Evening Star Newspaper, December 21, 1930, Page 40

Science and (Continued From First Page.) - aved From - them off the face of the earth, for they have no business in a world full of little boys and girls. And then after New Year day, when the Ohristmas trees are good and dry and will burn like fury, we will make & b bonfire and throw—no, I mean hurl all their pesky literature and proj ganda stuff into the middle of it, and you may be sure that is the last we will ever hear of them in this world. You need not be afrald, because all they have to put up against us is tin horn on which they toot some- thing about “ruining the child’s im- agination” and “introducing him into an unreal world,” and tiings like that. Well, you can show them your world is just as real as theirs, and a great aeal happier. Child Must Be Understood. I wouldn’t mind all this so much, children, if it were not for the fact that at the big conference on childhood that President Hoover called to Wash- ingtdn, right at his own home there in the White House, they all agreed on nineteen very definite principles as the best way to make all children healthy and happy. And the very first principle they agreed on was this: “Every child has a right to be under- | stood.” President Hoover himself agreed to that, and so did Mrs. Hoover, and Secretary Wilbur and Miss Grace Abbott, and all the wise people there. And you know perfectly well that no- body who ever understood the heart of | a boy or girl wanted to kill Santa Claus. Nobody who ever was a boy or girl would want to change the smiles on his happy old face to the look of pain and weariness and sorrow that you see on so many people's faces every day in the year, except the day Santa Claus comes. And on that day Santa sets people to laughing who haven't laughed once since last Christmas, and he wipes away their tears and makes people want to forgive their enemies and give everybody presents, instead of keep- ing everything for themselves, and he makes everybody want to make every- body else happy. And Santa teaches that great big lesson of life—‘real” life—better than anybody—better than those Joy Killers can teach it in any ‘way they can possibly think of. And then, children, there is another reason why I think folks are wrong ‘who are planning to kill Santa Claus. And I will have to tell this reason mostly to Dad and Mother, for you will not fully understand it; but they will, and they will tell you about it older. That reason is| happen to be one of those | funny fellows who read eight or ten| technical journals and three or four books every month on psychology and experimental education, and several Journals, and some books, too, on bi- ology; and I tried my honest best to understand what they were talking about; and I know about half the psychologists and blologists in America and I get them to tell me what is ‘what when I can't understand their books. Santa Claus Brings Happiness. And what I want you to know is that I can't find anywhere a single tiny experiment or a statistical graph showing what they call the “frequen- cy distribution” or the “correlation coefficient” of boys and girls who have been ruined believing in a real-for- sure Santa Claus. I just can’t find a single case where they have proved by experiment or by a study of “behavior reactions” or anything of the kind that any boy has learned to lie or cheat or steal or that any girl has gone the easiest way to the hardest end because they believed in Santa Claus, Imagine how | Santa would feel if he thought he had done that! He couldn't believe his ears. In fact, one great lesson Santa Claus teaches you is that it is just because he has mnever done those things himself or brought anything but smiles and good will to people ::lll!l he is so happy and healthy him- Furthermore, I cannot find a single Teputable psychologist or educator who has printed & single research that has | shown that “the Santa Claus myth” has caused any boys or girls to grow up hysterical or dreamy, or “given to Teverie,” or caused them to “shrink from realitles” or to show ‘“pathologi- cal manifestations” or “behavior de- viations,” or “social maladjustments,” or any of those very sad things that | some children do develop. My own | guess would be that a hundred times @s many boys and giris have de- veloped “soclal maladjustments” and “behavior deviations” because they never had any Santa Claus as have developed these things because they did have him and all the happy, things he stands for and carries with him everywhere he goes, If these sour-faced people could show several millions of young people who had grown up to be wonderful people and “free from unfavorable complexes” just because they had | Dnever believed in Santa Claus, the matter would be different. But since You and I can show several millions of children made happy—and older folks made happy, too, because the older folks had to help him with all his work, and help make all the presents | and help cut down the Christmas | trees and help arrange the family re. unions and the big Christmas dinner; all of which I think helps wond fully in promoting a true democracy since we can show all that to dear old Santa’s credit, I think we have the best of the argument and all they have is unsupported opinion. Men Require Illusions. And here is another reason that| mother and dad will have to explain to you why I think modern psychology be- lieves in a real Santa Claus. Maybe you will be in high school or college be- fore you fully understand it, or maybe you will have to wait until' your own child dies or some great sorrow over- whelms your life before you will truly grasp its meaning. But that reason is | one of the biggest discoveries of psy- chology: it is the discovery that man | cannot live without illusions. I remem- | ber when Helen Clemens died. She was | Mark Twain's daughter, and died when she was only 18. Some friend came to | console him, and the great philosopher— for he was a very great philosopher— | lifted his anguished but smiling face and sald softly, “I'm glad she died be- fore she lost her illusions.” Why, dear children, that is just what these hard- faced, matter-of-fact people are trying t do. They want to destroy the rich world of illusion, that warm and colorful network of fancy to which and through wl;lch{we live. | n fact, there is a new turn in psy- | chology just now, called the “Gestait” psychology. It is chiefly an effort to find out why life means anything. We eat food and execute bodily movements and hear sounds and touch trees and | rocks and see other people. But a ma- chine might do all that. But why does 1t all suddenly blossom out into beauty or sorrow or joy or love—into a world tumbling with values and significance? The mechanists may find arguments— and evidence—to answer this, but it puts them on their mettle. The mechanist, I think, has discovered a universe that works. But the spiritualist, I think, has discovered a universe that is signifi- cant—a universe of sweetness and light and beauty and music and color—a uni- verse that means something to you and me. No Truth Without Fancy. And it is this meaningful side of life that I think these realists in da; of destroying. They say, of life—the straight unvarnished use we want the real truth.” derstands the nature and Iimits of its own selfhood and yet keeps its illusions, cut of which ultimately it builds a new and solider world of life’s ideals. things men live by and love by and significance and psychological service | a solid grasp | of those on whom society Santa Claus everywhere that he was teaching chil- dren to lie. No, he was teaching them to tell the truth. Telling the truth is a great art—the greatest of all arts—and fiction 1s one of the greatest of the arts. You can understand me when I ask if there was ever any little fact boy such as Tom Sawyer or Huckleberry Finn. Of course not. They are real and they are true because the great master artist took a thousand—yes, a billlon—boys and he put in a fact here and left out a fact there until finally he got the true boy that would find a companion in the heart of all boys in all homes everywhere. And Booth Tarkington and Willlam Allen White and Thomas Bailey Aldrich and Thomas Hughes and Robert Louis Stevenson and all the great master crzators of the true and real boys of the world have done the same thing. And we can say the same of the great creators of the little girls of literature. These children of fiction live and breathe and are vital solely because they are works of art— Jjust in proportion as they are works of art. Why, the characters of Shakespeare and Thackeray and Dickens and Scott are more real, more true than the kings and prime ministers of England. Santa Is Jovial Spirit. Santa Claus is true, and modern psy- cholugf‘ has proved that he is true, b cause he is one of the mightiest artistic creations that have grown out of the passions, hopes, loves and longings for happiness of the whole human race. Jesus _represents the deeper, religious meanings and values of Christmas, but Santa gives it its gayety, its lilt and friendliness and jollity beca he comes madly driving his reindeer through the skies, shouting and laughing and scat- tering the infectious magic of his own happiness throughout the hearts of all mankind. » And is it just because he is for all mankind and is no respecter of persons that he is, as I have said, one of the great creators of the spirit that makes democracy possible. The gods and sav- iors of every race have been the gods and saviors of poor people. They have been the creations of poor people. Democracy itself is the social expression of the longings of the poor to be rich. When we speak of human equality, it is never the rich who wish to be equal to the poor, but the poor who wish to be equal to the rich. And nearly everybody is poor and always will be. Science some time may provide us all with food, clothing and shelter, but most every- body will still be poor, because some will have more than others. But there is one day when this is all reversed, at least for the little child. He sees the little boy and girl in the next block all the year with their horses and automobiles and, poor child, he feels poor. But ah! on Christmas Eve, until his little tired head goes to sleep and then on through his dreams, he doesn’t, have horses or automobiles, but some- thing far finer, something the very richest children can't buy with their money—a& man with reindeer and a wonderful sleigh is coming right out of the very skies just.to bring presents to hl“nnd and to make his heart proud and glad. And you realists who propose to tell the child that all that beautiful dream is unreal—you yourselves have not un- derstood the psychological foundations of reality or how the child becomes oriented in a real world. And you have chosen just the one time in the world when there is more danger than ever that our lives will become mechanical, and when we live in apartment houses and ride in machines and the old folk- life, with its song and hardships, its warm human relations, its fireside and its poetry are in danger of passing away forever. Fancy Produces Point of View. At this point I should urge you to read = little book written by that wise understander . of childhood, Dr. Leta Hollingworth, on “The Psychology of the Adolescent,” and see how the child, out of its dreams, its fairy tales, its re- ligious confirmations, its tribal cere- monials, its baptisms and the like, gradually grasps & practical world, how it “achieves,” as Mrs. Hollingworth says, “a point of view,” how it gradually un- For ideals, my realist friends, are the die by. And if you would see the real of the myths, fairy stories and legends of the race in giving to the child finally of its realities and an emotional basis for its ideals, you would see it as your duty not to shock the child’s faith—the deepest and most priceless thing within it—by some day suddenly. brutally, "rrn“stl(‘nll{" tell- ing it “There is no such thing as Santa Claus.” You idol breakers always take a joy and pride n doing that. But it is be- cause you are such poor psychologists. If you saw deeper into the mental structures of the child’s mind, you would gradually transform his concept of Santa Claus as an actual person similar to father and mother and Uncle George into a vastly - larger concept— the concept of Santa Claus not as a person, but as a personality, a great jmaginative and artistic personification of many of the noblest and most pre- clous things in human nature, Ideals Needed to Face World. It is by this skillful, gentle, under- standing use of this great Kris Kringle legend that in some form has grown up in the heart of every race because it fulfilled a need as insistent and peren- nial as the heartbeat of the race itself, that you will most wisely teach that tiny bundle of feelings and sensations that is born as your babe by and by to build a consistent and logical selfhood that will safely, secur®ly and happily challenge an imperfect world with high ideals. So. my dear children, be sure to meet me bright and early Christmas morning right around the Christmas tree, and 1 promise you 1 will be there with my red-top boots and bow and arrow, and we will just give these mechanistic, realistic, matter-of-fact, unpoetical, hard-hearted people who propose to kili dear old Santa Claus such a scare that they will never dare to show their | “practical” heads and their cruel faces | | aein. College Is Avoiding Education En Masse ___(Continued From Third Page.) the student to discover that he is one can rely for meeting its common problems, and for him to develop the skill and the spirit for bearing his share of the social load. Antioch probably has gone further than any American college in making this idea a reality. Faculty Carefully Chosen. ‘The community of interest and life between faculty and students probably is more pronounced than in any other American college. Few colleges spend so small a proportion of income on buildings and grounds, and so large a proportion on fair salaries for a most carefully selectcd faculty. To have such & faculty in close contact with able and interested students is an aim quite fully realized at Antioch. ‘The student government in important Trespects really governs and it actually helps determine college policy. More and more Antioch is becoming a com- munity of self-directing young men and women who are having training in re- sponsible citizenship. 2 The maintenance and further devel- opment of ethical standards is an in- tegral part of the eouesz P m. To some extent this is done formal courses in philosophy and in compara- tive ; to & much ter extent it hmmm through Fh:.m\utlom freedom and THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, DECEMBER 21, 1930—PART TWO. Where Is America Going? W. W. Atterbury Declares Co-ordination of Railroads and Motors Is Inevitable. BY J. P. GLASS. to broaden thelir efforts for relief through congressional action brings to the front TI{E announced intention of the rallroads once more that old question: the railroads bound? Where are After a talk with Gen. W. W. Atterbury, presi- dent ot the T'ent Pennsylvania system, gathers the belief that notwithstanding the ob- one stacles which the carriers have to face the time i1s approaching—may, indeed, be closer than we imagine—when the tra solved will be greatly cl benefit of the country, fied to the rtation puzzle i not inestimable Gen. Atterbury is of the opinion that rational co-ordination of the carriers employed in similar service—for example, rallways and motors—upon the fundamental conception that modern neces- sitles demand the utmost efficiency inevitably must come, this for both private and public good—with, the understanding that there can be no public good. rivate good which does not conserve the Policy of Pennsylvania R.ilroad Stated. ‘The Pennsylvania system, while maintaining its efficiency at the highest possible standard under existing conditions, has been proceeding, is proceeding, and will continue to proceed upon this basis, believing that the program will be supported by the logic of events. The latter, an outside cbserver might say, are now quickening their pace. Co-ordination as outlined above, of course, does not mean necessarlly a union of all rail and motor carriers in a stupendous network that would contravene the American competitive s; tem, but the synchronizing of equipment and tivity in relation to lines of operation already recognized. S0 far as Gen. Atterbury was concerned, he spoke only In relation to the special field in which the Pennsylvania lines are interested ; however, whatever would react to the benefit of one rallroad would be applicable to all. Of the various methods of transport—air, water, rail, motor, pipe-line—the great mass of the people have an intimate interest in only plc is with railroads and automobiles that two. the majority of us establish contact every day of our lives, co-ordination of these two clrryin’ mean to us in the future that an Gen. Atterbury was sought. factor while advancing the interests ‘What Railroads Will Seek. The interview with Gen. Atterbury came by chance upon the very morning when the ciation of Railway Executives, representing all class one railroads in the country, announced its intention to seek legislation in Congress which would among others have the following effects: Enable the railroads to operate barge lines and steamship lines coastally and on It was to obtain a picture of what methods can nterview with He explained briefly that a sound and intelligent arrangement for co- ordinating these various transportation agencies would safeguard the rights of each contributing lines operate. Give the railroads the and omnibuses, of all, . tion. But It requires no two things: Asso- not fear to submit their the Great W. W. ATTERBURY. " Lakes on the same terms on which steamship Regulate interstate omnibus and truck move- Naturally Gen. Atterbury ventured no opinion as to the uitimate fate of the proposed legisla- First, that the rallroads seem to be consclous that their own houses are in order, and so do Second, in the regulation of motor transpor- tation they are likely to draw strong support from a great section of the public, These considerations, with the growing under- standing in many thoughtful quarters that ad- justment of transportation industrial modern in keeping with development _cannot much longer be delayed, would appear to point to de- velopments, s0 far as rail and motor traffic are concerned, as suggested by Gen. Atterbury. When they will come it would be impossible to say, for there are many things to be done to clear the way. Gen. Atterbury believes that patient ad- herence to the logic of the situation will bring success, Optimist About Rail Future. “Let me say,” said Gen. Atterbury, “that T am 8 greater o) the ralroa “We have timist than ever about the future of had many problems to meet. Some have been natural developments of the modern industrial era. Such has been the competition of motor trucks and omnibuses on a steadily increasing scale, not to mention the tremendous travel in pri vate passenger cars, Such has been the reduced coal haulage, due to more economical methods of other fuels. using coal and the introduction of And so on. But do not think that we are opposed to these or other legitimate ex- pansions. is concerned, tion in the country. As far as the Pennsylvania system , it taps the greatest producing sec- Its continued development along modern lines means our continued de- velopment.” Gen. Atterbur E:oblem of worked out with satisfaction to all. portation was a key industry. said he saw no reason why the rail-motor co-ordination could not Trans- Its stabilization would be reflected in general good. “Increased efficiency is the basis upon which we are proceeding,” he sald. “We are developing methods now by which we can perform certain functions of the truck more economically than the truck itself can. ‘Would Eliminate Duplication. “Our plans call for motor deliveries to rail terminals, rail transportation between terminals, and finally motor delivery at the delivery end. But we would eliminate all but one loading and P. Phote, Teloading. “Let me illustrate: You are living in Chicago and you have to move to New York. Nothing could be more ideal, could there, than for a truck right to operate trucks Sherer This would the containe: expert to perceive these to be unload case to public opinion. motor truck hauled by ra would convey the contalner to your apartment “We can do this cheaper and quicker than the can be accomplished by scientific co-ordination of rail and motor transport.” to call at your apartment in Chicago, load in your household goods, haul them all the way to New York and unload them in your apartment “Our plan would provide that sort of thing. A motor-hauled container would come to your apartment in Chicago and recelve your shipment. be brought then to our tracks and T Kllced upon a car which would be to New York. There a motor led, alone can do it. It indicates what (Copyright. 1930.) friendly give and take of their rela- tions, make possible an infornal un- academic appraisal of the ethicel ele- ments involved in these situations. Honor System Fundamental. If the “honor system” should /be abandoned at Antloch because students must be watched to keep them from cheating, that change would represent, not an incidental shift of administra- tive method, but recognition that in one of the fundamental and essential purposes of a college, Antioch had failed. The failure would be no less serious than if our standards of sound scholarship should fail of achievement. These are random views of the An- tioch program, but the program is not 2 random collection of methods or de- vices. Through the continued study anz application of educational methods made necessary by the attitude of the college toward its own program, the en- tire Antioch faculty is being educated in the principles and methods of a wider concept of college education. Symmetrical Personality Sought. From beginning to end, Antloch is dominated and disciplined by this fundamental thesis—that the college is concerned with the enla g and fecting of the whole of pe that nothing whatever that is vital full and symmetrical personality is foreign to ite field; and that the dis- tribution of these elements in the pro- gram must be as nearly as possible in those proportions that will result in the greatest total value of personality to_the individual and to soclety. In the organized and methodical pur- suit of this larger objective, the classi- cal ideal of the college—the develop- ment of scholarship—takes its legiti- mate place among personal qualities and accomplishment, and its fulfill- ment is stimulated, both as to quantity and quality. b e S L hould Act On Billboard Plague (Continued From First Page.) to advertise co-operatively at just one place on each approach road. A frame- work has been designed to hold & num- ber of removable slabs of uniform size, each giving the name, location and rates of a particular hotel, and erected at each of the oity approaches. In this way the motorist has all the informa- tion readily available and many scars are removed hm}‘:‘ the countryside, 6. Interest others movement through lectures, radio talks and informal conversations. Mrs. Ed- ward H. McKeon, State chairman of the Garden Clubs of Maryland, tells an interesting story in this connection. For many months she has been stress- ing over the radio during a period de- voted to matters of interest to house- wives the desirability of favoring prod- ucts not advertised by roadside signs. Not long ago she called at a neighbor- hood store, one of & great chain of groceries, The manager asked if she would be interested in a special sale of canned goods then in progress. Upon her replying that it depended upon the brand, he named a nationally known product. She told him that she cer- tainly was not interested, since the manufacturer advertised through signs along the highways. Leaning forward confidentially, the store manager said earnestly, “My gosh, lady, do you know all Summer long I've been hearing that same dog-goned pledge!” He went on to say that at first he had attached no importance to such statements, but that as time went on he was beginning to realize the tremendous power behind the movement. If such a billboard war could be car- ried on by our citizenry throughout the country it would not be long before our rural highways would stretch for hun- dreds of miles in unbroken beauty. Already much has been done by some lsumm at least to ;Hmehthe l[-mx:: eprosy” plague which has spi the land, and more will be done in the way of State and county remedial legis- lation as the wishes of the people be- come unmistakably clear. An interesting type of corrective legis- lation has been suggested by Charles W. Eliot, 2d, of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission. His thought is that some type of scenic easement, with right of condemnation, be worked out to control the erection of signs, filling stations and various other types of roadside use. Perhaps other suggestions, either in the way of legislation or of public_co-operation, will occur to Eve- ning Star readers. If so they will be wel L e ‘The eighth attempt to recover the treasure ship of m: .s?&"”"' Armada, the Florencia, ths in joining the| IN LATIN By GASTON NERVAL. GREATEST SOUTH AMERICAN. WENTY-ONE American republics commemorated last week the first centenary of the death of Simon Bolivar, the Liberator. In elaborate ceremonies and offi- cial acts the entire continent pald tribute to the memory of the greatest man that ever lived in Seuth America. As time passes the name of Bolivar, the | “George Washington of Latin America,” grows in magnitude. As that famous priest of Potosi predicted, it grows through the years as does the shadow when the sun declines. No exception to the rule, Bolivar passed away, like all grcat men, in tragic solituce, bitterly attacked by his enemies and forgotten by his friends. It was only when the political passions | of his day had evaporated and serenity had come back to the judgment of his countrymen that Bolivar's figure ap- | peared in all its greatness, as if emerg- | ing triumphantly from the shadows in which human passion had attempted to keep it shrouded. Today, 100 years after the Inspired Liberator, downcast from watching the selfish rivalries of his contemporaries, uttered his last words—"If my death is | going to bring about the union of my | countrymen, I will happily descend to| my grave'—a whole continent praises| his name and peys solemn tribute to his memory, which will survive him for| centuries. ‘The merits and the virtues of Simoun Bolivar have been glorified by the most gifted writers and poets of three gen- erations. None ever surpassed the elo- quence of Jose Enrique Rodo, the bril- liant Uruguayan thinker, when he said | of Bolivar: “Great in thought, great| in action, great in glory, great in mis- fortune, great enough to ennoble the| base residue which remains in the soul Good Tidings of Great Joy BY BRUCE BARTON OR quite a while it has been fashionable to de- cry religion as an enemy of joy. 3 Macaulay asserted that the Puritans were opposed to bear-baiting because it gave leasure to the audience, not gecause it hurt the bear. That clever comment has been quoted threadbare and ap- plied to all religion. Is it a fact that faith is a destroyer of cheer? Do those who free themselves from reli- gion find happiness in their freedom? Read the sophisticated lit- erature of recent years; see how through it all there runs a note of hopelessness. The atheists have had full Dgportunmes to demonstrate their offering. And it proves to be nnlg an intoxicated dance in the graveyard-—the application of rouge and lip- stick to a grmnlng skull. The Child, whose birthday we celebrate this month, grew up to be a hnpr man. He moved through life surround- ed by the laughter of little children. His first miracle was performed, not to point a moral or to preserve a life, but to save a hostess from embarrassment. He was never criticized for being toc gloomy, but for eating and of effort by British Ality by drinking and enjoying life too much, 7 AMERICA of even the great, and great in suffer- ing, in abandonment and death, the/ tragic expiation of greatness.” FOUNDER OF PAN-AMERICANISM. Bolivar has been hailed as a military genius, as a political organizer of extraordinary vision, as a statesman, as the apostle and the man of action working for a great ideal. But the Liberator of five South American nations is reldcm known as the real pioneer of the most interesting political tenden of our days--the Pan-American mov ment. It is to this aspect of his multi- colored personality, I believe, that this column—which tries to interpret the Pan-American cause as it stands today ould pay respect on this the cen- tenary of the Liberator's death. ‘The first international assembly ever to give thought to the ideal of a unified Western Hemisphere, in which peace and mutual co-operation would reign su- preme, was the Congress of Panama convoked by Bolivar in 1826. At that, time the South American countries had just completed their liberation from the Spanish crown, and were attempting to take their first steps as Independent, sovereign states in the community of nations. Even before that congress the military | genius and thinker who promoted it had | given the New World the momentous | idea of a united America in his per- sonal letters, proclamations, political instructions and speeches. He spoke of establishing an “Ameri- can compact,” hoping that “America (referring to all the American repub- lics), so united, may, if Heaven so grant, be called the Queen of Nations, the Mother of Republics.” In a note to his secretary of foreign affairs he wrote: “Nothing is of such interest at this time as the formation His joy was not dependent upon money. He did not make His followers presidents or treasurers or secretaries, or increase their deposits in the bank. They were fisher- men when He found them and fishermen when He left. But what different fishermen! There was some times a touch of princely extrava- gance in His attitude toward material things. Mary must have forgone many necessities for the luxury of that alabas- ter box. He ccmmended her. Matthew, called to disciple- ship, gave a feast. He did not rebuke the expenditure. He spoke of Himself as a bride- room and said that while the \gmneymoon lasted the friends of the bridegroom were en- titled to celebrate without counting too carefully the cost. If He were here this Christmas, the home would echo with laughter where He was a guest. Even in a year when times have been hard, He would encourage a bit of lextravannce in the gifts of ove, It would shock Him to dis- cover that religion should be regarded by anybody as a diminisher of happiness. The angels proclaimed it “good tidings of great joy.” (Copytight. 1930.) of & truly American league, but this confederation should not be formed simply cn the principles of an ordinary alliance for offense and defense; it should be a much closer union than that recently formed in Europe (the Holy Alliance) against the libertles of the people. It is necessary that our league be a soclety of sister nations, at present separated in the exercise of their sov- erelgnty, by reason of the course of human events, but which must be strongly and powerfully united in order to defend themselves against the ag- gressions of foreign powers.” And then, setting forth the ideal of a continental congress which should discuss such union, he instructed his secretary of foreign affairs: “It necessary that you shall henceforth in- cessantly urge the necessity of laying the foundations of an amphictyonic body, or assembly of plenipotentiaries, that shall advance the common inter- ests of the American states and settle| the misunderstandings which may arise in the future between peoples who have the same common destiny.” He also warned that such misunderstandings, if not properly attended to and solved, “may perhaps kindle lamentable wars such as those which have desolated other less fortunate regions.” DREAMS OF A LIBERATOR. Bolivar was the “spiritual father” of Pan-Americanism. His flight of thought knew no limits. First. he conceived the liberation of his native country, | Venezuela. Then he widened its fron- tlers, and, giving it a new name, caused | that of Colombia to be written into the | annals of history. He formed “Gran! | Colombia” with the territory which con- | stitutes today the republics of Vene-, zuela, Colombia and Ecuador, and with | the pride of a creator called himself a ' Colombian. Then he gave freedom to| Peru and Bolivia, and became the leader in the liberation of a whole con- tinent. And when this continent was free' Bolivar dreamed of a “strong and united America which would present itself to the world with an unexampled aspect of majesty and grandeur.” The racial boundary that separated Latin and Saxon people did not stop him. He spoke of the necessity of “arriving at a clear and distinct understanding re- garding the interests of Colombia and her allies (Spanish America) in con-' nection with those of the United States.” His mind and soul were first in Vene- | zuela, then in Colombia, then in South America. Finally he dreamed of Pan- America. | His dreams were not only those of a theoretical idealist. He had the vision to lay the political foundations which would preserve the union of the Ameri- can republics. He was the first one to use the phrase “Society of Nations"; |he proposed the formulation of an | American constitution binding all the countries of the New World. And he even went so far as to indicate that the best form of representation for that America, 5o united by ties of intimate friendship and concord, was the estab- lishment of an international organiza- tion under the name of the “Assembly ; cf Plenipotentiaries,” with its seat in Panama, which would have had the task of being, in his own words, “a counselor in great conflicts, a point of Cilampioné the Individual (Continued From First Page.) In spite of his guwe-nn and the scholarly black ribbon attached, he seemed far less the professor than he had in 1918. A decade of self-ex- pression had mellowed him. He sat down with a group of us about a little round table, and he joined at once in & conversation that was neither enlight- ening nor literary nor especially worth while—just “comfortable.” Though he is a man who rides his hobbles very hard, he does not spur them into every breach. He knows how to be human. Ludwig Lewisohn's eyes, dreamy and usually half closed, lie. under thick lashes and a handsome brow, “Sculptural,” Roy Sheldon used to call Lewisoh forehead, and when Shel- don did a bust of his friend he gave the pper part of the head a treatment which brings out a certain similarity with the Houdon bust of Washington. The features, of course, are quite dif- ferent. Lewisohn's face is heavy, plastic and sensuous. It betrays the man who, when his own sentiments or ions are involved, will not judge objectively— the face of & man who dislikes Venice because its marvelous palaces once housed a despotism. When Lewisohn is not in argument he is a placid, kindly person with few prejudices and many naive admirations. Neither his inoffensive glance nor his comfortable figure labels him as a realis- tic novelist who upon occasion can sharpen his pen ints Into contro- versial lances. At home he sits before his fire, surrounded by books and Egyptian figurines, spolls from Greek antiquarians and Jewish heirlooms, with his hands in his lap and his feet apart. One might almost say that he sits with uis knees akimbo. Speaks of Serious Things. His volce is deep, elaborate, studied. When he speaks of serfous things it is never lightly. He gathers himself to- gether. His back straightens and his right hand comes up to emphasize the rhythm of his words. Like Oscar Wilde, he astonishes his friends by speaking Inevitably in perfect, rounded, beauti- fully constructed sentences. Artist in everything—even in the vanishing art of conversation—he knows to a nicety when to introduce a startling expletive or an emphatic phrase which will shatter the pattern of his “The state,” he once burst out in & quict discussion of his years of European travel, “should be the servant, not the master. ‘My country, right or wrong,’ is oratory. All governments can be as wrong as any single person. Then, as the cockney says, “The nawsty old gen- tlemen who put themselves out as being the country, they ought to be shot.'” Wholeheartedness is Ludwig Lewi- sohn's battle cry. Whatever scrapes he has got into have been ransomed by this saving grace: He, the hero or the vic- tim of the occasion, has been playing the game as he saw fit to play it. If in moments of autoblographic zest he says too much, his earnestness pardons him. If he flies into a passion, it is an honest passion. He may be wrong, but never cheap, never false. He is straight~ forward. “If my individual experience didn't raise a general issue,” he has often said (to me in the last five years, “I'd feel that I had no right to be talking and writing about myself so much. But in the last analysis my whole life phrases the question of the individual and the state . . . whether, in gove t, the ‘cultural unitary’ state is not infe- rior to the cultural pluralistic. Opposes “Cultural Unitary.” “I am trying to oppose the ‘cultural unitary’ type of state.” He rolled out the phrase with a full insistence upon its resonant vocables. It is not for noth- ing that he has spoken from the aca- demic chair and on lecture tours all over the country. “A ‘cultural unitary’ state,” he re- sumed, “stamps every citizen with the same stamp. Whether in advertising, in amusement, In work or in thought, our own American tendency to crystallize all individuals in a single type is dan- i‘g?“;érsgt lfi:dc t%vn regimentation of nality. ery one resfnab]lll his neilhbor;‘y i udwig Lewisohn held up a plumy :::;d ;nh ;ve‘:ydflnger erect? lndnu h‘; spoke he checked off uj hlsTen;{mwrnnnm: Do Shinge ey “Take any individual t; £ or type B, or type G or tove BT AR yourself whether any of these definite types of consciousness should ever try to function like any other type Just be- cause it may be surrounded by a numer- lcn“l majority from which it is different. I hold the ideal of a community where the individual is let alone. Since the story of man has been recorded he has always been at the mercy of his fel- lows. First we had the religious state— everybody had to be of the dominant religion or he got burned at the stake, Now we have the nationalistic state— U everybody has to be a nationalist gets knocked on the head. My %!2]‘ the state of a thousand years hence, s {the ccultural pluralistic’ state, where everybody can do as he ases, there are as many. ldeas’ ao B people and where the government limits itself to the collection of taxes.” As Ludwig Lewisohn first phrased his idea in talking with me, it sounded like Utopia, yet only a few nights later he confided to a!roup of us that sev- eral times already he had run into and every one of its parties betw the signers of the treaty. (Amcl:elll of the treaty.) 3. Defensive and, if necessary, offen- sive common support of the sovereignty and independence of each of the con- federated powers of America against all foreign domination. 4. Immutability of peace and har- mony between the confederated Ameri- :;xllu%e;sopl;s. &r betw':en them and the of other nal (Article XIII.) S 5. Impossibility of declaring war among themselves without previous con- ciliatory intervention by the Assembly of Plenipotentiaries. (Article XVII.) 6. Agreement to settle amicably and direct means. the differences that might exist between the countries of the league, and in the event of being unable to arrive at an agreement to give preference to conciliatory methods rather than to warlike ones by bringing the question before the Assembly of Plenipotentiaries for decision, (Article 33 contact in common perils, a faithfyl in- ¥y terpreter of treaties in the event of any doubt arising, and a_conciliator of ail! differences that might develop.” i His plan was that of a confederation of American republics, in which all of them, retaining their sovereignty, would sacrifice something of their individual interests and political freedom to a supreme power, made up of their own representatives, which would guarantce their security, peace and progress thrcugh mutual co-operation. FACTA, NOT VERBA. Racial differences, political misunder- standings and a complete ignorance of the psychology of each other—factors which still exist to a lesser extent in our days—prevented the success of Boli- var's Pan-American scheme, but in the treaty drafted by the Congress of Pan- ama, convoked in 1826 by the Liberator, his ideals are clearly expressed, and, may still be used for the basis for a powerful continental union. ‘This treaty of “‘union, league and per- petual confederation” was signed be- tween the republics of Colombia (in- cluding Venezuela and Ecuador), Cen- tral America (including all the present | Central American nations), Peru and Mexico, which participated in the Boli- varian congress, and was inspired and drafted by the Liberator himself. ‘The Bolivarian ideals of Pan-Amer- canism which are embodied in that treaty—which, by the way, was only ratified by the Colombian Congress, and therefore never came into effect—can thus be summarized: 1. Intimate character of relations be- tween the American peoples, members of the league, which any other conti- nental nation might later join. (Intro- duction to the treaty.) close 2. Permanence and inviolability of & of friendship and union with each 7. Impossibility of going to war with nations not members of the league ex- cept In the case of failure of the offices which should be reques of the other members of the league, who would be obliged to offer them in or- der to prevent conflict. (Article XVIII.) 8. Mutual guarantee of territorial in- tegrity of all the contracting parties. (Article XXII.) 9. Facilities for the acquiring of citizenship among citizens of the con- tracting countries, and alleviation of the conditions imposed upon aliens among them, there being stated here for the first time the principle of recognition of professional titles. (Article XXIII.) 10. Retention of the sovereignty of each memb:r of the league for its own governmental conditions which encour- ll!dn his .‘hopu for !-h;nfut-\n‘tu was at & party. Paris Lewisohn entertains widely. At the time that he was occupying the Biddle studio, with its buge music room and lofty balcony, he ly gave the most brilliant se- ries of American literary gatherings ever seen on the Rive Gauche. Against the tall windows a buffet was lald with bowls of punch. Beside it Dreiser, or Anderson, or Sinclair Lewis, or who- ever happened to be the guest of honor for the evening, was enthroned in the midst of exiled “Left Bankers.” ‘With his insistent individualism, Lew« isohn always contrived to give his par- ties some touch of personality. Either the punch was made with some rare Rhine wine or some unexpected guest would come in fresh, like Konrad Ber- covicl, from another Balkan ramble, o: dusty and paint-spattered, like the nov- elist Scott, from exciting water color tours across the Sahara. On this particular evenln{ Lewisohn was holding forth upon his ideal state. The novelist was seated among the eushions, with his little black .ouse cat. 8iki, curled between his knees. “Take Geneva,” he sald. “Now, Ge- neva is a perfectly 100 per cent French city, but it happens to be in the Swiss state. I was standing in line at the Geneva Post Office waiting to buy some stamps when I heard the man in front of me say: “ ‘Bitte, geben Sie mir funf Brief- marken.’ “Now, I had just arrived from across the frontier. There the single language, rigidly enforced, and the horror in which German is held, was fresh upon me, and I expected to see the man either ignored or insulted. On the conhtrary, the official behind the guichet, who had been speaking French with his earlier customers, immediately replied in German. hen my turn came I also used German instead of French. I was charmed to find that one bureau- eracy exists in the world where the offi- clals are mace to bow to the cultural idiosyncrasies of the citizens and not the citizen to the officials. Cites Palestine Telephone Girls. “Take Palestine. There I found that the very telephone girls had been taught to accept three languages. They will mmmmuhumxm«m ic. “Take Cgzechoslovakia. At least the Germans and the Czechs have reached a modus operandi. Even the state theaters play one in one language, the other the other, while at the m per- formances in German and in 'h are given alternately. “What does all this come t0?” Lud- wig Lewisohn straightened suddenl 8iki rolled howling to the floor. ‘“There are already existing certain states which make a distinction between the citizen —who should have but to pay his taxes —and the cultured personality, with whom the state has nothing to do. The ux:‘ m?n:hua be matter w language Tri-lingual republics ‘interest him cause they form an ofenlnl ‘wedge that great wide, general tolerance whers, as in certain citles during the Renais- sance, there may be as many cultures as there are intelligent individuals in the state, as many ages, religions and ambitions. Lewisohn’s great difficulty during all his life has been that at any given time he rested not in cisive works on French and German culture while living in New York and the Middle West, so he is now engagea on a monumental history of American lit- erature while he sits by his study win= dow overlooking the Boulevard Raspail. Years ago, when he was a boy in Charleston, S. C., he was always writing Latin verses, always s German, living either in the Rome of Ovid or in the Weimar of Goethe. This is why it is so easy for him to imagine the ideal republic of free letters some thou- sands years ahead. ~ Got Into Trouble With Censor. When Lewisohn first came to New York the chief influence in his Ilife was not the great city, but instead the French novel, which he had just dis- covered. Writing with the liberty of authors who lived in another state on the other side of the ocean, he into trouble with the home censor. Here for the first time he rehlized that the indi- vidual in modern society must place re- strictions upon himself. It was the last thing that he wished to learn. The knowledge gave the initial impetus to his long campaign to bring about i..e millennium when every one may speak out as he wishes. Ludwig Lewisohn has failed to build topia because not every one is a poet willing to uc‘:}n a pure anarchy of opinions and cultures, yet in his failure he has shown himself ~ significant force in modern letters. His books have pled for tolerance. They have been trans- lated into many languages and served as a birdge for international under- standing. Tz o and grhens i g cultural jority— what Lewisohn is subconsciously doing as he writes about one culture while in the midst of another. Possibly he is s| ning hic artistic genpecuve, Pos- sibly he is defending his poet’s right to individuality, but most probably all of his demands for “the cultural plural- istic state” are so many special plea ings that he, the German-born Ameri- can whose family was Jewish and whose Carolina environment was Christian, should be allowed to work out his own salvation as he sees it. This is why for him all is in a state of flux, why no single national culture ever appears so adequate for all an individual's needs as to allowed to harden. Lewisohn’s own mind has never hard- ened. It has had so many molds to choose from that it has set in none. At nearly 50 he is still extremely young and plastic in his attitude toward life. One must not get the idea that Lew- isohn never tried to conform. He did. One of the deepest impressions of his youth was a solem.. gathering on the public square of Charleston to honor the memory of Henry Timrod. The Bouthern poet had, like Lewisohn him- self, come from a family of German im- migrants. The young man, inspired by such an example, swore that he, too, would become a great national figure and a master in the traditions of the South. But his roots were not deep enough. He had already reached the age of 7 when his family brought him to Amer- ica from Hamburg. He could not repre- sent a province, like Du Bose Hi or a focial group, like Edith Wharton. Fighting to cast off one individuality and to make himself another, he accom- plished nothing. Could Not “Fall in Line.” Soon after he had been present At determination, even in the case of for- | inte eign relations, in so far as the same was not in conflict with the provisions of the treaty. (Article XXVIIL) And for the carrying out of all the detalls of this program the treaty pro- vided for the establishment of the Assembly of Plenipotentiaries of Amer- iea, with supfeme power over the re- lations of the confederated countries. Such a masterfully conceived plan of an American league of nations, the first, is still the most ambitious and the most complete one ever drafted. Advanced mflmcnl ideals which today are chang- g the course of international rela- tions—such as the societies of nations, the outlawing of war, the arbitration of disputes, the permanence of unions —;;re“r.here mentioned for the fl'l;lt time. olivar wi e fit speak of Pln-An*’ltanlamA And“ater Boli- var no ome has spoken so clégrly, so forcefully, intelligently. His' Pan-Ameficanism of facts, polif of the “melting pot”- been more than a dozen years in the United States should pass as a sub- stantial citizen. Yet none the found it duncu!m fall in poet and cherishing every af individuality. He didn’t want to “ into it” like the other young the ces. Instead he cid more interesting to remain spectator upon the margin nn umm-uol: spectato as a 3 leaned the rich material and of a nd | be in obligat not , mere thicoretical “‘recommendations.’ (Copyright. 1930.) 4