Evening Star Newspaper, February 1, 1931, Page 37

‘STABILIZING AGRICULTURFE’ IS SMITH'S FORUM TOPIC South Carolina Senator Discusses Prob- lems of Farmers’ Needs in Address Over Radio. ‘The full text of the speech by Senator Smith of South Carolina on “Stabiliz- ing Agriculture,” delivered last night in the National Radio Forum, arranged by ‘The Washington Star and broadcast over a coast-to-coast network of the Columbia Broadcasting System, follows: ‘The condition of agriculture through- out the United States has been for the last several years so depressed that it has become perhaps the most vital prob- Jem confronting the American people today. The return for farm products, the price per unit of farm products was #0 out of line with the prices of indus- trial products that it has ] tional disaster. Farm m the foreclosure of farm morigages are universal. The currcnt value of farm land has shrunk in proportion to the value of the products of the land. In a word, the purchasing power of the farmer has vanished with the collapse of the value of his land and its products. Seo manifest was this condition, that the two great political parties, both Democrat and Republican, in their plat- forms of 1928 pledged themselves to the #tudy of and a relief from this condi- | tlon. In pursuance of ‘this pledge on the part of the Republican party, the President called an extraordinary ses- slon of Congress in 1929 to deal with this problem. As a result of this ex- traordinary session, there was enacted into law what is known as the Federal farm marketing act, which was ap- proved June 15. 1929. I quote its declaration of policy: Declaration of Policy. “Section 1. (a) That it is hercb: declared to be the policy of Congr to promote the eff=ctive merchandising of agricultural commodities in inter- state and forelgn commerce, so that the industry of agriculture will be placed on 2 basic of economic equality with other industries, and to that end to protect, control and stabilize the currents of in- terstate and foreign commerce in the marketing of agricultural commodities and their food products— “(1) By minimizing speculation. “(2) By preventing ineficient and ‘wasteful _methods of distribution. “(3) By encouraging the organization of producers into effective associations or corporations under their own control for greater unity of effort in marketing and by promoting th> establishment and financing of a farm marketing svs- tem of producer-owned and producer- controlled co-operative asscciations and other agencies. “(4) By alding in preventing and con- trolling surpluses in any agricultural commodity, through orderly production and distribution, so as to maintain ad- vantageous domestic mark°ts and pre- vent such surpluses from causing undue and excessive fluctuations or depressions 1n prices for the commodity. “(b) There shall be considered as & surplus for the purposes of this act any seasonal or year's total surplus, pr duced in the Uniied States and either local or netional in extent, that is in excess of the reguirements for the or- derly distribution of the agricuitural commodity or is in excess of the do- mestic requirements for such com- modity. “(¢) The Federal Farm Board shall execute the powers vested in it by this act only in such manner as will. in the judgment of the board, 2id to the full- est practicable extent in carrying out the policy above declared.” Represent Farm Products. ‘The Federal Farm Board consists of eight members, thes> members to rep- retent as near as may be the major staple agriculture products. In the declaration of policy, paragraph 4, oc- curs the following language: “(4) By aiding in preventing and eontrolling surpluses in any agricultural eommodity, threugh ordsrly production and distribution, so as to maintain ad- vantageous domestic markets and pre- vent such surpluses from causing un- due and excessive fluctuations or depres- slons in prices for the commodity.” This paragraph, together with sub- division B are ths pertinent ones to the subject that I will discuss tonight “The Control of the Surplus.” quote subdivision B of the act: “(b) There shall bs considered as a surplus for the purposes of this act any seasonal or year's tctal surplus, pro- | duced in ths United States and either local or national in extent, that is in excess of the requirements for the or- derly distribution of the agricultural commodity or is in excess of the domes- tic requirments for such commodity.” It will be seen that Congress and the students of this question recognize the disastrous effect of any seasonal over- production. This, of course, is the prime | element in the solution of the agricul- tural problem. I shall devote my dis- cussion to the question of the produc- tion and distribution of American cot- ton. The consumption of cotton is perennial. The production of cotton is annual. The consumption of cotton goes on continuously. The production of cotton is not only annual, but is subject to seasonal conditions. One year on the same acreage, a large crop may be produced, creating for that par- ticular pericd an excess supply for the temporary demand. This has a disas- trous effect upon the price of the entire year's crop. The farmer, being unor- ganized and without reserve financial power, must sell his entire year's pro- duction as rapidly as gathered in order to meet the obligations incurred in its production. If the crop is large, this temporary excess production, of course. has a disastrous effect. It was to meet this very condition that the Federal farm marketing act was created. Sec- tion 9 of tke act provides for stabiliza- tion corporations. I quote subdivision 1 of this section, also subdivision D Provides Marketing Agency. “(1) If the board finds that the mar- keting situation with respect to the ag- rieultural commodity rsquires or may require the establishment of a stabiliaa- tien corporation in order effectively to carmy out the policy declared in sec- tion 1: “(b) Any stabilization _corporation for an agricultural commodity (1) may act as a marketing agency for its stock- holders or members in preparing, handling, storing, processing and mer- chandizing for their account any quan- | tity of the agricultural commodity or its food products, and (2) for the pur- pose of controlling any surplus in the commodity in furtherance of the policy declared in section 1, may prepare, pur- chase. handle, store, process and mer- chandize, otherwire than for the account of its stockholders or membe: any quantity of the agrisultural commodity or its food products, such commodity or products are ac- | from its stockholders cr mem- determined that there is a surplus of such magnitude as to seriously jeop- ardize the }u’oht!ble marketing for the producer of a product, the stabilization corporation may enter the market and purchase such an smount as in fits Jjudgment would relieve the situation. Now the theory upon which this is done is this: That as production is annual and fluctuates from year to year. the corporation is authorized to * take the surplus of the fat years and hold the surplus for distribution over subsequent lean years so that there will be avoided the disaster of tempo- rary supluses. Sale Depends on Crops. ‘This system involves, of course, the rchase of the surplus and withhold- it from the market and subsequent- selling it when the demand justifies course, the subsequent sale of the surplus will depend upon the size of the succeed! crop. If the succeeding should large enough to meet g?‘mud,mng)ummu | duction | even unde: | plled dry fagots | brandished a lighted match before her | SENATOR ELLISON D. SMITH. _ have to be carried until such time as the demand would justify its sale; therefore, there is involved in this proposition the question of production control, and this brings us directly to the proposition now before us—the contr of the surplus and the control of pro- In all probability the carryover of American cotton in America Apgust 1. 1931, will be very large. Therefore, it is of vital importance, not only to pro- ducers of cotton in the South, but to the entire American commercial world what is to be done to avoid the certain disaster that must follow the production of enother average cotton crop. A stabilization corporation has been set up, but it has not purchased the sur- plus cotton. It is to aid in solving this situation that I have suggested a plan: Ve probable that there will n million bales of old cotton to carry over to add to th2 crop of 1931 and. as the present price of cotton is from $20 to $30 per bale below the cost of production, my plan is that the corporation should purchase this surplus, as th> law contemplates its doing, and in place of holding it untl there should be a crop small enough end a demand great enough to justify a reasonable profit, that the corporation should contract with the land owners who produce cotton to financ: it for them out of this old cot- ton in #n rmount cqual to the pre duction of the producer in 1930, the producer agreeing to enter into a con- tract with the corporation to the effect that as the corporation is holding for him, at and around the present level of prices. an amouvnt of cotton equal to his 1930 production, that the land owner will not plant cotton on any land owned by him in the year 1931. This will give the producer an equity in the amount of cotton he would make in 1931 at a price less than he could make it for. This would avoid the danger of reproduction of an additional surplus, relleve the danger of an ac- cumulative surplus and relieve the cor- poration of an indefinite carriage of the surplus. It would release 15 or 20 million acres now devoted to cotton from the production of cotton and make this much land available for the pro- duction of diversified farming, food crops and live stock. The contracts thus enterzd into would give the board and the public d-firite facts as to the reduction of acreage. It also would be an almost irresistible inducement to the producer to enter into the contract. Th: corporation would purchase the cotton and allocate to him under con- tract the amount of his ordinary pro- duction and hold this amount of cotton for him until the marketing period of 1931 without any monetary investment on the farmer's part. The corporation, when the cotton is sold, would d-duct the purchase price plus the carrying charges, the farmer receiving the ret profit. This would be tantamount to th- farmer making a crop in the ware- house at a price much cheaper than he can produce it on his land, with the probability of a good profit. In addi- tion to that, he would bs enabled to raise a superabundance of food sup- plirs for man and beast on his farm It would not be neccessary for the contract to provide that the farmer should not plant any cotton; he might contract for half his crop and acreage. Instead of purchasing tne surplus cot- THE SUnDAY STAR, ton as the law indicates, the Farm Board is sending its representatives into the cotton-growing States, pleading with the cotton farmers to reduce their acreage; but offering no inducement for the farmer to do so. The reduction of acreage is neccssary, and the farmers are well aware of this fact; they do not need a Farm Board \or a stabilization rporation to tell them to do so. What they have a right to fx{:ec under this law is a real profitable aid in this emergency. Somebody has bought this surplus cotton at prices as low as now, or lower than now, and are offering it for sale at the present price, which is from $20 t0 $30 a bale less than the average cost of production. Now, in case the cotton producers do reduce their acreage and their production so as to create a sub- stantial rise in the price, some one will get the benefit of this increased price on this surplus now in existence. Why not arrange under the present law 80 that the farmer, the producer of cotton, who by his reduction in acreage will not only get the profit on the reduced Crfl‘p, he makes, but on the surplus as well? One of the criticisms of this plan was that a substantial rise in the price of American cotton would stimulate foreign production of cotton, which would come into competition with American cotton. It is stated in this criticism that the increase in foreign production, both in quantity and quality, is now threaten- ing America’s supremacy in the cotton markets of the world. Statistics fur- nished me by the Bureau of the Census and the Department of Agriculture dis- prove this fact. The percentage of for- eign_cotton in the world's production was less in 1930 than it was for several years previous. The figures as fur- nished me wore as follows: Would Remain Cmployed. The per cent of foreign cotton was 43.4 In 1930, 445 in 1929, 45 in 1528, 48 in 1924, and in 1923 it was 49.5. This shows a substantial decrease in the percentage of world cotton rather than an increase, so that America has nearly 60 per cent of the world's en- tire production of cotton, and she has a vastly greater percentage in the qual- | ity of the world’s production of cotton. | Another criticism was to the effect | that if the farmers were to take this | surplus cotton in Jieu of planting cof | ton in" 1931 it would leave the laborers | employed in making cotton without | employment. This would not be true, for the reason that the labor would still be employed in making foodstuffs, ralsing live stock, and each laborer would be given a share of the profit in the cotton allocated to the landowner by the Farm Board. Besides this, it is hardly to be expected that the land- owner should continue to make cotton at a loss in order to keep labor cm- ployed. Before making this plan pyblic. I} discucsed it with members of Congress | from the coiton-growing States,. both Senators and Represcntatives. It was almost unanimously indorsed by them. I subsequently had a meeting of these Senators and Representatives with cer- tain_members of the Farm Board, at which meeting the matter was fully discussed. As a result, the board took | the matter under advisement, and after | nearly a month of consideration the! cotton - representative, Mr. Carl Wil-| liams, in a communication to me, set fo'th at length certain reasons why | the board could nct put the plan into| practical operation. The objections to the plan as set forth by the bdard were | not convincing to me, more particularly so in the light of the declaration of policy in the act under which the board was created and the declaration of the powers and purposes of the Stabiliza- tion Corporation, as set forth in the be- ginning of this talk After being in- formed by the board that, in its opin- jon, the plan was not practicable, I then made public the plan. The re- sponses by mail and otherwise have been overwheimingly in favor of its trial | Suggested Wheat Action. 1 might say in conclusion that if the board were to purchase this cotton, as the law indicates it should do, only a very small per cent of the purchase price need b: furnished by the board, as the cotton Is splendid collateral for the major per cent of the purchase money. I understand that the Grain Stabili- zation Corporation has purchas:d large 2mounts of wheat and has already advanced the American wheat price above the world level of price. A mar- ket will have to be found for the wheat thus purchased and, unless the wheat | crop of this year is substantially re- duced, the same condition will confront the wheat grower as now confronts the cotton grower. 1d it not be feasi- ble for the corporation to allocate among the wheat producers the wheat thus held by it, thereby guarantee- | ing a reduction in acrcage end the| profitable rise in the price of wheat during the next marketing season? 1 do not see why this plan put into operation would not be a solution of all subs:quent overproduction. If car- ried out successfully it will convert an impending disaster into a blessing. It would guarantee a reduction of acreage, |a reduction in surplus, diversified farm- ing and a profitable return on staple | crops. Thousands Vanish As Population and Turmoil Grow (Continued From Third Page) her to come to his bungalow not far distant that he might listen to the story of her troubles. He kept her a prisoner there and finally abducted her, bringing her by train to New York under the threat that if she tried to escape he would kill her with the revolver he showed her She finally got a letter out to an ac- quaintance in this city, who communi- cated with the Travelers Aid Society. The man was arrested and subsequently indicted. The girl was finally sent back to her hcme. In co-operation With the Police De- partment, the various socizl agencies here receive several times e weck an official_“alarm sheet” from headquar- ters. of missing persons and their complete descriptions as far‘as can be obtained Very often, although missing girls may have tions are fitted to them and they are identified, | In certain cases merely finding the missing young woman does not help much, for it may prove impossible or rable for her to return home. Especially is that true in the: | of depression when 2ll members of | family may be out of work. A girl of |18, with ideas of her own, may be far better off living in & club or with sev- eral other young women earning their |own living, than in crowded quarters occupied by her femily. There are many such cases of maladjustment be- | ing remedied. whether or not | Threatened to Burn Wife. Unhappy disagreements between hus- bands and wives lead to one or the other of & Klir disappearing. Lately a woman with two children, reported as missing In a Middle Western city, was ident'fled in New York. Her stor; which stood up under investigation, was thet her husband used to beat her with & ciub several times a week. The last straw was when he enticed her nto a lonely woods, tied her to a tree, ut her feet and face. He said he was going to make a bonfire of her, and knowng his dispo- sition she was quite willing to believe he would. He ran away when he heard some one coming. After she was freed the wife decided to try life in some new locality. She was not retuined to her own fireside, as means were found to get employment for her in New York. Her children were placed tem- porarily in an institution. So adventurous are some of the younger women who come here to seek a hazard of new fortunes that they appear in men's clothing. Two taken as guests lately by the Travelers Aid This bulletin contains the names | chenged their names, the descrip- | in Big Cities masquerade was reached the other day when a young Negro known as “Ida” was taken under the wing of a social agency, “Ida” was supposed to be miss- ing from Eoston, but at the address | | finally given it was found that “Ira,”| : was want Ira, who was had taken to skirts and had made | himself very helpful about the kitchen. | The missing “girl” was finally sent home to his fami! That the surface of city life is con- | | stantly shifting and many things trans- pire beneath it is well demonstrated by | | this constant quest for those on the missing persons list. The Story the Week Has Told (Continued From Third Page.) | b= called a success seems to be an open | question, despite indubitable moderate progress economically and culturally. One is sorry to be told that the country infested with spies. The sixty-second session of the Council of the League of Nations ended on Jan- | uary 24. The Council adopted a report | on “Polish treatment of the Gerwan minority in Upper Silesia which calls | on th- Polish government to curb the activiti~s of organizations which have boen conducting a campaign of terror- ism against Germans. Apparectly the Polish representative on the Council | acquiesced in the report. A competent authority gives the most important British investments in South | America as follows: Argentina, $2,140,- 000,000, Brazil, $1.413,590,000; Chile, 1$389,750,000. However, since 1913, the | percentage increases of British invest- | ment in Bolivia, Venezuela and Ecuador | have been greater than those in the | countries above named. | erratic, il 1 pianet pretly close to us, within only 16,000,600 miles. Eros is pretty small beer, only 17 miles in diameter. A . Man Wounded Fighting Bandit: INVERNESS, Fla., January 31 (#).— | william Floring of Hinesdale, Iil., was severely wounded in a fight with five | bandits who robbed him and his son and daughter-in-law, also of Hines- dale, of $132 south of here last night. Floring was hacked on the face and neck when he resisted the robbers. Officers arrested five suspects and po- lice sald they recovered the money Soclety were so arrayeds. The limit of from them. | quarrying | localities highway construction WASHINGION, D. C Other People’s Success BY BRUCE BARTON E went to the open- ing night of a play. Between the acts we were talking with the author when a friend rushed up. “It's going to be a great su cess, old man,” he cried. congratulate you. Then his expression sud- denly changed. Jealousy shot into his eyes. “I wish I knew hew you get away with it,” he laimed. “Why in the world can’t I write a play?” As he walked away we looked after him with pity. We know him well. We have seen him act the same way before. His whole attitude is introspec- tive. Envy gnaws forever at his soul. One of the most pathetic figures in the literary history of England was the author George Gissing. What was the secret of his constant un- happiness? He reveals a part of it in presenting the hero of one of his own novels: “Intensely self-conscious, he suffered from a habit of com- paring, contrasting himself J].with other men, with men who achieved things, who made their way, who played their part in the world. He could not read a newspaper without reflecting, sometimes bitterly, on the careers and position of men whose names were prominent in its col- umns.” Philosophers and religious teachers have attempted in various ways to account for the gross inequalities of life, and to hold out future hope to those who seem to have re- ceived only a niggardly por- tion of happiness. Christian theology presents the promise of another world where rewards will be dis- tributed in proportion to sac- rifice, courage and fidelity to truth. The reincarnationist holds that the soul is but a short time tenant in any human frame; that if I make spirit- ual progress in this incarna- tion I shall reappear in hap- pier form; or, failing to progress, will be demoted, to work my way painfully up again. Until we have passed across the river we shall not know which, if either, of these phi- losophies is true. Meanwhile, the sensible man is not afraid to face frankly the facts about life and about himself. He rec- ognizes that he was born with certain limitations; that, however strong the desire for brilliant achievement, he has neither the talent nor the op- portunity. He recognizes fur- ther that success, as the world views it, contains a very ap- preciable element of chance. He surveys his own equip- ment and tries serenely to do the best he can with whatever he has. As he grows older and more mellow, he recog- nizes that every minute of jealousy poisons his own soul. And that he can vastly in- crease his own pleasure by the habit of enjoying other peo- ple’s success. (Copyright, 1931.) Lets Get Back to Work (Continued From First Page.) nearly $2,000,000 worth of uew ma- chinery has been ordered by the Ca- nadian _industry from a Pittsburgh firm. Thus, in a large sense, just as President Hoover points out in his mes- sage to Congress, certain phases of our business recovery are largely dependent upon world activities, on account of which large purchases are made of the °“fi§—‘“‘ of our own factories, fields and mills, Decrease in Employment. It is a notable fact that since Pres- ident Hoover’s conferences with the leaders of business, finance and labor, in the interest of relief from the eco- | nomic ills which then beset us, heroic steps have been taken to lift the veil of business depression and to provide additional employment for our workers through the inauguration of a great Federal building movement, as well as a building and highway construction program 1n our States, counties and municipalities. In the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor, reports on changes in employment and pay roll totals are gathered monthly from more than 42,000 establishments in 15 major industrial greups, having last December 4,711,937 employes, whose combined weekly earnings were nearly $117,000.- 000. The combined totals of these 15 industrial groups show a decrease of 1 per cent in employment in Decem- ber, 1930, as compared with November, and a decrease of 0.4 per cent in pay roll totals over the same period. It may be noted that this survey sho increased employment in two of the 15 industrial groups—retail trade gained 17 per cent. and anthracite mining gained 2 per cent. The bitu- mining industry showed no change, the decrease re- vealing only a decline of 58 employes of a total of the nearly 220,000 mine workers covered by the survey. Manufacturing showed a decrease of 1.8 per cent for December and metal- liferous mining 3.7 per cent, while due perhaps to its regular seasonal trend at the year's end, was affected 10.3 per cent. Crude petroleum shifted downward 7.4 per cent. In the remaining industries the de- crease was_comparatively slight, being less than 1 per cent in the majority of cases, with the exception of can- ning and preserving, a strictly seasonal | activity, which declined 36.3 per cent. Pay Roll Totals Increase. In the manufacturing industry 13 of the 54 separate industries reporting showed increased employment and 18 industries showed increased pay roll totals. Pay roll totals increased in boots and shoes approximately 10 per cent and more than 7 per cent in tires. Decreases were recorded in radio, beet sugar, jewelry, beverages, paint and cash registers. These figures are cited to show that only a comparatively slight variation, aside from that which re- sulted from seasonal causes, occurred during this period. The month of December is generally recognized as a period during which in- ventory taking is begun. Repairs to plants and equipment are also usually made at that time. Thus, in many in- stances, operations are necessarily stop- ped, with temporary cessations in the pay of thonsands of workers. In many is of necessity curtailed because of weather and other physical conditions of the Midwinter season, which at once pre- vent outdoor work. Agricultural pur- suits are, of course, with few exceptions practically at a standstil]. Huge public and privat® funds, how- ever, are being made immediately avail- able for extensive construction work, and I believe we can confidently look for the early absorption by these Nation- wide projects of thousands of our work- ers who have been without regular em- ploymert for several months. It is re- ported from meny sections that low stocks are on hand in the larger mer- cantile and manufacturing industries, but as business gradually brightens there will follow an increased demand for goods and raw materials, and hence the call for the return to employment | of many others of our idle work people. Wise to Look Into Past. At a time like this, when so many pessimistic opinions are being put to the fore, it is perhaps wise for us to recall some of the other depressions through which our country has passed safely. Particularly is it well for the present generation to remember that even though economic prophets direly pic- tured a permanent decline in our living standards, our market prices and our wage rates during the panic of 1893-94, succeed! o e S i faken' the Amayican. spiric and de- termination into consideration. We safely weathered the shock of those hard times and moved forward into a | new prosperity and a new confidence in ourselves. At that time, it will be remembered, a far greater percentage of our workers was idle than is the cas: now. Wages and prices had been so low for many years that very few of our farmers and wage earners were prepared for the hardships that came upon them. Women had not appreciably entered into industry, while workless armies. such as that of Gen. Coxey, moved through the country calling emphatic attention to our economic plight. proofs of our depression visited them- selves upon us in rapid succession. In comparing that period with the present it is almost amazing when we realize that then no nationally organ- ized system for recovery was instituted, nor could any great endeavor—public, private or a combination of the two— be counted upon to bring the needed relief. And yet within a few years a steady recovery began to assert itself. Wages and prices advancedsover a pe- riod of years, and we entered upon an era of general prosperity which was not materially interrupted until we sought to readjust ourselves from World War conditions such as had never before been known. Since then particularly and without a doubt our whole economic structure has been more directly iden- tified than ever before with that of the world at large. And even so, it is patent that we will outdistance the other coun- tries of the world in the trend toward an earlier economic recovery. Need Reinfusion of Faith. What we seem to neced more than anything just at this time is a vigorous reinfusion of our old-time faith and con- fidence—the stimulants which brought America onward and upward from the time of our forefathers’ first concept of liberty and the establishment of this great and prosperous Nation. One of our most eminent industrialists, Harvey S. Firestone, said a short time ago: “Except for unemployment, America is in the best condition now of any nation in the world. People just don't re- alize it.” And why not? We have the resources, the transportation facilities, the busi- ness genius, the ekilled workmen, the raw materials and the finances. But, alas, we seem to be a bit lacking in that spirit of assurance and progress which carried us to the heights and| made our country great. Courage, not fear, 18 what we must put into onr scheme of economic rehabilitation, Freer purchases of needed articles and goods and less hesitancy to spend on the part of those who are able to buy— that is what we must rely upon to put more of our people back at their benches, at the machines and in the mines, mills and flelds. A fine example of trust and confi- dence recently came to th= attention of the Department of Labor, when an employer of thousands of workers, en- gaged in an enterprise which, though largely essential, has been continually curtailed by many managers engaged in the same line of endeavor, publicly assured all of his employes of the secur- ity of their positions and earnings. Here was a small army of employcs in many sections left undisturbed to carry on and purchase the products of their fel- low workmen in other undertakings. New Expansion Reported. A nearby metropolis in the heart of an Eastern industrial area reports, for the year 1930, 38 new industries and 42 factory expansions, revealing that the new undertakings call for the ad- dition of 3,540 workers. These proc- esses of inauguration and expansion in industry are constantly going on the country over, in preparation of the coming of better times. Thus even when employment ebbs low new industries are constantly springing up. Of late years this growth has actually been marvelous, and yet some of us insist upon main- taining an attitude of despair over a period of lull in the availability cf sut- ficient work opportunities. New and greater fields of labor are yet in their infancy in this Nation. Transportation by air, television, adaptations of elec- tricity and photography to sight and sound, and scores of other innova- tions which will cteate new demands for labor have not yet turned the cor- ner of their paths to the industriai highways of our Nation. The Pendinz further reduction of im- migration is bound, -when consum- mated, to stimulate employment indi- rectly; and while the competitive en- trance of youth into industry increased during 1929, for nine previous years it had shown a distinct trend toward de- cline; so that 1929 might well be re- garded as abnormal, particularly in Other | EuRUARY 1, 1931—PART TWO. Psychology Now Putting People In Right Jobs (Continued From Third Page.) what you would like to do or be as you grow older. Very often, for example, boy says he would like to be a doctor, but finds from this test he has merely been thinking how fine and important it would be to have his name on the door and go about town visiting people and wear good clothes and be talked about, but he discovers that the real work a doctor has to do is not what he would like at all. These are only examples of many helpful and suggestive tests, devices and procedures that these psychologists now have for aiding the earnest boy or girl—or older person—to choose a life work wisely and well. If, however, you ave your mind already made up and merely wish to be tested for your abil- ity, say, for typewriting, the psycholo- gist gives you a typewriter test which shows you how your scores compare with those of many qthers who have been tested in the same way. Or if you wish also to find how your ability as a_stenographer compares with that of others, the examiner will give you the tests for shorthand ability, English ability, etc. Perhaps you may wish to learn how you might stand in clerical work and if you would likely make a good office assistant. If so, these tests are given. They have proved of genu- ine service both to applicant and em- ployer, Charge Is Only $5. Any one of the three combinations of tests” will occupy you for cbout one hour, and the charge is $5. Half of this goes to the psychologist making the examination and the remainder goes to the corporation for necessary upkeep. The fact that Dr. Paul S. Achilles, sec- retary and treasurer, and a number of others are giving their time free of charge reduces the overhead and up- kep charges to a minimum. If you wish tests for mechanical abllity, of chemis- try or physics or general scientific apf tude and the like, with general emo- tional ratings and advice, these usually require several interviews and the charge is regulated accordingly. Since it is a purely non-profit-making corpo- ration whose profits all go for scien- tific progress, we can say the charges range from around $25 to $100. And this leads me to say that one of the most astonishing things is that parents gladly pay from $1,000 to $10,~ 000 for educating a boy or girl and then often think it extravagant to pay a few dollars to find out what is the best thing to do with the education! If a man should build a factory without any idea what he was going to manu- facture in it after it was built, he would be in precisely the same situation. It scems to me well worth while should the parents or the boy or gisl save up as much money, if necessary, | as the cost of the last year of schooling, and spend even an entire year, if need be, deciding on the best cccupation, | rather than spend all of one’s life in an unhappy job. I believe I would have welcomed such an opportunity to have escaped the two years of mental an- guish I went through, my last two col- lege years, trving to deciie whether I should study chemistry or philes: | 80 into the real estate busine: And here I have wound up without going into any of them! Does Other Work. However, the Psychological Corpora- tion is carrying on much work besides vocational counseling. Just now it is carrying on a course of six evening lec- | tures for the gencral public at the New York Acidemy of Medicine in New | York, the lectures being given by some of the ablest psychologists in the world in their special fields. Dr. Achilles will | gladly send programs on appiication. It | is without doubt the greatest opportu- nity that the general public, even in New York City, has ever had to hear world renowned psychologists tell in simple, everyday language of the work going cn in their special fields. The very names of the lecturers are a suffi- clent guaranty of the value and interest of the lectures. Gesell of Yale, on how & baby develops; May of Yale, on the fcundations of personality; Miles of Stanford, cn psychology in medicine, law and theology; Viteles of Pennsyl~ vania, on psychology in industry; All- port of Syracuse, on psychology in o= cial and political problems; Gates of Columbia, on psychology in_education. The lectures are being given Friday eve- nings, ending February 13. Another enterprise of national inter- est is being sponsored by the Psycho- logical Corporation and is termed “a Nation-wide experimental study of Eng- lish us2ge.” Nearly half a million school children are being tested to discover just what they know about using correct English. While the methods are some=- what technical, when it is finished every one of these 500,000 children and their teachers will then know exactly where each child stands in its English work, whether it is behind or ahead of grade and just where it needs assistance. One Form of Service. This great experiment is just one | more illustration of the service psy-| chology can now render to education and the general public, and is of in- terest to every parent, school child and teacher in the land. ‘These, then, are some of the activi- fties and plans of this remarkable cor- | poration. The names connected with |it are bound to inspire public confi- dence. By all means, the chief object Iis to advance research through the funds brought in by using what is al- ready known for public benefit. The most inspiring thing about science is {its passion to overcome its own igno- rance. Progress in science is the only kind of progress that is or can be cumulative. We cannot begin in art where the Greeks or the old masters left off. but any bright schoolboy can begin in sclence where Cattell. Thorn- dike and Woodworth, in psychology, or Michelson, Millikan and the two Comp- tons, in physics, or Noyes, Langmuir and Lewis, in chemistry, or Morgan, Wilson and Wheeler, in biology, or Moore, Veblen and Dixon, in mathe- matics—to name only & few Americans —Ilay down their tools. These men will soon all be gone, and view of the national attitude toward the greater conservation of our Nation’s youth. The drift of workers from farm to city at the rate of approximately a quarter of a million yearly and the displacement of men by modern farm machinery will gradually be adjusted, I believe, without any appreciable ef- fect upon the general employment sit- uation. We have solved greater eco- nomic problems than these. 50 Weeks’ Work Guaranteed. I cannot forbear commenting upon the plan of one of the country’s great- est employers “to guarantee 50 weeks’ work a year to its employes,” which is merely an emphatic example of in- dustrial courage. This plan has a pronounced value, in that it banishes the feeling of insecurity among its workers, who are thus free to contract for and purchase goods and commod- ities based on an assured 50 weeks’ schedule each year. Their purchases, of course, mean the necessity of labor in other establishments. Not all em- ployers, of course, could adopt such a plan, but all could adopt the prin- ciple of confidence evidenced by this employer, even if in a “milder” form, and thus spread the circle of employ ment, As 1 have frequently said, when our working group enjoys prosperity the whole Nation is prosperous. Fair prof- its to employers and steady employ- ment for the workers at liberal wages are essentially a part of our great scheme of democracy in America. To this plan we must hold firmly, with the fullest confidence in our public and private institutions, the chief object of all of which is the maintenance of our national life upon the basis of tolerance and joint endeavor and the safeguarding of our entire tion according to the same conscience and purpose which hlAve brought our N-unn!ox‘-nlm S birth. to Boost Happiness as psychology advances it can more and more help to place the t boy and girl early in life in the mc;fl- of these great men and place the dull boy and 1, t00, in the work where they can render the happlest and most ef- fective service both to themselves and to soclety. 3 The organizers and officers of the Psychological Corporation are all men of distinction. They are as follows: Dr. J. McKeen Cattell, editor of Sclence, first president of the corporation and now chairman of the board of directors; Dr. Edward Lee Thorndike of Columbia University, president of the corpora- tion; Dr. Walter Dill Scott of North- western University, first vice president; Dr. Lewis M. Terman of Stanford Uni- versity, second vice glmldenc: Dr. Paul £. Achilles of Columbia University, sec- retary and treasurer. The directors are Dr. Cattell, Dr. ‘Thorndike, Dr. Scott, Dr. Terman, Dr. James R. Angell, Yale University; Dr. W. V. Bingham of the Personnel Re- search _Federation, Dr. Raymond Dodge, Yale University; Dr. Knight Dunlap, Johns Hopkins University; Dr. 8. I. Franz, University of California; Dr. H. L. Hollingworth, Barnard Col- lege, Columbia; Dr. Charles H. Judd, University of Chicago; Dr. Willlam McDougall, Duke University; Dr. W. B. Pillsbury, University of Michigan: Dr. C. E. Seashore, University of Towa; Dr. Howard C. Warren, Princeton Univer- sity; Dr. Margaret Floy Weshburn, Vassar College; Dr. John B. Watson, Dr. F. L. Wells, Dr. R. 8. Woodworth, Columbia University, and Dr. R. M. Yerkes, Yale University. The Livingston Gold Medal, recently bestowed upon Sir Wilfred Grenfell in Edinburgh, is the highest honor within the gift of the Royal Scottish Geo- luckyTiICER For Halr and Scalp! S EINSTEIN SAILS MARCH 5 Scientist to Leave for Germany on Steamer Deutschland. PASADENA, Calif,, January 31 (#).— Dr. Albert Einstein, German sclentist, said today he would leave California February 28 and sail from New York for Germany March § the steamer Deu'.lchhnd? QTS _ The Irving-Holmes 3020 Dent Place N.W. Three Rooms, Kitchen and Bath Reasonable Rentals RASH [TCHED CONTINUALLY Slept Very Litle at Night. Cuticura Healed. “The eczema started in the form of a rash which itched continually. Gradually as the eczema spread the Inl:.med parts began to burn. 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