Evening Star Newspaper, January 8, 1928, Page 41

time shed all theology. and rioting in | the license of one whose moral code has lost its base, he made a name for himself as a young man of many sin “the inevitable corespondent in ev fashionable divorce,” omnium mulie- rum virum “the husband of all the women.” We cannot know if these tales are more than the slanders of his political enemies. If they are true, Caesar was clever enough to make their verification impossible. The aristocracy might have forgiven him his democratic politics, but not his popularity with their wives, One of these intimacies seems to have been carried on with Servilia, sister of a conservative statesman, Cato the Younger. Story told in later days that Brutus, who stabbed Caesar to death, was Servilia’'s and Caesar’s son. Some accept while others reject the tale, but in general it is well to suspect biographers who would turn all heroes into saints. More certain it is that Caesar’s wife believed these storfes. Apparently she imitated him, and when her name was too publicly connected with that of Clodius, Caesar divorced her on the ground that Cae- sar's wife must be “above suspicion.” Meanwhile, the last character in the drama had risen rapidly—Cnaeus Pom- pey, ‘“a high-spirited, ornamental youth,” as Froude calls him, “with soft. meiting eyes, as good as he was ‘beautiful, and so delightful to women !h!:-}‘p was said they all longed to bite ‘When pirates were making the Med- iterranean unsafe for Roman trade and one commander after another sent to destroy them yielded to bribes (shared with the Senate) and remained content with failure, Pompey, sup- ported by a middle class that raged against the incompetent venality of the Senate, went out and cleared the sea within three months. Then he mailed to Asia Minor, defeated Mithri- dates, who had rebelled against Rome, and came back laden with spoils and victories that doubled the revenue of Rome (67-62 B.C.). All Italy looked upon as the successor of Alex- ander. The Story of Civilization {(Continued from Third Page.) Caesar refused. At once Sulla pro- scribed him, confiscating his property and the dowry of his wife. Caesar fled and was captured. He bribed his captors and escaped. Powerful mem- bers of the aristocracy pled for him until Sulla consented to let him live. “Take him, since you will have it so,” sald the dictator, “but I would ..ave vou know that the vouth for whom Vou are so earnest will one day over- throw the aristécracy. * * * In this voung Caesar there are many Marjuses.” Allve and married, Caesar left for Rhodes to study under the famous teacher Apollonius, His veéssel was bhoarded by pirates, who held him for ransom. He raised the sum, gave it to them, and so secured his liberty. But hardly had his boat touched shore when he engaged sailors and a ship, armed them and himself, pursued the pirates, overtook them. led his men in a hand-to-hand fight with them, recap- tured the ransom and never paused till . ry pirate was dead. Then he went on to Rhodes to study philos phy. Here was a man with the cour- age of Alexander and the ability of Napoleon, but capable of such con- trolled intelligence as Alexander never won and mellowed with all the culture of his time into such maturity and depth as could never come to Napo- leon’s half-barbaric soul. * ok ok X He had left his young_wife behind in Rome. There in 7§ B.C. she sud- denly fell ill and died. Caesar re- turned to mourn and honor her mem- ory. But a year later, thinking it hetter not to burn. he married again, more wisely but not se well, a rich =irl named Pompilia. He had by this sternness, he had yet made himself beloved of all ‘who knew him well; eager for power, he nevertheless de- spised flattery and sought only to put to use the abilities which burned within him. 1t seemed to him that here in Gaul lay the fate of Rome, Great numbers of Ger ns were crossing the Rhine and the nube to west and south, casting hungry eyes on the plains of Italy. For 3,000 years the fertility of the Teutons has created problems for Furope. Caesar, like Napoleon, dreamed of unifying all the west un- der one system of law, imposed at first by force and then consolidated by provincial participation in Roi citizenship and senatorial power, he Gauls were far more advanced in civil- ization than the Germans. They .had given up the hunting life for tillage; they had built splendid bridges and ro ; they had stored up an economic surplus and begun to develop luxury | and leisure. . They were, thought Ca sar, ripe for Rome, The Gauls could not see the matter | as Caesar did. They were lovers of | liberty and warriors without fear. | For five years they opnosed him with great armies ulong the Aisne, the Somme and the Meuse, where the men of the Stone Age had battled 10,000 vears before, and where in our own times war was to wage again. While Caesar risked himself in battle after battle, the Senate sent word to Ario- vistus, the greatest chieftain of the German hordes, to attack Caesar, and promised him lavish rewards if he could bring the Senate Caesar’s head. Assailed on every side. Caesar found it impossible to attain his ends within the five rs for which he had been appointed Governor of Gu When | he asked for five years more the Sen- | ate consented gladly—as the French Directory was glad 1o have Egypt { #wallow Napoleon. “There are many | ways d Cicero, “in which a man| can die = EE I “All Gaul is divided into three parts,” said Caesar, with geography in mind. But he might have said the same thing of its tribunal disunion, It was the inability of the Gauls to unite against him that in the end gave him victory. His success was due still more to the efficiency, bravery and zeal of his legions. They were not only highly-trained soldiers but they were skilled workers, who could ex- temporize a fortress in a day, bridge thé Rhine in a week and bear every manner of toil and danger without complaint. But, most of all, Caesar owed his achievements to himself. “There was no peril,” says Plutarch, “to which he did not expose himself, no labor from which he pleaded ex- en.ption. His enduring so much hard- ship seemed beyond his strength and astonished his men, for he was thin !and delicate, with soft, white skin, |and he was distempered in the head and subject to epilepsy. But he did not make the weakness of his consti- tution a pretext for his ease; rather he used the hardships of war as the best tonic against his illness. By long journeys, coarse food, frequent sleeping in the open flelds and con- tinuous, laborious exercise he strug- gled with his diseases and .fortified his body against their assaults. While riding on horseback he dictated let- ters and gave instructions to two others who took notes.” No detail of foresight or provision escaped him. At every step he saw to it that the next step would find his army well | supplied with tools and food. Like Napoleon, he saved the lives of his soldiers by winning victories with their legs. Rapidity of movement won many a battle for him. The enemy could never find time to unite all their forces against him. He himself often traveled a hundred miles in one day. In the midst of war he indulged his secret love for literary fame. While | tack. THE_SUNDAY he approached. At last his eoldlers were so famished that he offered to lead them back to Italy. With one voice they ertreated him to persevere. They had never been defeated under his ‘leadership, and they had never abandoned any enterprise which they had undertaken for him. At last Caesar's patience and his science triumphed over the numbers and uninstructed herolsm of the Gauls. His army, numbering 50,000, defeated 330,000 Gauls. Vercingetorix surrendered and all the other chief taine came and laid down their arms. Caesar promised them admission to the Roman Senate and full rights of Roman citizenship for thelr people. The great task was accomplished, the was at last secure on Its and the destruction of Latin and e, civilization was put back for 400 rs. Slowly Gaul was Latinized in’ language and cul- ture, and hecame the medium through which a great part of ancient civiliza- tion was preserved. * oK K % Caesar was now 50, his best years to the problem of mak- ing the empire safe from external at- His long stay in Gaul is hardly compatible with the theory that his only aim had been to huild himself an army whereby to make himself mas- ter of Rome. ven now he desired conciliation, and proposed compromise after compromise to his foes. But the Senate did not care for compromise. They feared his return to Rome and longed for his assassination. If he hadl eo far decreased their power and privileges in his first consulate, what would he do now with thousands of soldiers worshiping him and all Italy talking of his victories? Instead of accepting compromise they resolved, contrary to their agreement, to refuse him the right to run for the consul- ship, and, expecting resistance, they Pompey's jealousy to win him from his friend. Only great love, said Goethe, can make us bear an- an's superiority. Pompe had sound to Caesar by Crassus and . but in the yea killed in Syria, a and the child which she had kiven to Pompey. All the bonds were snapped and jealousy was left free. Pompey accepted from the Senate the command of all the legions in Italy and added two legions which had been given him by Caesar on the under- standing that they were to be sent to Spain. Caesar made every effort for peace. To the Senate he wrote one letter and to the people another, which he com- missioned Mark Antony, one of his generals, to read to the Assembly in Rome. In both letters he offered to avold civil war by retiring to private life it Pompey would make a similar sacrifice. When the people of Rome heard this letter and Antony's elo- quent praise of his master they turned almost unanimously to the support of Caesar. He had given * ok KK The Senate replied to Caesar's let- ter by demanding that he dismiss his army. Their boldness was due to Labienus, who had deserted Caesar and who assured the Senate that Cae- sar's troops would not fight for him. sar convened his legions, explained the situation to them, and announced that any man who wished to leave was free, and that those who remained would have to fight without pay. We may judge the affection which his sol- diers had developed ‘for him from the fact that even in the face of this an- nouncement they voted to remain with him. Not one man left, and both offi- cers and men, abandoning their sal- aries, volunteered contributions for the war. Even so, Caesar hesitated. His legions were worn out with 10 years of toil. He was loathe to risk them in a struggle that seemed to aim only at his personal supremacy. But he longed for revenge and for the power to make Rome healthy again. - The Senate had rejected law and every political method of settling these disputes. Very well, said Caesar, he had no taste for politics, and the Rio Grande Valley Tobacco Yield, Aided Health resort sun and river rriga- tion water combine to produce in the middle Rio Grande Valley a yleld of tobacco much greater per acre than that grown anywhere else in the United States. The nicotine content of the plants is twice that of crops pro- duced elsewhere, according to R. G. Mewborne, chemist, who is president of an Albuquerque tobacco company. The extraordina; leld in that re Kaufmann’s JOLOFF By Sun and River Deposits, Sets Record gion of the Southwest Is attributed to the fact that New Mexico receives more actual hours of sunshine in a year than other sections of the coun- iry. SuMclent food from the soll in the torm of potash, for which tobacco er appetite than mos gate the valley farms. The Rlo Grande Valley qualified as KAUFMANN'S STAR. WASHINGTON, D. C. JANUARY 8, 1928—PART 2. a tobacco country in a series of ex perimenta) plot tests. The heavy trial yleld justified the establishment of a u;vmuca-zrowlng industry In this re- glon. While the various smoking types of tobacco show large Increases In weight per acre, a spacles known as rustic: whose high nicotine content was de- veloped by the United State Bureau ot Plant Industry. is the chlet com- mercial crop. This tobacco, as grown in the Rlo Grande Valley, has such market Insecticida]l properties that it I8 unnecessary to extract the nicotine as 18 ordinarily done. The whole plant i drled. pulverized and separated into different claxses of insecti prod- 1415 H ucts, some for animal parasites, par- |cent lie Is making. Lus they Invent ticularly for dipping sheep and cattle, | new sources of income for treas- and others for spraying and dusting |ury which puzzle even the chancel- Insects in orchards, gardens and farms. | lor of tF+. exchequer. For example, The supply of insecticidal nicotine in |the innocent barmaid in various sa- the United States was formerly limit- | loons admits that she is allowed four ed to waste material swept up In to-|free drinks a day. “Very weil,” says bacco factories. the collector, “four drinks at 8 pence i amount to your taxable income.” In Called Insenim“’mmn, When told that thess are sup- Not only are they i make 3 shillings (75 cents) a day, or the city they Investigate whether The British income tax collectors |plied free the employes were informed 1y and nigh Y £45 (3225) a year. You should add the British Collectors 1 clarks and stenographers pay for their are the most ing SERERET N. W, Character Furniture OUR ENTIRE STOCK Monday morning Kaufmann’s Annual Janu Clearance Sale opens with every piece of “Character Furniture” included. Nothing is excepted. Once a year this rare opportunity pre- sents itself, and at this time it is possible to obtain the “cheap- est furniture that’s good” to the finest furniture that is made crossing the Alps in his carriage he|menial manipulation of elections hard- found time to write a learned treatise | Iy accorded with the nature and stat. on the Latin language. Between bat-| ure of the man. He made one last tles he wrote his “Commentaries on |effort. He wrote to the Senate that if the Gallic War,” just as in later days| Pompey would go to Spain he would he was to write his book “On the|dismiss his troops and retire to pri- * xx * By this time Caesar had held vari- ous , quaestor, praetor— financed in every candidacy by Cras- sus, his wealthy friend. The road to office in those days lay through the provision of great festivals and spec- tacles designed to win the favor of the people. By paying the expenses of gladiatorial games one won the privilege of serving Rome. Person- ally, Caesar did not care for these bioody contests, and showed his scorn of them by reading or writing while the butchery went on. Soon the Sen- ate came to fear his ty. When an alliance bet: and Cae- sar—therefore, between the middle classes and the simpler citizens seemsd imminent, senatorial gossips carefully spread the story that Caesar had seduced Mucia, Pompey's wife. Pompey, agreeing with Caesar about the double standard, sent Mucia & write of divorce. But on returning from Asia he renewed his friendship with Caesar and sealed it by marrying Caesar's daughter, Julia. In 59 B.C., with the support of Pompey, Caesar was elected consul. His first act was to establish the Acta Diurna, a daily bulletin publish- ing the doings of the Henate. He trusted that this publicity would go mome slight way in lessening corru tion. Then he proposed a bill dis- tributing state lands among the sol- diers and the proletariat, and ordered that state lands recently sold to rich wen at low prices should be repur- whased at the same price and included in the redistribution. It was an up- wifish policy, farsighted in states. wanship, for while it sent from Rome ihe very men whose votes were Cae- war's for the asking, and on whom he depended for election 1o office, it almed to relieve unemployment in the capi- @), to restore the decadent country- #ide and enable the state to recapture mume of jts ancient health and strength. But the Benate refused even o consider the bill. They called it an attack upon property. Their idea was that the fruits of every con- test should go to the Benate, while the soldiers were. sent off to face new hardships and win for their masters Civil War” in the midst of perils and alarms. The British Museum shows us a bust of him (No. 1870), which looks for all the world like a man of letters and a philosopher, rather than a statesman and a warrior. Of these books his political enemy and sole literary master, Cicero, said that only a fool would try to improve upon them. They were, in the words of Cicero, nudi omni ornatu orationls, tamquam veste detracta—all the dra- peries of sentiment and metaphor taken away and the clear reality of things left naked to the eye. i %% Through all these years anarchy ran riot at Rome. Benators and citi- zens indulged in assassinations, as if in premature plagiarism on the Re- najssance, In §7 B.C. the hostile forces of Milo and Clodius celebrated the meeting of the Assembly with mutual massacre. Cicero, who was not as accurate as Caesar, tells us that the Tiber was covered with float- ing bodiew and reddened with blood. Some weeks later Clodius tried to murder Milo and Cicero. He failed and finally Milo murdered him first, It was such chaos that made Rome long for a dictator who should give them order and peace. Caesar conquered the Gauls by leni- ency. When he won a battle he spared the prisoners and dealt honor- ably with the Gallic chieftains. Soon the understanding spread that to yleld to Caesar was slightly less dlnf’.roul than to resist him. Occasionally he wi ullty of punished the by wiping out an entire tribe. leniency, he mald, must admit excep- tion when it endangered others beside himself, Now he made his way through all Gaul_and even crossed the Channel into Britain. Here he did not aim at conquest, sesking only to frighten the Britains from sending reinforcements to the Gauls. In his absence the Gauls new spoils. All through the year the Renate o) Caesar's bills, and Bibulus viously pronounced the season holy, o0 sacred for legislation. But in every case Caesar went directly o the people, put his bills through the As sembly, and set wbout resolutely to enforce them. These laws hecame known as the Leges Julise, and marked an epoch in the history of Rome. They wimed with offensive directness 1o put an end to corruj tion In the judiciary, in the treasury, in the temples, in the tlficlltlnl.?;l public contracts end in provincial ad. ministretion. All governors were o be required henceforth to bond their estates before taking office in the provinces, and uny peculation found in their career by a striot investiga- tion was 1o be redeemed by the con- fiscation of their property st home To end violence st election time these Jaws nade ineligible for office any man whe should lay hands on dal or candidate, The con 1ality of Caesar went 10 legirlate sgoinet adultery, Beldom haw eny Aone 8o much n e year of leadership. Not only were 1hese fundemental laws enacted, bt Caesar found 1{:. time, with moneys secured from his an, ris wus, o beautify Jome with pplendid temples, avenues snd wlamuJu His 16rm expiring and being by law § ble for reelection within 30 years, he secured for himeelf sn appointment s Governor of Gaul, "For my part,” he aaid, “I had rather be first in Gaul |h%wnn4 in Moame.” When Lo left for new tasks the pecple mourned and the sriswerany wighed with rellef, The Benate, which hiad jefused (o sup- port his legislation, resimed 118 sit vinge und ploited his death o a Caesar First i Gaul, “AL that be Lad won s fur ways Varrero, "Caessr owed W 26 yes s of hasd Jshor, consuming estivity end unwearied intellectusl energy.” A greut paswiony, he had 00 wvhrietyi & waR of sk rose again for the last time. Ver- cingetorix, the bravest and ablest of heir chieftains, organized them into enormous armies, and though even with their vastly superior numbers they did not dare to face Caesar's Jegions, they cut off his suppli burnt into a bl d wilderness nll the fields which might have given his woldiers sustenance and sacrificed even farms and homesteads when A Child Doesn’t A laxative today saves a sick child tomorrow. Children simply will not take the time from play to empty their bowels, which become clogged up with waste, liver gets sluggish, stomach sour, Look at the tongue, mother! coated, or your child is listles, feverish, breath bad, restles eat heartily, full of cold or throat or any other children's ail- ment, give a teaspoonful of "Califor- wia Fig Syrup,” then don't worry, be- cause it is perfectly harmless, and in @ few hours all this constipation poison, sour bile and fermenting waste will gently move out of the howels, and you have a well, playiul child again. A thorough “inside cleansing” is ofttimes all that s necessary, 1t should he the first treatment given jn Beware of countgyleit Mk your fimwau . yrups, tie of -t MOTHER! if Constipated e 0 e &% vate lifo. This proposal failing, he offered to meet Pompey at some mu- tual place, feeling certain that a per- sonal interview would result in peace. The Senate disdained to answer. In- stead it ordered a levy en masse for its defense. On January 14, 49 B.C., Caesar, saying that the die was cast, crossed the Rublcon and marched upon Rome. (Copyright. 1028.) An Old Recipe to Darken Hair By JANICE RANDALL Almost every- one knows that! Sage Tea and Sulphur, prop- erly compound- ed, brings back the natural col- or and luster to the, hair when faded, streaked or gray. Years ago the only B way to get this mixture was to make it at home, which is mussy and troublesome. 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