Evening Star Newspaper, August 4, 1929, Page 31

SUBMARINE MAY BE NEXT | TARGET OF PEACE-MAKERS Growing Effectiveness of Undersea Craft Sure to Gain Notice of Disarma- ment Advocates. BY WILLIAM A. MILLEN. AVAL disarmament seems to be the prevailing fashion in inter- national affairs, with Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and President Hoover leading the way by agreeing to halt the build- ing of proposed cruisers. With the projected Washington Conference on the Limitation of Naval Armament set for 1931 and the undersea craft of the major nations slated to be tackled next, indications point to the fact that the submarine, which achieved the heyday of itc glory during the World War, is like'v 1o be torpedoed by the peace- making forces. A survey of the world situation shows that the United States has a ind total of submarines built -and building of 113, totaling 92,027 tons. The Brit- ish Empire has 70 submarines built, building and appropriated for as its grand total, with an aggregate tonnage of 176,852. Japan has an aggregate number of 71 submarines built, on the ways and A?Xx‘yronfllbed for, with a ton- nage reaching 78,497. France has a grand total of 92 submarines built, be- ing built or appropriated for, and the aggregate tonnage is 90,884. Italy has a grand total in submarines of 64 al- ready constructed, being built and ap- propriated for, with the tonnage total placed at 38.849. U. S. Building Two Subs. . The United States has three sub- marines appropriated for—the V-7, V-8 and V-9, with an estimated total ton- nage of 4,700. At present this country is engaged in building the submarines V-5 and V-6, which will each be 2,760 tons. The V-5, which is being built at Portsmouth, N. H, is due to be completed on March 1 nex?, while the V-6, being constructed at Mare Island, Calif., is slated for com- pletion on June 1 next. Both are now better than half completed, having been laid down in 1927. The British empire is building the Odin, Olympus, Orpheus, Otus, Phoenix, Pandora, Proteus, Parthian, Poseidon, Perseus and six in the so-called R-class in the submarine program. Whiletheton- nage of the first of these is known to be 1540 each, it is estimated that the tonnage of the others will be the same. The submarines of known tonnage will each have a submerged tonnage of 2,020 and each will carry one 4-inch gun and eight .torpedo tubes. The British Empire has appropriated for six submarines, each of an esti- mated tonnage of 1,540. Japan is building the submarines 1-4, 1-57, I-59, 1-60, I-62 and I-64, these craft having been laid down between 1926 and 1928. The I-4 will have a displacement of 1,970 tons, the I-24 a displacement of 1,150 tons, while the others will each have a displacement of 1,650 tons. The latest of these vessels will have one 4.7-inch gun each, will be equipped with eight torpedo tubes and have a surface speed of 23 knots. The I-24, 1-56 and I-61 have just been com- pleted. Japan has appropriated for the 1-65, 1-66 and I-67, which will each have a tonnage displacement of 1,650, and the 1-5, which will have a displacement of 1,970, carrying two 4.7-inch guns. France Is Ambitious. Prance, which has the most ambitious submarine program at this particular time, has 32 submarines building and has appropriated for 15 more. In ‘the process of construction are these submarines: Redoubtable, Vengeur, H. Poincare, Pascal, Pasteur, Saphir, Poncelet, Turquoise, Nautilus, Achilie, Ajax, Archimede, Fresnel, Monge, Sur- couf (Q-5), Aceton, Acheron, Argo, Am- phitrite, Arethuse, Argonaute, Diane, Medusa, Amazone, Anthrope, Atlante, Q-153, 154, Q-155, Q-156, Q-157 and Q-158. These vessels vary from 620 tons to 3,198. The Paris government has appropri- ated for the OSS-9, OSS-10, OSS-11 and OSS-12, each of 620 tons’ displace- ment, and othef craft not yet named. France’s giant submarine, the Surcouf (Q-5), is to be of 3,198 tons’ displace- ment, and will have a surface speed of 18 knots, carrying two 5.5-inch guns and 12 torpedo tubes. Italy’s program of building subma- rines is concerned with the production of 13 submarines, with 11 more appro- priated for. Being built are the Ettore Fieramosca, of 1,280 tons’ displacement; the Vittor Pisani, Marcantonio Colonna, Giovanni__ Bausan, Ammirag] Geneys, Filippo Corridoni, Marantonio Bragadino, Ruggero Settimo, Luciano Manara, Luigi Settembrini, Fratelll Bandiera, Ciro Menotti and Santorr di Santarosa, each of 792 tons’ displace- ment. The Enrico Toti, Domenico Millelire, Anlonio Sciesca, Giovanni da Procida, Tito Speri and Pier Capponi have just been completed. Boats of 792 Tons. ‘The Rome government has- appropri- ated for the Squale, Narvalo, Tricheco, Delfino, Coastal Sub. No. 1 and Coastal Sub. No. 2 andfive additional of the 600-ton class. The first four have a dis- placement of 792 tons, a surface speed of 17 knots, each carrying one 4-inch gun and six torpedo tubes, while the latter will be of 600 tons’ displacement. Regarding submarines of the first line, under the effective age of 13 years, the United States has 108 now in service, totaling 81,807 tons; the British empire has 50, totaling 45,372, but this figure excludes the five on the disposal list and the one converted to a target vessel; Japan has 61, totaling 61,357 tons; France has 45, totaling 35,631, and Italy has 40, totaling 20,696 tons. Uncle Sam has 10 submarines of the second line over the effective age of 13 years, totaling 3,852 tons; the British empire has none: Japan has 6, totaling 1,749 tons; France has 4, totaling 2,043 tons, and Italy has none in this class. This is the situation the world finds itself in today with respect to subma- rines, nearly 11 years after the signing | guns of the armistice. The V-4 is the largest submarine so far constructed in the United States, and its designers built the craft to Alliance With Japan Once Sought by Hawaii An anecdote of the reign of the late Emperor Meiji which well might have changed the whole history of the Ha- wailan Islands as well as the Pacific Basin is revealed in the life of the late Prince Yorihito' Higashi-Fushimi. The story, telling of a request of the King of .Hawali to adopt the young prince as his heir and so eventually put a Jap-| anese on the throne of Hawali, is con- tained in & book of the life of the late Japan. b be ! at the latest. as far as possible self-sustaining, so that long cruises could be made with- out undue hardship and with the maxi- mum of comfort obtainable on a ‘“sub” for both officers and crew. During January and February of this year the board of inspection and survey of the Navy Department conducted the official tests off Provincetown, Mass,, the trials consisting in running on the surface and submerged, for checking the speed l;x;f operation of Diesel engines and n motors. V-4 Goes Down 318 Feet. ‘This_newest pride of the deep of Uncle Sam's Navy has submerged to a depth of 318 feet on trial dives for test- Iné the strength of the hull, and nava* officer: that this is ‘the greatest depth reached up to this time by an American submarine. The V-4's keel was laid on May 1, 1925, under author- ization of acts of Congress of August 29, lDl’l. t‘}'lled May t?fl. 1924. She is I‘,l!lle first of new-type large, seagoing submarine designed for mine laying. She was launched November 19, 1927, and has a length over all of 381 feet, a maximum beam of 38 feet 7': inches, is equipped with Diesel engines of 2,800 horsepower for surpface propulsion and with electric motors for power when submerged. Current is furnished by storage batteries, charged by the engines when running on the surface. The | boat has two propeller shafts, carries guns, torpedoes and mines and has & complement of 8 officers and 80 men. Writing recently in the United States Naval Institute Proceedings, Lieut. Comdr. E. W. Burroughs, U. S. N, an authority on the submarine, H “Since the World War, although there have been a great submarines lald down or contemplated in almost all maritime countries, no new, distinct types have arisen. Innovations, such as provision for carrying a small seaplane, have been made and improvements in operation and reliability have, of course, been introduced, but nothing really new has entered the field. * * * “The question naturally arises wheth- er or not the French 3,000-ton subma- rine will be the world's largest or will there be a steady increase in size as was the case with battleships prior to the diisiarmament conference. * * * Consider the advantages ‘and dis- advantages of a 2500-ton or larger submarine compared with one of about 1,500 tons. Large submarines should be more seaworthy and able to.maintain a higher sustained speed in heavy weather than the smaller boats, but this difference will not be very marked. Unless too much weight and space are used to at- tain a very high speed, the larger boat will have a greater oil capacity, with its attendant h:fi: cruising radius. The larger boats should be able to carry more torpedoes, mines and ammunition and mount more and heavier guns with- ;\f:&;lectm‘ th‘% snbn‘:t:{,,l while the gun rms woul robal be slight], steadier and dxler‘.) i ey Higher Cruising Ability. “‘Of the above points which show ad- ntages for the large-type submarines, | the most outstanding is increased cruis- | ing radius. Above a certain point, how- | ever, the determining factor in cruising radius for submarines is the habitabil- ity rather than the fuel capacity. One | of the longest cruises on record is that of the German U-155 (a 1,500-ton boat) in the Summer of 1917, which lasted 105 days. This cruise was made under rather favorable conditions, how- ever, as the weather was good during most of the time, while the nature of her mission—commerce “destroying—al- lowed her to replenist her larder from captured vessels. A total of 9,600 sur- face miles and 620 submerged miles was covered on this cruise. (An interesting point brought out in this cruise was that during the whole period, includin; passage from Germany around Scotla: :mAfirg:.:nd remrfii‘only one allied -af - an a “l'i'n‘dth T, an auxiliary cruiser, was ] e Washington Disarma: Conference we practically elimh'::e;:l commerce destruction by submarines, but even were it to be allowed, it is almost certain that future wars will see all commerce moving in convoys, which would demand a submerged at- tack. In isolated cases of contact with : .lsrl..n%le luxllin‘g or armed transport, a -inch_or poss a 5-inch . fimcum. .hs; 3 gun should “There are three main functions for a submarine, which are (1) to fire tor- pedoes submerged, (2) to lay mines submerged, (3) to act as a scout. A submarine should be a submarine and not a surface gunboat, * * * Large Type Not Ideal. “There does not appear to be suffi- cient value to the vepy large sub- marines over the medium-size type to warrant _further expansion in dimen- sions. It would seem that the ideal boat should be of abqut 1,500 tons sur- face displacement; 18 knots speed, with a cruising radius of 12,000 miles; four bow and two stern tubes and one 4-inch or 5-inch gun. It should be possible to carry at least 16 torpedoes and possibly more. A mine-laying type could be constructed on the same tonnage.” Former Brig. Gen. William Mitchell, as assistant chief of the United States Army Air Service, told the congres- sional air investigation committee .in 1925 that he foresaw the day when the Navy will probably develop into a sub- marine service, forced beneath the waves because of aircraft and because “the day of the surface ship as an active instrument of warfare is almost over on account of its cost, on account of the amount of effort you have to put into it, combined with its great vulnerability, and considered from the standpoint of its tly_decreased in- fluence on the highways“of the sea.” Come-~what may, it seems that the submarine is in for an interesting time of it. The Hoover-MacDonald peace are trained on the cruisers, and the silent 'submarine is likel attention in the immediate the 1931 Washington Arms Conference ~ Koreans Oppose Moves Changing Administration Considerable agitation has taken place among Koreans both in their own coun- i try and in Japan over the decision of !the government to include their coun- | try under the jurisdiction of the new | ministry of colonial affairs which will | come into being on July 1 of this year. | want to be considered a colony of Japan, | but want to be treated as though' they were an indigenous part of the empire. | that this is exactly the sort of treatment which the Koreans will be accorded. i | . The head of the present government The, Koreans say, that they do not :_:5 Premier Tanaka has continually asserted | Smoot Explains Tariff Would Upward Revision Alienate Foreign Nations? - Senator Answers This Question of Hour BY SENATOR REED SMOOT. HAT will be the effect on our relations with other aations of tariff revision involving some increases ‘of duties on foreign products?® Before the Senate finance commit- tee's hearings on the tariff had been completed, before there was any deci- sion or even indication of a decision with respect to any item of the tariff bill passed by the House of Representa- tives, there was broadcast throughout the Nation the statement that the con-| templated tariff revision would involve us in a commercial war with practically every other nation in the world. That statement had responsibie spon- sorship. It came from one of the rank- ing Democratic members of the Senate finance committee and was industri- ously circulated by the national Demo- cratic organization. Senator Harrison's statement was predicated on the fact that many nations had filed protests against certain rates of duty embodied in the tariff bill passed by the House of Representatives. Senator Harrison was quoted as saying: . “Never in the history of MAmerican tariff making has foreign resentment been so deep and so universal. There is today an impression throughout rhe world that this Government has in- augurated an imperialistic policy in trade and commerce as baneful in its effects as an imperialistic war. There is & growing sentiment throughout the world against the'imperialistic policy of our Government completely Civsing our markets to the world and at. the same time invading and attempting to Gomi- nate the markets of the world.” It was reported at the same time that conferences had been called in Europe to take reprisals and retaliate against the United States and that practically all of Europe was seethirg wtih a spirit of revolt against our alleged tyrannical tariff policy. What are the facts? ‘Will tariff revision embodying some increases in duties on goods imported into the United States involve us in a commercial war with practically sl the Old World? Will ‘American ariff s sion injure Eurdpe in an eccnomic way, prevent economic recovery from the damage inflicted by the World War, bring hardship and suffering to the {;ofle of other nations, give birth to treds against the Uni tates? Are Serious Questions. These are serious questions which merit an answer based on facts, not surmises or partisan opinions. ‘The people of America arc a peace-loving people. They want no unjustified war, commercial or military. They are cn- titled to definite information with re- spect to the international phases of tariff revision. The first fact to be stated is that many nations have transmitted to our HE following is & brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended August 3: - BY HENRY W. BUNN. GREAT BRITAIN.—The _British government has announced the in- tention of advancing the com ry school age limit from 14 to 15, effective April 1, 1931. In 1918 the limit was advanced from 12 to 14. London is finding relief from bore- dom in a poison case, said to be the most dramatic of cases in that kind since the art of poison was flourished in medieval Italy. It is a matter of re- gret to American patriots and virtuosos in general that, though the art of murder is unique vigor in this country, we have neilncled the poison depart- ment thereo: As to other current London topies of interest, “Old Vic” is to go and Charing Cross Station is to move across the river. * ok kK FRANCE.—Poincare persisted against the earnest pleadings of his colleagues in his determination to resign the - miership and on July 27 his resignation was accepted and Aristide Briand was invited to from a ministry, his twelfth. Parliament, which had recessed less than a week before, was convened on Wednesday, July 31 to listen to the “ministerial declaration” of the new government, and to give (or not) the / ce necessary to the la ter for its participation.in the inter- national conference of government rep- resentatives to pass on the Young phllnn T Korean governmen! past, direct attainment of. that goal.” of Korean leaders have been in with Premier it is believed that the smoothed out. State Department, through their am- ®assadors or ministers, notes, memo- randa or statements in opposition to many of the duties embodied in the tariff bill passed by the House. Great Britain, for instance, has presented the | objections of its business interests to | proposed duties on wgolen textiles, glue, |etc. _Italy, Spain, Norway, Greece, | France and many other countries have filed remonstrances. on the part of their people generally and of particular busi- ness interests, against various proposed rates of duty. \ This was to be expected. Such ob- from foreign nations and business in- terests every time the Urited States tariff has been revised. If the woolen manufacturers of England believe that their business will be adversely affected by proposed changes in our tariff law, and ask their governments to file argu- ments against and objections to the changes, it is the simple duty of the British government to comply with that request. Such protests or cbjections from for- eign nations and foreign business in- terests will have the attention and re- spectful consideration of the commit- tees of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, as well as the full member- ship of both branches of Congress. \ Ask Fair Treatment. But no other .fm!mmenl expects us to make a tariff in which American in- terests are not given first consideration. No tariff, German, French, Italian or English, is made for American benefit; and no one expects the United States to make a tariff for the benefit of some other nation. All that any nation ex- pects or has a right to demand is fair and equal treatment as compared with other nations, without discrimination as com| with tariff treatment accord- ed other countries. Protests there have been, and protests there will continue to be, against our tariff rates, but there will be no justifi- cation for a commereial “war” against the United States as long as we treat all nations equally from a tariff stand- point. - ‘The assumption on which the predic- tions of a tariff “war” are based is that America alone is raising a substantial wall against the importation of foreign products. ' ‘The facts completely refute this as- sumption. Those facts come from sources outside the United States. An economic bulletin of the League of Na- tions, published in 1927, showed greatly increased tariffs since 1913 in Aus- tralia, Belglum, Hungary, India, Neth- erlands, Spain, Switzerland and other nations. It stated that “the increase in average duties which has taken effect throughout the world since 1913 is due in the majority of cases wholly to the master of the art of conciliation, both domestic_and international; he is the great stylist in international exchanges. We now see him standing forth in the role of champion of an economic Unite States of Europe. Our compli- ments and best wishes,. Monsieur. The personnel of the hew cabinet is precisely the same &s that of the late cabinet except for the elimination of Poincare, Briand continuing as for- eln minister (in addition to the pre- ership), and the other ministers re- suming their old portfolios. Briand of- fered a portfolio to Herriot, head of the Radical Socialists, and some cabinet seats without portfolio to the Radical Socialists, but these offers were declined. Apparently the chief objection to ac- ceptance was the retention of Tardieu as minister of the interior, a olio ardently coveted by the Radical Social- ists, the majority of a party causus t acceptance being very narrow. In the course of the.debate in the Senate on the bill proposing ratification of the Mellon-Berenger agreement, Sen- ator Hennessy, the cognac manufac- turer, made some humorous remarks about us. We are, said he, full of con- tradictions. We devised the treaty of Versailles, and then refused to accept it. We devised the Nations, and then repudiated it. We invented the cocktail, and then made a law against drin] it. That's working up to a climax for you. . On July 27, at Paris, in the Davis Cup challenge round doubles, the American team, Van Ryn-Allison, beat the French team, Cochet-Borotra, in straight sets. Before the play Alain Gerbault, Jjust returned from his round-the-world solo voyage in a 39-foot sail boat, en- y. he | tered the Roland Garros Stadium and received a unique and entirely deserved ovation. Gerbault is himsel. player of no mean note. The day Cochet beat Lott in singles, three sets to one, and Tilden (ending, we are told, his incompargble cafter on the courts) beat Boretra three sets to one. So France, having previously won two n‘:l.nglel matches,, retains possession of e cup. ‘The following is the record for the rflb ten years of the Davis Cup chal- enge round contests: 1920—United States, 5; Australasia, 0. 1921—United States, 5; Japan, 0. 1927—United States, 2; 1928—France, 4; United Sta 1929—France, 3; United States, * k% x RUSSIA—The conversations in Lon- M. Dovgalevaky, envoy of Russian t, and jections and protests have been received | is! imposition of higher rates on finished manufactured articles.” A League investigation also has shown that Spain, qne of the countries which has protested most vigorously against our tariff revision, has jtself one of the highest tariffs in Europe—and rising to a higher level than the United States tariff! The League’s economists found that Holland’s tariff on manufactured articles was exceeded only by, those of the United States and Spain in '1925. The German tariff contained 178 spe- cific duties en chemical products, the Tn'f& 563, the Italian 330, the Span- Pigures may be “dry,” but_ they tell the story as.nothing- else can. They show, for instance, that while the ad valorem minimum average tariff rate of the United States on certain chemical products was 40 per cent in August, 1926, the duties imposed by Greece averaged 458 per cent; by -Bulgaria, 57.4; by Spain, 64.3; Russia, 137.1; by Argentina, 70.3; by Brazil, 84,9, and by Japan, 50.6. But foreign nations have not been content merely to levy high'tariffs to keep out goods from other countries. England—so-called “free-trade Eng- Jand”—decreed a general import pro- hibition on aniline dyes and by-prod- ucts. Spain did likewise. Throughout Europe, and particularly in Germany, imports were forbidden ex- cept under licensing systems that al- lowed onlv very limited quantities of foreign mefchandise to obtain entry. ‘These systems applied not only to goods or materials produced in the Unitec States: they applied to the products of neighboring countries in Europe also. All over Europe and in Asia, Africa and the islands of the seven seas there were and are tariff and import barriers. On textile machinery Germany increased her tariff duties between 1913 and 1925 from 40 to 100 per cent, and the duties on agricultural machinery were in- creased 100 per cent. : Effective Aoril 12, 1927, an import duty of 331-3 per cent was placed by Great Britain on rubber tires and tubes, with a preferential rebate of one-third on such imports when produced within the British Empire. Effective April 19, “free-trade England” imposed a protec- tive duty of 28 shillings per hundred- "'e!ight on translucent or vitrified pot- Ty, Ttaly Increases Duties. * In Italy during 1927 duties were in- creased in some cases as much as 100 per cent on such articles as fruits, cer- mr;. u::tfln,‘l.ron or 1’:tfeel tubec,p‘l"lulY- . typewriters, cash registers, pulley blocks, ball bearings, optical instru- ments, tires and tubes, chemicals, ete. Protective duties were also levied against such American products as ham, bacon and other salted or smoked meats and lard. In Spain on July 9, 1926, “for the conform with our dignity to gvc any such engagements prior to zxcg.mce of aml ors. But we are prepared, after such exchange, to talk over the little misunderstandings between us with our usual amiability, strict regard for justice and altruistic zeal. Or words to that effect. So M. Dovgalevaky went back to his ambessadorial post at Paris, and it is for the British Conservatives to chugkle. Mr. Henderson announces that “conversations will not be renewed for the present.” At any rate, there will be no exchange of ambassadors prior to a parliamentary debate of the mat- ter, as Mr. MacDonald pledged the Commons _just recessed (to October 29).- ! * ok kX AFGHANISTAN.—The situation in Afghanistan . continues quite obscure. ‘The new King, Bacha-I-Saqao, may or not be able to consolidate his dynasty. He is said to have personality and ability, .angy considering - Nadir Shah and several like instances in Oriental history, the humbleness of his social antecedents need not prejudice him, but it is d ainst his chances that he is not an Afs , not even a Pathan, but of Tajik (Persian) origin. Let us hope he will turn out an Abdur Rasman, or at least the equal of his namesake, Habibullah, who, s0 unfortunately for his country, was murdered in 1919. He has taken.the name and title of Habibullah Ghazi. Saqao’s real attitude toward the pro- gram of refe the too ardent prose- cution of which caused the downfall of his predecessor, Amanullah, is not clear. That program included the edu- cal on Western lines for both men and Women (including the raising of the purdah for women); abolition of the sharat 'm _ecclesiastical) courts; establishment of a national re, tative assembly in place of the councils (Jirgas); very great re- duction of the power of the mullahs and tribal leaders, and a kind of sar- torial revolution. * k Kk K CHINA.—We are told that Moscow ll:la reoetl‘\;:? m‘:‘oc?fixfl .« word from anking ese government will consent to restoration of the Rus- sian 50 per cent share in the manage- ) 1, |ment of the Chinese Eastern !bllwl’y.. rovided a new Russian talled. The most weighty of the Chinese Russia is that the old nmn‘ y propagandized for sure the new el tht be no less urrulvnlymmc IH-‘ seen how China’s face vmut;nbam:sved by Rus: before ~ Parliament. protection and development of Spanish | agriculture and industrial protection,” these measures were made effective: (1) Prohibition of the importation of for- | eign wheat and flour; (2) increased duties on agricultural products, such as rice, barley, maize, bran and potatoes; (3) restrictions on the importation of metal manufactures; (4) duties in- creased by 10 to 20 per cent on animals, metal manufactures and many other lhg‘[s. Austria the protective rates of duty on numerous articles were increased in a number of instances by 100 per cent or_more. In 1925 about 20 nations made exten- sive revisions of their tariffs, including Australia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Poland, the United Kingdom and Aus- tria. Did any of them ask the permis- sion of the United States or seek its counsel in fixing their rates of duty? Not that I can direover! In 1927 the tariff was greatly revised in 10 European cquntries; in 1928 in five. In 1927 a dozen South American nations revised their tariffs. A year later five made revisions. A foreign publication, European Fi- nance, of May 23, 1928, in an article headed “A Tariff Holiday,” pointed out that of 180 commercial treaties con- cluded between 1920 and 1926, only 27 were in such terms that they could not be changed within less than one year. | Many were for a period of only three months. Sald that foreign publication: “European countries have been fever- ishly attempting to build up national | industry with the assistance of ever- higher tariff barriers and, not achiev- ing the desired results, have continued for years tinkering with their tariffs.” Tariff Barriers Cited. ¢ The World Economic Conference of 1927 in formal resolutions called atten- tion to the tariff barriers throughout Europe and proposed a tariff “holiday” whereby the countries would pledge themseives not to raise their tariffs for a stipulated period. 1 have stated the facts about tariffs fn the Old World simply.so that the people of America may not be misled by propaganda that seeks to convince them that the tariff is peculiarly our own in- ention and “that other nations are “guiltless” of imposing restrictions on imports. As a matter of fact—and I state this without fear of contradiction—the United States has been fairer and less discriminatory in the application of its tariff than any other great nation. Let me cite some facts amply sup- porting this opinion. On September 6, 1927, a treaty became effective between France and Germany which imposed on certain lines of American goods French duties four times as high as those ap- plying to competing products from Ger- England and other countries. (Continued on Fifth Page.) Manchuria, close to th® Manchurian- Siberian frontier) a conference took place between representatives of the Russian and Chinese governments, at which arrangements were discussed for a formal Chinese-Russian conference looking to settlement of the depute over the Chinese Eastern Railway; but if such a conference took place, we do not know its result. The very latest indication is of a deadlock, but the general indication is of a settlement In without war. ‘Those Orientals (and the Muscoviles are at least half Ori- ental) must “by indirection find di- rection out.” * k kX ¥ . UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.— John W. Garrett has been chosen as our new Ambassador to Italy, Mr. Garrett has had extensive diplomatic experience as Minister to Venezuela, Minister to Holland and Ambassador to the Argen- tine. He was a special agent in the American embassy in France during the war and he was secretary general of the Washington Conference. In addition, he possesses what it behooves all present-day diplomatic agents to possess, namely, a_considerable knowl- edge of business. Not less to the point, he knows his Italy, having served as secretary of our embassy there at the start of his diplomatic career, and both he and his wife are said to speak Italian fluently. Evidently a felicitous selection. Our Government will be represented by an observer at the con- ference of government representatives for the consideration of the Young pllnA. which is to open at The Hague on 3 According to_the Department of Commerce, the United States is-not a creditor country in the degree .com- monly supposed; we are so, indeed, to the tune less than nine billion dol- lars. A interesting development is the great and growing current volume of long-term investmers by foreigners in the United States, apparently amounting' to more than half the vol- EM" 1, | m War. The War Department is seeking MEMORIALS IN FRANCE BEING COMPLETED BY U. S. Gold Star Mothers and Widows, Begin- ning Pilgrimage Soon, to See Beauty BY WILL P. KENNEDY. Now that plans are being made by many thousands of gold star mothers and widows to visit the ves of their hero dead in France, Belgium, Eng- land and other continental countries at the expense of the United States Government, on pilgrimages starting next year, there is deep interest as to what progress has been made on the memorials being erected by the United States and the probable dates of com- pletion of the various chapels. Because this information is so vital it the making of plans by the gold star mothers, widows and other relatives 6f the New England soldiers who now sleep in the American military ceme- teries in Europe the-following summary has been prepared on information from most authoritative sources: Congress recently passed a law which will enable the mothers and unmarried widov's of our hero dead who have not previously visited the graves of their husbands and sons in Europe to do so at the expense of the United States Government. Under the law the visits will be made at such times between 1930, and Octpber 31,1933, as be designated by the Secretary of information regarding relatives who desire to join these pilgrimages. The relatives naturally desire to time their visits so as to bring them to their dear ones’ graves when the memorials au- thorized by the Government have been completed. Imposing memorials are being erected by the American Battle Monuments Commission, of which Gen. John J. Pershing is chairman, and were de- signed by some of the most prominent architects in the United States, whose designs were approved by-the National Commission of Fine Arts. These chapels will be monumental in nature, beauti- ful, restful and impressive. They will be sanctuaries where these relatives may go for shelter, meditation and prayer. They will be national memorials fitting the purpose for which a grateful Nation erects them, a source of conso- lation to the bereaved parents and widows. On the walls of the chapels will be inscriptions to the men who gave their lives. They will also bear | individual inscriptions giving the name. rank, organization, date of death and| State of the men who still sleep in unknown graves. Dates for Completion. | ‘The Battle Monuments Commission in Paris reports officially that it is ex- pected that the chapel in the Meuse. Argonne American Cemetery near Ro- | magne-Sous-Montfaucon, France, will| be ted by May 30, 1932; that in | the St. Mihiel American Cemetery near Thiaveourt, France, by May 30, 1932; that in the Oise-Aisne American Cem etery near Fere-Nu-Tardanois, France, ; that in the Aisne- Marne American Cemetery ' near Bel: [ leau, France, by the Spring or Summer of 1931; that in_the Somme American Cemegery near Bony, France, by May 30, 1931, that in the Flanders Field American Cemeterv near Waercghen, Belglum, by May 30, 1930; that in the Suresnes American Cemetery, near Parls, France, by May 30, 1931, and that in the Brookwood American Ceme: tery near Brookwood, England. by May 30, 1930. Each of these chapels is now An amendment to the gold star mothers law extending the time of their | visit to Oetober, 1934, in”order to give | these mothers and widows an oppor- | tunity to see all cemeteries, chapels | and monuments, when fully completed, | has been introduced in Congress. It is thought that by such a visit the be- reaved ones will carry back to their homgs in America and cherish through- out life a memory of the unsu beauty and simpie grandeur of these | temples of the dead. | Another bill is pending to take care of the mothers not included, so as to make it possible for all mothers of | i service men to share in the benefit of the law—to include all mothers of | soldiers who died at sea, or who were | buried overseas. | Soon after the war our Government | established eight national cemeteries in | Europe; one in England, not far from | London; one in Belgium and six in| France. Nowhere else in the world i can cemeteries be found more beauti- {ful, more restful, more thoughtfully | cared for. Flowers. trees and shrubbery Jaid out by the skillful and sympathetic hands of trained landscape gardeners, and nurtured with tender care, lend a quiet beauty to these final resting places of our hero dead. The American flag, symbol of the glorious tradition which inspired these men in life to offer them- selves in their country's cause, now floats in silent tribute over their graves. At each cemetery is an American care- taker, himself a veteran of the war, one who knows through what these men went, and whose heart is in his work. dition to his other duties, he ex- tends a welcome to those who come to the cemetery seeking information and aids them in locating individual graves or obtaining other desired information. Marble Grave Markers. \ ‘The wooden grave markers originally | erected in thesp cemeteries have been replaced by white marble headstones— a cross for those of Christian faith, a shield of David for those of Jewish faith. On these headstones are en- graved the name, rank, organization and date of death of the hero, as well as the State from which he came. These headstones are more than three feet high, and stand as individual and imperishable monuments to those who gave their lives. Here and there is the grave of one who remains unknown. the headstone bearing the inscription: “Here rests in honored glory an Amer- ican soldier known but to God.” These cemeteries are under the juris- diction of the quartermaster general of the Army, who has developed them, with the advice and co-operation of our National Commission of Fine Arts. An office of the quartermaster general, known as the American Graves Regis- tration Service, is in direct charge of these cemeteries and gives to them its constant care and supervision. Those who visit Europe will find the head- quarters of this service in Paris, at 20 Rue Molitor. the cemeteries or graves can be ob- tained either there or from the quar- termaster general, Washington,-D. C. ‘The Battle Monuments Commission | ume of our current investments in for- eign countries. . SRR NOTES.—At Birkenhead, over from Liverpool. England, World have been overhead. semicircle and were by Sir Robert Baden-Powell, father of the To the ble delight of the boys, the Prince of Wales spent the night of Au{uflt 1 in their camp and participated heartily in the jamboree. - Red demonstrations planned for Au- gust 1 in sundry European cities, espe- clally Paris, fell flat. The new German liner Bremen has :dwluhoun 3 agains® the 27.87 d.Lu muuwyz westward. The superseded record is old one, establithed by the Mauretanis, of ¢'days 21 hours and 15 minutes. is erecting a memorial chapel in each of these cemeteries. The largest of our overseas ceme- teries is known as the Meuse-. “: xpeditionary forces, having given their lives in the Meuse-Argonne tion, one of the decisive battles of the war. Bodies were |of Lyon and in’ process of construction. K Information concerning | base Spots. 4,143 soldiers, the majority of whom were members of the American division attacking when the great offensive action of our 1st Army resulted in the reduction of the St. Mihiel salient. Others buried here were among those who died while serving in sectors in the vicinity, or who were removed to this region in 1922, from training areas to the southwest. ‘The cemetery is almost equi-distant by road—about 20 miles—from Nancy, Verdun and Metz. In the near future a main rallroad line will pass through ‘Thiaucourt. ‘The memorial chapel now being erected in this cemetery is of modified Greek Doric style and suggests some- thing of the feeling of American Co- lonial architecture. The central portion will consist of what is known among architects as a peristyle, circular in form, and open to the sky, surrounded by 16 columns. This peristyle, which is about 48 feet in diameter, will be flanked on one side by the chapel proper and on the other side by an architectural feature of corresponding external design. The Oise-Aisne American Cemetery contains 5,962 graves. The majority of the battle dead who sleep here are from the divisions that fought in the vicinity of the Ourcq River and in the territory northward as far as the Oise River. In 1922 American soldiers then buried in France in the general area west of the line Tours-Romerantin- Paris-Le Havre were removed to this cemetery. 1t is about 18 miles by road from Chateau-Thierry. or from Soissons to the cemetery and slightly more from Reims. The memorial chapel now be- ing erected in this cemetery is a mod- ern adaptation of the French Ro- manesque style of “architecture. The central portion of the memorial will be a semi-circular arcade, at one end of which will be the chapel proper, and at the other end an architectural feature of similar external appearance—the entire edifice being more than 100 feet wide. The Aisne-Marne American Cemetery contains 2,212 graves. It lies at the foot of the hill upon which stands Belleau Wood. The majority of those who are buried here are from units that fought in the immediate vicinity and along the Marne River. A num- ber of bodies were concentrated in this place in 1922 from the general vicinity Clermont, in Central France. The cemetery is 6 miles northwest of Chateau-Thierry, which is on the main railroad running east from Paris. Like Massive Tower. The memorial chapel now being crected in this cemetery is of the tran- 2; | sitional French-Romanesque style of tower. terrace, the entiregedifice will be some 110 feet in height. and will stand on the slope of the hill that rises toward Belleau Wood. The Somme American Cemetery is the resting place of \ 1,830 soldiers. Members of the 27th“and 30th Di- visions who fell in the vicinity, as well as those of the 1st Division who gave their lives in the operation near Cantigny, and of the 33d and 18th Di- ions who fell in the operations while ving with the British, are b\lfle‘d In addition, all American_sol- diers who died on or behind the Brit- ront in France and who were not removed to the United States in 1922 now sleep here. This site is about 11 miles northeast of St. Quentin. & The chapel now being erected in this cemetery is an adapiation of the Ro= manesque style of chapel architecture. In general form it will be like &' mas- sive shaft with a low, somewhat pyra- midal covering. baing nearly 50 feet in height and 26 feet in length and readth. 5 The Flanders Field American Ceme- tery is about half-way between Brus- sels and Ypres and coptains 367 graves. It is on ground captured by the 91st Division. The soldiers buried here arc mainly those of the 37th and 91st Di- visions who died in this part of fllndFrs and of the 27th and 30th ‘Divisions who fell near Ypres. The cemetery is about. 19 miles from Ghent, 27 miles from Lille and 46 miles from Brussels. As the graves in this cemetery are arranged on the four sides of a square, leaving an open space in the eemgr. the chapel now being erected there will be placed in the center of the cemetery. An added beauty will be given to its setting by encircling it with a shallow sunken garden. This chapel will be octagonal in shape and will be about 36 feet high and 20 feet in diameter. The Suresnes American Cemetery lies on the slope of Mount ‘Valerien, about 3 miles west of the walls of Paris. It overlooks the capital of France and contains 1,507 graves. This cemetery is about 200 yards from the railroad station. here. Colonial-style Chapel. ‘The chapel now beii!:lg":reckd inl t::s cemetery will give general - terior appearance a feeling of American colonial architecture. Entrance to the building will be by way of & colonnade porch, and this porch will be ap- from two sides by short flights proached . The chapel, including the Sl P feet high and stairs, will be about 42 about the same length and breadth. The Brookwood American Cemetery, located about 28 miles southwest of London, contains 437 graves. It forms Tt of & very large and beautiful Brit- h cemetery established many years ago. The American section adjoins one used for British war burials. The American bodies buried in this cemetery were concentrated after the armistice from varipus places through- out England, Scotland and Ireland, and consists of those members of the Ameri- can expeditionary forces who lost their lives in Great Britain or its surround- ing waters during the war. It is a pleasant drive by automobile from Lon- don to this cemetery. “The chapel being erected is an adapta- tion of the Greek Doric order of archi- tecture. The edifice is about 34 feet square, with small projecting wings on each side and a portico in front, the columns of the portico being 15 feet high and 2% feet in diameter, at the . The chapel is surrounded by a semi-circular path and hedge. In addition to these memorial chapels in the cemeteries the commission plans to erect three.large memorials on the battle fields and 13 other monuments at places outside of the cemeteries, Nobel Prizes for 1929 About $46,192 Apiece Nobel prizes are growing so rapidly in amount from year to year that be- fore long a recipient may literally be able to “rest on. his rs.” ‘The 803 ~rigzes to be awarded in 1929 will each reached by from Paris. hotel accommodations are avail- able there and automobiles can be ob- for a visit from the cemetery. length. This memorial arise a beautiful terraced site and stand at the end of a long, wide avenue that The St. Y accarding be | POrt just issued by auditars of the amount to $46,192, to a re- Nobel Foundation, while those for 1328 wers only $41,937 a . The proceeds from the main fund are calculated at $342,- 100 per annum at the present time, one-tenth of that amount being pounded with the cipal. ey year tent - selves with the thought that they may cemetery. hhm“dtfiumm- tion of the American Army. Here lie receive & very substantial reward for their patience, -