Evening Star Newspaper, November 30, 1930, Page 48

4 GAG ON LITERATURE IN RUSSIA IS FIRM Soviet Regime Demands Propaganda in All Writing Efforts, Thereby Killing Omgmahty. (Continued from Third Page.) , workmen from the adventurers of falling skyscrapers,” or odes to the revo- lution filled with obscene blasphemy and bloodthirsty propaganda. And in un- heated Bohemian flats numberless pro- grams of “literary schools.” sects and nlanlmn frenziedly debated night after ince the very first days of its exist- ence the Soviet government procialmed {tself the patron of all arts. Although bankrupt it readily financed (with worthless paper rubles) all schools” which accepted the revolution. It was in this chaos that Soviet litera- was born. Many of the. beginnes of those days are the leading Soviet writers whom one now may meet in the Art Club. Authors Are Hard Lot. These precedents largely predeter- mined the prevailing type .of Soviet writers. They are a hard-boiled lot. Not all of them are Communists, but mull{ all profess to be sympa- of the Soviet regime. Few of them graduated from universities, but life has treated them to a thorough revolutionary education. Indeed, some of them have had biographies which for adventurism—both tragical and comical —s any adventure novel. Thus, before having taken up the pen V. Ivanov, one of the best Soviet short- story writers, had been a sailor, a tramp, a circus clown, a fakir swallow- ing swords, a Red partisan fighting in Siberia the “Whites” of Admiral Kol- chak, and what not. In the rise of these men to literature there was something of the rise of bar- hflm over the ruins of an old civiliza- Indeed, like a barbarian, the| Sovht writer (I am speaking of the ical Soviet writer) is aggressive, op- “Iiterary | ¢ are obsessed by the desire to work out a “revolutionary art.” In artistic clubs of Moscow endless debates have been ragin| ’ over the ques- tion, “What landscape, feminine beauty, musical rhythm or verse are prolef n and revolutionary and what reaction- ary?” In the quest of “revolutionary forms” Soviet Bohemians literally have not left a stone unturned. V. Meyer- hold, the famous theatrical producer, “revolutionizes” the texts of ci cals plays and makes his actors work during the performance as physical laborers. Some of the artists draw only machine- like compositions (industrialization!). “Proletarian poets” express the spirit of collectivism by using in their poems ‘we” instead of the individualistic “I. And so forth—absurdities to which So- viet artists go in this direction cannot be enumerated. A considerable number of Soviet prose writers also have succumbed to it. In an attempt to find a “dynamic, revolu- tionary style,” they distort the Russian grammar and language, invent hideous neologisms, resort to all - imaginable mannerisms. Of course, all this as & rule hopelessly spolls their narrative. State Controls All Publications. Yet this is not the only cause of the artistic weakness of Soviet literature. Like industry, literature is a state- controlled activity in Russia. This con- trol is exercised not so much by the Soviet government in the technical sense of the word as by the real ruler of the country—by the Communist party. 2 At its yearly congresses in Moscow the Communist party always reviews, among other things, the “situation on the literary front” (this being an offi- cial term), and adopts resolutions or- dering literature to follow now ‘“such- and-such line” and now another line. Russian publishing houses, m! nes and papers are nationalized and their responsible editors all are Communists. The resolution of the latest party con- and cocksure of himself, of his youthful power and talent. - Raised in |, Soviet Russia’s isolation from the rest | of the world, he looks at the ‘“rotten, bourgeois” culture of Europe (and America) with a high-handed smile of patronizing conte: mptr—un attitude which permu is enhanced in him by the feel- | ing that, in the “bourgeois” sense of the mrfl. he is essentially uncultured. The | only thing which hemo:hr:n (but “JE necessarily) admires capitalis countries is the machine age. ' Few of Old School Left. Thus Viadimir Mayakovsky, the most gress is law to them; they accept or eject manuscripts in strict accordance wlth its stipulations. Thus literature is he'a tight in the grip of this “selective machinery.” In 0 far as pure politics go, the Com- munist control is bearable. Doubtless a writer cannot declare himself an enemy | of the Soviets; that merely would hnd him in the hands of the O. G. P. (the political police). But if he tym- pathizes with the Soviet regime in prin- ciple he even is permitted to utlflm its minor defects, such as the bribery, dis- honesty and bureaucratism of Soviet officials. Communists control not only his | the writer's political views, but also his that is o say, of the happy age when Russia would out-Chicago America in when American mil- Her husband, also & famous poet, was h un for “counter revolution.” 1is she the nl, one. Count Leo Tolstoy's dis- fimself an excellent Russia In llm b\u es to the is. title, wu n- are comparatively few; like the furniture in the Art Club, they stress the fact that it is the new man who ms in Russia’s letters as ho reigns in Russia’s life in general. Output Is Enormous. Russia’s present literary output is enormous. According to Soviet statis- tics—and this is one of the few cases | when these statistics seem to be almost | accurate—more books are published yaru in it than in any other country ‘world. In former years Boviet novels dealt mostly with civil war, and the amount of blood, erueity and horror contained in them was abnormally grea t.almost sadistic. Newer novels usually are de- voted to the present period of peaceful reconstruction. In the sense of “ethno- information,” Soviet fiction is ly interestin In spite of the ment's constant attempt to transform literature into a weapon da, Boviet writers do suc- drawing faithful pictures of sent life, with its strange uu. Such new writers as . Ivanov, P. Gladkov, Mrs. Russia’s abnormal! reality. Some of the American “stu- dents” of Russia would doubtiess learn & great deal if instead of the per- functory formality of a six weeks’ visit to Moscow they read the works of these -ufihm ‘The SBoviet government endlessly ad- wnbu its cultural achievements, but the new writers picture the proletarian | culture of the oo\mt.ry as hopeless un- | culturedness. One has the impression '.hl-t Russia has been thrown back liter- to the Stone Age. No matter what these writers describe—be it peas- | -nu workmen or Soviet officials—ex- | treme brutality of manners, drunken | rows, cruelty and physical and moral filth remain the prevailing elements of | thelr works. The new relations between the sexes, | in which bolsheviks pride themselves to h.va achieved especially much (the liberation of the woman,” the protec- | phe of children, etc.), arise from Suvhn nmu in perticularly dark colors, It is| like a cattle yard. { Is this an accurate picture of the new l.unlv Apparently, yes. This is guar- | anteed by the Soviet government itself. | 1t often states that it “would not permit | writers to caricaturize and calumniate the Boviet reality.” | If, however, Soviet fiction is ethno- | lly rich, artistically it is very| | Literature Remains Poor. | In the first period of the revolution, | when chiefly verses were written (for prose there was neither paper nor time), I tc' outstanding poets came to_the llmdhht It was then that Serge Yes- felum by birth, a very gifted mm an highly scandalous husband of Isadora Duncan, wrote his best poems on revolution, in which he saw a tre- t revolt, a medieval mendous u:quzru Mayakovsky (the advocate ism”) rose to his fame also in these years. The revolutionary poems whlch lhll fellow with the figure of a rize fighter and with roaring basso shouted from platforms were | philosophic, historical, . | into social and any other views. And this censorship of ideas is very oppressive because it amounts to a systematic and relentless 1 of the writer's mind and wnrk Procrustean bed ot the “Lel ist doctrine.” Intellectual Class lmai. ‘The writer'’s hands are tied, no mat- ter what subject, what problem he tackles. He writes a novel in which in- tellectuals (or noblemen) of the THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGLOUN, 1.~ Uy AUV EMBRER 5V, lyou—Fand L wO, Where Is America Going? William Green, Head of Labor Federation, Gives His Views on Unemployment Question. BY J. P. GLASS. RGANIZED labor, estimating the future, has adopted an attitude of intelligent determination toward the problems of industry and empioyment. To this it adds an accompaniment of good will and understanding which will persist as long as those with whom it deals respond in & spirit of co-operation. Co-operation it defines as the natural relation- nh'llghof human beings. ese are interpretations to be deduced from an interview with Willlam Green, president of the American Federation of Labor, which the writer has just had. ‘The interview br:'\flht out that in every rupect organized labor is ntaining & policy with the times. Holding fast to gains of the t. it has added, and is adding, to its m‘ocnm wm. ever the necessity of events has Foremost in its consideration now, o( course, is the problem of unemployment, for which it suggests definite remedial action. Fundamental in its attitude is its intent to un- derstand, and interpret correctly, the trends of modern industrial development. Today, for in- stance, taking account of the curtailment of the time of employment, or its complete interruption, it conceives of wages in terms of yearly income, where yesterday it spoke of daily, or weekly, or monthly wage. Unemployment Greatest Problem. JIn its briefest possible Iorm the interview with Mr. Green follows: Q. What problems now confront organized labor? A. Its most important task now is to seek, se- cure and apply a remedy for unemployment. It has other problems, but they are overshadowed by this one. Q. Does organized labor have a program which it bellevn will eliminate unemployment? A. We have a tentative program which may not be a complete cure, but which certainly would erase most of the effects of unemployment, and that is, of course, the basic aim. Pirst of all, unemployment should not be re- garded as a necessary evil or an act of Provi- dence. It can be systematized and regulated. At the convention of the American Federation of Labor in Boston we pointed out the following: That stabilization by private industry which will render working people certain of a steady annual income is feasible through the setting up of machinery by which production can be regu- lated and employment balanced with market re- quirements. That in the seasonal industries joint unem- ployment funds should be created seientifically, and arranged to guarantee income to workers during the periods when conditions may deny them employment. That there should be better planning in the expenditure of Government funds for building WILLIAM GREEN, President_American Federation of Labor. agencies for keeping a close watch on economic trends, the state of business, etc. ‘Work Must be Regulated. ‘That working hours and the number of week days must be regulated so as to provide steady employment for all, and in periods of reduced production a division of labor between all the workers, so that large numbers of them will not be_cast adrift, thus crippling consumption. We belleve that in our present lhtc of ad- vanced development all these things can be done. However, unemployment must be solved through joint action with employers. It cannot come through either group alone. o From labor’s viewpoint the most hopeful aspect is the fact that so many of those who active co-operative interest on the part of govern- mental agencies, either, than in the present period of dislocation. Q. Would regulation of population through restriction of immigration be beneficial? (A. Probably some power should be conferred upon the Government to suspend immigration when unemployment is threatened. It is a mat- ter that requires scientific study. Some maintain that the immigrant adds to the general power to consume. But for a long time after he arrives the immigrant does not become & real consumer. He may begin with a period of unemployment; and if he is ‘employed he is apt to limit his expenditures to the oparest necessities, or send a goodly share of his income out of the country. Achieved Many Primary Aims. Q. How far has urnnl-‘ labor advanced be- yond its original purposes? A It h:llu:o', gone b&y\‘md ldl‘mmmm : puposs, W was to safeguard the rights of kers and to gain them the largest possible meuure of op;mrtunlty It has, however, ed many of its primary aims. It has, for instance, convinced economists and many industrialists of the soundness of its for high wages, the eight-hour day and the five- day week. a What is the meaning which labor gives to such modern developments as le wel- fare work in industry; the turning back to the people of a share of the profits of industry in great institutional philanthropies and education- al endowments, and such other things as workers’ insurance, workers’ pensions, workers' partici~ pation in ownership, etc. ete.? A First, it should be said that it was organi- zed labor’s battle for better conditions of employ- ment which inspired many of these things. But, whether conceived altruistically or. as many business leaders have admitted frankly, from the viewpoint of “good business,” they have tended toward producing a better understanding betveen labor and management. Furthermore, indust through its activities in this regard, has defi committed itself to the principle that the interests of the worker must be safeguarded. It cannot very well forsake this principle from Mm‘ on. Indeed it wlknul‘ 80 on to wider ‘wider applications of Q. What is the underl which the present policy predicated? X X A. On the that the normal relationship of human beings ‘co-operation. Common sense tells us that the best results are obtained by co-operation. Omn!fldhborh‘lhkenlnlml«udlo(w understanding toward the necessities of modern industrial management. It has sought, and is seeking, to relate itself logically, and therefore Justly, to the new conditions of production. It ‘would do this in a still larger way if those regime alongside of workmen, Woe to if he makes his intellec- tuals a tiny bit more attractive than hh en! This is “obvious tion of the past and hidden cmmter- revolution”; the novel is rejected and the author looked at askance. A :33 ufn excellent lyrical m; of a magazine to whicl heukol shrugs his shoulders “cumot be printed. We have no space for psychological subleties, comrade. don’t you write something socially use Look at the herolc struggle of the Chinese proletariat; what a subject for & t!” (Such cases are told of by A. Veressayev, a Soviet writer.) Condemned, lkewise, are all love novels which are free of motives of “class struggle”; indeed, I do not know if a single love novel, in the precise mean| of the word, has been pub- lished these 13 years in Moscow. communist gospel, to write lbollt it - mully d this is “cul- tural countel—revo!utlon " (The de- scription of sexual anarchy is a dif- ferent matter; although communists in theory do not ve of lust, they wel- come this anarchy as “the passing to the new order of things.”) Originality Is Condemned. Finally—and this is most essential— the Communist control eradicates from the writer all originality of thought. For to be original means to deviate from the holy dogma of communism. All new attitudes toward life, all new per- ! ceptions of the world are dubbed heresy. It is with extreme indignation that E. Blum, a Communist critic, accuses writer of “having laid aside the Marxist t be dubbed a “spiritual emigre.” mnlu" and of “trying to think for 1f.” And what an uproar started against A. Voronsky, a Communist thinker, when he dared to say that “im- mediate impressions (and not the Bol- shevist reason) are the real bases of art!” TLet it be noted that lite criticism in Russia is, &s some put it, “the literary O. G. P. U.”: its main function is to snift And denolmev “de- viations from Marxist 1 It is this slavery to wmmun ism that blights Soviet literature. With but rare exceptions Soviet novels remind one of spiritual ns; they are drab and | lifeless; there is no }oy in them, no fresh alr, Afraid to think, lfrlidlobe human instead of being ‘“class con- scious,” even & talented writer becomes impersonal—and therefore impotent. It is typical that in these 13 years no Soviet novel has been really successful abroad, although quite a te' have been translated. Foreign readers instinctively sh;‘xjnk from these products of “convict v And things go from bad to worse. In times of the “new economic policy” | Communists were comparatively liberal. Communist conlren of 1926 preached “tolerance” on both the eco- | nomic and on literary “fronts.” It was then that Soviet prose lived through its “Spring.” But during these last two years of Stalin's “communist offensive” state control over literature has been | tightening further and further. “Literature must serve the indus-' trialization of the country”—such is the new siogan. Writers are compelled to write so-called “production novels,” which are the latest invention of Mos- cow. The subject of such works is the bul]dlnl of some factory or the or | 1zation of a “collective farm,” the | of individual heroes playing only & uc- ondary role. ‘The writer must show in such works the “socialistic enthusiasm” of the masses, For irstance, immense difficulties, lack of materials, dishonesty of some officials, etc, rendered '.he building of the factory almost im) ble; and yet, thanks to the “prouhrhn heroism” of such-and-such workmen, the factory was built. Writers do write mducunn novels”; they are accepted in preference to all other works and they pay well; but what lifeless trash | these official writings usually ere! Military Influence Exerted. Moreover, literature is being militar- ized. Various institutions form "brl- gades of writers” and send them various “sectors of the mmu and construction—Federal, State and 50 that it will assist in maintaining an economic equilibrium. That there should be a proper extension of municipal— seeking, employment. have charge of the management of industry are like organized labor, lightened viewpoint to bear upon the problems of ‘We have never witnessed a more to bring an cn- hostile to it would permit it. As it is, it continues to pursue determinedly a course which it believes :1"111 make for the prosperity and contentment of (Copyright. 1930.) lished, it may be “recommended” by | the party to llbrarlel and the nuthar will earn zood royalties (good from the vie: int of Russian standards); for “socially indifferent” work may fail. Hence there are writers who have fully transformed themselves into the bureau- crats of communism and who are per- fectly py. But there are other writers, too. Some of the talented “barbarians” have learned a great deal in these years. They seldom complain—it is no fun to ‘They even may feign brutish cocksureness | and optimistic pro-Sovietism. But they fully realize what hopeless absurd- ity “proletarian landscapes, tion novels” and, lenerflly. all this com- pulsory Lenimism are. And they suffer. Many Writers Quit. Some give up writing entirely. Such is the case Anna Akhmatova, for instance; nne & single poem by her has appeared in these years. Some others, | like Alexey Tolstoy, pass from subjects of current life to biographies, historical or fantastic novels; in such works the “proletarian line” is enforced less se- verely. But few can do it. Commu- nists accept such works un ly. ‘Withal, the atmosphere in the literary | Moscow is oppressive, heavy. A few months ago A. Kamensky, a noted pla: wright and fiction writer, fled from Rus- | sia. Arri in Paris, he wrote (in the French and Russian papers of that city) that while crossing the frontier he felt as though he were jumping over a prison wall. Terrorized by the fear of “deviating from the proletarian line,” he came to such a nervous condition that he “could not do creative writing at all” “There were days,” he says, “when I literally cried.” Suffocating in this atmosphere, some writers lose their practice—and trage- dies follow. Typical is the case of Boris Plinyak, perhaps the most original and mumzmg of the young novelists of Moscow. Last r he wrote a novel, “The Red Tree,” in which there occur paragraphs containing & bitter (al- the blished ln Berlin. To arrest him for his “crime” would have been an awk- ward move; he was too famous. Hence a subtler punishment was meted out to him. On the novel's publication a real storm broke out (on the order of the OCommunist party, of course) in the Soviet press; for months every paper in the country hounded him as a “scoun- drel,” “traitor” and “capitalistic ally.” Apparently he understood what a fatal thing he had done; he apologized; he volunuered to go to an “industrial front,” but it was too late. A year has passed, but every critic and writer still shrinks from Pilnyak as from a leper; although 1iving in Russia, he i literall ostracized. 1In that atmosphere of | hatred how can a writer work? This | talented man's literary career appar- ently is finished. Indeed. Communists know how to quell “rebellions.” Suicide Provides Escape. Sometimes tragedies far more seri- ous than this take place. Two years ag0 smn papers were alarmed by vio- in Bohemian quarters and W a:m-uu which became quite fre- quen! A day came when they found Serge Yessenin, the * it poet,” hanging in his room on his l\upenden, with empty vodka bottles lying around. They were unable to uncipher a slip on which he had written something in his blood. But his friend, A. Marienhof, told the story of his death. Not long before his suicide Yessenin was on a trip to Europe and America. He left Russia as an ardent pro-Soviet- ist. But after having breathed the (ree air of the West, after having gras) the spirit of real culture, ht uved through a heavy disillusionment; he be- came aware of the miserable obscuran- tism reigning in Russia and, to a cer- tain extent, in his own “revolutiona work. He tried to drown his despair wine, in drunken scandals (already, in the night clubs of Berlin, he had cre- ated a sensation bottles on his neighbors’ heads). . . . But that did not work. And so he tied his sus- penders to a peg in his room. Soon afterward A. Sobol, & talented writer, took his life. A few young %fl followed his example. the greatest shock came only a few months ago. Who, it seemed, was more at home in the Soviet surround- ings that the merry, aggressive troglo- | tion, dyte, Viadimir Mayakovsky? Yet re- turning once with a nun( actress from an all-night orgy, he, teo, shot himself through the hnrt, . . . Soviet spokes- men explained it by an “unfortunate love affair.” But many doubt this ex- g}‘-.n-wm It is known but too well hu for mmen, (clt that the qu.Mv olhu'n was Indeed, all is so in the TiRng e ey A% ,” “produc- | IN LATIN PUNISHING THE GUILTY. l \WO South American ex-Presi: dents are awaiting in prison the outcome of heated trials for shady governmental finances | during their terms of office. They are charged with having profited | | privately with national funds and hav-| ing let their political friends do like- | wise while they were in control of the administration. Former ministers of state and other high government officials in four Latin- | American countries are facing similar | charges and either hiding or fleeing be- | yond the border while these are inves- tigated. The newspapers of Argentina, Brazil, | ‘Bollvln and Peru are full of these re- | ports of legal proceedings, ordered by the newly established authorities against the heads of the overthrown regimes in | these four Southern republics. This is one of the outstanding char- acteristics of the present political move- ment in South America which makes it s0 different from the classic, traditional Latin upheavals that for a whole cen- tury had been filling the history of the neighboring republics. Heretofore & s0- called popular revolt in & Latin Ameri- can country amounted to but the substi- tution of a certain group of men for| another, with no signs of improvement | on administrative methods or the aban- donment of immoral practices in the| exercise of power. In general the faults| and misdeeds of the deposed authorities, | whose lack of scruples in financial mat- ters had almost invariably started the| revolutions, were looked upon with in- difference after these revolts had suc- ceeded. The, guilty ones usually walked | ; out elegantly to enjoy in some distant ' country the fortunes piled up under| cover of government positions, their | successors being more concerned with the thought of getting rid of them than with their punishment. Now, however, a keen sense of re-| sponsibility seems to have awakened | on the other side of the Rio Grande. Former President Leguia of Peru, who during the 11 years of his iron-handed regime had dictatorially controlled the finances of the country, is held prisoner in Lima by the military authorities now in charge of the situation and being tried for embezzlement of public funds. He is accused of having accumulated a large private fortune through the grant- ing of privileges and concessions for | the exploitation of Peru's natural re- sources. He is also blamed for having | been too liberal in the distribution of | public funds to his political friends and | supporters and for having misused a! considerable part of the national in-| come for exclusively partisan purposes. ‘The trial has made necessary an in- quiry into Leguia's personal wealth, the| origin of all his present properties and | bank accounts being now under inves- tigation of the new government, as well as those of his sons and of .his closest | comrades in the old administration. | Some of these have been found in pos- | session of considerable fortunes, one of | the former dictator's sons having an| account of nearly & million dollars with| a New York firm. In a similar position is Senor Irigo-| yen, the recently deposed President of | Argentina, who is a prisoner of the Uriburu government, and will remain one until certain charges of a financial nature are cleared up before the Argen- tine courts. The recourse of “habeas corpus” invoked by Irigoyen's lawyers ust been denied by the new au- arges and eccentric chieftain is given his free- dom. In the meantime the Buenos Alres government is also getting evi- dence to convict some of the men who in the Irigoyen adminis- tration and are suspected of having profited under it. With this en’ in vlcw. the Arnnune '.lon ln Monu- gumn uonrnmmt the -Muon of , minister of foreign - Irigoyen administra- territory at the m nvut in Buenos Aires. A million-dollar fortune or more amassed by Senor Oyhanarte during is long tenure of office has logically aroused the sus- picion of his compatriots. ‘The tribunals public sanction funetioning in Lima, Buenos Aires and Rio_constitute a splendid innovation in politics. If materially By GASTON NERVAL. | ment of Peru and that of Uruguay. | in international law. By the way, | ceeds in a Latin country. | an_established practice. | protection happened to be the Uru-| in Uruguayan of the military | Haiti. AMERICA honorable and more democratic systems | of weath acquiring among Latin Amer- ican politicians. A FRIENDLY CONFLICT. ‘Through the good offices of the Bra- zilian Government, Peru and Urugus; have just resumed their diplomatic rez\ in lations after a three-month rupture fol- lowing the recent change of administra- tion in Peru. Thus comes to an end| the most original diplomatic incident in’ present-day Latin American relations. Although the good will and sympa- thies of the Peruvian and Uruguayan people toward each other had not di- minished in the least, certain techni- calities of an official nature three | months ago made necessary a sever- ance of official diplomatic relations be-| tween the newly established govern- | When the army rebellion succeeded in | overthrowing t.he dlcmoml regime of | 8 President Leguia in Peru the members | of Leguia's cgbinet and his principal | political followers sought asylum in the foreign legations accredited in Lima, where they could enjoy the protection recognized by the accepted principles| occurs whenever a popular revolt suc- It is almost Another old Spanish custom, you may say. ‘This time, however, among the refugees happened to be Senor Salazar, one of the old dictator’s political lieu- tenants, and the Peruvian revoluuonn.ry Jjunta had very strong reasons earnest desire to get hold of him. The place that Senor Salazar chose to seek | guayan Legation. Add to this the fact | that the Uruguayan Minister in Lima, | Senor Fosalba, had been a very close| pjg friend of President Leguia; that his son had been favored with an appointment in the Peruvian administration by the old regime, and that he had reported to his government in unfavorable terms about the revolution before this had succeeded, and will understand readil why the new Peruvian authori- ties insisted in ha Minister Fosalba surrender_his UCI ref! ee and why | Minister Fosal ing so. ‘The bhomnm o( both parties finally resuited in a severance of diplo- matic relations between the govern- ments of Uruguay and Peru, as long as the latter had broken the Montevideo treaty, which provides for the invio- lability of diplomatic asylum, and the former’s representative in Lima had ceased to be “persona grata” to the government of Peru. ‘The severance of diplomatic relations had the most original characteristics, however, for the peoples of both coun- tries, themselves having not had the slightest part in the misunderstanding, were especially interested in making clear their good-will sentiments and their friendship toward each other. ‘The Peruvian Minister in Uruguay was given a maxnmcenl farewell by the Uruguayan people, and he left Monte- video among enthusiastic shouts of “Viva el Peru'” ‘The Uruguayan diplo- mat in Peru did not get, of course, such a generous farewell, for his personal re- lations with the new authorities did not |allow it, but the people of Lima were also particular in making clear that they still had the best of sentiments toward their Uruguayan brothers. ‘The severance of diplomatic nln'.lmu | between Uruguay and Peru was, then, only an occasion to a strong |smal friendship of long stan between two peoples which placed sentd- ments above trivial and dif- ferences of diplomatic . Such an attitude could only result in an early hat only one among the many de- lmd candidates questions the ]‘m&y of this month's elections. This is cer- tainly an improvement over the days of old, when it was hard to find nlmgle one satisfled with the decision at the polls. Pml reports from Haiti also concur in recognizing that the island npublle has seldom seen a fairer voting contest' than the one which recently down there. In this case, again, candidates of the tion forces emerged victorious. His victory, like that of Moncada in Nicaragua two years ago, and that of Senor Olaya Herrera wcgunhhhonfi .X lea‘mmtm u:( K very highly for ogTess Latin America along the rouf{o democ- racy, for the triumph of opposition can- | didates was until rccenfly something entirely ynknown to the Soutbern con- tinent. Another evidence of this democratic progress is given by the unusual way in which the defeated presidential clndl- date in Haiti acknowledged his owa- nent’s victory. Instead of blaming it upon crooked electoral methods and swear] bloody revenge, Mt Pradel, defeated at the polls, sent his congratu- lations to the triumphant candidate in strictly American fashion, and pledged his (nend!y help to the new regime. This attitude in a region where until yesterday a defeated candidate was a candidate for exile or a revolutionist in embryo is certainly an assurance that the Latin Americans are getting nearer the pul of democracy. At least Mr. has just made a fine touchdown! (Copyright, 1930.) 25 Chinese Dentists Facing Huge Task In the whole of China there are only 25 college-trained dentists, and of these | Shanghai has 10, although three of this Jatter number are women and not practicing. Such is the statement of Dr. Benjamin K. Wong, who received dqrn at the University of Illinols and who in his capacity of dental offi- cer of the municipal government of the greater Shanghai area llflnlul Child Welfare Association. In Elnic'n for the inau- y service of dental hygiene Dr. Wong pointed out that as a result of his examination of 5,664 chil- |dren in 2¢ primary schools he found only 3 per cent of the children have normal teeth. The record throughout the rest of | P! the country is considered about the same, for native dentists are untrained in methods of the West and are gen- erally governed purely by superstitious pr;‘huc‘ ign for oral hygis is in e campal or lene keeping with other health cunpflm which have been launched, fact that some success has been l‘:hl!vd is best illustrated by a campaign against cholera carried on by the authorities of the French concession in Shanghal. i Minor Tokio Actors Are Facing Starvation Hard times in the theatrical world have reacted upon the minor actors of Tokio’s playhouses to such an extent that many of them face actual starva- tion, according to the vernacular news- papers there. There are some 750 actors of this class who appear in the lesser role; and whose names never appear in print or become known to the theater- going publ! Thelr wuu vary between 20 yen and Ym a month, with an occasional 1 monetary present from a star with whom they are working, and under m almost feudal system which obtains in the Japanese thumm world they have virtually no chance of ever rising to fame behind the footlights. Most of and friendly resumption of official rela- | these tions between the chanceries of Monte- video and Lima. And this is just what the diplomatic r¢ tatives of both governments completec last week in Rio, the Brazilian capital, under the good |ye auspices of the Brazilian minister of foreign affairs. ON THE ROAD TO DEMOCRACY. At almost the same time two Central American countries held nnuru alec- tions only o few days ago. both countries unanimously its |.hn &hmhnvebeenmmmd(dr—t elections ever held in Nicaragus and presi far more llnplfl.\ll than they used to be traditionally; so impartial, in fact, that the opposition party achieved an overwhelming majority at the rolls, some! very unusual in Central America. . politics. This time, again, Nicaragua has had a falr contest, American ml’:flfl-‘- dl y. Their work often they 'nll be yet, custom £ ufllmwdhzrcomm ety Irish Radio Station To Dominate Ether to turn to man- employment. to be in operation in a year's time. xt.l power will be much greater than hll’h Wel‘ British stations and 'III rival those of Europe’s Jom. It will b! not l- than kilo- M. and many reach 100 kilowatts, which will make it easi] America. The station centrally in Irelan and the took place | the IRELAND ON FIRMER GROUND THAN EVER Has Passed Through Period of De- pression Without Serious Results. - Finances in Good Shape. (Continued From First Page.) at & cost of £6,000,000 and the demand for electricity has increased so rapidly that an extension of the scheme will arise for consideration much earlier than was originally anticipated. High Quality Expert Demanded. o ‘The agricultural pollcy of the Irish Free State has been directed mainly to- ward insuring that Irish produce ex- ported will be uniformly of the h quality. To this been enforced regarding the grading lnd packing of eggs and butter and a imilar system of inspection and regu- lluon i3 now being organized in the meat trade. Steps have been taken to improve live stock by the elimination of unsuitable strains and their replace- ment by approved ls. An agricul- tural credit corporation has been set uj to enable farmers to stock their lan up to capacity, to construct better buildings and to purchase up-to-date agricultural machinery and requisites. ‘The soundness of the financial posi- tion of the Irish Free State will be evi- dent from the fact that the national loan is quoted in the markets at from 3 to 5 points above the price of issue, and that the total p\lbllc debt at the end of the last financial year repre- sented approximately one year's rev- enue. Against this debt there are tan- gible assets in the nature of recoverable advances, etc, which amount to more than 50 per cent of the total. Borrow- ings have been used only for construc- tive work and for the restoration of war damage. Current expenditure has always been met in full out of revenue. ‘The foreign investments of the Irish Free State are estimated at a capital value of approximately £200,000,000, which represents an annual from abroad of more than 10,000,000 sterling. Trade Shows Great Advance. the last year the trade of the as against £44,800,000. ble to segregate these fig- reference to countries of origin or final destination, as the offi- clal returns are compiled on the basis of countries of assignment, but while the main bulk of trade is with Orent Britain and Northern Ireland, there is evidence of an increase of ex- ports to the United States, Germany, France, Italy and other European coun- has been one of wide- mally difficult, and we have reason to be thankful that in spite of the eonse quent decrease in the purchasing of our customers, we have been able w maintain and, indeed, improve our position. ‘The international status of the Irish Free State was established by the treaty | of 1921. It then became a member of the British Commonwealth, was defined | most part they have by the same status as Canada and the | other self-governing dominions. The relationship between the various mem- ber states of the British Commonwealth was defined by the imperial conference nt 1926. They are autonomous commu- nities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate ofe to another in any aspect of their domestic | or external affairs, '.huu": united M a | common allegiance to freely associated as members commonwealth. In the earlier part of this article I (Continued from Third Page.) co\ln‘tnrny I think it is the m.l\lm opinion among responsible men Leguia, wmle always despotic, was per- sonally honest, but in his old days he became surrounded by some very dis- revolution was inevitable, and the man now holding provisional rule merits the support and help of all business men.” Refuses Money Reward. As a striking example to the country of his disinterested intentions, Sanchez Cerro announced at once that he would | accept no extra pay as head of the pro- visional government, but would con- tinue to iw only the pay of his rank in the army, which is comparatively little. Also the other members of the ta were to receive only their regu- ficials. en! politicians b:nn tendering banquets and dinners to the new President and his ministers. It was promptly made known that in a time when the gov- ernment was conducting soup kitchens and bread lines for the Foor and unem- ployed, no official should be the recip- ient of expensive banquets; and, besides, these special attentions could hardly be_wholly unselfish. But, despite the honesty, sincerity and good intentions of the brave litfle col- onel, he faces a tremendous task, the gravest difficulties and perils. Depression Hits Nation. Peru has suffered not because of its but be- It exports such Em ucts as copper, sugar and cotton— those things that have . received the hardest jolts in these times. Her pub- lic debt is already enormous, yet she sorely needs credit from abroad. 14{:1: instituted mu- vubm: worl highways, st ip docks and irriga- tion pmjectl—nnne of whl:h had been carried conclusion, and some of which vlere the objects of unprecedented gn.tt. 'l"lu economic task is herculean. also is the confusion of the nuhlk: '«hlt follows any revolution, but doubly serious is case of Peru, where three-fourths of the population are {lliterate and two-thirds of them are full-blooded Indians or half breeds having next to no knowledge of public ! affairs. Adding to the confusion are |the activitles 0! politicians who had been stlenced—many of them forced to live outside the country—for & deude and who now wish to profit by the new order. Sa0| o peciallyihiose who.had Tes the 0se who el hand of the former dicuwr—come of them unusually big men, too—are de- manding an eye for an eye and a tomh for a tooth. To satisfy them 1‘ prejudice the public op lon of world. Not to accede to their dmnna is to risk losing their support. Aristocrats Show Aversion. Also the old aristocratic families, who feel it their divine right to rule and who received scant recognition from unu:, now see & chance to recoup their lost power and prestige. 'nuy are already -cuvn. Having the financial advan- tage, their bid for rule will not be easily Sanchez Cerro is not of the elite lochlly and traditionally. Little Spanish blood flows in his veins. He is a Cholo, a mestizo. In fact, he is m.“dhn'gun Cholo. He log‘nml: n is " say some white Im)‘~ e ll 's rule, have endeavored to outline nry the economic_results of ment of the Irish hn !Mle I shall now endeavor to show the and international developments which have arisen. It is common knowledge that the treaty did not meet with un approval in Ireland, that & number were dissatisfied with its pro- visions and that resort was had to armed resistance to prevent the will of the majority from being enforced. lest | Tevolt was promptly suppressed, but the political division remained acute. entered Parliament, cipal nlrlllmmurv {:u ks red to adm| t it it 1t ope: citizens of the Irish Free Sm have their Parliament a free and unfe machine for directing This realimtion no doubt has been as- sisted by the progressive clarification dominion status resulting from the re- ports of the imperial conference of 1926 and from the recent conference on do- minion legislation, which laid the lines upon which existing anomalies should be removed and the autonomous and co-equal status of the state-mem- bers of the British Commonwealth placed upon a footing which will com- pel universal judicial recognition. Party Opinion Grews Economically. ‘The admission of the Irish h.. State to membership in the Nations; M ay the differences of party -Plnlon are developing %t:en and more ever direction may grme best suited to Irish conditions. portance of maintaining with their c\lltomerl. home and L mnlu- will Innu flxn rticularl; 11 mn'm pa rly as far as con- . ‘The aftermath of the Great is lt.lllmwlbv.'h' umlnd 1t 'Il.l some time ore the m destruction is restored and settled con- ditions are established. back * upon conditions as they were in Ireland in 1922, and comparing them with those think that Sanchez Cerro Beset by Complicated Problem in His Peruvian Presidency 'S halt country’ wm:‘fl‘n(dumln It will be The Story the Week Has Told (Continued from Third Page. flate. But of course there are two sides to the question. ‘The Nobel Peace Prize for 1929 has been awarded to Prank B. Kellogg, for- merly Secretary of State of the United States, now a justice of the Permanent Court for International Justice at The Hague, and co-architect of the Kellogg- Briand pact. William N. Doak of Virginia, legisia- tive agent of the Brotherhood of Rail+ way Trainmen, has been named by the President Secretary of Labor, to succeed James J. Davis, who leaves the cabinet tomorrow to become United States Sen- ator from Pennsylvania. The appoint- ment is -fl to be very Mm n be- Doak assisted in Parker railroad labor act. * ok ok X NOTES.—On November 28 the Tar. dieu government won w ously narrow margin of motion uo( oonifldenee A miasmatic porhmenury a has been created by the Oustric o ere has n another shake the Spanish cabinet, so as to x:n“k: more conservative—that is, I S0 as to increase its power of over the coming Antique Royalty. Prom the Terre Haute Star.