Evening Star Newspaper, October 12, 1930, Page 31

-CLAUDE’S POWER VENTURE STILL SHORT OF SUCCESS Principle Demonstrated But Ability to Draw Paying Quantity of Energy From Sea Remains Unproved. BY H. H. SHELDON, Professor of Physics, New York University EORGES CLAUDE finally has succeeded in laying his mile- long pipe at Matanzas, Cuba, and in generating a smali amount of power through util- {zing the difference in temperature be- tween surface water and that at great depths. It is true that the power gen- erated was not large; mevertheless, he demonstrated a principle. It is con- ceivable that through refinement he may get power in commercial propor- ons. To the layman the Claude method Seems to offer a great deal of mystery. It seems a contradiction to experience to generate power by bringing cold water up from the ocean's bottom to operate a turbine. All existing turbines demand heat for their operation. This one appears to operate on cold water, | and the colder the better. For the mo- | ment let us forget this apparen: con- | tradiction and find what it is that| agees the steam engine run. ‘Turbine Improved Water Wheel. | Consider first a water wheel. In its | simplest form it consists merely of a series of paddles. Water falling from a height strikes these paddles and the wheel is rotated by the impact of the | water. After it strikes the paddle it is slowed up as its energy is imparted to the wheel. The water turbine, with its curved blades, or buckets as they a called, is nothing more than an im- proved water wheel. It is designed for maximum efficiency. Now consider the steam turbine. If we were to build & small, light wheel, like a child’s pinwheel, and blow steam at the fins through a small nozzle, the wheel would turn. In order to blow the steam through a nozzle it would be necessary to have the steam at a higher pressure than the surrounding air. This ‘would normally be the case if the steam ‘were generated by boiling the water in & closed vessel and the steam allowed to escape only through the nozzle. Thus with a pinwheel, a simple boiler and a source of heat we can generate power. ‘The very first steam engines of which there is any record were of this type. Low Pressure for Exhaust. If we attempt to improve this englenee we will develop our simple pinwheel into the modern turbine. We will per- haps superheat our steam, and we shall try to speed up the motion of the steam by keeping the exhaust side of the tur- bine at as low a pressure as possible. ‘We will circulate cold water in the con- denser to keep the exhaust temperature low, and thus lower the pressure. It becomes evident then that the e requisites for the operation of a rbine are few. We need a refined md}e wheel with steam or vapor at a h pressure on one side and a low ure on the other side. If one side hot and the other cold. these pres- sures are then accordingly high and low respectively without any further effort en our part. Vapor Easily Generated. If one places a pan of water out in the yard in Summer it is a well known fact that it will soon vanish. The water not boil away, but vaporize. Mole- by molecule it leaves the surface water and escapes into the air. place more evaporation than on a dry Winter day, but it is quite possible that the ition on a dry Winter day may ‘We are now in a position to under- stand the Claude scheme. At the ocean surface al Matanzas Bay the temperature of the water is about 80 degrees Fahrenheit. This would produce & small vapor pressure. If the vapor thus produced could be run h & low-) turbine and into a reser- voir of lower temperature, the turbine should operate. Condenser Creates Vacuum. His problem then is to produce a low-pressure reservoir. This he does by means of a condenser, around which is circulated cold water from the ocean bottom. Just as in ore we high a high temperatury h pres- sure boiler, a turbine and a condenser, 80 in the Claude scheme we have a low-temperature, low-pressure boiler, a turbine and a low-pressure, low-tem- perature condenser. It is only the scale of temperatures and pressures which are reduced. His boiler is fired by the heat from the ocean's ‘surface; his condensers are cooled by water from the ocean's . Let us look at the obstacles to the success of the Claude scheme. The vapor pressure at 80 degrees Fahrenheit is only about one-fourth of the pressure |to the bottom, power: wherever there is a temperature difference. But to generate it commer- cially is another thing. As x:nrlnlm difference as to do so. spent in his run to astronomical ably has spent as much as $2,000,00 of his own money. 50 far obtained enough energy to light ‘This energy has a money value of less only about one-hundredth. To operate between these low pressures requires that the whole equipment be a ht. It must operate in a highly evacuated inclosure. It has been feit that this alone would make the plan impracti- cal, for there are many obstacles to maintaining such a vacuum which are greatly magnified when one attempts to deliver power into the air outside. Power Leaks Slight. It obviously is necessary to operate the electrical generators also in vac- uum and to bring the power out through wires. Again it was predicted that there would be sufficient air dissolved in the water used to spoil the vacuum. In order to maintain the necessary vac- a pump working constantly to insure this condition. This will absorb a | considerable amount of the power itself. Another power drain on the genera- uum it would appear necessary to keep ; THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, OCTOBER 12, 1930—PART TWO. BY COUNT CARLO SFORZA, Former Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs and Ambassador to France. HAT is the real meaning and importance of the victory of Adolf Hitler and his troops at the last German general election? Is it to be taken as a serious setback to the cause of peace? Such are the questions® one hears now everywhere in Europe, these | Balkans of the world. There is no doubt that the duel of hatred has begun again seriously in France and Germany and artificially in Italy. There is no doubt that the whole of Europe is again conjugating the verb “to arm” and that the various European governments are thinking only of meas- ures to prepare for war! The atmos- phere is or seems to be just the same as that which prevailed in the fatal years from 1910 to 1914, when every- body was proclaiming his desire for peace but was already thinking in terms of war. Just as it happened in | those fateful years, so now everybody is putting the blame on his neighbor, tor appears in the necessity of pumping the water from the ocean to the station. With the station at the water's edge this need not be large. It has been erroneously supposed by some that it would be necessary to supply power to pump water from the depth of the ocean since the cold water comes from | the bottom. Cold Water Rises in Tube, This is not so. If the water is pumped from the top of the tubs, which leads the woter will rise in the tube to the ocean level cue to na - ural buoyancy. Thus the pumps need only carry the water from the surface to the station. This is a very small amount. It is estimated that the total power losses used in operating the gen- erator will be about 25 per cent of the power generated. This would leave 75 per cent to be marketed. If the cold water from the ocean's bottom is to be used as the condensing medium, it is important that it be de- livered to the condenser at or near the temperature at which it existed when at the bottom. For this reason it must not be unduly heated either by heat entering from the surrounding water as it passes upward through the plre, nor through friction with the pipe walls. ‘The water must be transported slowly and without too much turbulence to avoid frictional heating. This neces- sitates a large pipe, and this in turn means a more difficult problem in heat insulation from the surrounding water. A careful balancing of conditions must be effected. Pipe Insulated. This led to the large pipe which Claude found so difficult to launch. The pipes are of corrugated iron and are insulated by excelsior wrapped with canvas. This is obviously not a durable form of construction, but it is admit- tedly only an experimental set-up to determine the possibilities of the venture before & permanent in- stallation. Claude estimates that the rise in temperature of the water as it comes to the condensers from the ocean bot- tom will not be more than one degree with the pipe as constructed. At the time of writing it was that Claude had generated iclent power to light forty 500-watt lamps. To many this may mean that the suc- cess of the scheme is assured. But we must not be too hasty in our enthusi- asm over these results. Spends $2,000,000 for 50 Cents. It is theoretically possible to generate be found to exist between the in- ‘There have been various reports the amount of money Claude figures. It is ly_agreed, however, that he In return forty 500-watt lamps for half an hour. thus hiding the reality from his own | gebple with a screen of patriotic and | ypocritically peace-loving phraseology. Stock Taking of Europe. Such being the general psychological situation in Europe, it might be useful to take stock of it and carefully and serenely to examine the pathological spots whence the danger of wrecking | Europe is supposed to come—the va- | rious dictatorships and the rising na- | tionalistic movements. | To begin with Hitler's recent victory | —the Hitler phenomenon is serious but | not surprising! When one thinks of the economic interests at stake in Germany and of the historical traditions which make up the German life, one ought to be surprised not at the victory of the Hitlerians, but at the surprise of the | world at large at this victory. The Hitlerian movement is a second edi- tion of the Italian Fascist movement— by which I do not in the least mean | to say that it is a copy of it—and an talian who closely watched the rise | of Fascism is perhaps more entitled than others to study what is hidden under the slogans of the new party. First of all—until he proves that we are wrong—we may dismiss as not esesntial to the study of the phenome- non its very leader, Herr Hitler. Both during the electoral campaign and after he never said anything which showed that he had ideas of his own beneath | the usual skill of the demagogue in us- | ing his catchwords. It has been impos- sible to elicit any answer from him as to how he thinks he will be able to realize his stupendous program of bread | and freedom for all! Or how he con- | ceives that he will be able to realize his. foreign policy of stopping all pay- | ments of reparations and of rejecting the Young plan!. Or how he is going to be able to regain the Polish corridor which divides Eastern Prussia from the | Test of Germany. To all such questions he continued to give “Where there is & will there is a way.” Truth to tell, the gentlemen of the Ku-Klux Klan were less reticent. Hitler Not German. About Hitler What is interesting and amusing to note is that this man, who in thousands of speeches has contin- ued to dwell upon the necessity for Germany to revert to the cult of old Wothan and to reject the impure Semitic ideas of Christianity, can hard. ly be taken as a specimen of the “se- lected German race,” Count Go- bineau theorized about it. Herr Hitler, this most terrible of German tionalists, is the son of a: contrasts which one can- detect around his program are much more interesting than the man, much more interesting than "the program itself. The so- called ideology of this program is hardly worth any serious attention—it is an awkward muddle of old-fashioned and pretentious theories on the purity of the race, on anti-semitism, and on a sort of mysterious new soclalism which is supposed to be the opposite of what soclalism has been up to now. The real link among the millions of Ger- mans who, on September 14, brought the Fascist members of the Reichstag from 12 to 107, making them the sec- ond party in Germany, is chiefly this— anti-semitism. It is difficult to be united in one love! It is easy to unite even antagonistic groups into one common hatred. The lesser civil servants who remember the Hohenzollern times as an era of pros- perity and who have lost all their sav- ings through the inflation; the retired officers who cannot forget the years when any one wearing the Emperor’s uniform was a superman; even the workmen who have been attracted to through gloomy and unrhetorical Socialist lead- ers—all these groups, different as their father and of a Slav mother. " The hidden faces and the “hidden ideas and memories are, have in com- ADOLF HITLER—THE LEADER OF FASCISM IN GERMANY. ~—Drawn for The Sunday Star by 8. J. Woolf. mon an emotional instinct—their op- position to the Jewish people, ‘The word “Judenrepublik” more harm to the republican idea in Germany than any other slogan or criticism. It is through its fanatical anti-semitism that this party—entirely financed by German big business and still closely linked to Herr Hugenberg, the highest representative of capitalistic interests in Germany—has succeeded in hiding its true nature under a ca- | mouflage of phrases and formulas and was thus enabled to catch many voters from among the ranks of the old Socialist party. To put it in a nutshell, this was the formula which appealed to many work- men whose fathers had faithfully voted for August Bebel first and afterward for Friedrich Ebert: “Freedom for the German people from the grip of inter- national Jewish capitalism,” in order | to establish an international socialism | for the sake of the working classes. ‘To turn to the tactics that have en- abled the fanatical anti-semitic slo- gans to flood half of Germany, they have been what it was natural for them to be in a country with the military traditions of Prussia. The party was built and trained like an army! I members boast of a soldier-like uni- form; in their demonstrations and has done | Europe’s T roublemakers Forces Making for European Instability Cited—Hitler’s Recent Gains in Germany Analyzed. meetings they are preceded by bands and colors! In a word, try to be an imitation of the old Ger- many army. A rapid definition of what Com- munistic forces are at present in Ger- | many may bring us to some conclusions concerning the hidden program of the hidden leaders of the party of which Hitler is only the figurehead. The Communists are the only party except the Hitlerians which increased their strength during the September elections. They had 54 seats in the last Reichstag, and they now have 76! They have become .the third party in Germany! All their gains have been at the ex- pense of the Social Democrats. As & matter of fact, the increased number of voters (85 per cent went to the polls instead of 70 per cent at the preceding election) came from the impoverished middle classes for which the Com- munistic program had no attractive slogans like those Hitler offered to them. What Remains in Germany? The real problems of tomorrow in Germany are not, in my opinion, what Herr Hitler is going to do or to think, granted that he is capable of any thinking! They are not even whether the Communists may become a real danger. The problems worth studying in the present period of crisis and ordeals for Germany have a much more general and human importangce. As I see them they are: What is there left of force and life—moral life which means much more than the effi- clency of an electoral organizgtion—in the Social Democrat party? hat is the degree of political comprehension | among the capitalists who have given their financial support to the Hitlerian troops? And, finally, whether or not we are confronted in Germany with one of those crises of incapacity for political decision which has appeared 8o frequently during her history. ‘The problem whether the Social Democrats still represent a living moral force or whether they are merely a powerful organization is of a wide Ju- man importance—because, were it to be proved that they have lost their moral force we should be obliged to draw the conclusion that such is the penalty a party has to pay when it comes to be- lieve only in materialistic and economic forces and discards those idealistic cur- rents which alone are capable of making history. . The Soclalist party in Italy paid this penalty when it remained deaf to the necessity of individualistic life and went on repeating the Marxian for- mulas like a religious commuray mut- tering its empty prayers. When in the face of the Italian Fascists, who had managed to hide their greed under cover of idealistic slogans—just as Hitler is now trying to do—the strength of a Socialist party might have been useful to the moral equilibrium of the Italian nation, it was found that there was little to back it. The Socialist party, however much it could boast of to destroy what remained of its force. morally respectable leaders, was no longer up to its task! For, confined within lifeless theories, it went on ig- | moring the value of human idealism. And that is why the cheap phraseology of ex-Comrade Mussolini was easily able The defeated Italian Socialist leaders were right in complaining of their Socialist leaders. That is why one has the right to wonder how much of real human force is still behind the formidable frames of the party, which, numerically spegking, is still one of the most important in Germany. | The second point worth considering | is the degree of political ripeness which | (Continued on Fourth Page.) The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days than 50 cents. Claude a Founder of Industries. He must generate energy at not less than 15 times the present rate in order to pay the interest on the invutmentf. labor, upkeep and depreciation. He ob- viously must increase his output to 25 or 50 times that of the present in order to make the plant pay dition he must find a market for his way. In ad- Prom the commercial point of view the outlook is not hopeful. Yet one should not forget that Claude is a founder of industries. Our liquid air industry, our ammonia industry, our acetylene industry and our neon light industry are all founded upon discov- eries made by this scientist and inven- tor. These things should be borne in mind in forming a judgment of his of the atmosphere. At 40 degrees it is present venture. Declarations Against Dry Law ] Leave Sale by States Alternative| (Continued From First Page.) leaders quoted above put this part of | their proposal in specific words. It is, | however, a necessary inference from | each of the six programs. It is strong- ly implied in the declaration of Mr. ‘Tuttle, who describes what he would not have in such words as to lead in- evitably to the conclusion that the only thing he would have would be manu- facture and sale of liquor by State governments in such States as wish to do so. Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler makes his proposed substitute explicit: Success of Quebec. “Personally I would urge by every power that I possess the adaptation to | our needs of the Quebec liquor law, for | from what I have personally seen of its | workings I am convinced that it is the | most successful method yet devised of | tting rid of the saloon and abolishing | e private traffic in intoxicating liquor | without cepriving the individual citizen | of his civil and political liberties. Where | the United States has so dismally falled, | Quebec has triumphantly succeeded.” Similarly ex-Gov. fred E Smith, when he was the Democratic candida for the presidency two years ago, made it plain the twhat he had in mind was the same that Mr. Tuttle and Dr. Butler have in mind, namely, manufacture and sale of liquor by the State government as a State function in such States as wish to do so. Gov. Smith's words were: “I personally believe in an amend- ment * * * which would give to each individual State, after approval by & referendum popular vote of its people, the right wholly within its borders to im , manufacture * * ¢ or sell alcoholic beverages, the sale o be made only by the State itself.” ‘When one brings these statements to- gether, the aggregate effect is pretty convincing. Apparently the thing in the minds of the most distinguished wet leaders, as an alternative to the present system, is State manufacture and sale “only by the State itself,” in such Btates as wish 50 to do. From what has been said it would appear that the alternatives before us— the wet movement grows to the extent of forcing some k'nd of na- tional referendum or other national choice of alternatives—are, first, the present system: and second, a system under do 8o may, as ul State function, manu- which any State that chooses to | the native likely to be set up against the | present status of prohibition, it should | be added that not all the wet jeaders in the country phrase their proposals this way. All that can be said and all that is meant to be said here is that the ut- terances of six out of the eight most outstanding wet leaders point, some by inference and some in direct words, to- | ward the Quebec system as the thing they have in mind. toward # system in which such States as choose to do 80 may sct up a State government func- i making and selling liquor under late regulations. Nation’s Two Alternatives. Is this correct? Is the present arti- cle correct in inferring—the article rests on inference in part—that State manu- facture and sale, by such States as choose to do 50, is the proposal that is BOINg to emerge as the net of wet thought and wet activity, as the alterna- tive to the present system? Is this surely what the leaders quoted above have in mind? Would other wet lead- ers assent to taking this as the com- mon objective of all the wets? Certainly it would seem advanta- geous for the country to have two clear alternatives plainly before it. One of the alternatives would be, of course, the present status. The other would be. ap- parently, the system of State monopoly that one deduces from the wet leaders quoted above. Some wet leaders, while they have made important and definite announce- ments of their positions, have not said exactly what they propose to substitute for the present status. Two out of the eight authoritative sources of wet thought quoted above, Dwight Morrow and Gov. Ritchie of Maryland, do not present any alternative. They merely say, in effect, that the ?relen! system is unsound in principle: that we should merely repeal the eighteenth amend- ment and that thereafter each State should be free to do as it likes within its own borders, some States without doubt remaining prohibition as they now are, some others, perhaps, having the system of State manufacture and sale as a State function, and some, per- back the system of ended October 11: GREAT BRITAIN.—Matters of the first moment to the British common= wealth of nations and the world are in earnest debate in the imperial con- ference at London. by About 2 am. on October 5, as the dirigible R-101 was passing over Bepu- vais, France, en route for India, she was destroyed by an explosion followed by conflagration. Forty-six persons, in- cluding Lord Thomson, the British air minister, and Sir Sefton Brancker, di- rector of British civil aviation, were burned beyond recognition; eight sur- vived, of whom only three serfous burns and other injuries, and one has since died. The cause of the disaster is not clearly ascertained, but it is plausibly inferred from the ac- counts of the survivors that the craft encountered a terrible storm of wind and rain and was forced downward; that, after dangerously nose-diving twice, she struck, the explosion of the hydrogen following. It is le, however, that the explosion occurred while the craft was in the air. The survivors showed great heroism in vain endeavors to save their trapped com- rades. The annual conference of the Brit- ish Labor party opened at Llandudno, ‘Wales, on ber 6, presided over by Miss Susan Lawrence, M. P. parlia- mentary secretary to the minister of health and a leading authority on the slum question. There are many differences of opin- jon within the party. The other day the Trades Union Cos (most of the members of the party are members of trade unions) declared in favor of bulk purchase of food supplies, to be so directed by import boards as to favor the dominions. But the proposal is said not to be pleasing to the domin- jons, and it is not altogether pleasing to certain members of the government, as Chancellor Snowden and Mr. Gra- ham. Others are almost conservative in their advoci of a very great ex- tension of the tem of imperial pref- erences. Some are for adopting Lloyd George's plan contemplating relief of unemployment by a great program of public works to be financed by huge government loans. Sir Oswald Mosley and his wife, Lady Cynthia Mosley, daughter of the late Lord Curzon, con- servative of the conservatives, are the grand champions of this project, having joined the extreme left group headed by James Maxton. Mr. Snowden is ice to any such project. There seems to be a strong sentiment for displacing Mr. MacDonald and superseding him by Arthur Henderson. Miss Lawrence is of a conservative family. Her grandfather, Sir James Bacon, was vice chancellor of the Court of Chancery when Dickens lambasted that institution. / ‘The conference unanimously passed a resolution demanding that the gov- ernment in coming session of five . States next month, including the large States of Massachusetts and Illi- nois, referendums are to be held. But the questions that will appear on the ballots do not offer any such clear choice as is here outlined. Most of the referendums, both past and coming, are on the question of abolishing what is called, in Massachusetts, for example, the “baby Volstead act’—that is, the including saloons. | If these are the two alternatives— present status or, on the T hand, State monopoly—it would be use- haps, going | licensing private manufacture and sale, facture juor, .-y?:::h'nuzfin Iatter 1s the alter- less to have them squarely posed in the referendums -huu:qleuhplm In local State enforcement act. Obviously, a referendum on that local question does not go as far as might be toward revealing what a State would like to mm«u-mmmtmmm- ent nationally. liament effect repeal of the trades dis- putes act, and Arthur Henderson, for- eign minister, promised, on behalf of the fivemment. that repeal would “be t in the King's speech opening Par- ljament and would be one of the ear- liest measures introduced.” This is very important as challenging a dissolution. Mr. MacDonald made a statement which may be presumed to forecast the British government's attitude im\the im- perial conference on commonwealth economic relations, as follows: “We ‘want co-operation in the world, not separation, and we know we cannot get it by adding to tariff walls. The use of political boundaries for ee:nom{n: purposes must be stopped, and only Socialists can do that.” A resolution of eensure, declaring that the failure of the government to lessen unemployment was due “to its timidity and vaccilation in refusing to apply Socialist remedies,” was emphatically rejected. . * o x GERMANY.—The trial by the Ger- man Supreme Court of three Reichs- wehr officers charged with Fascist ac- tivities in the Reischwehr amounting to treason ended on October 4. They were found guilty and sentenced to dis- missal and to 18 months’ imprisonment in a fortress. (A not very harsh mode of confinement, since a good deal of reedom of movement is allowed and | 1 food and drink for the prisoners are admitted. When the sentence was pro- nounced a roar of protest arose from a vast crowd in front of the court house. About 18,000,000 out of about 35,000,~ 000 persons who voted at the recent German elections voted for candidates of parties whose representatives in the late Reichstag voted against the Young plan. It seems a reasonable statement that more than half those ve on September 14 registered a demand for at least drastic revision in Germany's favor of the Young plan. ‘The Socialist party representatives in the new Reichstag have notified to Chancellor Bruening an attitude of be- nevolent neutrality. This would seem to assure the success of the essential part of Herr Bruening's important fis- cal program. The notification was ac- companied by the statement that the results of the recent elections constrain the party to postpone other objects to the defense of the constitution and the parliamentary system. * K Kk AUSTRIA.—We do well to follow the Austrian developments. Herr Schober accepted leadership of a Liberal bloc for the coming Austrian elections. The pan-Germans have indicated their adhesion thereto. The attitude of the Farmers' party is awaited. Said the spokesman of the bloc in offering the leadership to Herr Schober: “We want & form of moderate liberate Liberal bloc, composed of those elements which, while opposed to socialism, are also op- posed to militant clericalism and the corruption as well. We have asked Herr Schober to undertake the leadership of this bloc, as he is the only man able to settle the difficult national situation and compress the Heimwehr movement back into its proper limits. We hoj the moderate Heimwehr men will Jofi us, and we are negotiating with them. The behavior of the Christian Socialist Amu ‘ya. mt Hmm!e':nrober. who saved 51 rom ster a’ year mfl; o ago, is bloc is heartened by signs of dis- cord in the Heimwehr. 4 The Austrian government has revoked the order banishing from Austria Maj. Pabst, the notorious Heimwehr leader, fire-eater and trouble brewer. 5w u‘LAC'I;l:I.n AMERICA. —On October 4 e Congress passed an act au- thorizing the Cuban President to sus- pend at discretion the constitutional ‘antees of the republic over the 20 preceding and including the gen- eral elections of November 1. This ac-| tion finds its alleged justfication in se- ditious propaganda, plots, etc. No doubt the grand cause of Cuban unrest is economic. Dispatches of October 4 told of blaz- ing out of revolution in the four Brazil- ian States of Rio Grande Do Sul, Parana, Minas Geraes and Parahybe. Detalls were vague, but included some fighting, capture and disarming of some and defection of other federal troops and general suspension of railway and telegraph service. It would appear that the proclaimed object of the uprising is to prevent the inauguration of Dr. Julio as President of Brazil. It is charged that President Washington Luis procured the latter’s election through frauds, intending through him to continue his own control of V- ernméht. The Brazilian constitution does not allow a President to succeed himself, but he may be returned to the office after the interval of a term. The opposition swear to wipe out, once and for all, the “clique which has dominated Brazil for 40 years.” Later advices are sufficiently vague. They seem, however, to make it certain that the chief insurgent strength is in Rio Grande Do Sul and Minas Geraes, the chief federal strength in Sao Paulo. | Cu With the authorization of the federal , President Luiz has declared Congress, martial law throughout Brazil, unto De- | ti cember 31. A study of the situation would seem to indicate that a main fundamental cause of the kick-up is the jealousy nursed by several states, in particular Rio Grande Do Sul and Minas Geraes, against Sao Paulo, because of the eco- nomic and political ascendency of the latter. Both the President and Vice President-elect are conservatives from Sao Paulo. And, of course, as elsewhere in South America, the economic slump is dangerous to the powers that be. According to the latest dispatches the revolutionists seem to have the upper hand in the States of Para, Piauhy, Ceara, Parahyba, Rio Grande Do Norte, Pernambuco, Minas Ceraes, Parana Santa Catharina and Rio Grande Do It is said that foreign investments in Brazil total about $2,500,000,000—about half British, about $80,000,000 French. American investments include perhaps $450,000,000 in Federal, State and mu- nicipal loans; $50,000,000 invested in manufacturing enterprises, $100,000,000 invested in public utilities. Add miscel- laneous investments and you have a total of about $675,000,000. ‘The depression in the Brazilian cof- fee industry continues, coffee now sell- ing at about half its “normal” price. Seventy-five per cent of the Brazlian coffee exported comes to the United States. The total annual Brazilian ex- port to the United States normally somewhat exceeds $200,000,000 in value, being nearly equaled by our export to Bi . Dispatches of the 8th told of ad- vance of rebels in considerable strength from Rio Grande Do Sul for invasion of Sao Paulo. 8o far apparently the fighting has been hwn&:ydenble. 2 o are vigorously organizing and movi troops, the latter hampered by inade- quacy of communications. The federal government is greatly advantaged by possession of most of the aviation ma- Fot'some years pasi the raining of the For some years past the navy has been ised by an Ameri- can mission, that of the army by a French mission. The army seems to be well equipped with French artillery material. R o it The provisional go gentina has substituted for the state la institution & ‘Mate of wiege o ai idetnito period. '.."‘u"n "‘""‘“ " ‘The latter involves continuance of sus- but both sides | petitiones pension of the rights of free speech and assembly and of certain other consti- tutional guarantees, but it restores the civil and criminal to function. Martial lJaw was not rigidly enforced. * x % UNITED STATES.—On October 4 in the series for the “world” base ball championship the St. Louis Cardinals came back after two defeats, beating the Philadelphia Athletics, 5 to 0. The next day they repeated, 3 to 1, evening the series. The next day the Athletics won, 2 to 0, through a home run in the ninth, a thrilling affair, and on the Bv.t;‘ they repeated, 7 to 1, winning the series. : On October 9 the famous Bluenose of Lunenberg, Nova Scotia, and the Ger- trude L. Thebaud of Gloucester, Mass., sailed the first of three races off Cape Ann to determine the speed champion- ship of the North Atlantic fishing craft. The Thebaud won by 153 minutes, showing superiority in almost every point of salling; distance, about 38 miles. Gloucester did not repine. 1t is seven years since the last series, won by the Bluenose. The Thebaud is & new boat designed by Frank C. Paine; who designed the Yankee, contender for the role of defender of the America’s p. NOTES.—Strikes continue somewhat alarmingly in Spain, with some casual- es. On October 8 the peseta slumped hor- ribly to 9.96 to the dollar. Dr. Julius Maniu, head of the Na- tional Peasant party of ‘Rumania, has resigned the Rumanian premiership, leaving the political situation perturbed. The King has invited George Mi- ronescu, foreign minister under Maniu, to form a new government, which, pre- sumably, will be of substantially the same complexion as the late one. With- in a few days Premier Venizelos of Greece will go to Angora to sign the Greco-Turkish “commercial convention and pact of friendship and arbitration.” Nanking reports capture of Loyang and Cheng Chow, desertion of and cap- ture of 60,000 troops of Marshal Feng Yu Hslang and confused retreat toward Shansi _of the rest of Feng’s forces. On October 4 the Eleventh Assembly of the League of Nations ended in at- mosphere of deepest melancholy. Its only accomplishments especially deserv- ing of note were the adoption of a con- vention providing for financial assist- ance to victims of unjust aggression and provision for a conference to meet in November to go deeply into the des- perate economic situation. One imagines Lord Cecil saying: “The millennium comes slowly up our way.” Agreement Is Asked On Fur Seal Treaty A group of Japanese interested in the seal-hunting industry have asked the foreign office nd the ministry of agriculture and forestry to take action looking to revision or cancellation of the four-power fur-seal treaty entered into 20 years Some difficulty in stituting a four-power discussion of situation is foreseen, due to the that no official relations Russia " the United A 3 U. S. AIRSHIPS CONSIDERED AS SAFEST IN THE WORLD Non-Inflammable Helium Gas Protects Americans—Human Element Blamed for , R-101 Holoca BY J. OLIN HOWE. MERICA'S airships, in commis- sion o process of construc- | tion, af® considered the safest | in the world. In the most mod- | ern structural methods, in de- | vices designed to insure their safe and | easy handling in any weather and es- | pecially in our exclusive and unlimited | supply of non-inflammable helium gas | for l{‘elr inflation instead of the hy- drogen gas used abroad, there is every reassurance to prospective airship pas- sengers in this country. e factor of safety in these levia- thans of the air in America is even greater than in Germany, where they originated, and where a great volume of passenger traffic has been carried in commercial airships without the loss | of a passenger’s Jife. Even so, Ger- | many's Graf Zeppelin sails 'round the | globe and goes where she will over the world under command of the greatest airship skipper of them all, Dr. | Eckener, with her gas tanks filled with hydrogen. Koss of Life Accompanies Progress. This is the answer of American air- ship designers, constructors and navi- | gators to any uneasiness in the popular | mind over the fate of the world's ust. many or the United States stands on rigid dirigibles. Of the three major contributions te the science of lighter-than-air aes navigation Germany's was the Count Zeppelin's invention of the rigide frame airship; England’s has been the mooring mast and the United States helium gas. Santos-Dumont in France and Bald- win in America did surprising things with non-rigid airships, simply elon- gated balloons with a long car slung beneath; the Lebaudy brothers im France and Parseval and Gross in Ger- many had some success with semi-rigid types; but it remained for the famous German cavalry officer, Zeppelin, who first came to know the balloon well as & young military observer from Ger- many with Union troops during our Civil War, and who made his first bal- loon ascension in this country in 1865, to bring out the mighty airship of to- day—the rigid-frame dirigible, 30 years ago. Scott First to Cross the Atlantic. England went into airships—at least of the Zeppelin type—much later, in the final days of the World War, and has had by no means as much success in this field. She has made notable records, but has lost ship after ship and largest airship, the English R-101, near Beauvals, France, last Sunday morning, whose crash and destruction by fire wiped out as well 50 many prominent | British lighter-than-air leaders. This disaster will be no deterrent to the further development of rigid dirigi- | ble airships in the United States, in Oennunf self. Calamities and loss of life have accompanied the progress of every means of transportation we have—and still do, for that matter—the steam- ship, the railroad, the automobile, the airplane, even the trolley and bus line —without halting that progress. Nature seldom fails to resent man's forces, and often takes up his chal- lenge when he least expects it. Since Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier sent up the world's first balloon, a paper affair inflated with hot air, in Prance in 1783, the cource of lighter-than-air aerial navigatipn has been studded with tragedy—as is true of man’'s at- tempts to master the air in heavier- than-air flylng machines through the centuries before and since. Those best able to analyze the facts about the loss of the R-101 naturally are not being quoted, especially while the causes of the crash are under in- vestigation, but the consensus seems to be that the human element, o often at fault in a catastrophe, again was to blame rather than any structural weakness in the great airship, due to her having been cut in two and lengthened to 775 feet by & new section amidships, as has been suggested. The R-101 simply ran aground, as a ship of the sea might, either from defect in her structure or errors in plloting m :)Ivultlorn, ’l'::l;l’e than likely it case of mistaken judgment. ‘The R-101's position 1.31 dtgrenllr was analogous to that of a seagoing vessel on & lee shore whose captain chooses | to make his precarious way along close to the coast instead of lhndlnz'bold]y gm‘:‘o llu—qnd in that fashion comes ef. R-101 Heavily Loaded. Storm clouds and fog were h: 30 10w over France & week ago thet th R-101's “ceiling” was rather less than 1,500 feet, which not mean defi- nite visibility to this height over any considerable area, but because of the hilly contour of the country, an actual “celling” of perhaps 400 to 800, de- cidedly too small a within which to maneuver a heavily laden airship in an_emergency. Her pilot could have “stood out to sea” by nosing up through the clouds to an altitude which would give him ample air room, but his craft beginning of a 6,000-mile Jjourney to India, was so heavily loaded that he would have had to dump much water ballast and crude oil fuel to gain alti- f }sion which _takes been the another place tude. He chose the other course, and in calmer air would have been all right. As it was, there was evidently an at- lc:;m to drop water ballast, but too Lifting Gas Contracted. The cold air accompanying the storm caused the ship’s lifting gas to contract and lose some of the power. Even so, the R-101's navigator might have stopped his engine and the huge air- ship would have floated as & free bal- loon—nothing like as safe stealing along close to the ground as though well up in the air, but safer than with engines at full speed in the endeavor to gain dynamic lift from pointing her nose upward and forging ahead. At that time, clearly something must have gone wrong with the ship's steering gear for her to crash into the hill as she did. Once she bumped into that hill full tlt the fatalities were bound to be heavy, for but one of the myriad elec- tric on an airship had to break and a single spark contact with one of her hy n tanks to cause an in- stant explosion. The R-101, moreover, may have had slight leaks in her hy- drogen gas ballonets. which would give no trouble under ordinary conditions. U. 8. Contributes Helium ‘Gas. Britain undoubtedly will ¥‘o on with airships once the feeling of horror over the R-101's end subsides. She still has the R-100, which made the notable transatlantic round trip between Eng- land and Canada last Summer, and Sir Denistoun Burney, her designer. There is, of course, no mistaking where Ger- or probably in England it- | many men, but, nothing daunted, has carried on. Maj. George H. Scott, who developed the mooring mast, was lost in the R-101. One of the leading British | airship authorities and her most noted airship commander, he was a passenger on this voyas~ to India, as he had been on the Canadian trip of the R-100 & few weeks earlier; but he had previ- ously commanded both airships. He was the commander of the R-34, first airship to cross the Atlantic, when in 1919 she made her historic round trip. Moored to Scott's mooring mast, which is in use in various places in America, airships have been known to ride out in the open an 80-mile gale, and they can be moored by a ground crew of & dozen men, where the German method of having the ship handled by man power alone takes half, a regiment. Even then a ship can be moored to & mast safely in weather in which it would be impossible for any number of men to walk it into a hangar. U. S. Has Monopoly on Helium Gas. America’s contfibution of the trio above mentioned, the safe helium ,hu somewhat less lifting power hydrogen, but is non-inflammable. The R-101" holocaust could not occur with the Los Angeles, inflated with helium, a product of American natural gas after the liquefaction of the hydrocar- bons in the gas, because helium will not liquefy. And we have a monopoly of helium gas, because ours is the natural gas in the world containing in other than negligible quantities. An appreciable amount goes to waste an- nually in the City of Denver, for in- stance. If for no other reason than our com- mand of this gas, America’s airships, as I said at the outset, are the safest in the world. Butl;hetr;‘;n mfiy h:; portant. reasons. coun! | have stuck more closely to the Zeppelin design and construction methods than has England, but have improved on both. Swiveled Propellers for ZRS-4. The newest American airship, the ZRS-4, Em'mt of the world’s aircraft, now building at Akron, and to " be turned over to the Navy next April— 1785 feet long and 146 feet in diameter, with & capacity for 6,500,000 feet of helium gas—has ]. new feature which adds tremendouely to her factor of safety and maneuverability. Her eight propellers are swiveled on brackets out- side the hull in such a manner Ila a ¥ Can be made o push. straight e can e dicf'}vln with a ton and .mu lft %o each, which adds a novel third meafis of increasing her gross lift of tons {: her dynamic lift and fres %ler engines are inside her 200 hull for the first time in any airchip, and there is ample room for two men to wark around each instead of the cramped conditions which heretofore hlw&l!- gondolas vailed in crowded engine slung beneath the ship, where there ;:; Ro possibility of repairs while in nsit. Then, too, as in the case of modern steamships, her forward control room 4s duplicated completely in the front end of the lower vertical aft, and there will always be some one on watch there as a precaution against a steering break forward. vital means of con- trol in the ship are duplicated. “I've spun the wheel and she won't answer!” goes out of vogue on an airship like the ZRS-4, which is relatively stronger :n face an emergency because so much larger. Most important of all to her factor of safety is the fact that America’s latest mighty airship is to have the human element in her equation fortified against the - possibility of breakdown to the limit, for she will be operated by offi- cers and crew who have had seven years of all-around experience on the Los Angeles. They have operated the Navy's pride all about the Western hemisphere north of the Canal Zone, have been in all climates in all kinds of weather and in all manner of emer- gencies. The Los Angeles has developed experienced men, and her chiefs have been in the Graf Zeppelin on all her long voyages, across the Atlantic, to South America and North and around the world. The United States would never have dared embark upon the con- struction of the greatest airship in the world but that it was known before- hand who would handle her. Denmark Found Bundle of Contentment Without Hard Times COPENHAGEN (Special).—While it may be correct that small nations, like small people, often compensate for their diminutiveness by a great dignity, or even an impudent aggressiveness, Denmark today would cause no fiyehn- analyst to ponder new worlds con- quer. Even if, according to the argu- ments for military reduction, she is “too litle to fight the big fellows,” she appears to have made a good .adjust- ment to that fact and kept peace with nations in her own weight. No one who observes the utter lack of obsequiousness or servility on the part of Danes (even those in the “serving classes”) can contend that the nation has any inferiority com- plex. There is a distinct composure about the people, an abounding sense of possessing a places—if only a little place—in the sun. Has No Dire Poverty. Even with 40,000 unemployed Den- mark has no dire poverty or misery such as !t &mny another !:uro; pean country suffering from a genera mnmlc Iepreul:n.m’%'e is tn ef- ve government u yment pen- the edge off the worker’s _ joblessness and sometimes les determination to find of Others of Europe have their apartments or houses in town, their places at the beach, and mnpu a hunting lodge in Jutland, to There is a solidity about it all, an urbane, oft seemingly impenetrable, intrenchment that is sometimes ade mirable, sometimes maddening. De- mndmz upon the circumstances, this trenchment appears like snobbish- ness, like arrogance, like patronage, like complacent self assurance, like & perfectly natural self esteem. As a matter of fact, of course, it is a blend of all of these, and the only thing ym‘xqgl.n cn‘l': }1‘2 is “Danish-ness.” thout at uphes: thoughtful without % ll'u.n':hp hg spectiveness, with an enviable record for health, education, productivity and hospitality, Denmark is stand-uppish without being stand-offish, a nn& compact little bundle of contentment. That, at least, is the estimation of one * humble visitor who likes the place. ¥ Baboon Painted White; Forays on Farms Ended i ' The American ruse of utilizing the radio to scare crows away loses some. . thing in news value when compared with an experiment made by a farmer at Brits in the Transvaal. The farm- = ers in the Brits area were Sy e more _destructive A ‘month ‘ago ager, moni one farmer, De Jager, Btomoxm':onammn'm. But did not kill it. He painted it white and sent it to rejoin the troop. Since - :‘l:n day not a baboon has been fhrmers that (e “ghost s o chastig his terrified !elw’l. i