Evening Star Newspaper, January 8, 1928, Page 39

L] gt FEDERAL COURTS SLASH " RED TAPE TO END JAM P’ohibition and Other “Dead” Cases to Be Dropped by T! to Speed RBY WALTER H. ATKINS. EDERAL Courts all over the United States begin their 1928 term under performed procedure, designed to end one of the worst Jog-Jams ¢? court conjestion in the country’s history. Wholesale dropping at once from the dockets of “dead cases,” both of criminal and civil character, which have been pending a vear and are ready for trial, will be ordered by Fed- e Jurist Federal jurists will invoke new rules to wipe the legal records clean of a great mass of litigation which has clogged the courts. crippled their func- tions and defeated the ends of jus Judicial right and left to clear court channels for quicker. decisions ahd speedier trials of offend Chief Justice William Howard Taft and the senior Federal Circuit Court justices have sanctioned the drastic methods which Federal jurists will fol- low, and the latter will have the operation of Attorney General G. Sargent, and the entire m of the Department of Justice. Prohibition law cases, chiefly those in the crimi re held by Fed- responsible This is eral jurists 10 be chiefly for court docket cong: by made clear official 1 dead cases” now pending, or those in which prosecutions would be futile. grow out of indictments for the manu facture, sale, transportation or illegal possession of intoxicating _liquors, Such cases represent probably mor than 50 per cent of the criminal liti- gation before the courts. Dry Law Cases Collapse. Fully 15000 dry law cases will be nolle-prossed by Federal district at- torneys, under dismissal orders of Fed- eral judges, because they have been in the dockets for one or two vears, or even longer, and the Government evidence has collapsed. Most of them ere for violations of the criminal pro- visions of the dry statutes. The dropping of such cases, along with cases in other classes, will have = revolutionary effect 1he processes of the Fedéral tribunals, for the more expeditious handling of litigation, especialiy cases arising from violations of the various criminal statutes. The policy of striking inac- tive cases off the records will have a far-reaching effect also in advancing the trial dates of the large number of important “active” criminal cases now pending, including those involving vio- lations of the national prohibition law and other statutes. Officials estimate that perhaps as high as 50,000 cases of all kinds will be affected by dismissal orders. Be- #ides the 15,000 dry law cases, in the criminal divisions, scheduled for* dis- missal, there are probably between 5.000 and 10,000 civil suits that are wvirtually “dead” and subject to prompt dismissal. Besides, there are probably not less than 30,000 other miscellane- ous actions, apart from the criminal and civil calendars, due for dropping. In New York State alone, there are about 8.000 criminal and civil cases long pending which probably will be dropped from the dockets. Adopti>n by Federal district judges in all Ftates of an arbitrary rule, effective at the opening of the present January terms, providing for immedi- ate dropping of cases one year old that are not ready for rial, followed a recent anpa'ysis of court conditions by circuit judges. This survey dis- closed that in some of the larger dis- tricts 60 per cent of the cases pending ‘were absolutely “dead,” because wit- nesses regarded as essential to suc- cessful prosecution had disappeared, or because evidence built up by prose- cutors was of such flimsy character as would fail to support pleas for con- viction at trials. Taking all districts @t a whole, for the entire country, circuit judges report that “dead” cases of all kinds piled up on the dockets constitute an average of about 41 per eent of all existing litigation before the Federal courts. Dockets Heavily Joaded. A condition wholly without pre. cedent faced the courts at the open- ing of the Fall terms, More than | 25000 dry law cases alone, tagged | *“unfinished business,” had accumu- lated on the dockets ax an extra load behind thousands of other caxes of uii Classen, because a lack of Federal ap- propriations had forced u complete susnension of jury trials during the earlier Spring and Summer period; When jury funds finally iwcame avail. able, most of the courts wWere so heuy- iy overburdened that normal dispo- #ition even of old cases was humanly impossible, Paralyzed courts meant ¢ for law violators generally, and aw violators particularly. Un. avoidable delays in calling cawes for tria) hasve greatly enhanced the chances of defendants 1o escape pun- ishment, or at least brightened their opportunity to compromise with prose- cutors for minimum penalties in fines, and avoid penitentiary mentences, ¥ederal courts have heen operating &1 t0p speed, and despite handicaps, disposed of sn enormous volume of business the past year. But there was the inevitable inrush of new litigation, particularly criminal, largely attribut- 4 10 the existence of crime waves in some of the more populous centers of the country. Court clerks docketed #uCh new litigation behind an existing heavy accumulation of untried cases of sl kinds. Ko, at the end of 1927, Abe courts were Just about us mevefely Haxed with work as at any Ume in the pust five yenrs. Judgen of the Federal distiict courts were lterally Ranazed over the situation. They waw notorious offenders, by the thousands Virtusily mble o defest the ends of Justice by playing u w for which the wlowness gmione their cosen for trial wiay have leen for sumicient reasons, The re) res #on 1or e dntolerabie delay in thon. #unds of cames, according 1o the Lre Hing partment of Justice, was the dnability Of 1he Government’s conmel L mecire the attendance of witnewses pon Whose WwsBIOLY proseculors were ta yely in efforts 1o extablish conyictions. ice. | ed tape” will be slashed | L) John | chinery e in quickening | housands—Judges Decisions. tinued, mccording to the method of procedure agreed upon between the senior circuit judges. the weeding out of “dead” liquor law cases and other inactive criminal ac- tions, long {not_only will be able to handle the rmal flow of criminal litigation, but can give a_greater measure of atten- tion to civil cases that are also cen- stantly pressing for final adjudication. The Federal courts in 1927 had one of their busiest vears and were able to clear up a tremendous volume of cases of all kinds. But new criminal land civil business, largely the out- | growth of liquor law infractions, con- {tinued to pila up on the dockets, fur- | ther increasing the staggering load of accumulated cases awaiting trial. “riminal prosecutions numbering 79 were disposed of by the District courts last vear, along with 19,953 {civil cases to which the Gevernment was a party, together with 48.000 hankruptey proceedings. 3489 admi- cases and 19,065 private suits. w business begun in the court {however, included 64,614 criminal pros- cutions and 17888 civil cases, to which the United States was a party, ether with 19.340 private suits, 12,628 admiralty suits and 48,758 bank- ruptey procesdings. The extent to which the time of monopolized in the trial of iquor law cases is reflected in Agures icompiled by the district attorne: showing that last year 13,617 persons were sentenced to ijl or prison and that fines were imposed upon 26778 Lpersons for violating the prohibition law. TIn addition, the courts had be. fore them 3.413 “liquor padlock” cases. linvolving closing of properties. under {'permanent injunctions, for dry law violations. The Government collected about $6.000,000 in fines imposed in prohibition cases brought before Fed- eral courts. Liquor Law Litigation. And liquor law business before these tribunals is steadily increasing. Judges in most- districts tell the same story— an unprecedented burden of liquor law litigation. Judge George McClin- tic, in the southern district of \West Virginia, asserted that in his six vears on the bench he has had about 10,000 persons before him on criminal charges and that 8,000 of them were arraigned for liquor law violations. Judge C. M. Hicks of the eastern din- trict of Tennessee states that %0 per cent of the cases he has handled since his appointment five years ago have been dry law cases. Judge Morris Soper of Maryland stated that in his district at least one-half of the time of one judge could be continuously employed . in.the trial of liquor case: Judge John B. Sanborn of Minnesota, one of the jurists who first suggested new procedure. for the dropping of “dead” cases. was convinced that the Federal courts would have to go out of business as civil courts unjess he- roic measures were adopted to clear the way for' a more orderly disposition of civil as well as criminal suits, Judges of Federal courts.in States generally classified as “‘wet strong- holds” unite in expressions that cases involving criminal provisions of the dry laws have so congested the courts to jeopardize all other classes of litigation. Cold figures gathered by the Depart- ment of Justice tell the story of the courts’ swamped condition. The offi- cial records disciose that Federal erimipal prosecutions under the liquor iaws have fumped upward 600 per cent since the first year of the dry law's aperation. In 1920 there were 10,548 arrests and from this number prose- cutors developed 7,291 cases in Fed- eral courts. In eight vears the number of arrests have risen to ahove 60,000 annvally, and the number of prosec: tions increased to about 50,000 & ¥ The Government han established an | unusually high record of convietions {in cases brought to trial. During the past few years prosecutions have shown an average of about %0 per cent of convictions, & much higher percentage than was recorded in the earlier years of prohibition enforce. ment Prosecutors, however, have been handicapped seriously by the court Jams and have heen forced to enter nolle prosses in ahout 10 per cent of all cames becanse evidence hreaks down throngh disappearance of wit nesses or tor other causes, The record, by vears. of Volstead i8w arreats and prosecutions, provides # bird'seye view of court congestion: e i rs2 This startling fne thrown on the shoulders of the Fed. eral judiciary has not been accompa- nied by any proportionate increase in judicial personnel. The courts today are woefully undermanned. Additional Judges have been added In a fe States, but not enough to keep pace with the rapid growth in court busi- ness. An urgent plea for still more Federal district judges has been made by Chief Justice Taft the senjor Circuit Court judges. Congress last yenr provided three additional district Judges for New York and one each ad. ditional judge for Maryland, Connecti- cut, Michigan and North Carolin I is In those Btates that the courts are found to be most heavily congested he- cause of eriminal prosecutions, par. :hvulurly capen arising under the dry aw | Additional Judges Asked. Demoralizing conditions in some of the Federsl district courts of New York Las prompted a new recommen jon from Chief Justice Tuft thut wkcress provide for four ndditionu) Kederal district judges in that Miute, three new judges for the wouthern din 1rict of New York and one new judge n the eantern ‘dintrict of New York. | Mr. Paft alwo urged 10 make wrovision for an addi Federal vireuit jndge for the mecond Judicin) clreuit, Attorney General Burgent pear befors the judiclary of the Kenate and House of Chlef dustice Taft i | will wp: sppenrance of uteris o o i :)::-r:m;\ .’w ...'. ot ’.,1 V\I)!n ek | on tor additionsl Judies, y He will pensen)ly m": o l:r“:.'".“:'”"l:'“ "':. #lwo make an additionsl plea that Con. fendunte, Aud thoussnds of sich de | 1r o ek AVAUKhle an uppropriath fendanie are 1odsy free on bond, thelr Caren INVOIVINE penitentiary offenses Bl pending, and with the likelihond thut cosrges agalust them will be woon Aropged ter lack of prosecution The terrific burden borne by the Wpescrai courtn in shuwn by a report pecently subnitied 1o Attorney Cen eral Bargent which steted that there 10 pay whlarien of new law clerks f “nch of the wenior Cireult Court Juage whose officen are understaffed und overburdened Purking of the eourts of sagnant | Bigation by means of disminsal orders | will_provide a wholesome temporary correctiv, dgen by no mea that it will per- manently solve the problem. Radical As a result of pending. Federal judges were 149,00 canes of 4i) kinds pending | ! the lawyers can ofor) ’ not be such that . yers can Btore \ha Federsi ocourts at the | e D oCedUrS wnich MUAL | Louve & web to I¥ip the trial judge g R ol _:::'f iy ""::"‘ Intion ix the only practiesl out mp | Whieh an upper mulral.hl:‘l:.ru'l:n of Inited i 0 Whish S0 comfy technieal rules, won e Urited Biates wan u purty, 16,441, 111l MiUa1ON confronting the courts, | ige ‘Fhe truth s thut the American erimina) prorecutions by the United | IS 478 wkiwer Patvihlovie bk people‘in many Mtates have distrustéd Biaten, 3506 wdmirally caser, 817 | s e that the | o U0 qken and preferved 1o let the American wywiem of criminal prosecy other suits 1o which the Upited Suaias |y "o we 2" fansuse there te—In the eighteent! hia “Story of Civiliz Tighed uext of “Caexar au THE RISE OF ROME. Political Background. UAT nation has given genlus most abundantly to the hu- man race? mit the ques- tion to & city or & century. and one would have to an awer Athens; taking a nation in all its spread and all its history, «ne must answer Italy, Never has one land produced a greater dynasty than that wkich begins with Lucretius and Cae- sav, rises to ita apex in Dante a Leonardo, and decays (or is « horn? in Marconl-and Mussolini, in Verdi and dAnnunzio. All in all, that pas- sionate peninsula has borne and bred tha greatest race of all. Behold the famous hoot, poised as it to play with Sicily—Sicily the foot ball of the - Mediterranean, sport of Greeka and Romans and Carthagin ians, or Vandals, Normans and Ital- jaris. Here on the west from Naples to the toe Greek colonies dotted the shore and crowned the hills of Paes- tum, transmitting as best they could to the barbarous Romans something | of the glory that was Greece. Along the eastern shore only the rudest peasants lived, for there the mountains rose like a camel's spine or the back of an angry cat from the Alps to_italy, not. sloping gradually as in- the west, but flinging them selves precipitately into the Adviatic, suste- find daving the hardiest to nance among these stones. ( fhad destined the Latin gen flower along the Western sea. I2ven before the coming of Greeks Immigiants from heyond the | Alps had settled (ca. 1000 B.C.) among | the northern hills. Some of them, the moved down into the cen- tral plains; others, the Struscans,” stayed on the mountain sides. Re- tween these two peoples, hreeding too fast' for a scarcely arable land, per- petual rivalry raged, breaking out into recurrent war, until at last the| Latins, strengthened because the plains gave them umity of stock and freedoim of communication against an enemy . physically and “ethnically di- vided by mountain peaks, won a deci- sive victory and consolidated their mastery by building on .the Tiber a fort which be¢ame the source and cen- ter of the greatest and most famous city in history—*"eternal” Rome. ok ok % At_first that little state was ruled by Mngs. But of these rough rulers we know hardly anythirg. Even the heneficient law-giver, Numa, the L. curgus_of Rome, seems as legenda as those mythical founders, Remus | and Romulus, nurslings of the woif | that was to serve so well as a symbol | of Imperial Rome. About 500 B.C. the monarchy, was overthrown by & group of warlike nobles, or “patri- cial who set up an aristocratic re- public under the historic aegis of “the Senate and the Roman people”—Sen- atus Populusque Romanus. The Sen- | ate, as its name revealed, was a| gathering of the old men of the tribe, heads of established families, 1t ruled the state with practically ab- solate power, limit only by two consuls (advisers), whom the land owning citizens annually chose from the ranks of the nobles themselves. An “plebs,” or common people, gew in number, it rebelled against| these limitations and forced the Sen-| ate to recognize the veto power of ribunes,” elected by the popular assembly from among its own demo- cratic ranks, But numbers never give much power, except to wealth. Soon the Senate, endowed with permanence in the face of. tribunes holding office for a year, found means to control the new dignitaries,'and under democratic forms made its supremacy secure. Now it became the strongest ruling body ever known to history. Re-. eruited vearly by the addition of con- suls whose terms had expired and BY HENRY W. BUN! HE following is a brie{ sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the meven days ending January 7 The British Empire.—Mis Elizabeth Scatt of London has received the award in the competition of planx for a new Shakespeare Men 1 Theater st Strutford-on-Avon to place the theater burned in 1926, The Anglo-American committee of uaward wan enthusiastically unanimous in its deciston. Miss Scott's plans contem- plate ime of & cream-<coloved brick | und natural stone in the construction, cost of which would total about $700,- 000, She is 27 years of age and of a family of architectural note, The American fund toward building and endowment of the new theater has reached $700.000. After thre rs of operation, the Imperial Alrways vices, connecting London with Paris and other Eurs: pean cities, and Cairo with Basra ave being conductad at a profit; not much, however, and without the govern ment's subsidy there would still be a deficit, The traffic of the service be- tween ‘London and Kurope increased 26 per cent. In the last 12 months AdiMculties with Persiu have prevented extension of the Caire-Basru service to_India. The birthrate of England and Wales in the third quarter of 1927 was the Jowest of record for that guarter in any year; heing 16.7. On the other hand, the infant mortslity was the lowest of record. According to fgu the Dominion huresn of statistics the volime of Canudian business in 1927 surpassed thut of 1926 hy 4% per ce conwtruction greater by 10 per ootput of mi entry by 6, of { en published by nt, by 7, output of for: dustry by 4, LR BN BN sl “We are told that the hy 10 he devuted week the French the entive I'rer ponition, to Include in e purview the Dawen plun and the war debis. One contd wish (o be present throughout that discunsion. Genernl eleg! w will be held on Apri) 22 and supplementary elections m April 29 for cases In which no majority was forthcoming on the k The present population of the deva Ltated aren of France in 98 per cent of the pr Bixty obviata the camoufiage that in 8o nften created in a courtroom by the skill and histrionic ability of eounsel, The pro cedura and rules of evidence whould Judges wander ahout throngh a wilder The Story of Civilization CAESAR REFUSES THE CROW) composed of atrong and wolid men | wars,” which waxed and wane | recur- protected by - life membership from | rently fy 264 to 146 B.C.; nor even the vicissitudes of politics, it was in|of annibal, the brave young Car- effect a deathless monarch, stuble | thaginian, who, at the age- of 25 through all changes of | ched an army through Spain and nel and dowered with a £€- | over the Alps, defeated the Romans neity and continuity that ved [ at Cannae, vielded to them 15 yeors long-term policies and an un Hater at Zama, and died by his own ing statesmauship. In 27 i when he saw his city’s in of yeomen I helped with an o owners, fighting f a Aeet_which clever dipl had | and then with a t [ wed s the struggle e than a 1, punctuated -now hrought from Carthage, the Senate | the peace distur x resisted characteristic patience | demands that Carthage be destroyed. and persistence the: attempt of the| the Romans laid slege to King of Epirus to make Rome a vas Wlockading its ports and ) victories, went home dis- predicting a ite and Indo- 1 Ron ern Mediterranean, S Furopean, Carthage a * ok K ¥ Within a generation his prediction For fultilled. o ortre he-cra * :’l“f nml‘K.ume. ink extended her | ¥0ds (Of Rome, for the gods always last. af vant e: |‘w.r I'l n:::x'nq-:'ul B b vary, toa. of. the. Ttaljan| Jelonk: to: sogue. stumll portiin: ot/ ehe | ceeidnitl I overcaming Him and. S0 e " human tace) to curse any man whe | survivors-of the revolt were crucifie boot, now found herself face to face acroas the Straits of Messina (S and Charyllis) with the gres naval power in the ancient world, Carthage had been founded by Phoeniclans eight centurles “ive hundred years later it itlion peop! v with industry and tiade strategically situated on an Afric est [l Sicily as if symbolizing that hunger which runs like a theme of |cmbire, o death through the sound and fury of | he Senate, heretofore llllrrrliul martial histo Inheriting from the | the stimulus of victory restless Phoenicians their knowleds th, was now corrupted with pro- of ships and the sea, the Carthagin. vinclal sp The Senators appointed e jans safled not only the Mediterranean, [ to kovern the conguered mupm; But even the stormy Atlantic as far | brought to them the Pax Romana ( as England. Arming these ships s Roman peace). stopped their peity men of war, they cloxed the Straits: established religious freedom | of Gibraltar and all the western Medi- terranean to noa-Carthaginian trade. As long as Rome was weak and tilled her soil in rural plicity and content, she saw great harm in these all-too human moves. EBut when whe needed silver and found the vich- eat mource of supply—the mines of Spain—controlled and monopolized by Carthage: when her trade grew and spread, only to find Carthaginian gui bonts telling it where it mixht go and where it might not; when Ron comm.erce with Greece and the passing through Messina (a8 many’'s trade passed through the En lish Channel). found Carthage estab- lished in Sicily, capable at any mo- ment of stifiing Roman trade by clos- ing that last avenue —then Rame se- eretly prepared, gathered her, forces, and in 264 B.C. declared war. *x x ‘We ahall not speak of these “Punic per cent of the destroyed houses and buildings have been replaced. and 8% per cent of the industrial buildings. Thirty-three per cent of the damuge to property in prewsr Fro re mains to be made good to those en dnmaged; 23 per cent in Alxace. L B A wpecinl committes of the Spanixh National Assembly, under the presidency of the dictutor, Frimo De Rivera himself, ix vigorously at work on the new constitution. According tn our Intest Information, there ure to he two national axsemblies, one to he cnlled the “Royal Council,” to be made Spain. up of nobles designated by the LN the other to be made up of persons designnted by “the governor.” “Gov *if you please, not Presumable the “governor nally, at lease, be chosen and pointed by the King. will, now ap: It is n good guean that Primo De Rivera will be the firat governor; in effect aelf-ap- pointed; In effect atill dictato) a benevolent and benificent Amsemblies are have and “consultative” function at to be legislative hodies in the true senwe. In respect of the more popiiar hod the dictator seems to have taken a lea out of Mussolinl’s hook; the members Are 1o respresent the various nutional interests, advinory LR _Chith. - Denpite the efforts of Chang Kui Shek, an the new hend of the Nutlonulist movement, to ailay din: wenslons, the lntt cenming (0 number und violenes The Provinces of Hapeh and Hunan are nt loxgerhends uwnd avbitrate thelr quariels with the sword. Gen Chung Fak Wel, who the other day ounted Gen, Li Chal Sum from Can ton and wis i tien ounted by Chung, retived Tt the Chnupaign or Wi, 10 doubit (o vecruit hin wtrengih “nd dn o due tme ennay nocomelnck Both (hewe horoes profess allegianes to Nanking. 10 in of the Right nplexion, n ktud of newtral While Chung In thought 1o be u teifle pinkinh, A succaswor to Dr. ¢, C, Wa, who recently remlgned un forelgn miniate the Nunking government, hax not won wppointed, Vice Korelgn Mininter Kuo Tal Chi in acting foreign minis ter. T, V, N hin heen offared the portfalio of finance In succesnion to Bun o, who resigned alonk with Hoth, ways rumor, rosigned an It of presaure on the govern ment by Gen, " are wald to be in hee natruet n. Nelther Hoong nor Bun Ko han accepted, LR s on [ mntain Honduran bord @intefet of Nusvi Negovia), hetween our Marines, awaisted by Awerioan talned Nioavaguan Natlonal Cuarids wen, and insnevecton Chandite i, 1 hedleve, the offfcinl deshination wn der U Jeadershin wf Gen i, e aforetime Loyl gensial who vefimed wdheston (o (he genmal i catlon urennged by Col Ntiwson wst Horing. Ninee (e affule ot Ovatul, on wountry wis B0t w purty. 29,870, binkeupte are not e i bty 2,870, TnkeupAcy | ontlgh policemen, hiiuse the sather Yosn 01 ;vm. that ofien leads (0 & Chaine Canis Pt g of nformation anNevidenre i dun | I o it whalt e minal Cases Pe sdow end eriminnl trinin are too lowg | g0 8 S0 KR ew trinie except foy And he o of B5386 crtmine) " real injusiice in oa Liiel, pirer sUI pending wis the yery rout Fagisintion Needed, from Jury wervice Gught 1o et Of The tongeston evil, Wi smajor | UWe need Jeglslstion 1o enlarge”the [ down, " Boclery onght 1o be able to we part of Vi sere olumsition an pro | power of Ui Judgen Lo guide e il | core ey 1t approelios the isies o it on s Gy s hechs ety ekl s it to Dedp (e Jucy bn anderstunding | with o senme of e obiRaton t en of prise eprisie i e Gover the evidence and dn reaching e con | fores the lnw, withoul o favar Pt s contentions were U be sustiin | cluslone upon the eyide) i the Land with Intelliges I T Wi, The vouris have followed the | declavation of the Chief Justice, "Phin | fron the Judgs what the luw I8 and policy of giving right of way on the bt G erimbnal camen of s Rasportsicn, Shis pghoy in W I Gol ennm thut the lnw should not present ihe vhar ke of the court from heing en Vablewing sig claitylos, ”A shoulg 0 welgh (he evidence with veference o i violation." Woprsiehs, 1998,) duly 16 funt (o which w sl foree of Mavines and National CGunvdamen With notuhle patlon of wiy DAl Fapiilned w0 taek by w con widerable body of Bandine's men, with fuw campal(len 0 themuslven, bl some ny), the Mavines (i 400 {0 the el and Pyrrhus, after useless shutting life-and-death and starved, | struggle between southern and north- people only fifty [ street to street, sold a i | ven montory that reached out toward #* battle, tand. sal For months the (i until t in from the rest of Afri arthaginians foug of half a million thousand were alive. he Romans broke in through the gates at last, hacked their way through a six days’ resistance from into slavel burn i | hould dare to build upe Carthuge gone, and subjugated the | Silver mines with hefore | Unrivaled now on the s t af her leisure. conquered (146 B.C.) and nea der's rule. Egyvpt Wl The f tion hetter than oads and Hourished, and paratively secure. As th disappeared. ¥ united istless such carel wan mapped awiay. horn only owned land. The to the capital to the “proletariat.” tional G duced the “handit” wperations fnvolvi engngen Marinex, including Killed and t Auxiliries ANy casu; o W of the insuriecton bit the dust. mber Quilali (not fu 1% that had fa nd at once began to dec ve each kingd hridges w life was muade e dispossessed their main industry suffered tiew, and severn) hund ivors in the & t every buildin to the ground, and asked the | (or the ruil Rome turned ‘west working its nian slaves. she turned v all of the Asiatic len under Alexan' without waiting for dged herself a VAR republic hecame an m an administra- had had before, ailt, trade. com- it * ves came In the veomanry men hought up When Caerar was 000 persons in all Rome farmers flocked form a new class— 5o called because was in making srdsmen have narrowly re-{are to he smatl (12660 to 15000 tons) " infested ares, thei ng some 10 sl (x, in which a total of three | two aviators, were nided: the some, but not ol On 20, n combat patrot Nutional . were approaching nlll\‘!' Capt. | BY WILL DURANT, Pb. D, Author of “The Story of Philosophy.” children, As they were citizens, privi- leged 1o vole in the Assembly, and the empire had maintained all democrati forms, thexe proletaires, half idle in & ty bristling with trade but lacking industry, becamne a threat to the power of {he putrician landow, and the rising hourgeoisie, They w held in wome restraint only hy receiv ing corn and somet meat and por grew their lands, cluases tore with the losw of the gap hetween ty. into pieces with a hundred Iutions, In 132 B.C. ‘Tiberius hus, a tribune helonging 1o the ocracy. but perceiving the plight of the people and the state, called a restoration” of the soil to the 4 ns. ““Fhe heasts of the field and the hirds of the air,” he said, “have their holes and their hiding places, but t men who fight and die for Ttaly enjoy only the light and the air. * * ¢ You fight and dia to give wealth to others; you are called the masters of the world, and yet there is not a clod of earth that is yours.,” The answer of the Senate was to assasginate him, with 200 of his followers, when the vote of the Assembly was turning in favor of his proposal. * ok xE Nevertheless, the revolts continued. Lo 8 led an uprising of | mluves in 149 in Sicily, whose nee proud citien and husy felds weres nov: the happy hunting ground of Pl oader ans, the Carthagin inn slav led under Ennius, who et up his own court. aped the most oval splendors and collected taxes wlously for 10 vears. In 104 B.C. ienion led another revoll and ght savagely for freedom until only a few of his follow emained. fle was promised mercy if he would vield, but when he vielded he was went to hix death in the arena against hungry beastn In 4 B.C. a gladiator named Spar- tacus, once a Thracian fveeman, led the slaves again, ai for two years defented the om reus in the-c alons the Appian Way a8 @ lesson in itieal philowophy to: slaves who a ed to he free.. In 87. B Marl Willinnt young patrician. th- cause of the starving eitizency of Rome and urged a redistribution of | the land. The Senate outlawed him | and appointed the hrutal Sulla to cap: ture him. Sulla won, and drew up secret lista of 4,700 men suspected of All but a few complicityyin the revolt. the 4.700 were killed. One of the fow was (aemar. Meanwhile, in the north the eternal ans looked down upon their ind thought their time had come. adv. in 382 B.C. the Gauls had swept down over t Alps. plundeved the valley of the and wacked even Rome itself. In 277 B.C. they had spread as far as Hungary and Asia | Mine ? | Caesar Second ih Rome. Coenar was ‘horn 100 RC. by the operation which now hears his name. For this reason, some sav. he was called Cremar (Csesus ab utern ms or aprarian party that had survived the nssassination of the Gracchi. He {married with the precipitancy | zeniuw, and when Sulla, triumphant | aver Marius, ordered him to divorce | his_wife enemy of the Senate. (Continued on Fifth Page) pared with the two carriers re Iy commissioned (33,000 tunx sach). Under the Washington naval treatv we huve a total to wine from 1 e atate, and heing bribed | liherally by all cundidaten for their vules, As the rich grew richer with (he Blood of the proviuces, the poorer and spoused | ~ o~ U. S. ACTS TO MAKE SEAS SAFE FOR ING throukh the cloud m that spread over the sto | tommed Atluntic, two Govern | ment bureaix have set in mo- tion ploneering activities in- | tended to pave the way for the host | of afrmen ‘who will attempt the trans- | atlantic flights next Spring. Summer and Fall. With the lessons learned | from the hravery and recklessness of | those who succeeded and those who found their graves in the east ovean, ever Lefore them the certainty that no way can be found to predict weather over the ocean at great dis- tgncen 24 hotrs or more in the futu two branches of science of the Gov ernment have joined hands to make transstlantic fiying a far less hazard. ous affair than it was in its pioneer vear—-a year that saw but four flights acroms the ocean from North America to England and Europe, although sev. eral mo.e were started, never to finish. The hydrographic office of the Navy ham just made public the initial issue of & chart for tran<oceanic aviators | ®ho attempt the lazardous Might | across the Atiaotic. prepared by the Navy Department in collaboration with the Weather Hurean for the Intrepid | who atterapt the long b mn the heaving wastes of the we: Other charts are to follow. their infor. mation 1o be furnished in more and more elaborate detail until reaches its peak of exactness & leavew man alone to fight his wav through the triple perils of fog, storm and high wind which science cannot predict and which form with unparal- leled speed over the gray wastes of the | wea. Littie faith is placed in the | theory advanced by Capt. Paul Schlu. | ter, a navigator of the old school. that ' of the future who fly across oceans westward can strike the de winds and move with them to a wafe landing. Rather the scientists helieve daily and hovrly forecasis the anly true gauge by which aviators ean retell the weather they mav expect er the vast reaches of water. Ofers Another Idea. But Capt. Schluter has another idea and one that is receiving careful con. fon of those who have to do with forecasting the weather for trans- atlantic flights. That is, that to the enormous mass of data already com- piled by the Navy on surface condi- tionm ovar water, wind trends, weath- er trends and other meteorological material, there be added definite data on the great air currents which sweep across the oceans. hundreds and thou sands of feet in the upper air. plane, for u plane moves too fast to measure the wind. Securing of it by dirigible .is impraeticable because of the heavy cost; so Capt. Schinter would have the Navy send up trial hallouns from ships over all purts of the Atluntic and Pacific, which would Kive science the key te the riddie of the winds which sweep through the nupper strata of the aic envelope sur- | rounding the easth and the oceans. Transatlantie fiving for the early Winter. the hydrographic office infers. 4 them into Jarge and for v":u- li""""'. w;hn:'n. h’r"h"'-!.un!d be undectaken only by sea- 2 b frred with epilepay to the hour o ility of a I..rn»:':’h:n-\”n:‘::‘r':-Ilmw..l,u,,,_ i 4 sudden formation of storms which g fiix mother. Aurelia, was a distin-| yuight e down awy plane, and pecr | Soun the aoll| Khished member of the patriclan|which a land piane cunld not survive e bandit foat | Clas€. One of hia unclex was Marius. | on the surface of water. So the At the ultimate basis of | At 18 he fell passionately in love with}in its fAirst map of the tre < and political life | #ir! who belonged to the demofralic. | acean. of the \Winter, has suggested that sesplanes making the bik hop should avoid the dangerous “great circle” route immediately east of Newfoundland—the route taken by Lindbergh, Chamberlin, Bvrd and Brock—and , route theit course far south of the ship travel route to a xpot in the, neighborhood of Bermuda proceeding therce east to the Azores and from these islands to the point on the European continent or the British Inles desirad. # While the Navy and the Weather Bureau for many years have studied wind trends and storm trends, along with fox formation and other aspects of meteorological conditions over the ocean, their activities wlong these lines Were. spurred far bevond the. usual course by the tranmtiantic flights of Now, I study, t after many months of transoceanic fivers of 1928 unge allowance will have before them weather maps This dat: ecannot be secured by :lr-i 1928 FLYERS Two Scientific Branches of Government Join Hands to Overcome Perils Encountered by Others. sides of the Atlantic in the Winter months, and because of the fact that the “great circle” course or shortest route carries 100 far north and across ohibitive temperatures, the closess approach to the “great circle” route which is recommended as practicable for the early Winter is from New vork via Hermuda and the Azores to Europe. Worst conditions along this route are close to the coast on the American side and affect flight but a few hours on an average. The | | central and longest leg of this route, between Bermuda and the Azores, is south of and paraliels the 60-degres temperature line. The route from Miami to Bermuda is just south of the f0.degree line. Norfolk to Bermuda crosses temperature lines at right angles, the temperature varying from 46 to 63 degr while from New York to Bermui the temperature is lower, averaging 3% to 63 degrees F. On the eastern leg from the Azores to the Furopean continent the tem- peratures are more favorable than hetwee:: New York and Bermuda. be- cuuse of the influence of the Gulf Stream. The Horta-to-Cadiz route liew in temperatures averaging be- tween 50 and 60 degrees, with the rou‘e from Horta to Lisbon about the sam - Difference in Air. One of the interesting factors which influence ocean flights is found in the difference between the air over the Gulf Stream and that over parts of | the ocean through which the warm water does not pass. Steep tempera- ture gradients occur at the Grand Banks and at Cape Haiteras, due to the intrusion of Arctic water at the former point and the cold coastal water at the Carolina capes, the turn- ing_points not only for the warm | northerly drifting Gulf Stream, but |also for the colder waters which run | southwesterly between the Gulf Stream and the shore. Water relativeiv enol to that in { midocean is carried southward down the west African Coast. Convergence {of ocean temperatures at the Grand | Banke and at Cape Hatteras is ac- counted for by the southerly resultant movement of the cold inshore waters, which, at an average rate of about 1 knot. move southward to the Gulf of | Mexico, inshore of the Guif Stream. which carries warm water northward at an average maximum speed of 233 knots, giving a relative movement of -water of different temperature ef about 373 knots. These waters closely parailel the 100-fathom curve along | the coast line and may be marked by |surface eraft almost immediately. How do these ocean temperatures |affect the upper air? Their effect is | shown by the high percentage of fug jpre valent for the month of December, which is 30 to 35 per cent of the days off the Grand Banks. with a smaller percentage to the eas*ward and south- | westward from Newfoundland. The | fogs of Newfoundland owe their ex- |istence for the most part .to the |blowing of warm. moistureiaden | winds from the Gulf Stream and other warm waters over the ecolder | waters of the Labrador currents and ers contiguous to the Grand Ranks, Fog at Newfoundiand generally aver- ger 300 feet high. but has been found ['to reach an altitude of 3,000 feet. | This is the sort of spectral atmosphere hrough which Byrd. Noville. Balchen and Acosta flew for nearly 2.406 miles, | passing over France in the gray fingers of the fog finally to drop im the shaliow waters of the English | Channel near Ver-sur-Mer, France. | Blind for Hours. | They were hiind for nearly 20 hours, fiving a compass course alone. aided by the other navigation instruments which have heen developed for the men of the upper air. This is ex- plained by the hydrographic office by |the fact that when a low-pressure area is over the fog bank the low clouds merge with the fog, giving un- hroken low visibility to great altitudes. Balchen and Byrd both declared they tried to rise above the fog bank and were unable to de se. Observational evidence regarding wind structure over the aceans is acik- ing. giving additional importance te the suggestion of Schluter that wind data should he available for high | Airplune carviers of 135,000, We|showing the routes they should travel, L e pealen e two. nesw car. | (e weather thev will hrolably strike, | htx over kreat hodies of water, Cer- | old Tangley, which pre- | A% shown by averages taken over !4l inferences can be made. how. |y ittt ke eonppiet many years, the “wind roses” or| Ve from investigutions on land with e understood that Mr. Stimaon, | averuges, such as never befure bhas Kitt® and halloons. keeping in mind (he new governor Eeneral of the|heen done. VA W Philippines, will continue the polictes 2 L jand ¢ surfs on air movement .I.:m;.'u' ’uralor-‘u . .' Novtal Maps of Utmost Value. 4% related to pressure distribution. It e elorann. 55 M W Tnasmuch as air activity over the i* well known that, for the same pres- of Gen. Woud and Atlantic for 1928 promises to be far Stre gradient, surface winds are com- wurrecion’ capital mtimate trien : (the only one) was th wan hig guest in the Philippines in | Kreater than last vear, the mups, cor- | Yderably stronger at sea than on land. deflle borderéd by high cliffs. Here | 1926, [od he i4 said 1o have madeé | related with up-todate and hourly Therefore. in the case of alrplanes, the Inwu ton, Informed by sples of | 4 profound study. largely at hrnlll"m'l-ll by the Westher Bureau, | he increase in speed over water with the patrol's movements, had laid an | hand, of the Isiunds. thelr people 1{should be of the utmost value to the aititude and change of direction with inbush. from which, with machine | (heir problems. My, Stimson under. |sirmen—and who ply the aititude is less than above land. kuns wnd other arms and with takes his task nt great personal!aerial routes to the other side of the| It is generally accepted that for mite bombs, they nssalled the trapped | werifice, giving up & thriving law |ocean, [ every 328 feet of altitude there is a detachment, 'Th howe practice and imperilling & not tov From the United States coast the 'lrop of 1| degree in temperature. Se pushed through, my on the other badly (& him into the hill of Quila geant, n ¢ killed, 5 were e 18 (including Capt Iy wounded. men participating): One Nutional man wan Killed, two wounded. nd, m alde, punished him drove and took possession Five Marines (a first ser- poral and 3 privates) were ously wounded and . Livingston) alight- Guards: The ted in the hun enemy’s loas in entiy dreds. Apparently t of the patrol camunltien were incurved in the defile. The whole affair o 20 minutes, ton cluding wre wald Quitali most to have wtronkl I Aiffenlt called Blehipote. fMng of red and Blowd nnd deat I R | and Nationnl suntwnrd from Vel the patrol nuw e were attacked hy after An hour's st ons Marine (Tho wergeant in the Hentenant in the Gunrd) helng Killed neluding 16t Lien er of the detuch I The {nmureee reported o Quilalt He ven nnthalverfe guns of nccens on Next doy a detuch Gunnda ent overad an hour and Alsplayed far het Alseipline than haek position A heikhi They dinplaved Black, “signifving ornnmented with » Knived " it of Mavines on Ipaneca to reinforve thlinhied at Quilall I on, whont 15 miles for el v wia (1 Marinew aud curagian Nutionat 1 and five wonnded . Riehnl, command to ton' moave not The detachment pashed on | e vecelved A medal of honor for extraordinary hevolsim in the Ocotal engakement 10 v proposed to apsed up opera tonw looking to complete Hguidation of the Inwuriecton There arve about 1600 of our Mavines in Nich ragua, and ahout " thonsand maore were ordeved there Immedintely on receipt In Wa formation summar . | told at thouwh for vl Comn i Diwcember 14, 1n ¢ e e Hwit I ddvafion 1 ihe emplniod iin Wi Ve Ve 1 thut I view fonr Erams of il vo Wl e, thitt the crnisers § avo all tw e uf o that the suhmnli twen donided on, Ieaders ave 1o the Nav d Ntates of Ameriea, AUCORNRive five yene shington of the n rized ahove, . We are the Wil " Hon intindnedd e House doen not for 1ie venlisation NAVY Diepartment aplete venlinat LAl We wes (et her R T i WAL o 1t nnderntoml wopened (U Wil [ TR A TR ® LanNAKe han nei that the destroyer M about 2,000 tons hurey o | perhaps mortal | sturdy health. Following Col. Lindbergh's grand tour, & number of pathfinding fights are in prospect. looking to eatablish- ment of regular commercial aviation services between the Unitad Statea on the one hand and canada, Mexico, Central America and South America on_the othe In 193 American manufacturers produced 1,186 airplanes. Reports te hand indicate & production for the Arst 11 montha of 1927 of 1525, with 1,239 untilled orvder: . cording to the Bureau of Internal rage per caplta in. ersoun gainfully ooeupled the United States n 1926 was 10, an agninat $1637 dn 1921 CEE IO A'ltalia, e v woling the vl politieal p o he one herations [ s of of o *and We helieve fonunimn NNy democatic ah the aivit and palitical how 3 thne a Turkish woman admitted 0 the Turkiah s heen hav, Nl polvERIY | Tarkish wentlug of the vetl aud fovinally have abulishad aqualified as recantly ap W i TUrkey now have ahsolite econmm 1] tnl equality with men, and thev wre clamoring for the vote, The course of recent negotintions weeia 10 Indicats the strong possibik [ ftien that eve lonk arreement will b t providing for Reitish | struetion of the lang talked of dam Jat Lake Teang In Abyssinia to conteol the waters of (the hlue Nil Oun hears that are “the fatnlitien on the Kuropean alv pas tnenger linea the Kuropean insurance rates on alr amo ave now lower than thone an surface tranaportation. The outatanding developments of 1927 in the fleld of medicine were: The dincovery by twa Amevican phvat- clans that a liver diet i very helptul I treatment of Pernicions Anaemin, & (isenne Which medicirie had thitherta annniled AlINMORE I vain: the diseavery were women And Iy Wotwe g of Univeraity ol leke, Londun ol o aynhetivally prod win, the active principle of the thyrokd gland, Which in moverelgn in o trentment of cretiniam te eolation, by D Noguohl of the Rookefaller Tustitate for Medical Hessuich, of the baoill af raohons . and the discavery by by Bickhiouk of Hochoater, No Vo, of an ARLEON I WhICH pisimines (0 deal the ol e KVACH 0 srvaipelas. o, Wannerdanvegg of Vienna ve. velvedt (he 1837 Nohle prige toe wedieine, for s treatment of pareais juic temperntures have been found to| the weather experts have arranged & | “pread out in a fan shape acruss the 'table showing the average temperatury ocean to the .European and African | to be expected at various heights oves continents, giving Glasgow, Scotland, | the ocean. As activity in the air an air temperature of 40 degrees. or {over the Atiantic approaches its peak the same as for the City of Washing: | in Midsummer next, it may be ex ton for the same time, although Glas- pected that air data of far more pre | mow in 17 degrees of latitude or more | cision than those with which Col than 1,000 nautical miles north of | Lindbergh traveled will be availabie Washington. “The effect of these sur- ' for the future air travelers. Certain face alr temperatures on the selection | it is thai no aviater of the future ot Ihl‘nurlhfil‘nmml routes is ap would iy deliberately inte the lown parent | pressure area which Capt. Haldeman In attempting to connect the cem-|and Ruth Elder found west of the ters of largeat population on the two Azores. Edmund Schulthess, New President of Switzerland. to Serve Third Term Edmund Schulthess, President of I Nwitaeriand in 1905 and 1921, hax juat [leen elocted chist executive of his untey for the year 1825, Since presl dential election Nwiteerimnd excite no loenl political teelings, (he event ok place In the custamary quiet manne: Each vear the Federal Aw sebly, consisting of the National Council and the Council of Statea, eley he nation's presnient and vice Proatdent from AIMong the seven mem Lers af the socallsd Pedeval Council, 1o which s intrusted the exscutive | power of the Swiss government. This vouncil consiste of seven members, | Wha ave slected by the same assembly tor A three vear m, and their ve election fallows automatically. Thus it death or veti nt do not inter vene, every member of this council of aeven can ook farward to the presl dency once In seven yeara Schulthess, same as his prede M Motta, wha finished his third terin an President of the Swise Confederation on Decamber 81, is ane of the wmoat eficient and popular men eral Assembly, and his influence and persouality seon made themselves telt in the capital merally Mr, Schuits heas was choxen when reports were nedded on BiK xuvernment projects er fscal matter a8 the purchasing Lack of the St Gothard Ratlway, the Simplon Cunvention, the rallway con. forences at Geneva, ete. Mr. Schuits hess was well rweived everywhere, for his xpeeches Were ever concise and fully supported hy convincing data. n July, 1912, he was alected inta the Faderal Council and four and one-hait years later he became President af Switzerland for 1917, In the Faderal Councll Mr. Schulthess das devated Rtmaelt cupecially to the department OF PUBIR ACOROMY, COUMPNMRE cam- merce, industry and agricuiture, Dur Ing the war the presidentelect distine suished himselt as 8 food adminie trator of partioulariv rare adbity Lauguage Strangest in NSwise publio lite. Deacendant of a patrician Swisa fumily who settled in the Canton of Argovie ware than a century nge, My, Schulthess was born in LRER, in the vitlge of Villnachern, near the Batha of Schinanach He WaR raised (0 the nearhy town of g W prepared himselt for et N the exvellent sohools of his nton law at the univerai | Thing About Finland Pty the Finnish scheal dav' There AT WARY strange (hings adout Fine tand, and the atrangeat i the \an guage. It preperty b called elher Fiane Ulgeie” o “Ulges-Fiane,” W Aviatio D watuie and inccmprehen: aible excopt to Finne or speciatimts. And the cllista aver that it WVRALLY the most diteult language M the workl, P instance, & nown deolines inta 1 different caseal Thay 15 STOY Boun has 13 difterent s ather than thase of gonder and wum. o, The cases ave as fulows: Nemi WALV, BATTIVS, KORItve, nessive, el Wte, Ve, AlMtve, Mtive, alla. Ve, Ahesaive. Prolative. translaiive, tlem of Rtvanbourg, Munioh, Leipaiy and Bern, Mro Schulthess wpened & W afice Al Hingg The venture be oA AN Iamediate success, and in 18N, when only 28 vears oM. he was Mbuated with & politioal ofive in his oanton In 1008 he bacame vepressntative af . Wi sloriously untvwouum and Nu b ‘wl (it the mlioraly earviore by wuhttfivul the m}_flh GO, Bia cantonal government in the Fed: ‘anive, cumliative and laatracuve