is caused by the lack of warning and the exceedingly brief duration of the attack, Maj. Hibbs explained. The attack planes, ap- proaching behind cover of hills, trees and other obstacles, will come into view of the ground troops destined for attack at ranges as short as 100 to 500 yards in all but the flattest and most open wul:trgmnnd will mb: cover over the nex or: grove beyond the target immediately. 7 ¢ i “If it is attacking a concentrated target,” Maj. Hibbs said, “these as- sumptions give 1000 yards as the maximum length of travel of the plane while it is susceptible of being fired upon by our guns. This distance, in the case of a target having length and being enfiladed, will be increased by the length so attacked, about 400 yards as 2 maximum.” A Kllne fiying at 200 miles per hour, which speed is being approximated by experimental types now on trial by the Army Air Corps, moves at a rate of nearly 100 yards a second, so that the maximum time that the attack plane will be under the fire of ground m&- ons will vary from 10 to 14 seconds. This time probably will be the maxi- mum; fn cases where cover exists close to the target, the time may average only from 6 to 10 seconds. “The extremely short time during which the attack plane will be under fire arises from its high s and its method of attack and is the governing | factor which will control the design of | the weapon for defense; its mount, its rate of fire and its system of fire con- trol,” Maj. Hibbs said. Seattering Column Useless. “This time element shows how use- less will be any attempt to scatter a column, or even personnel, after the attack is perceived, in order to reduce the effectiveness of enemy fire. Ma- chine gun fire may be expected to come from the plane as soon as it appears. and, even if it does not, the bombs will be dropped mnot later than 6 seconds thereafter; small progress toward scat- tering could be made by vehicles in this time, even where terrain condi- tions were favorable. The seeking of cover by personnel of a battery in posi- tion, when pits are immediately avail- able, is a different matter and good ad- vantage could probabaly be taken of them in the time available.” The primary and basic requirement of a wea to be used against attack lanes is that it be capable of going to action without a second’s delay and that it be capable of following the plane continuously during the all-too- few seconds the plane is wtihin sight. “It will do us little good,” he said, “to have a weapon with so little flex- ibility that it cannot be trained n the plane and begin to fire in, say, less than two seconds, foy we may many times be attacked by s plane will be over our heads and dropping its bombs in & matter of 3 or 4 seconds after its initial appearance. possible during these first few seconds iis of vital importance.” Other requirements of anti-attack plane guns must be extreme rapidity of fire for short bursts and I.Acn“ con- trol system permitting the placing of a upon it while bbs said, expressing here is & which is going to give us the opinion of Maj. Louis E. th‘w long and careful study of the effect of attack aviation progress on which are to be employed against higher | The plac- | ing of fire upon the plane as early as TION BY JOSEPH 8. EDGERTON. , whose safety is being more and more seriously y developments in attack or “ground straffing” aviation, must rely for protection on the development of means ttack planes up into the air, in , Fleld Artillery, who has made a or by other means, ground troops must find some way of forcing attack planes up to an altitude which will reduce their effectiveness and make them subject to attack by friendly pursuit planes or large caliber anti-aircraft guns, Maj. Hibbs pointed out in the second half of an article on attack aviation which is being sent to all Air Corps personnel in the official news letter. “We must approach this problem,” Maj. Hibbs said, “with the realization that it is a serious one. T found in equipment and methods which are a radical departure from those which have been used for the solution of other problems. Its solution will probably be | | ble before we arrive at a suitable solu- | ton.” New Airship at Langley. The world's largest non-rigid airship, the TC-13, has been flown to Langley | Field, Hampton, Va., and delivered there to the 19th Airship Company, Army Alr Corps, which is expected to employ it in test and tactical operations, some | of which may prove unique in military | airship operation in this country. ‘The flight of the TC-13 from Akron, Ohio, where it was constructed by the Goodyear Zeppelin Co., tp Langley Field was made during the past week. The first part of the flight, including the | crossing of the greater part of the Al- | leghenies, was made before sunrise, at | time when the mountain air was most | nearly stable, so far as convection cur- | Tents were concerned. ‘The airship flew south of the Nvll.lonl: Capital, passing Winchester, Va., a 7:2% am., err:nwn at 8:03 am. and Fredericksburg at 9:11 a.m. Maj. Wil- liam E. Kepner was in command and acted as chief pilot of the airship, which carried & crew of four officers and four men. Constant radio communication | was maintained with ground stations throughout the flight. Though the TC-13 is a non-rigid, it is 0 large that it was ible to incor- porate features never before found ex- cept in the large rigid airships. Fa- cilities were provided for preparation of | meals in fiight and there are sleeping quarters aboard, making possible ex- tended flights of 100 hours or more | with & crew of six. Can Land on Water. The bottom of the 40-foot car is shaped like a boat and waterproofed to permit landings on the water, and & large canvas sea anchor probably will be carried as part of the airship’s equip- ment. Much of the experimental work, aside from patrol and reconnaissanc work off the coast, will involve use of the subcloud observation car, which will carry one man and which may be Jowered at the end of a cable contain- | ing @ telephone line from the airship. | This will permit the airship to hide in the clouds and lower the tiny car below the “ceiling” for observation and pho- tographic purposes. The car is painted 50 as to blend with the clouds and to make it as nearly invisible as possible. An interesting feature of the new blimp is the use of a combined fuel and water balance tank system. Fuel tanks a3 they are emptied, may be filled with sea water scooped from the ocean by & special spparatus lowered on the sub- cloud car cable and then raised to the ship and pumped into the tanks. Spe- cial fuel and water segregation are used to prevent gasoline and water from be- coming mixed. ‘The TC-13 has a displacement of ap- proximately 11 tons, of which four and & half tons are available for useful load, and is more than 200 feet long. It is wered by two air-cooled engines of ??5 horsepower esch, driving 13-foot propellers at low speed through gear- ing, which results in greatly reduced noise. Three small marine type out- board engines are used to drive an air blower to supply air under pressure to the ballonets, to drive an suxiliary ra- dio generator and to provide power for fu.sin: the subcloud car or water bal- last. Japs Hold Air Raid Drills. The Japanese government is prepar- ing the populations of its larger cities | to defend themselves as well as circum- | stances permit against hostile air raids. According to reports to the United States Naval Institute from American observers in Japan, Osaka and other large Japanese cities already have led the way in organizing defensive meas- ures in case of air raids and Toklo is Elmnm: drills on a large scale, to be eld in the immediate future. The defense plans, it is understood, are to be similar to those which have been held in Rome, Paris and other large European cities. Those in Rome have been the most elaborate yet held and probably will be rivaled by the ‘Tokio preparations. The use of extremely sensitive electrical sound pick-ups will be depended upon to give warning of approaching raids and anti-aircraft and machine-gun batteries will be employed against the attackers. Fire brigades will fight fires ignited by bomb explosions, will set up shelters a; t poison gas and aid in relief work generally. ‘The first drills will be designed to show the extent to which the govern- fluto 100% PURE PENNSYLVANIA . drive longer with rat ment can depend upon individual citi- zens and business houses to darken the |city in case of night raids. If the re- sponse is not complete, it is possible that control switches may be installed which will permit police or the military to extinguish every electric light in the city on an instant’s notice. It also is understood that the civillan populations will be instructed to take shelter in places likely to afford them the greatest measure of protection against bomb explosions, machine gun fire and poison gas. Tlis of Airmen Described. ‘There are few occupations which are |not accompanied by diseases or occu- | pational ills resulting from specialized | types of work. Aviation is no excep- tion to this rule and for some years medical students and practitioners have been engrossed in the new fields | of reaction resulting from man’s con- | quest of the air, The so-called “flying diseases’ or oc- cupational ailments common to those who fly continuously are discussed in an article prepared for the Army Air Corps news letter as a result of pro- longed research by flight surgeons and others engaged in the study of aviation medicine. It is not believed that any of the ail- ments found to be common to flyers are to be feared except by those who fly day after day under all manner of condi- tions in open cockpit planes. The ail- ments therefore, are most prevalent among military flyers and are never found among passengers or those who fly in closed eabin or soundproofed planes. It has been found that the military fiyer, who spends his working lifetime engaged in tactical flying, can look for- ward to the diseases or occupation ail- ments common to his kind. “While there is probably no disease which is peculiar to the flyer,” it was explained in "the discussion, “there are certain diseases which are so frequent as to merit being considered occupa- |tional. His work is such that it re- | quires constant attention and he is al- ways under some nervous strain, this strain being intensified by bad weather conditions, extra hazardous flying, un- usual flying, type of flying to which the pilot is not accustomed, and long periods of flying over difficult or dangerous ter- rain. The pilot, being constantly un- der a nervous strain, frequently de- velops an anxiety neurosis or more fre- quently a neurocirculatory asthenia or staleness.” “Flying Ilis” Listed. Other diseases or conditions to which the fiyer is subject by reason of his | work were listed as follows: | Pterygia or growth on the eyes due to_the wind blast. Photophthalmia and snow blindness when flying over snow-covered terrain or_over les of water. Deafness and ringing in the ears are common conditions among fiyers, due to the constant roar of the engine or blocking of the eustachian tubes on ac- count of changes in altitude. Rupture of the eardrums is fairly common, due to the inequality of air pressure in rapid dives made by pur- suit pllots. “The development of an hypertrcphy, or enlargement of the turbinate bones of the nose, due to the change in tem- perature of the air inhaled, is common. 8inusitia is fairly common among pilots, due to the sudden changes | to the consequent interference with the circulation of the blood in the mem- branes lining the sinuses. Various types of gastric neuroses are fairly common, also probably due to the nervous strain the pilots are con- stantly under and to the sedentary type of work involved. nal calculi, or kidney stones, are common among fiyers. The reason for this has not been determined definitely, but is believed due to the position the fluid for long periods when flying and to changes in temperature. ‘The effects of these allments are sald to be cumulative, increasing with the period of time spent on flying duty. American Legion Auxiliary ‘The department president, Mrs. Marle Dyer, with Mrs. Helen McCabe, department color bearer, attended & tea recently given by the Department | of Maryland, tn honor of the Eastern' | national vice president, Mrs. Clemency Schall, in Baltimore, Md. Mrs. Dyer, representing the Department of me‘ District of Columbia, assisted in the| receiving line. ‘The Department of the District of Columbia participated in the Mother's day services conducted at Arlington National Cemetery last Sunday. A wreath of popples, donated by the Henry C. S ler Unit, No. 12, was placed on the b of the Unknown Soldier of the World War by the East- ern national vice president, Mrs. Schall, in temperature of the air inhaled and | pe | Hill, Catherine Goltz, Alice Luskey, An- flyer is in for many hours, to lack of nie Stirk, Lenora Rosetta and Annie Officers and men of the 1st Battalion, United States Naval Reserves of the District of Columbia, are expected to continue to attend their regular drills despite the departmental economy order of last week ordering a suspension of drill pay and the annual cruises which had been scheduled for the current Summer. Rear Admiral Henry V. Butler, com- mandant of the Washington Navy Yard, | ing spoke to the entire battalion last Mon- day night and explained the depa ment’s order and the necessity which brought it about. However, he pointed out to the Reservists how important they were in the national defense scheme and how much the Navy de- pended on them to back it up in time of national emergency. He said that it was even more painful to the Regular establishment than to the Reserve to have to cut the drill pay. Admiral Butler made a strong appeal to the patriotic spirit of the men to continue to attend their drills as regu- larly as they did when receiving pay and commended them most highly on the efforts the officers and men were making to put the establishment on the top of Reserve organizatiops in the mat- | ter of efficiency. He appealed to them | to continue the work which had been | started by the officers and not to let the mere matter of pay prevent them from carrying on until such time as the financial conditions in the country make it possible to resume both the pay status and the annual cruises. He pointed out that their interests were being looked after by the officers at the Navy Department and every- thing possible would be done for them. Capt. John Downes, in charge of Naval Reserve activities in the Bureau of Nav- igation of the Navy Department, also| spoke in a similar vein and added his| appeal to that of Admiral Butler, With the admiral also were Capt. F. D. Berrien, captain of the Washing- ton Navy Yard, and Capt. J. A. Scho- field, former commander of the local Reserve and now on active duty at the Navy Department. The belief has been expressed that the suspension of drill pay is only a temporary matter. However, Reservists are watching the War Department for its decision on the National Guard. The proposal to cut the drill pay of that organization has been made, but the National Guard Association is making & strong bid for at least 42 drills & year and the annual encampments, which are at the present time under a cloud because of the matter of expense. There is a general feeling that if the Meetings This Week. Camps. Tuesday, 8 p.m.—Col. James S. Pettit, 921 Pennsylvania ave- nue southeast. Friday, 8 pm.—Gen. Nelson A. Miles, Pythian Temple. Auxiliaries, Monday, 8 p.m—Col. James S. Pettit, 921 Pennsylvania ave- Tuesday, 8 p.m—Henry W. Law- ton, Pytl Temple. Friday, 8 pm—Gen. Nelson A. Miles, Pythian Temple. The Department of the District of Columbia will hold memorial services |at 8t. Elizabeth’s Hospital. A program has been prepareq, including a memo- rial address by a prominent public speaker, songs by soloists and a musical program by an orchestra from the United States Marine Band. Gen. Nelson A. Miles Camp, in meet- ing presided over by Comdr. Nelson B. Durfee, admitted to membership Wil- lam T. Scandlyn, late of Company G, 29th United States Volunteer Infantry. A resolution was passed to request the national organization to change the qualification status for membership so as to admit those who served in the Moro insurrection, which was ended on July 15, 1803, for the reason that the Government has included those men on a pension status with the Spanish War veterans. A resolution was also passed to request the national organization to initiate legislation in favor of pension- ing the survivors of the battleship Maine, which was sunk in Havana Har- bor on February 15, 1898, for the reason that these men are non-ratable for pensions at the present time. Election of delegates to the d ment encampment to be held June 17 will be held at the meeting this week. Members of this camp will assemble at the main gate of St. Elizabeth's Hos- pital at 9 am, May 28, Admiral George Dewey Naval Aux- iliary met May 15 and was presided over by the president, Elizabeth Titlow. Mrs. Margaret Wright and Mrs. Josie Stanford were initiated as active mem- TS, Gen. Nelson A. Miles Auxiliary met | with the president, Gretta W. Ludwig, presiding. Louise M. Shaw and Alice W. Shaw were initiated as active mem- bers. Delegates to the department en- campment, June 17, are Hattle Ludwig, Olean Lucas, Emma Neal, Bessie Mc- Caffrey, Clara Goltz, Minnie Butts and Hattle Anderson, and alternates, Mar- garet Colcord, Carrie Stillions, Arthelia Cassidy. On June 4 the members will meet at the Pythian Temple at 2:30 pm. to visit the last resting place of the departed members. Transporta- tion will be furnished. Auxiliary mem- bers are requested to meet May 30 at 11 a.m. at the west side of the old amphi- theater, nesr the Lee Mansion, Arlington National Cemetery, to accom- pany Miles Camp members to the tomb of Gen. Nelson A. Miles, where memo- rial services will be held by Miles Camp. Henry W. Lawton Auxiliary met, with President Mamie Galpin presiding, and elected as delegates to the department encampment, Gertrude Dolan, Winnie Davis, Nellie Garner and Carrie Robb. | and alternates, Helen Lane, Carrie Lu- | cas and Elizabeth Burlingam. After | the business session, May 23, & bingo card party will be given. | Longest Bridge Started. Construction has just been started of the longest railway bridge in Ei s con Orehoved and Masnedo, the present railheads on the Danish Islands of Falster and Zeeland. The structure will carry both rail and road traffic and will cost nearly $10,000,000. It will be over 2 miles long, and will shorten the traveling time between Germany in the name of the American Legion Auxiliary. The delegation from the De-| partment of the District of Columbia was in charge of Mrs. Mae Lovelace, chairman of war memorials in the de- partment. Plans are under way to participate in the massing of colors at the Nas tional Cathedral May 28. | The Department of the District of Columbia will also take part in the ex- | ercises at Arlington National Cemetery Memotial day. THE FINEST MOTOR OIL: and Copenhagen. Denmark will raise *) Grade) J. May 28 at 2:30 pm. in Hitchcock Hall | p, National Guard, tnrough its strong po- litical set-up is able to have Congress provide funds for drill pay and for train- ing encampments, the Naval Re- serve will receive the same. It was pointed out that it would be grossly un- fair to the Reservists to permit the Na- tional Guard to have drill pay and training camps and to deny to the Naval Reserve the same opportunity for train- aboard active ships and also to re- ceive drill pay. Although the regular drill schedule of the battalion was upset last week, be< caue of the necessity of having the en< tire organization present to hear Ad- miral Butler last Monday night, it was announced by Lieut. B. M. Coleman, commanding officer of the organization, that the regular drill schedules would be resumed this week. That is, each divi- sion will drill on a separate night, and the headquarters staff will meet on Thursday nights. The current week will determine the reaction to the department’s pay-sus- pending order. However, officers who talked with the enlisted personnel ex- pressed the opinion that nearly all of the members would respond to Admiral Butler's patriotic appeal and continue to drill until it is possible for the de- p;r;ment to again put them on a pay status. The personnel assigned to indefinite periods of active duty, it was said, is to be cut in numbers. There are eight men assigned to the aviation division at the United States Naval Air Suélha at Anacostia, and it was indicated six of them are to be relieved. How= ever, it was added that a regular Navy man is to be assigned to the division, which will give them three enlisted men to look after the equipement. ‘The armory is to be kept open for the purposes of drill and the one en- listed man assigned there for duty will remain, it was said. It has not yet been determined Jush class the men will be left in with- out a pay status. Ordinarily, men afe placed in the volunteer reserve, when placed on a no-pay status, which means also that they are not required to at- tend drills of any kind. These in the battalion are members of the fleet re- serve. It was believed that those now in the fleet reserve would be left in that classification until such time as 1t be- comes possible to resume the pay grade. However, it is believed that it any of the men were attending the drills merely for the purpose of collecting pay, and show an inclination to drop off in their attendance, they will ultimately find themselves transferred to the vol- unteer class, and that their places will be filled by members of the volunteers who are anxious to participate in the drills and who will be retained in thas status when the pay is resumed. The local battalion has recelved a new boat to be used during the Summer months for training purposes. It was fitted out at the Norfolk Navy Yard and was brought here by Lieut. (Junior F. Carpenter and nine en- listed men, three from each division. This crew also returned to Norfolk the old boat which had been in service here for some months, but was found to be unsatisfactory for week end cruises, be- cause it lacked many facilities for the comfort of the officers and men when on a long cruise overnight. The new vessel is said to be well fitted out, with & number of bunks and & galley 50 that meals may be prepared while out on training cruises. The boat makes about eight knots, and carries a sufficient fuel supply for :“weekl :nd :ml'nl.nxgt w:‘x:it! outnl;‘lrldly on maiden tra cruise with Ensign . G. Wright of the 3d Fleet Di.i- sion and a crew from that unit. It will cruise in the Potomac River. and the men will be trained in navigation work. It will return this afternoon to its berth in the Washington Navy Yard. The Naval Inspection Board spent last week examining Naval Reserve out- fits in Detroit, Mich.; Great Lakes. IIl.; Minneapolis, Minn., and St. Paul, Minn. This week it will visit Sand Point, geame,wsrememm. ‘Tacoma and Aber- ieen, .; - Portland, Oreg.; San Francisco, Oskland and San Jose, Calif,, and the following week, San Jose, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, Long Beach, Los Angeles and San Diego, Calif, and Kansas City and St. Louis, Mo. The members of the board mak. ing these inspections will consist of Clg:‘.mAlexlndu Sharp, dr. C. T. Osl and Lieut. W. G. Tomlinson, from Washington. Lieut. Comdr. O. O. Kessing will go from Washington- to aid in the Detroit inspection only. i Doints wre Liewt 1. 5, Tomeky. ai ous points are Lieut. J. P. ) 8t Detroit; Capt. Halsey Powell, attached lepart- | to headquarters, 9th naval district, at Great Lakes; Comdr. George Marvell, attached to Navy Recruiting Station, Minneapolis, at Minneapolis, and St. Paul; Comdr. . McWhorter, headquarters, 13th naval district, at Sand Point, Seattle and Tacoma; Lieut. Comdr. S. A. Maher, headquarters, 13th ni district, at Bremerton and Aber- deen; Lieut. Comdr. N. W. Hibbs, hy= drographic office, Portland. at Portland; Comdr. H. J. Abbott, 12th naval dis- trict, inspections at San Prancisco, Oakland, San Jose and Santa Cruz; Lieut. Comdr. T. E. Flaherty, Recruit- ing Station, at Los Angeles, at Long Beach and Los Angeles. Lieut. ANSWER TO SATURDAY'S PUZZLE. CONENCLOAVGART) o o e AN MENU] S Al E[SITIE/RIMRIO[AIR]. [PIRIEILIAITIEISIMGIR 1 INIGIO] JAINTISIIGIRIOIS | S ICIE] A [GIRIAITIEIS] IGIEEMIGIALIN] G/RIADIETRIMGIEIRIMI TINIAIL [RIUF FIAIMIE[EIRINTIOGIA] [EIGIAILINTIENIS [E R} TRIOIN] WARYRREINIS[ETT] [E] Authorized Srvi-:e Winfield Carburetors CREEL BROTHERS 1811 14th St. N.W. DEcatur 4220 us cle NATIONAL SERVICE CO. INC of all auto radi- ators overheat. Let the necessary funds for its construction by a gasoline tax. 1622:24 14=STNW- NORTH- COTTON—RUBBER —make up 90% of our material costs. If material costs go up, Top prices will Tops are now AUTO TOPS goup. Lowest prices on ‘5.45 Sport Tops, $6.45. Rear Curtains $2.95 extra. Only double texture material used. One Night Service ACM 630 L St. N.W. ETOP CO. M et. 6638