Evening Star Newspaper, December 29, 1929, Page 27

HE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON WEARERS OF GOLD STAR TO HONOR THEIR DEAD Mothers and Widows to Start Pilgrimages to Soldiers’ Graves in Europe Next N MAY, 1930, 12 years after the long Iines of olive-garbed American sol- diers marched across the battle- fields of France, a thinner line of Americans will follow along paths which end in eight cemeteries where sleep 30,791 American soldier dead. ‘There will be no martial music to an- nounce their coming and no banners walving a challenge to a foe. Some of these pilgrims will be bent, with age and will falter along the paths where once their sons walked so confidently strong, even though time has done much to smooth the way. The United States Government is making it possible for these mothers and widows to visit the graves of their - heroic dead. ‘The office of the quartermaster gen- eral was given charge of the pilgrim- ages when Congress passed a bill, on March 2, 1929, directing the War De- partment to make the necessary prep- arations for the voyages. In the cemeterial division Maj. John T. Harris and Capt. A. D. Hughes are arranging the details, while the many contact problems between the War De- partment and the widows and mothers are being worked out by Miss Stowell of the cemeterial division of the quar- termaster general's office. Month Allowed for Trip. Between May 1. 1930, and October 31, 1933, the pilgrimages for groups will be scheduled as nearly as possible to suit the wishes of those who are going. It is expected that most of the 11,500 mothers and widows will go. More than | half have already signified their inten- tion to make the journey and most of them wish to go as early as possible in 1930. ‘The pilgrims will sail on Amer- ican liners and it is expected that about & month will be taken for each trip. The Government will pay every ex- from the time the piigrim leaves ler home until she is back again. At New York a staff of managers will take charge of the assembled group for each trip and will see that every comfort is provided. Among the assistants that will accompany each group will be guides, physicians, nurses and inter- preters. The initerary for each person will be arranged: She will be given descriptive material relating to the particular cemetery which she will visit. Her ho- tel reservations will be arranged in the town most convenient to the cemetery ‘Where her son or husband is buried. 30,791 Graves In Eight Cemeteries. In the eight cemeteries where are uried American dead in European soil May. soldiers, sailors and marines who died in the World War. Of this number 29,149 have been identified. There are 70 isolated graves under the care of the United States Government called “do not disturb” cases. These graves have been left alone because relatives wished the soldier to be buried where he fell, as in the case of Quentin Roosevelt. There are approximately 20 “special” cases in which a soldier of foreign extraction serving under the American flag was buried in his native land because his relatives so desired. Not all of the graves will be visited by either mother or wife because many of the soldiers have neither surviving. Some have both mother and wife who may make the pilgrimage. The War Department reported on December 1 | that 6,500 of the 11,500 eligible wives and mothers had accepted the Govern- ment’s invitation. The mothers and widows who would not be considered eligible to go at the Government's ex- pense are those that have visited the graves at some previous time. A widow would not be eligible to go if she has married again. Cemeteries Beautiful. ‘The eight cemeteries—six in France, one in Belgium and one in England— are kept with great care. Landscape gardeners have placed plants and flow- ers for decorations and in the center of each cemetery at all times floats an American flag. The graves, laid out in rows, are marked by white marble head- stones which have replaced the tem- porary ones of wood. Only two types of headstones are used—the.cross for the soldier of Christian faith and the ?:‘lltellld of David for those of Jewish On each headstone is inscribed the soldier’s name and rank, the organiza- tion in which he served, the date of his death and the State from which he came. The inscription on the graves of the unknown soldiers is “Here rests in honored glory an American soldier known but to God.” Because the officers of the cemeterial division of the quartermaster general’s office are working unceasingly on the slightest clues that may reveal the identity of the unknown soldier, many identifications are being established. By the time the pilgrimages are nearing a close it is expected that many of the “unknown” will have been identified. The cemeterial division works in co- operation with the American Graves Registration office in France. Sometimes only a word or a scrap of paper has led to a search that ended in establishing the identity of the sol- there are 30,791 graves of American dier. Intimate, Paying Clemenceau Tribute, Calls “Tiger” Philosophic Pessimist BY WILLIAM L. McPHERSON. Of the many appreciations of Georges Clemenceau appearing in the Paris press just after his death none was more interesting than the article writ- ten for Le Journal by Capt. Paul J. Mantoux, the brilliant chief interpreter at the Allied Supreme War Council and at the Paris Peace Conference. Capt. Mantoux astonished all who came in contact with him in his official capacity by his wonderful command of lan- 'u":xu and his uncanny ability to re- r luce in various tongues, without the least hesitation, long and complicated statements made by statesmen and gen- erals. Before the war he had been a teacher of modern hi in France and had served a year a: a lecturer on French history at the University of London. He was .intimately associated with Clemenceau on the War Council and during the peace negotiations received his personal confidences and was in a highly favorable position to judge his character as a man and as a war leader. His article contained sayings of Clemenceau hitherto unpublished and emphasized the paradox that the man who ruthlessly stamped out de- featism and pessimism in France in 1917 was himself temperamentally and fundamentally a pessimist. Demanded Miracle, and Got It. Capt. Mantoux wrote: = “I saw his will triumph over obstacles Which appeared to be insurmountable. At the moment when the arrival of the American troops in masses had become & vital necessity for the allies, tonnage was lacking to transport them. Fifty d came in January, 4.000 in February. Foch demanded 140,000 a month. And in the meantime the Ger- man armies, freed from pressure on the side of Russia, broke the British lines at Saint-Quentin. “In an interallied council held dur- ing these somber days they counted up the ships available, weighed the im- mense needs to be satisfied and ar- rived at figures which caused dospair. M. Clemenceau then said: “‘We need 300,000 Americans a month. You tell me that we have ton- nage enough for only 100.000. I answer that we must not calculate the num- ber of men to be transported by the tonnage, but that we must calculate | the tonnage by the number of men to | be carried—and we shall find it.’ | “He demanded a miracle, and the | ki economies s, 2,000,000 Americans were landed in France with- in a few months. “He was always Inaccessible to fear, and his moral courage was equal to his physical courage. Danger only | strengthened his resolution, and his | energy had no need of the stimulant of hope; for this man who treated pessi- mism in time of war as a crime was himself a pessimist, though in & spe- cial sense of the word. He was & pessi- mist in the philosophic sense. “Apart from a few faithful friends, he ! despised men; or, rather, he despised | human nature. He was far from be- | lieving in an imminent justice which | cannot fail to triumph; but he was | ready to fight for it as if he were certain of success. In the carriage ‘which was taking us to Versailles, where they were to discuss the terms of the | armistice, at the moment that victory | ‘was bringing his career to a prodigious | climax, he said to me: “‘When the war broke out—and I had seen it coming for several years— I said to myse that it meant, perhaps, the end of our country. After so many centuries of a great history, our duty was to die well, and first, to fight as if we were sure of conquering.’ Criticized for Unsatisfactory Peace, “They have reproached him for mak- ing an unsatisfactory peace, after hav- ing made a victorious war. He did not make peace single-handed. The error of the French people is in forgetting how many opinions and interests had to be conciliated before reaching a con- clusion. I saw M. Clemenceau every day, arguing and struggling, with as much courtesy as firmness—even days when, scarcely out of the hall, his im- patience flashed up in picturesque ebullitions. His foreign interlocutors —after some shocks of astonishment— had learned to respect and like him. Lioyd George, hearing of the result of the preliminary vote which denied to M. Clemenceau the presidency of the republic, exclaimed: “‘They will no longer reproach the English for burning Jeanne d’Arc!" “Certain people blame him for not having very much confidence in the futurs, which he could envisage only in the image of the past. That was the natural consequence not only of « his age, but of his fundamental pessi- mism. | come, “Before the conference opened he used to talk of the difficulties of mak- ing a good peace: ““To make war—that is easy enough. All that is needed in men, money and material the country will furnish rather than perish. You need only to give orders and not to lose ycur head. But to make peace, and especially to prac- tice it, is very difficult and very com- plicated. The French know well enough how to die for their country. Will they know how to live for it?’ _“And he added: “‘What strikes me, when I look in our streets at the trophies of Louis XIV and Napoleon, is that the former repre- sent the Peace of Utrecht and the lat- ter two invasions, Waterloo and the treaties of Vienna. When will our country, hlg)pler than Hannibal, know how to profit from victory?’ “This Prenchman, in whom shone so conspicuously two master qualities of our people, loved ce passionately. He Joved it as did the great patriots of the Revolution, whom he had wor- shiped in his youth. I see him now showing a caller at the War Ministry a chassepot with its antique bayonet: “*This gun,’ he said, ‘belonged to one of the men who hated men most and whom I hated most in return. We even fought a duel. It is the gun which Deroulede carried in 1870. His sister brought it to me a souvenir of his, on Armistice day. I have not changed my opinion about his politics. But he was a man of heart and one who loved his country.’ Cplled Misanthrope and Ironist. “M. Clemenceau was that and more. This misanthrope and this ironist in- carnated, in the gravest hours, the heroic soul of France.” Another writer, M. Jean Martet, of- fered—also in Le Journal—some new information about the relations between Clemenceau and Foch—relations which will, perhaps, always remain a subject of controversy among historians. Re- plying to Lloyd George's charge Clemenceau had little to do with the movement to make Poch generalissimo of the allled forces, he said: “The truth is that M. Clemenceau always had a higher esteem for Petain's personality than for Poch's. Up to the March 26, 1918, it is manifest that he saw in Petain the great chief of the French armies and the man through whom, sooner or later, victory would He was slowly preparing for the realization of the single command, and I believe that if the events of March 26 had not been produced, if there had no Doullens, which was, perhaps the most decisive day cf the war, Petain would have been charged with 'co- ordination of the allied armies on the western front.’ Took Up Foch After Doullens. “But Doullens came along, and on that day Petain, an intelligence grave and somber, took account exactly, alas, of the difficulties of the task. Foch, on his side, was Foch: that is to say, as M. Clemenceau told me, ‘a man raging to fight.’ “And immediately M. Clemenceau thought, and said: “'I see but one man who can save us. It is Foch.’ “Then the meeting was held at which Foch received his full powers. “M. Lloyd George declares that on this occasion M. Clemenceau’s role was negative, What does he know about it? He was not there. The head of the British delegation was Lord Milner. | Now the latter has told in detail what happened; and he pays a brilliant trib- | ute to M. Clemenceau. “‘M. Clemenceau, after he had recog- nized in Foch the predestined man, | who ought to snatch victory out of & desperate situation, pushed him for- ward with diplomacy, but also with obstinate and untiring persistence. “There is something more. “At the end of May we suffered the hard blow on the Chemin-des-Dames. | French_opinion became suspicious of | . Parliament demanded an investi- | gation and action. What did M. Clem- | enceau do? It was the session of the Chamber cf Deputies on June 1, 1918. | He mounted the tribune and said: | _‘Nothing has happened which per- mits me to exercise any discipline against anybody. If it is necessary, in | order to obtain the approbation of cer- | tain people who judge hastily, to aban- don chiefs who have deserved well of their country, it is an act of cowardice of which I am incapable. Do not ex- pect me to commit it. Chase me from the tribune if that is what you wish.' “Foch was saved. Four months later | on October 2, M. Lioyd George sent tR: | marshal ‘sincere felicitations’ on the | latter's birthday. Foch answerpd: “I am |[renly touched, etc. I shall never for- get that it was to your insistence that I owe the post which I hold today.’ “That the rshal’s tha to BY ANNE HARD. HIS Winter, for the fifth time, Nelson Johnson will enter the Chen Mun gate in Peiping on a mission for the Government of | the United States. This time, | as Minister to China, that entrance | marks his achievement of the highest post possible in the two lines of inter- est which have directed his life—China and the foreign service. For the second time a “career man” is chosen for this important post. This fact is in itself significant. It is sig- nificant of a growing belief that the ap- pointment of Ministers Plenipotentiary | and even of Ambassadors should not always be regarded as political plums to | deserving party members but as recog- | nition both of performances and of | trained abilities in the service itself. | It may be arguable that there is less | proof of this new tendency in the case | of China than in that of any other | post. For, admittedly, China has al- ways been and will doubtless always remain, the great international enigma. For China more than for any other mis- sion there is necessary both theoreti- cal and historical knowledge and first- hand experience. ‘The China of yesterday was paradoxi- cal in its violation of every Western tenet of accepted dogma. The China of yesterday was frankly the antipodes where men walked on their heads. West- erners who best knew Ghina synthesized it into phrases which accepted the con- tradictory and summed the impossible. “You cannot hustle the East,” they sald, and “China never changes. Has Seen Beginning of Change. Young Johnson, barely entering his majority, went into that China and within two-score years has seen China begin to change, has seen China stirring with what may be the first muscle- stretching toward “hustle.” Johnson himself, regarding that China of today, looking back along those two- score years nearly continuously spent in the midst of China, compares her to the Italy of Cellini. “The life of a people in danger,” he remarked, “Italians wearing a sword— no unity anywhere—the individual de- veloping, reaching forward to unknown things. When great changes are hap- pening within a people, who is aware bof what will ccme forth? “In China_ even the language Iis changing. I handed my Chinese teacher a New Testament. He glanced at it, laid it aside. ‘Isn’t it a good book?’ I asked. ‘Oh, the book is all right,’ he said, ‘but it is ancient lan- guage. “Did he know the meaning of what he sald—of what he implied?” Johnson sees himself going back to a China which not only can change but is changing—changing toward some- thing which he is too wise to predict— but changing. ' If China were indeed in the curt apothegms of the observers of yester- day, “unchanging,” the quality and temperament of the man whom we choose to represent us there might be of comparatively little importance. Demands Best in Understanding. But the China of today, stirring more and more unitedly against the Western accepted doctrines of extraterritoriality, the “Western-owned concessions, the Western penetrations of trade, the Western self-constituted “superiorities,” retaining from her past the curiosities of the Chinese individual temper and BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is & brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days I ended December 28: * K kK THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS.—The ln]?l:l Nltlol;)z ist Congress opened at ore on - cember 26. On the result of its deliber- ations much hangs™ The temper of the delegates is said to be one of hysterical excitement. The economic outlook of Canada is generally interpreted by Canadians as highly promising. Note the following: Canada leads the countries of the world in production of news print, nickel, as- | bestos and 1t; she is second in wheat production; third in production of lead and gold. She leads the world in export of wheat, nickel, asbestos and news print; she is second in export of wheat flour, and third in export of wood-pulp. ‘The most perplexing ques- tion engaging the attention of Cana- dians is that of the tariff, especially with relations to the United States. * % % GERMANY.—On_ December 21, in face of general criticism and specially savage onslaughts by Dr. Schacht, pres- ident of the Reichsbank, Dr. Hilferding, Socialist, resigned the office of finance minister of the reich. Dr. Moldenhauer. Populist (German People’s party), suc- seeds him, being transferred from the ministry of economics, and the econom- ics portfolio has been given to Robert Schmidt, a veteran Socialist leader of moderate type, who has had consider- able cabinet experience. Thus the old balance of parties in the cabinet is per- tuated. pe"l'hl indication is that Dr. Hilferding was not up to his extremely difficult | job; but one should not be too sure. He | inherited a fiscal system of many vices and absurdities, and belike he is made | a scapegoat. However that may be, | Germany seems at last happily to be | awakening to recognition of the nec= sity of those fundamenta! fiscal re- forms so long urged by Parker Gilbert, | agent general for reparations. The other day the Federation of Oerman‘ Industries met and fulminated on lhe‘ subject in language that Mr. Gilbert | himself might have used, and at the| same time Dr. Hilferding submitted a program of reforms to the Reichstag, | which was adopted. ‘This program (as set forth by the cables) is good so far as it goes, but it does not go nearly far enough. A really effective reform of the German fiscal system must have | for its prime feature correction of the | existing perfectly grotcsque fiscal re- lations between the government of the reich and the governments of the component states, relations which make monstrously for extravagance and mis- management. D:.Moldenhuuer is understood to be in close sympathy with Dr. Schacht of the Reichsbank and with the views of the Federation of German Industries (employers). He was a member of the executive board of trust before he recently joined the | Mueller cabinet as minister of eco- nomics. a On December 2 the “liberty bill, presented by the German Nationalists and proposing repudiation of the Young plan, was emphatically rejected on referendum to the German people. A German referendum measure fails if less than half the electorate vote upon it, no matter what the showing of the votes cast. On this occassion the mem- bers of the coalition parties were in- structed to remain away from the polls, and so the proposal fell in the most ignonamous way, only about six million | votes being cast’(all by the Nationalist followers of Dr. Alfred Hugenberg, or the super-Nationalist, or “Fascist,”” fol- lowers of Adolf Hitler), the electorate totaling about 41,500,000 persons, Germany has been celebrating this year the 200th anniversary of the births of Gotthold Lessing and of Moses Men- delesohn, respectively. A ha con- the German dye M junetion, !Qelng how closely joined were the two in lives. Lessing was the D NELSON T. New Representative in China. Ameri habit to teg them with streamers of Western inventions into a piebald coat of threat and danger—that China de- mands our very best in understanding. And, n policy, it demands our very best to carry on the American tradition untangled with the dally immediate complications of other foreigners. Our Minister in China should be more than a megaphone or a receiving set_for Washington. Slow as China (again by that tra- ditional apothegm) may be, there have been times and there will;again be times when things pop with the swiftness of machine-gun _fire—both literally and figuratively. It is a matter of three or four hours before communications can reach the department in Washington and it is historically a matter of very much ‘more than three or four hours before an answer can be—or at least, is—returned. During those hours—or days—there will be times when only the very best will do to represent us in handling situations acute for interna- tional as well as for Sino-American re- lations. In sending Nelson Johnson we are sending that very best both for under- standing and for policy. There is no American who knows China better than The Story the “liberator of the German mind,” for which same object Mendelssohn also wrought effectively. Mendelssohn was the foremost of champions of Jewish emancipation, toward which Lessing's contribution was substantial. Lessing procured the publication of the first of Mendelssohn's writings to know type. Mendelssohn died of a cold contracted while he was carrying to his publishers the manuscript of a vindication of his friend, dead five years before. The two met over the chess board, both being passionate devotees of the game. Les- sing had just produced a drama (“Diejuan”), of which the central idea is that a Jew may possess nobility of character. The thesis was being gen- erally pooh-poohed, when Lessing found in his new friend a complete vindica- tion thereof and therewith a powerful impulse toward further effort to demol- ish prejudice. Mendelssohn's most im- portant work is “Jerusalem,” a plea for freedom of consclence, an assertion of the principle that the same essential religious truths may be found in sundry guises, The same plea is advanced, the same principle asserted, in Lessing's very notable drama, “Nathan Der Weise,” under the parable of the three rings—and, what is more, Nathan is Mendelssohn himself. So much in sup- port of the statement that these two great men were closely joined in their Tive: M&om Mendelssohn is often called “the third Moses,” the other two being the biblical Moses and Moses Maimo- nides, neither of whom is belittled by such association. He has been styled “the German Plato” by reason of his dialogue, “Phoedon,” modeled on Pla- to's Phaedo.” Of course, short of its original, but it has much beauty and, moreover, a lucidity gen- erally lacking to German prose. Curi- ous that the best German prose should be written by men of the Jewish race— witness Heine. I must add that Mendelssohn was| a perfectly intrepld man, even daring publicity to criticize the poems of Fred- erick the Great. Certainly he was the greatest man of the Jewish race since Spinoza. The composer Mendelssohn was his grandson. Few men have battled with such vigor as did Lessing for the freedom of the human mind for tolerance. He was not quite a genius of the first order; but his literary and intellectual influ- | ence has been more salutary and fruit- ful that that of most of the supreme luminaries, and his creative work only just fajled to butt the stars. He is the father of the modern German drama. “Laocoon” holds high rank in the very limited category of classics of criticism; indeed, every practioneer of the literary and plastic arts should know it by heart, that so there might be fewer vio- lations of the proper limitations of the several arts. He debunked the old criticism of the classics and furnished new interpretations, stimulating and vivid. He was equally at home whether dealing with transubstantiation or the origin of the epigram, with Martial or oses. He was sane, lucid and intrepid. To repeat and conciude, he was above all a paladin in the struggle for the emancipation of the human spirit; he was perhaps the most admirable of the German giants. * % ¥ ¥ CHINA.—On December 22 & protocol formally ending the Sino-Russian dis- pute over the Chinese Eastern Railway by agreement on the essential matters in controversy was signed at Khabar- ovsk. The Chinese negotiators were all Manchurians, but they were empowered to sign on behalf of the Nanking govern- ment. The dispatches which led us to believe that such an agreement Was struck several weeks ago evidently erred, though perhaps there was some sort of provisional understanding. The protocol provides for a Russo-Chinese conference regulate all outstanding questions,” ern in Moscow January 25 next. e central polme% council of the it falls far | | petition.” C.. DECEMBER 29, 1 JOHNSON, he. As a Kansan knows Kansas, as — New Yorker knows New York, because | he is of it, so does Johnson know China. Left College for Mukden, Still a boy, with a boy's openness to impression, a boy’s enthusiasm for the untried, though with an intellect preco- clously awake to learn, Johnson left college in Washington for his first ap- pointment as vice consul and “language student” in Mukden. The way he arrived at that appoint- ment was characteristic. | Under our system. the “language stu- dent” (supposedly, one would think, chosen for his aptness at languages— his ear-mindedness) must also pass ex- aminations in commercial law and in- ternational law and bookkeeping and various other subjects rather off the beat of the linguist. No tutor for young Johnson. He simply got from "the department the list of subjects required and sample questions; found law books for himself; read; passed his examinations and de- parted—with no flourish of trumpets or notes in local society columns—into ghe unknown. . It was merest chance, really, which determin=d his choice of a way of life. He was fond of languages; excellent at | Nanking government announces that on January 1 it will issue an official | mandate declaring the abolition of | extraterritoriality in China. A special code to cover Sino-foreign litigation is to be promulgated. The reaction of the United States, Great Britain and France to the mandate will be of in- teresting note. China has about 12,000 miles of rail- | way, as against 250,000 for the United States, and she has only about 1,500 miles of highway at all deserving the name. She has about 520,000,000 acres of cultivable soil uncultivated, about the same as for the United States. Were this uncultivated soil of China to be cultivated without important increase of ' population, China should not know famine. Even without in- crease of the cultivated area, if she had an adequate transportation system, China should not, with her present | population, know famine. The tional wealth per c said to be $100, as agains Japan. ‘The total national debt of China is about $1,250,000,000—really a bagatelle. * Kk % UNITED STATES.—On December 21 the President signed the bill pro- viding for promotion of Comdr. Byrd | to the rank of rear admiral on the retired list of the Navy. The admiral is 41 years of age. After eight years of deliberation on the matter the Interstate Commerce Commission has completed and re- ported a plan for consolidation of the country’s raflways into 21 systems, in such wise as to “insure stability, profit- able operation and preservation of com- Congressional action would seem to be required to enforce the plan. * K X X SCIENCE.—The eighty-sixth annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science opened in Des Moines on Friday, the 27th, and will close on January 2. The re- tiring president was Henry Fairfleld Osborn, the great biologist and presi- dent of the American Museum of Nat- ural History of New York. The new president is Dr. Robert A. Millikan, the great physicist, director of the Norman Bridge Physical Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology at_Pasadena. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, the journal of the American Chemical Soclety, discusses the advances made by chemistry in the year just ending. ‘The most important appear to be the following: ‘The discovery that oxygen and hy- drogen are mixtures of isotopes; the isolation by Treat B. Johnson and R. T. Anderson of Yale University of a toxic sugar produced by the tubercle bacillus; the “synthesis,” by Hans Fischer of Munich, “of the resperation ferment, a haeminone of the most im- portant contributions ever made to bio- chemistry,” the establishment of the suitability of ethyocaine borate for local anaesthesia, and the invention, as cer- tified by our Bureau of Standards, of a_ self-extinguishing cigarette and a “fireproof match” (rather important in view of the fact that the annual fire loss in this country caused by matches and fag ends of cigarettes is estimated at $90,000,000). These developments are quite as important as the elegant activities of Wall Street, tariff legis- lation, or even revision of the foot ball Tules, * ok k% NOTES—The Five-power Naval Con- ;elrenu will open in London on January It is hoped “against hope” that the Polish cabinet crisis is over. Prof. Casimir Bartel, who was premier from 1926 to April, 1929, has been in- vited to form a cabinet. He is reputed a dd!k'l henchman of Marshal Pil- sudski. Dissolution of the Japanese House of Representatives seems to hg:nm ‘The government (which took of in July of this year) is a minority one, as ap- | friends. For they (I am told) are a humorous people, who laugh at_the | |my American friend grew restless. | Your American business man is ac- 920—PART _TWO. Our Envoy to the East Nelson Johnson Is Entering Peiping for Fifth Time on U. S. Mission, This Time As Minister. German as well as at Latin and Greek. A professor hinted. The unknown beckoned. Perhaps it was the romance of distance and strangeness. For there | is & deep well of romance, a love of mystery, in the complicated nature of this man. Johnson Most Unusual. Indeed, of ali the men in our foreign service whom I know—and I know | many—Johnson is the most unusual. When I seek his most identifying char- acteristics, I think first of his sense of humor. He is always gay. No one more than he loves a good story and none can tell one better. Not for “nothing is he the light of the Washington dinner tablé. He has the light touch for every subject and the ly laugh for every witticism. Yet always his mirthfulness is gentle, hh' humor kindly. In this gayety and humor he has much in_common with his Chinese same kind of jokes that we do, a kind of humor utterly ugknown to thc Japanese. I am told that he can jest in Chinese like a native and those who know tell me of his sitting about with Chinese grou) igh, low, anywhere— swapping stories, quoting the well worn Chinese aphorisms which they love and own in muititudes. His. mind seems to proceed in much the Chinese way. Some one told me of hearing him in conference with an im- portant Chinese official. There was something that our Government wished the Chinese official to undertake. Johnson opened the conversation by talking about sword play. What was the origin of the rapier thrust as com- pared with the cut of the broad sword? The conversation ambled on from one subject to another—nons of them hav- ing the remotest connection with the matter in hand. Proceeds in Chinese Manner. At the end of nearly half an hour, customed to directness. And then, all of a sudden, he realized that the Chi- nese official had been led by Johnson into thinking up and proposing for himself the very idea which they had mutually ho) would eventu By long habit of life in China, John- son had proceeded the Chinese manner. NATION’S LEADERS HAIL WASHINGTON CATHEDRAL President Hoover Heads Statesmen and Scholars in Pra Mount S HAT the building of a great church structure in the National Capital is of compelling interest to present-day America is re- vealed by a symposium of opin- jon compiled by the authorities of ‘Washington Cathedral of the Episco- pal Church. Expressions from leaders in national affairs indicate that the twentieth cen- tury is in a measure as responsive to the appeal of cathedral building as were the historically revered ages of the past. Among those whose views on the building of Washington Cathedral are stated include President Hoover, Chief Justice Willlam Howard Taft, Elihu Root, former Secretary of State: New- ton D. Baker, former Secretary of War; James J. Davis, Secretary of Labor; Andrew W, Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury; Pranklin D. Roosevelt, gov- | ernor of New York; Gen. C. P. mmer- all, chief of staff, United States Army: William Green, president American Fed- eration of Labor; Daniel Chester French, sculptor and former member of the Federal Fine Arts Commission. and William Holland Wilmer, ophthalmolo- dist, director Wilmer Institute. President Hoover’s View. Excerpts from several of the state- ments follo President Hoover: “In the course of time I hope that Washington may be- come_architecturally an inspiration to the Nation. This hope will be achieved when there is beautiful architectural expression of the fundamental aspects of cur democracy. Certainly one of these aspects, because it is the deepest spring of our national life, is religion, Therefore, as a wonderfully beautiful expression of religion I watch with sympathetic interest the growth of the great cathedral on the heights over- looking Washington.” Chief Justice Taft: “The older I grow, the more certain I am that morality is dependent upon the spread of religious conviction to prevail in the Govern- ment and civilization of this country. It certainly will aid that cause to have a suitable, constant reminder of it in the form of a great cathedral on a beau- tiful site in the Capital of our Nation. Already it has shown its usefulness in the call upon it that the public makes. Every friend of good government and Yet in spite of that -long habit of life he has remained incurably and utterly American among Americans. Hear him addressing a commercial asso- clation in Pittsburgh, and you may think he is just a Rotarian business man. Hear him addressing a bar as- sociation in Washington and you may think he is just a city lawyer. He reaches back into his Chinese expe- rience to illustrate his poin's, but he chooses them infallibly. When he re- members that he sat as an “assessor” in a consular court (he did so, by the way, when he was barely 23 years old!) it is not merely to describe the curious system of which he was a part, but fo tell the “Story of Four Ducks.” Some- thing like this: When he was living in Shanghai he had a house with a little ‘pond beside it where he kept some ducks. Sitting in the court one day a Chinese was broufi: before the mixed tribunal. He had been arrested on suspicion because, th ously poor, he had four e pears from the following table showing the distribution of seats in the House: Minseito (government). Selyukal ......... 1 22 17 ‘Total 466 The other day one Brazilian Deputy shot and mortally wounded another on the. floor of the federal Chamber of Deputies at Rio de Janerio. On December 24 President Yrigoyen of Argentina narrowly escaped the at- tentlons of an anarchist, who, however, proved a bad marksman. A fusillade from policemen and detectives accom- panying the President in his automobile did for him. Assassination is becom- ing the fashion again. The other day a traln carrying the Viceroy of India was bombed. The train was wrecked and a number of passengers were killed, but Lord Irwin escaped. The general elections of December 22 in Egypt resulted in capture by the Wafd, or Nationalist party, of 206 of the 232 seats in the new Parliament. The world will watch the ensuing de- velopments with greatest interest; espe- cially with reference to the treaty offer made to Egypt several months ago by the British Labor government. China and Japan Pick Youths From Hawaii Independents Vacancies Both China and Japan are drawing on Hawall for young men to go into business and government. China has attracted perhaps 100 Hawailan born Chinese in the last five years, many do- ing exceptionally well. “ Now Japan is beginning to offer inducements for bright Japanese-Americans. Two such young men have recently been engaged by Japanese colleges in y places, and the latest to return to the land of his ancestors is a Ha- walian-born newspaper man, Fukuichl Fukumoto, who has gone to Osaka, Japan, to join the st of the Osaka Mainichi. Fukumoto graduated from McKinley High School here and & Japanese high school, went to New York about 10 years ago, and, after being with the New York “branch of the Mitsubishi Bank of Japan, went into newspaper work, Some years ago the Ford motor works engaged a num- ber of yl‘lllnfll Chinese-Americans, born here, believing that ultimately they might prove to be valuable in building | up business with China. Thus far these ex) jents in using American- born entals seem, in the main, to be successful. Japanese Diplomat Retires From Service Keichl Yamasaki, diplomat and for- merly Japanese consul in Chicago, has retired from the diplomatic service and will be an associate secretary of the Institute of Pacific Relations. The in- stitute is an organization devoted to “fact-finding” about the Pacific as a means of bringing better understanding to Pacific peoples. ‘Yamasaki was formerly Japanese con- sul in Chicago, and has served also in New York, London, South America and Honolulu. He will join the general staft of the institute, whose headquar- ters are in Honolulu. Dr. Ray Lyman Wilbur, former president of Leland Stanford University, was chairman of the institute until he became Secretary of the Interior in the Hoover cabinet. Yamasaki is a man of broad culture, of the strength and spread of morality among the people will welcome a church like Washington Cathedral.” Refiects Nation's Tradition. Secretary Mellon: “Every year Amer- jcans go to Europe in increasing num- bers to see the great cathedrals which were built there centuries ago. In giv- ing the people of this country an oppor- tunity to help in building such a cathe- dral here, you are not only conferring a privilege on all of us who are allowed to participate in this work, but you are carrying forward an undertaking whose importance cannot be overestimated. “Here in the city of Washington we have need for a great cathedral. It will be, in the eyes of the world, the visible expression of that strong religious be- lief which ‘was one of the very corner stones on which the Nation was founded. That belief is still deeply em- bedded in the American character and, by erecting a cathedral such as this, we give evidence that America has re- mained true to her early traditions and that she is using her great wealth, not solely to create further wealth or to promote comfort and security, but as a lever to raise the Nation to a plane of civilization higher than one of merely material achievement.” Protest Against Materialism, Secretary Davis: “The of a is the clearest proof that under all our material wealth there lives among us, | as robustly as ever, that spirit of rever- ence, love and gratitude toward God which guided the fathers in founding this_country. “To me it is both eminently fitting and profoundly significant that we who have become the richest of nations in worldly goods should be the first to ex- hibit in these great temples this new outpouring of gratitude for our bless- ings. Surely the charge that we are | materialistic cannot hold against these | impressive protests against materialism. “On the contrary, what we stamp on our very coins of exchange we afirm again in these nobler terms and mean and believe—In God we trust.’” Opinion of Summerall. Gen. Summerall: “Our Capital is in- complete if it does not contain a visible and inspiring witness to the influence of Christianity on the development of the Nation. It is most fitting: that the President in his mansion, the lawgivers rising church like the Washington Cathedral | ising Shrine on t. Alban. at the Capitol, the busy throngs that their own and the country’s business have brought to Washington, should all be reminded constantly the cross of Christ etched against the sky that reli- glon is one of the fundamental attri- butes of that character which in turn is the basis of our national vigor. “The magnificent cathedral rising on Mount St. Alban stands and will stand as a reminder that America has achieved greatness by walking in the way of the Lord and as a pledge to righteousness in thought and deed through the years to come.” Gov. Roosevelt: “I am very happy to learn of the splendid progress which is being made in the erection of the Washington Cathedral. ~ Washington needs this great national shrine, and I am very certain that people all over the United States realize the impor- tance of such a monument.” Monument of Historic Faith. Elihu Root: “Every year greater and greater multitudes of Americans throng the streets of Washington to see the Capital of our country and receive im- pressions through what they see that will affect their thought and feeling through life. They find there a city of great beauty dominated by many mon- umental buildings which assert and il- luxalle the power and dignity of the state. “It is a state which has rightly sep- arated itself from the church and all forms of the church. If there is to be in this same memorable picture, illus- trating American power and wealth, & note of remembrance of assertion of in- spiration for the spiritual life of Amer- ica, it must come from the faith and spiritual loyalty of the Americans who are not content to drift into a purely material civilization. In no other way can it come so well, so effectively and 80 enduringly as in the buildi of a great and noble cathedral, open for the worship of all the world and a monu- ment of historic faith.” Called “Glorious Beacon.” Dr. William Holland Wilmer: “I be- lieve so profoundly in the need of & cathedral in the Nation's Capital that if a cathedral had never existed any- where before it would be necessary to invent one now and place it here where it can be a glorious beacon to guide the course of men and the Nation. I be- lieve in it because it will be a great spiritual ‘sending station’ to all the land; for nations rise or fall according to the sincerity of their religious life. “I believe that we are building in the spirit of worship to withstand the fury of the elements, the tooth of time and the wrath of men—we are building for eternity. Like the ancient silver lamps of Durham, the Cathedral of §t. Peter and St. Paul on St. Alban's Mount will signify ‘ever wathing unto God.' " Newton D. Baker: “I am very r that succeeding generations when they come to make up their judgment of us should be able to say that our genera tion had faith and loved the things :l};.? are intrinsically true and beau- ul. “The great Washington Cathedral will be a permanent monument *n tiss quality in us. Only people who have broad religious tolerance and deep and abiding faith could erect so stately and beautiful a structure with so noble a purpose.” ‘Will Be Work of Art. Daniel Chester French: “The splen- did plans of the architects of Wash- ington Cathedral and the impressive progress that has already been made in its erection give assurance that it will be a work of art of which America ean Jjustly be proud. Its great scale and its position on Mount St. Alban overlook- ing the broad city will make it a domi- nant note in the landscape, and it is eminently fitting that this imposing temple to God and to the highest aspira= tions of mankind should stand guard— an enduring and constant influence— over the Capital of the Nation where the laws of the people are made. All lovers of righteousness and all lovers of beauty should rejoice in its creation.” Willlam Green: “The yearning for more abundant life is a universal urge which men express in their quest for the things that will lead to greater opportunity. The vaulting arches and beautiful walls of the National Cathe- dral are a symbol of the yearning deep in the hearts of all for beauty and righteousness. “Like our other consecrated temples of worship, the National Cathedral nourfl; o!(‘o tnmln'tglo:d ui’n La'e lr’u“‘m“ organizations center ‘ashington, that they may direct their work in ac- cord with the principles of' a higher life for all.” Cultural Evolut BY RALPH V. D. MAGOFFIN, . LL. D. Professor and Head. Deparimient 6t &l N.Y. U Perhaps there is no better authority on the Indian Southwest than Prof. E. B. Renaud, of the University of Denver. He has, of course, recognized that the antiquity of the American Southwest may not equal that in Western Europe or in Southern Africa. 5,000 years or so of its archeological history it can show a ‘“complete cul- tural evolution.” ‘Those early peoples acquired and cul- tivated a new type of food, maize, and with it they so were changed from no- mads to sedentary agriculturists. From rude shelters they moved to stone com- munity houses, and with such a mo- mentous change came the evolution to urban culture. Oddly enough, too, that transforma- tion came before the natives had any practical knowledge of metals. They practiced masonry, made pottery, de- veloped religious ritual, and yet were still in what the European would call the New Stone Age. They could not write. They had no alphabet. They knew no way to keep a historical record such as the Mayas and Aztecs, at the same time, had. ‘There were three classes of Indians in our Southwest—the camp dwellers, the Apache and Navajo; the village Indians of Arizona, such as the Pima, and the Pueblos, who are represented by four linguistic groups, the Tewa and Keres, of the Rio Grande; the Zuni, of New Mexico, and the Hopi, of Arizona. Up to about 2000 B. C. in the San Juan basin west of the Colorado River, Indian nomadic hunters roamed about after small game. Their women gath- ered grass seed, wild berries and edible roots. Then came the introduction of malze, & descendant of the “teacentli” which had been cultivated for a long time in Mexico and Central America. With the increase in good food the population also increased. The nomad began to settle down. At first they bdullt pole and mud houses. They enlarged caves or dug cists in the hard floors of the caves in which they might store excess maize. They were compelled in sandy localities to use stone and adobe mud as mortar and plaster. The grain storage cists slowly developed into burial places, in which the dead were put, with the knees drawn up and the head and shoulders covered with a basket. They had not yet begun to make pottery, but they knew how to weave and to make baskets. From the latter accomplish- Ph. and when consul general in Honolulu was known to have advocated friendly ?t]:zlel:ll between Japan and the United ment has come the term “basket makers.” But in the| Southwestern Indian Records Show ion Over 4,000 Years clay vessels, at first sun dried, then baked with a sort of basketry decora- tion. With the incoming of new tribes who had the bow and arrow, better weapons than the native dart-throwers, there grew up the transition or com- bination which came to be known as the Pueblo Indians. The type of dwell- ing changed to houses partly above and partly below ground, located near water | and fertile land. After a few hundred years the clan, or unit, houses came into being. Their walls are of horizontal stones, in courses, laid in adobe mortar. The houses are rectangular instead of the | earlier circular type. But the earlier /type was not lost. The secular part of the house above ground was rece tangular, The ceremonial part was be. low ground and circular. Fewkes . ‘tl;:u circular pit rooms the name Somewhere about 500 A.D. there seems 10 have come a pressure from marauding wild tribes. It drove the Pueblos to build safer homes, either larger stone pueblos or cliff dwellings. ‘The concentration of a large population in a strongly fortified pueblo or cHff house brought in its train all kinds of | urban administrative questions. The new culture throve. But it did not withstand successfully the increasing drive of the wild Indians, and from 1100 on the Pueblos began to diminish. It was in 1540 that Coronado and the Spaniards arrived in the Zuni country, but the Spanish rule was too hard. ‘There came a rebellion in 1630, which drove the Spaniards out. But they re- turned 12 years later, under De Vargas. Since then the Pueblos have declined steadily. Only 25 villages now remain. But in the American Southwest there are remains enough to show “4,000 years of cultural ascent and decadence,” S ablee 2kt % Scrapping of Armies Would Finance League Artihmetic, according to an Italian proverb, is not a matter of opinion, A mathematician in Geneva has re- cently figured out that if the nations that complain about the “expense of the League of Nations" would scrap all their armies and navies they could sup- port the League at present costs for 685 years out of one year's savings. As is known, the costs of the League are reckoned in units of about a thousand English pounds (about $5000). The 54 member states are assessed for 986 units. But the same members spend annually for military purposes no less than 675410 uniis, or enough for 685 It may have been about 500 B.C, when these people lelrne' how to make years of League existence. Take your pencil and figure it for yourself. f