Evening Star Newspaper, December 7, 1930, Page 40

PRI + ultimate success. MANY WOMEN MISS RANK AMONG FAMED Why So Many Have Failed to Gain Great Acclaim Is a Mystery—One Solu- tion Suggested. - (Continued from Third Page.) the last 10 years only 167 of ve ed admission to “Who's first time. But the tors have let In 3,764 new men! Th: roughly 22 men for every woman! 8o you see they're keeping woman in her place, all right! Quite seriously, the great women of history have cause for a grudge. The uzknown great of any age may hope for 8t least a 100-page biography or a nice quiet tomb in Westminster Abbey when later generations have discovered their merit. Any small-town library ylelds facts about the great men of history. High school boys learn all about New- ton. And the eminent Euclid is the 14-year-old's daily pest. asks who was Pythagoras?” But a deep silence prevails when the question “For what was Mary Somerville fa- mous?” And should any one ask an intellig: adult the name of th: woman who translated Newton's “Principia” into French, thereby making it available for some of the most significant scien- tific work ever done, a bleak quiet would enshroud the hopeful questioner. For who ever heard of the Marquise du Chatelet? Scope of Work Large. Yet the varlety and scope of feminine achievement are little short of aston. ishing, especially in view of the fact that these lady achievers were met with | all the traditional obstacles ‘Women work—it wasen't refined. ‘Woman belongs in the home. Ladies shouldn't to thes ‘want to learn about science and mathe- | ¢ matics. For our old friend Man had & monopoly on such rarefied atmos- phere. Yet there have always been many sprightly ladies who insisted on free air. -‘They deftly leaped into the Hall of Fame. But no gentleman arose to offer them his pedestal. It is & pity that our records of wom< en of antiquity are so meager. Wom- en distinguished themselves, notably in | medicine and philosophy, as early as the sixth century, B. C. We discover a brief reference to Pythagoras' wife, ‘Theono, who was able and well edu- cated enough to assume charge of her husband’s schcol of philosophy after his death and to win renown during her lifetime for her attainmenis in medi- cine. Hippocrates and Pliny refer often to the work of woman doctors of their own time who were celebrated when they lived—and whose names have pessed into undeserved oblivion. Dur- ing the Middle Ages most of the mede ical practice was in the hands of monks and nuns, among whom Saint Hilde- garde was renowned. But in many countries women were forbidden by law to become physicians; so, with few ex- ceptions, we find no celebarted woman ‘Won Doctor’s Right. Born in 1836, she grew up to a single terest. S de Well informed | children bleat promptly when teacher | shouldn’t | ‘Wiley, ent and tireless worker in the fleld. But did you ever hear of Mrs. Ellen H. Richards? No? Well, of course, it was only her life work, 80 you probably wouldn't. One ,0f the early crusaders for pure food, Ellen Richards was among the first ever to apply chemistry to an elaborate study of food and its proper E” ra- tion. She did ploneer work ome economics, and for 21 years she in- structed in sanitary chemistry—the first course of its kind in the world. | During the last three years of her life she was consulted on food problems by almost 200 institutions of one kind and another. And at the same time she acted as general sanitary adviser to 10 corporations and schools. She could have distinguished herself by pure re- search in chemistry. But the work that | she chose she considered far more im- portant. She had a good time, so she | didn’t care about fame. And, of course, | she was spared that triviality, as you jwm find if you ask any adult about Ellen Richards, And who, little children, was Sonya Kovalevsky? A Bolshevik lady? Oh, no! Wrong again! Wron‘s again! For |just 62 years ago a brilliant young Russian girl told herself that she | wanted to spend the most of her life studying strange symbols and elaborate | equations, for she ‘liked mathematics. But ladies couldn’t do that in the |good old days in Russia. So Sonya, | being resourceful, took unto herself a pouse who would take her to Ger- many, where women could study. 1 Fought for Degree. All was well until Sonya found that ublic lectures were not open to women. hat to do? Why, hire private teach- , of course. Which she promptly dllg. ..;‘dfi(;?;? she 'Ilhfll the Univer- sity of gen gave her a degree in absentia. (Note "; Ph. -D. students: Her three dissertations wére of such remarkable excellence that she didn't even have to take her orals!) Going to Sweden as a lecturer in the chair of mathematics in Stockholm, she was soon made full professor for her extraordinary work. And her greatest achievement was the solution of the problem of perfecting “'n one important point the theory of the movement of a solid body round an immovable point.” You may not find this remarkable! But the Paris Academy, which had offered a prize for this solution, doubled it be- cause of the unusual distinction of her study. Buried deep in the Britannica, Sonya Kovalevsky has seldom had an opportunity to achieve less austere com- panionship. Doomed to encyclopedic fame, she may be known now and then by some mathematical pedant. But by whom else? What is the “Witch of Agnesi”; No, it’s not one of the hags of “Macbeth.” It's a spec'al mathematical curve in- vented by one of the most brilliant women who ever lived. Maria Gaetana Agnesi, born in the early eighteenth cen- tury, was not only an extraordinary mathematician but a linguist and phi- losopher as well. At the age of 9, when most little girls are barely getting over their baby lisps, the small Maria pub- lished in Latin an elaborate treatise de- fendin'gmlhe right of women to under- 'Ahk: liberal studies! when other young things are beginning to outgrow dolls and take up boys, our beroine was a linguist, with a thorough knowledge of Greek, Hebrew, French, Spanish, German, Latin and (her biog- famous %0 | rapher stages modestly) other languages Anderson_strug- along, determined to establish a where poor women could get from woman doctors. The New tal, the outgrowth of her efforts, now run entirely by women, and be- Elizabeth Anderson died at 81 she the satisfaction of kno that she was largely responsible for ex- istence of woman physicians today. Triumphed in Science. ‘The achievement of women in sci- ence has never been decently recog- nized. None but the most avid stu- dents of astronomy, for example, knows of the extraordinary work of Caroline Herschel, sister and faithful assistant of the distinguished Sir William. And yet, what did she do? Well, it was she who planned their work. Not only did che nd her nights until early dawn working with him, even in the bitterest cold when their ink froze in its bottle, but she reduced every ob- servation, made every calculation and made available to science the magnifi- cent work of her brother. Indeed, it is admitted that she is for the most part rzronllble for his distinction and on. Tecogn! And if this weren't enough to fill 24 hours a day, Caroline Herschel made her own independent observations— five different times she was the first to sight new comets. Awarded the gold medal of the Astronomical Soctety of London in 1828 and elected to honor- ary membership—an unusual distinc- tion—to even well informed people she 1s unknown today. Who but speclalists know even the names of other great woman astrono- mers? Saint Hildegarde, ple, the Benedictine abbess, who is re- puted to have anticipated the theory of gravitation and the explanation of the alternation of the seasons? Or Mme. Hortense Lepaute, the most emi- nent woman astronomer France has ever produced? Or Henrietta Leavitt, ‘whom Henry Smith Willlams calls prob- ably the only woman of our time to make a major discovery in astronomy? Alded Other Reputations. ‘What young student of physics to- day ever hears of the brilliant Mary Bomerville, whose magnificent transla- tion into English of Laplace’s “Mecan- ique Celeste” not only made her famous but gained for Laplace the distin- guished reputation which he otherwise might never have achieved? Widely acquainted among the most eminent sclentists of her time, Mary Somerville was sald by Laplace t0 be the only woman who understood his works. The suthor of original and brilliant sclen- tific writings, our lady physicist is conscripted into the army of the un- known feminine great, where, perhaps, she will find cofimhl the compan- fonship llfant women scien- m: . you say, but what sbout his wife? Well, just this: Lavoisier's nwnmne‘r‘xhl work :n chemistry demhnded much research in untranslated work. His wife was de- termined to help her famous husband 80 she leatned Latin and English, and became an accomplished translator of | teres! any chemical work in those languages to which he might wish to refer. Oh, is that all, you say? No, that’s not— not even half of all! A pupll of the David and an excellent en- graver, this versatile woman, who had written the results of all of her husband’s experiments, set herself to fllustrate his famous “Traite Chemie”-—the first text book of modern 1 | meef men of her for exam- | de | realists than romantic men. They per- Studied Learned Men. Her father was a professor of mathe- matics at Bologna. And when his pre- coclous daughter was only 15 she was him the most learned y, discussing with them the most profound yhllnuo&hull ques- tions. She not only published a sig- nificant study of finite quantities and| the analysis of infinitesimals, but when | her father became ill she was appointed to the chair of mathematics and natural phflm&lely in his own university. She spent last of her days in a convent, and she has now gone to Heaven, where she has long escaped fame. Requiescat in pace, for she is unknown to posterity. Do you know Mary MacArthur, the brilliant charmer through whose mag- nificent efforts the English woman shop worker of today is living at last a decent life—after years of the most horrible suffering, wretched hous and down- trodden drudgery? Or Elizabeth Fry, the quaint Quakeress, thanks to whose gentle and endless persistence prison reform in England became an accom- plished fact? Or Mme. Lefebre, who conceived the idea of utilizing atmos- phere for the production of nitrate 50 years before her discovery was used, and whosegname by that time had faded into oblivion? | Oh, well, I hear you say, those womsn | lived 'before woman's work was recog- nized! Today all is different, for aren’t women at last people? They Set World Record. All right. Do you know of the ex- traordinary work of our wnumggrtry, Mary Douglas, and the battles she has so triumphantly fought to establish the New Jersey College for Women? Or the remarkable young American woman, | Rayne Prohme, who defiantly edited the only Nationalist pa) in English that was published in ? And this in | spite of the fact that her male prede- cessor was brushed out of the way by a timely bullet during the bitterest of the Nationalist struggles in Peiping? Eliza- beth is Queen of the Belgians, But do| | you know of her prest'ge in advancing | education for women throughout the | European continent? | "And how about woman inventors? It's almost universally believed that woman is inferfor to man in creative mechanics and engineering. Men point with pity to the records of the Patent Office. Scarcely a woman appears there. | But the odd thing is that many ex- | cellent patents issued to men were ! conceived by women — usually the | wives of those same gentlemen, less | often their sisters, mothers, sweethearts | | or employes. It begins to appear in an investigation I am making but am still far from finishing that, particularly in the last 25 years, women have been thinking up and perfecting more and more valuable inventions, and not only | |in the field of household utensils. | | Men Put to Shame. | Witness Miss Eldorado Jones, who | | only & few weeks ago submitted to the experts at Roosevelt Pleld her own airplane engine muffler, which, in open demonstration, did what the Army to see realized—namely, hush the exhsust of mighty engines | without adding much to ‘welght of | the plane or nduch;’ the motor speed | by back pressure. ow many women are there who are achie notably as improvers of modern machines? For every Miss Jones about whom we hear there must be at least a score who never reach the spotlight. Why are women so little known, even ' when their work is well recognized by lalists? Here is a mild mystery. ‘an you solve it? My own guess is| | that, ‘first of all, women are in- | exploitation. woman who craves publicity in male manner. This is doubtless in part a_ heritage from the ancient regime which kk:M women in the home darn- 50¢] ‘"Tm 1 strony mret there is more to it than trlyt ‘'omen are keener ceive things in larger perspective, thereby perhaps losing something of the intensive specialist's power, but , by way of tion, | Grierson, ‘Thus | Sabatini, Rafael. bR S bl S sAY: BrAR, WA [PLANS TO PUT RULE : IN HANDS OF PEOPLE Where Is America Going? Matthew Woll Says U. S. Approaches Serious Search for Solution of Unemployment BY J. P. GLASS. [ other than minimize the now on?” HAT steps looking to the permanent stabilization of employment, and ary measures to effects of unem- ployment, ought we to expect from uestion T asked of Matthew Woll, of the American Federation of whose varied activities in behalf of labor and his gift for intellectual leadership have made him an important force in American life. replied: He “‘One thing reasonable to believe is that we are approaching ‘we are stage of investigat ing—or will soon hi a period of serious practical solutions. I believe it safe to say speculative discussion and tion, seerch_for that ond the cursory termined effort we, for instance, evolved the Federal Reserve Bank system. What would have happened to us in the past year without it? Unemployment Hits All Classes. ““‘We have attained a stage where we all realize that 1t 1s not only the unemployed who suffer through unemployment. in the coun stand now creates a large non-purchasing needs readjustment. action becomes ’s industrial leaders There are many men ‘who under- at & system which intermittently section of people ‘The necessity of remedial the more apparent when it is observed that this system not only causes periodic unemployment, but tends steadily toward reduc- tion of employment at all times. “As before remarked, we can solve problems of the demands. atest magnitude when the situation so ‘When the World War was in opera- tion problem after uproblem was_consciously set for us, and its solu on was consciously found by @ process which, at least for those who super- vised it, was a conscious” process. OCannot we employ the method of wa: of peace? treme! waer of co-operation, in industrial relationships is & noteworthy dem- onstration of the value of the operation. We have had unemployment vements and by n{h:lum down. Workers have sacrificed in order t emplofi ment may be shared. The public has joined with community and eother relief, one impres- sive feature of which has been the contribution employment.” recession. Industrial and labor helped to forestall the spread of by enla plans for imj holding high wages instead of ormotwywbemdfor' Machines Create Emergency. “But these latter are-temporary measures “What about “It seems amply demonstrated now,” said Mr. meet an_ems permanent cy,” 1 said. lem?” e solution to times “We proved to ourselves in % ‘World War the le of co- of the two. “Machine- mergers and 50 on. to the be the logical result. MATTHEW WOLL, VICE PRESIDENT OF AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR. Woll, “that so-called cyclical unemployment— that is, ‘unemployment due to depressions in business following periods of excessive expansion - —is only part of the problem before us. Many experts believe that technological, or machine- made, unemployment is the more serlous threat It proceeds while we are in the midst of so-called prosperity. ede unemployment results from many things—new processes of manufacture, new machines, more efliclent handling and direction of labor, elimination of inefficient plants through It may be that the factors causing machine-made unemployment are essen- tial in the evolution of the industrial system, but labor does not belleve that unemployment must What profits it for indus- try to set up a high degree of efliclency in itself 1f by so doing it destroys & part of the purchasing power of the public?” “But what is the answer?"” “The intelligent co-operation of all des in “What ment. We know at all times the conditi Just now nobody knows how much of it ment. loes “Many things, ‘we must get accu! interested u&:} efforts at solution.” 2 e & Mr. Woll, “but first of all information on unemploy- must set up agencies whereby we will ons of unemploy- there {s. Some say 3,000,000 men are not work- ing, others say 6,000,000. “When a man becomes sick and calls a doctor, the latter’s case. permanent That first step is to obtain all data on the is practical. In industry we need organization that will enable us to observe employment tendencles.” Science Points the Way. “Have we the means of such organization?” “Yes. . The sclence of statistics is more highly developed than ever before. An important fea- ture of industrial development has been the amwln: usefulness of the statistical engifieer. He an essential factor in large-scale business. But his must be service; he a larger function than merely private must be employed for the general good. If the whole social order is affected ad- versely, his own order is affected. “Probably the machinery for recording unem- it will have to be provided by X ition, ut we do not favor 1 pliance of ophy. industry. ized voluntary principles the corner stone of labor has made 1ts philos- Government cannot control industry, Correotion Is Good Business. “It is probable that industry would find itself ed hamper by such outworn statutes as the Sher- man anti-trust act were it now to make any co- operative attempt to solve unemployment. Not- withstanding improved industrial relationships and a dus Harris-Ewing Photo, . ter of ‘A made in “Thaf the in P! “Perhaps steadily increas! employment and of remedial action. lly@l it is probable we rocess from discussion to serious search for solution of unemployment. we certainly can do much better than we are do- ing now. Once we have the data with which to diagnose this disease we shall be able to apply the remedies, the nature of which we already are beginning to comprehend. eater degree of public confidence in in- management than ever before, it doubt- less would be suspected of some ulterior motive. “Despite all obstacles, however, we can expect ing study of the problem of un- It 1s & mat- business as :‘e\l as a social need. the progress which industry has e modern era toward stability and I of . i ‘we cannot control it completely. But (Copyright, 1930.) $ themselves. So—if there is an; this conjecture—there will more unkno#n men. And = thus always—unless women suddenly change their minds and de- cide that they need public recognition no less than men. the way, how many women of high ability have per- sonal agents, as compared to lished There's a ing to iways be great women than equally accomp] men? fine Ph. D. thesis for some young lady! 8 s sl Italy Bans Foreign Diplomatic Weddings Woe to the Italian diplomat who falls in love with a foreign belle! Mem- bers of the Italian diplomatic and con- sular corps who wish to marry will in the future be obliged to choose their prospective brides [rom among their own countrywomen. This order, which hith- erto seems to have been the rule rather than the exception, many of Italy's di- plomatists having often pronounced their “si” in favor of women of foreign na- tionality, is soon to have legal force. bill in this connection was recently pre- | Of sented to Parliament by Bignor Grandi, the foreign minister. by Italian diplomatic officials for per- o e King To7 approvai o e or approval party’ 1o the a proposed mal e is a foreigner. The bill points out that this is already the practice in a number of other European countries, and the only way a clever diplomat can get around it is by convincing his American or Ger- man_sweetheart, who have more than other nationalities become wives of Ital- lan diplomatists, to become Itallan eiti- zens before being married. PUBLIC LIBRARY Recent accessions to the Public Library and lists of recommended read- ing will appear in this column every Bunday. Famous Men. Bibesco, M. L. L., Princess. Some Roy- alties and & Prime Minister. E-9B47. Fyfe, H. H. Northcliffe. E-N8154f. James, Henry. Charles W. Eliot. Two volumes. E-E1 39§. Krupp, Alfred. Krupp: A Great Busi- ough His Let- ness Man, Seen E-K047, Bertram. Lord Melbourne. E-M483n. Relser, Albert. Albert Einstein. E-Ei67r. Ybarra, T. R. Bolivar: The Passionate Warrior. E-B636y. English Literature. Garwood, lrvlr;, Heath Manual of the Literature England. ZY-G 199. H. J. C. The Background of English Literature. 1925. ZY-G873b. . _Gateway to English ZY-H514g. Maynard, Theodore. The Book of Mod~ ern Catholic Prose. 1928. Y-9M450. Plays. g;; Partridge Presents. 1925. YD- m. Martin, A. L. Smilin’ Through. 1924. YD-M364s. Middleton, George, and Bolton, G. R. Polly With a Past. 1923. YD- M582po, 1922, Milne, A. A, The Romantic Age. YD-M636r. ‘Wexley, John. The Last Mile. YD- W549 1, Problems of Prohibition. Boole, Mrs. E. A. Give Prohibition Its Chance. ICI-B647. | Fisher, Irving, and Brougham, H. B. The "Noz(h Experiment.” ICI- P537n. Tydings, M. E. Before and After Pro- hibition. ICI-T96. Travel. Baker, 8. 8. B. A Wayfarer in Bavaria. G47Ba-B 17. Call, F. O. The Spell of Acadid. G829-C 13, Canziani, Estella. Th fh the "nu ‘G30-56n06, h Prance. 3 - 4 L. J. India: Land of the Black Pagoda. G69-T362. Fiction. Gibbs, Sir P. H. The Wings of Adven- ture. Priestley, J. B. 1 Pavement. 'sMinion. , Sigrid. The lon‘Av-u-'. Ap&hcn!lom made | IN LATIN AMERICA By GASTON NERVAL. OI!-I'NG THE OIL QUESTION. DISCUSSION importan: inter:American relations take day ‘The scene will be the ys. Colombian Congress; the subject, the | e | new oil legislation in Colombia; principal protagonists, the Colombian Governmént and the American ofl d upon | will | place within the next lewi such decision may hang consequences | g: vast significance in the fate not only South Americans but of their political | relations as well, The Colombian legislators will have before them the new oil legislation | which President Olaya Herrera | accredited American expert. legislation, as has been clearly explained ! by President Olaya himself and by press reports from Bogota, is favorable to the | investment of American capital in that Latin country, and it will offer protec- the economic links uniting North and | ‘President of Colombia. Senor Olaya ha for eight years been the diplomatic | party. in Wash- He had been in close contact Colombian-American problems, and knew that a lack of understanding of the viewpoints of each other was the | main obstacie.. He had the great ad- vantage of knowing American people and really understanding them. And, €OD- | being & Colombian, he also knew the of his people. Senor aya was, then, in a privileged - tion to bring both sides to an amicable understanding. ‘That he intended to do so was clearly shown when he made this one of the outstanding items of his electoral cam- paign. It has even been said that he ran on a pro-American platform, for in all his principal speeches he em- has been carefully preparing with the advice | Bhasized the importance and the bene- an fits of mutual co-operation between Co- lombian and American interests. In spite of that ill-intentioned propagan. against “American imperialism,” which had been encouraged by the oll contro- versy, Senor Olaya was careful to ex- tion ‘and faciitties to the Tatrests o | Plain’ to his compatriots how unfortu- ready engaged there in the development | i of Colombian natural resources. one fact that George Rublee, an Ameri- | ho", |can lawyer, considered an authority on | the subject and who had previously. aided Ambassador Morrow to solve the | nately they were mistaken about the ntentions of American investors, and simple and advantageous it would for all to reach a happy medium where the interests of both parties could | work together to relieve the critical eco- ofl problem in Mexico, has had w’momic conditions of Colombia. That he = ticipation in the drafting of the new laws is a guaranty of their fairness toward American interests in Colomblia. The submission of this favorable petroleum legislation, only two years after a so-called nationalistic campaign | against foreign oil concerns in that republic was on the verge of disturbing friendly Colombian-American relations, is Indicative of a changed attitude on the part of Colomblan statesmen which | will have a tremendous influence on the | final success of the Pan-American scheme, because starting point of an understanding which had heretofore been lacking on both sides and of a sensible adjustment of the points of view of the two parties | involved. A DANGEROUS POLICY. It was but two years ago that edi- torial writers all over the continent were speculating as to the possibility of & diplomatic breal. between Colombia and the United States as the result of & warm controversy involving American ofl ‘concerns operating on Colombian soll. Moved oy an intense campaign of the local press and by suggestions from & group of radical elements, the Colom- bian authorities had announced the passage of certain laws which evidently were intended to oppose or discourage the activities of foreign capital in the development of Colombian oil re- sources. Some provisions in these laws made it impossible for certain American companies to hold their legal titles to oll concessions in Colombia, thus ful- filling the desires of those “national- istic” ps which seemed to be el’e’r to end all economic co-operation with foreign interests. ‘Whether the policy of nationalization of natural resources was a good one or not, it had found favorable support in several Latin American governments, perhaps because it constituted a source of inexhaustible wealth to those who indorsed it. In adoptt it Colombia was but following the footsteps of other Sotthern nations, and even of certain European powers, which had deemed it convenient and justifiable. The policy, however, had serious drawbacks, an paramount among these was the dal of conflict with prior property title le- gally acquired by private viduals— 8ll the more when these indlviduals happened to be citizens of a foreign country which had always been zealous in the protection of its” nationals abroad. It was only natural, therefore, that any attempt to modify the legal status| of owned enterprises exploit- | ing Colombian petroleum provoked such | and that it alarm in this country, should be followed by such a heated controversy over the rights and duties of foreign investors in the Latin re- publies. And it was equally natural that American capitalists and business men—the men Wall look with suspicion | & situation which, if not one of immediate peril, was at least of dangerous uncertainty. ‘Th= consequences of all of which was the reluctance of American bankers to make new loans to the Colombian Gov- ernment and the financial difficulties ar‘ the ‘latter, which urgently needed em. ON THE RIGHT TRACK. ‘Then came August 7, 1930, that & lucky for Colombia. On date En- ‘rl‘o'tu Olaya Herrera was inaugurated it is showing the| succeeded in convincing them was dem- onstrated by the poll returns, where Senor Olaya obtained an unparalleled majority over his political rivals. And it 15 even further proven by the favor- able way In which Colombian public opinion in general has been viewing the President’s efforts to complete that closer approach to the “great colossus of the North” since he was inaugu- rated on August 7. The mental attitude of the people having been changed, today it is possi- ble for President Olaya Herrera to sub- mit to Congress oil legisiation which favors and protects American invest- ments without impairing the rights of the Colombian Government or depriv- ing it of the benefits to which it is entitled. NOTHING TO FEAR. ~ ‘The policy of President Olaya on the oil problem, which he considers the pre- em&ent one before his administration, is clearly expressed in his message to Congress when he says: “The government is convinced that the time has come for the oil resources of the country to cease being a mere potentiality, and instead to be incor- porated into Colombian economics, to become a source of remuneration for the state and the individual. To make thi possible Congress must pass ‘a law that will satisfy not only the legiti- mate rights of the nation and its just aspirations, but also those of the indi- vidual or corporation which wishes to develop the riches that our sofl con- tains. It is essential that this law be inspired on the Snclgll of sincere co- operation, mutual benefit and entire good faith, and that it guarantee equally Colombian rights and the legitimate in- terests of capital. “We prefer friendly and just accord to s:erile legislation, and we believe that our oil resources can be a source of intelligent financing, which, while protecting the nation’s interests, will permit the development which the country justly demands and to which is linked the wellbeing of its citizens, the realization of national entity and the present and the future of the state.” Furthermore, through the minister of industries, the Colombian govern- ment made the following statement in a recent session of the House of Repre- seftatives in Bogota: “The government holds that it is indispensable to good administration, to the strengthening of the national credit and to the retention of prestige and public faith to fulfill strictly the con- tracts entered into by the government. “The government proposes to be zeai- ous in the fulfillment of the obligations which by reason of its contracts fall to the state to fulfill, and believes that this | to be line of conduct will be appreciated by Colombian citizens, by other nations, and by the contracting parties, what- ever their nationalities, and it will use all its authority and moral force to de- | visa mand in its turn in all cases & rigorous and faithful fulfillment of the obliga- tions which are the contracting party’s. “National contracts before being closed must be studied most carefully in all their legal aspects and with regard to the public good by the authorities to whom the state confides its interests in each case, but once a contract is the state must comply faithfully th the obl contracted by those who"uuy represent it at a given mo- ment. . “The government desires to give to ~ da. | those who have invested, contemplate investing or may in the future invest capital in this country, in accord- ance with our laws, the strongest assur- ances that Colombia will comply strictly with its contracts; that she does not seek, nor will she seek, means to escape fulfillment of her obligations, and will not countenance at all any non-fulfill- ment of obligations by the contracting In concluding his statement the min- Ister of industries remarked that who- ever contracts or may have contracted with Colombia, legally and in good faith, need harbor no fears as to the Adevelopment of his business arising from any action of the authorities or from a feeling of insecurity in the atti- tude of the people, since, according to the constitution, “the authorities of the republic will protect with guarantees the contracting parties who on their part fulfill their obli strictly to the Colombian law.” THE KEY TO ELDORADO. ‘Yet the cutstanding fact is not the | cpen, frank support of the projected | new 'ofl legislation by the Colombian Government, but the favorable way in which public opinion. in that Southern ‘republic has received it. This new attitude of the Colombian people is an indication of a better un-| | derstanding of the purposes of Ameri- can capital in the Spanish-speaking countries. The Colombians at least seem to have come to understand that | Uncle S8am is not seeking an economic | vassalage of the Latin American coun- | tries nor a financial control with veiled political intent. And they seem to have come to understand that the only—or | at least the nearest—solution.of their | economic problems is an open, active co-operation with American capital. Colombia is a country rich in natural resources, inexhaustible wealth hidden in vost stretohes of virgin lands, in gigantic mountains or in depths beneath the surface as yet almost unknown, Lut she lacks capital to undertake the de- velopment or even the exploration of these treasurc; of nature. And without capital their value is almost nil. With - out capital they are little more valuable to the country than a magnificent Rolls- Royce without a drop of gasoline would be to a motorist. Capital is the key that opens the safe of natural riches. And the case of Colombia is the same as that of nearly all the Latin American republics. Co-operation with American capital is not only necessary .but un- avoidable. The interests of the Latin Americans must be directed in such a way that they may be compatible with those of American capital in search of new activities. Obviously, American in- vestors must submit to the laws of the country in which they are operating, but these laws should offer encourage- ment and protection if they are to serve their purpose. This is just what the Colombian ad- ministration is now doing: President Olaya Herrera is to be congratulated pn his excellent piloting of Colombian poli- cles in this respect. And government officials in other Latin American re- blics might well profit by observing is tactics in steering the Colombian ship of state to safety through a furi- ous economic tempest which is endan- gering the stability of many ern- Grande and has already sunk several of them with dr 2l 3 Irish Are Discouraged From Emigrating to U. S. A year ago the average number of visas supplied at the United States con- sulate in Dublin for emigrants to Amer- ica was about 50. This year only about two visas a day are being lssued, and the slump in emigration was never more marked. The newspapers announced that the United States was insist that all emigrants should possess least $500, and many Irish emigrants could not find that amount. The an- nouncement, however, was not correct. All that has happened is that the United States authorities have sent a circular to the consulates to the effect that only those intending emigrants unlikely to become a public charge are given visas. In the past emi- ts went to America as an adven- re and risked failing to find employ- ment, They are now warned that it is inadvisable for any one to apply for a who is dependent upon his own exertions or upon friends and relatives who are themselves ' wage earners. Friends and relatives in America have of late been discouraging young people in Ireland to emigrate, and their warn- ing has greatly lessened the number of applications for s. The ing companies and boarding use keepers at Cobh and other por{s Teport ked decline. There is less unem- Free than in | ments down on the other side of the Rio | ynif, Gen. Uriburu of Argentina Is Aristocrat Who Believes in Civilian Rule—Is Man of Strong Character. (Continued From First Page.) soldiers and walked briskly into the labyrinthian Casa Rosada, indifferent to the fact that they might be seized or shot dead in their tracks. After search! ent after depart- ment and room after room of the ram- bling old house, they suddenly came upon the beleaguered chief executive and his friends in the office of one of the cabinet members. As Uriburu en- tered, the President advanced to meet Is Firm When Necessary. i “What do you seek here, Lol “I seek your immediate and uncondi- tion,” was Uriburu's reply. “You may shoot me then. I will not resign,” said the plucky little man. m"cil'l‘!"iflht, sir, I shall blow the place And the resignation was forthcoming. ‘The Communists and anarchists of Buenos Alres, of whom there are & thriving number, have also found Uri- buru firm and swift of action. All dur- ing Irigoyen’s time this element made excellent hay, seldom were molested arid through devious and dark moflwfi“ put uj and told not to look back. They crossed to Montevideo, connived with Uru- guayan friends and disembarked to direct things from across the T More outbursts of sabotage and intimi- dation in Buenos Aires. This time, without blicity or kid gloves, 163 uddenly found - But the new President’s dealings with n an outbound ship | Pre ment 18 business” Anyhow, In its predicament, this must be the case with the Argentine govornment, “We have not sought to destroy con- stitutional government, but our aim has been to restore constitutional govern- ment!” This is the way a confidant of the President expressed it. “For two years the laws of the country have been ded. The provinces have been viollgd, thelr governors deposed and purely provincial affairs conducted by representatives of the President, The Congress has not functioned. The finan- clal affairs of the nation have gone from bad to worse. The public debt has become staggering and the budget constantly overdrawr, Worse still, we have been isolated from the world. These and other conditions we must correct.” ‘There is little doubt that Uriburu and his cabinet are utilizing every minute to accomplish this task. On a recent holiday thousands of people gathered in front of the palace to express their l;g; port of the new government. President finally appeared and ac- knowledged their “Speech, walked back to his office. Task Has Complication. But the task is not a small one. Not only must he take care of the imme- diate economic situation, he also must re the country for the elections ich he has promised and intends to carry out—elections in which neither he nor his ministers will be candidates. The method of accomplishing this is being dl;cb’umdt}“pro 'unflmcon by the ress an erent partles. . decided to elect a Con- gress, vote the hwnhlnd meuuru' mne; essary to operate the government & then hold presidential elections. But such influential and conservative - nals as La Nacion have quest the wisdom of this. The ‘were quite in contrast = | the i, Comminits e e b o e dent. Irigoyen had turned over his power to the Vice President, Enrique Martinez, and fled when Uriburu ar- rived with his army at the Casa Rosada. Although Uriburu forced Martinez to resign, he allowed him to go un- molested. Irigoyen himself was not ar- rested until was _evidence counter movements from his followers. ‘When order was reftored h> was granted his freedom on the condition t he leave the country and live in Europe pending the- establishment of constitu- tional government. He was even to cross the Atlantic as a distin, ed Argentine on a battleship, ith all honors. ‘But Irigoyen chose not to go. Newspaper correspondents tell of an- other gesture toward the former Presi- dent. No ofiuonhl.fmer forelgn news has been exercised e the revolution, with one exception—and that exception forbade the transmission of any state- ment reflec upon Irigoyen's personal and private life.. Upon of this, one of Uri- buru’s bitter critics ly remarked that “he wishes to fores the circu- lation of any storles about his own private life"—intimating that the chief of state may not be without flaw. But any one who knows the gal- lantry of the trug Argentine gentleman knows that the slightest wtmlf im- pugning: personal character of an- other, enemy or otherwise, is as good s an invitation to the fleld of honor— therefore there is a high sense of re- gard for the other fellow's name. Generous in Defeat. Uriburu's generosity toward I is rather striking in view of the fact that he has always been a consistent critic and opponent of the latter., At the time of Irigoyen's Inauguration on October 12, 1928, following the* election that swept the aged radical leader into power for a second time, Uriburu was the ranking. general of the army. Tra- dn‘llon ngzl,;u the Jlnun. admiral and ranl gener: accompanyin the Chief * Executive to the cere! mony. Uriburu on this occasion not only refused to comply with custom, but afterward resigned from the army. Urlburu is & man of strong convic- tions, an independent in politics. His rovisional presideficy is handicapped y no former political affiliations or aspirations. The: Argentine army, un- like some other armies of South Amer- ican republics, has not mixed ine poli- tics, and Uribury, until recent circum- stances led him into political activities, was wholly & military man. Even now he lives the strict military life. He arises every morning at 6, glves specific periods of time to ex- ercise, bath, breakfast, and begins work at 7:30—a sharp departure from the practice of the former head of tll;lea 'dt.l‘n: ?l!l';. tlm"ofl for ,:mch er, he is usually his office until late at night. i . Civillans Take Reins. Yet the military note ends with Uri- buru’s own activities. The moment the coup ‘d";htt 'r:A‘b lete, the army, except that portion of it on guard duty, went back to its regular mutfi: Cldet'a from the military academy were promptly sent back to their studies, lest they be not prepared for ap- proaching examinations,” and the gov- ernment became a government of civil- lans—civilians of unquestioned ability and prominence. f one is not aware of al this be- ts to find the Casa m"h‘m}i- h.‘ cx" Rosada flaming uniforms and gold braid. Pictures of Uriburu that ';I‘D" appeared in the ms es and roto- gravure sectfons of the newspapers all depict a man gayly uniformed and be- medaled . from shoulder to shoulder. But go to the historic old palace on the Plaza Mayo and see very few orms. The traditional guards the entrance, in their red breeches, braided ‘jackets and feathered helmets, have been restored after two years of service in the provinces due to a whim of Irolofen' . Except for and a few military aldes in khaki, civilians dlgadvuhndrwu-mmdnofflle appointing, too, if you expect to find a stout figure looking ly over’a broad mustache and wea! & sword. You are ushered nto an enormous square room with simple decorations, & couple of settees, a amall side table and a large in's ‘Gark Dusiness "meet You 3 suit t almost at the door. e Banks Rally to His Ald. 3 The mustache will have shrunken frnfly. and the dark, mlnc eyes will Idok at you through g set in tor- tolse-shell rims. The gallant martial figure of pictorial fame or state occa- sions in reality looks like & courteous, business-like, reserved bank president. You may be prepared to ask precise and brief questions designed to please the military mind, but the result will be a chatty conversation that, if wholly in- formal, is exactly te the point. The moment you enter the room it is no loi day of famous march into the city all the banks opened their doors for business and promptly offered him 100,000,000 pesos to defray the imme- diate expenses of the government, Six days before, with the budget 100,000,000 overdra: tel ing that no fi Ifi checks would be cashe partment concerned happened to have @ balance on deposit. excellency d . n No doubt his Alioocy Ceolidge t “the businessfo! govern- . r a curious fact that on the - 1s de lent '.hem 1 its efinfl u] sale 1um "a kets, P Y. The general himself will be a bit dis- | take regimes that recently have come into power by revolution, Uriburu’s govern- ment 18 not spending much energy hunting for evidence ‘to hang former of | officials or to wreak revenge upon’ de- feated politiclans. Uriburu knows that the problems of the country, its busi- ness, its financial stabllity and the good will of the world are far more impor- tant than the necks of a few discred- ited politiclans. One of his closest friends remarked that the general I Rk ; Who W won the Revolution, set about building a nation instead of making holiday by the hanging‘of British Torles.” Sought World Recognition. ‘The very first matter to clalm Uri- buru's attention was the bringing of * Argentina back to the family of na- tions. Irigoyen had the greatest con- tempt for other countries, neglected to appoint bassadors and Ministers svv:.h 1 8 hfll:\:mt;fl' :.nd left the ngton embassy for two years in the hands of a secretary whose dis- patches recelved about as much at- tention at home as the notes of a for- i s a) it an Ambassador within 34 hours B Fecoghionn oy S Hoover's Government, he kept his prom- ise with several hours to spare, and as soon as Dr. Manuel Malbran could pack his trunks he was on the Atlantic bound for New York and Washirgton. Incidentally, Dr. Malbran is probably. the best equipped man in the republic for the Washington post. A distin- guished lawyer and statesman, he was secretary and charge d'affaires in Washington 20 years ago—in fact, it was one of his very first posts. He was married while there, and he cails his only son an American because he was born In Washington. He has been Minister to Cuba, Mexico, Venezuels and Colombia and Ambassador to Chile. ‘Therefore he knows intimately the deli- cate and purely American questions. Moreover, having been the last Ambas- sador at Washington before the advent of Irigoyen, he will merely resume his work where he left off. ‘To any one present at the great ban- quet given to Ambassador Malbran and in celebration of the new relations be- tween the two countrics by the Ameri- can business men in Buenos Aires fol- lowing the appointment, there is no doubt as to the confidence in the new ref of those representing United States interests in Argentina, Never have I witnessed a more genuinely en- thusiastic gathering of Americans in a forelgn country. They fairly bubbled with approval of the Ambassador and confidence in the Uriburu government, not only publicly but in privaée con- versation. It is their opinion that de- spite the difficulties brought about by high tariffs and embargos the coming of Uriburu to power in the South American republic is the beginning of & sensible and business-like relationship mmm his country and the United e Eskimo Happiness - Pictured by Doctor With a happy brood of lttle ones squatting beside her in a cozy igloo, the modern Eskimo mother of Aklavik in the Canadian Arctic turns a dial on an expensive radio set and as & crooning love song comes over the air from thousands of miles south. Her worries are few and far between, for there is plenty of meat and fish in the igloo, her children receive up-to-date schooling, and when there's sickness there are hospitals and nurses there to those “heap big pains” away. This rosy picture of life in the far north is brought by a Canadian government offi- clal, Dr. J. A. Urquhart, who has left his modest practice among the Eskimos extending over an area of 90,000 square miles to enjoy a breath of the joys of civilization. It is his first trip out in two years, a journey that would have taken monghs were it not for the air- m. Dr. vrwn says that the Es- is & devoted father and husband. his wife nor ill treat his children. Moreover, he is a hard worker, putting in from 10 to 12 hours & day at hunting or fishing. Eskimos Not Worried By Jobless Problem ‘There is no unemployment among the Eskimos, and rather than they are increasing and are a much Dio tha the Ordiary’ persol mua e ry_parson states Dr. Urquhart, who has Te- turned to Canada after an extended trip in the Far North. Many of them Zns‘rood English and certalnly know e value of money, a large percentage of them in the Aklavik area worth on an average of about $8,000. ‘The Eskimo doesn’t know what a nightj club is, but he enjoys marathon and it is nothing for a to from 10 to 12 hours w] ther« mometer outside would register 85 de- greés below gero. s, ! it