Evening Star Newspaper, May 16, 1937, Page 39

EMBARGO POWER VIEWED DANGER TO LATIN NATIONS Best Guarantee Against Misuse Held Administration by Originators of “Good Neighbor” Policy BY GASTON NERVAL. UBLIC discussion about the merits of the neutrality bill just passed by Congress has centered mainly on its effec- tiveness to keep the United States out of war. Disregarding technical ques- tions, and even the fact that real neutrality is the thing least assured by the new law. its critics have been concerned almost exclusively with the extent to which it may or may not prevent the United States from be- coming involved in armed conflicts abroad. It is only natural that it should be s0. There is no problem more im- portant to the immediate future of this country than the preservation of external peace. Once that discussion has been exhausted, however—and it will be, quite soon—there are other aspects of the neutrality bill which are also deserving of some considera- tion In a previous article we dealt with probable consequences the bill may have on the relations of certain Latin American countries, rich in raw ma- terials, with the Fascist powers of Europe, most in need of such raw materials and most belligerent in their foreign policies, and. therefore, most eager to protect themselves from the embargoes and restrictions de- creed by the United States against warring nations. But even the re- lations of the Latin American re- publics with the United States may be affected by other provisions of the neutrality policy which is now the law of the land. Embargo Provisions. Those provisions of the new law ‘Which authorize the President to place an embargo on the exportation of &rms, munitions and elements of war to any country in which a civil war is | in progress, might conceivably have far-reaching implications in the years to come. They create a weapon which, in the hands of an administration less liberal and less respectful of Latin American sovereignty than the Roose- Velt-Hull administration, would leave certain Latin American regimes at the mercy of Washington. Perhaps the lesson of the Wilson hon-recognition policy should be re- called. When President Wilson an- nounced his theory that no Latin ¢ American government should be recog- nized which had not been formed along constitutional lines, no one sus- pected him of a desire to use that power for political purposes, to sui his own choice in each particular emergency. or that advised by political or financial interests of the United States. The Wilson theory implied gistence on orderly, constitutional democratic government.” It tended to discourage revolutions and coups d'etat. On the assumption—an as- sumption which shows very little knowledge of the real causes of Latin American revolts—that “revolutions and assassinations in order to obtain control of government are instituted almost wholly for the purpose of “loot,” it attempted to discontinue them, by warning the Latin Americans that violent means would not “bring the desired results.” Belief of Wilson. Wilson believed that Latin Ameri- can revolutions were, without excep- tion, only the resuit of personal ambi- tion and desire of looting. He did not stop to think that in Latin America, as elsewhere, oppressed ma- Jorities might have no other means but force to rid themselves of tyran- nical, personalist regimes. He did not stop to think that in Latin America, more than anywhere else, revolution is the only safeguard against permanent despotism and exploitation; the only recourse to recover freedom, “in- for seldom an autocratic ruler leaves | After Stanley Baldwin (Continued From First fige} | | by heavy tariffs on foreign foodstuffs, the war, there were no signs of any unorthodox ideas. He very soon made & reputation for himself in the House of Commons as rigid, high-protec- tionist Tory, with no nonsense about him with regard to social legislation. As Chancellor of the Exchequer, he has been rigid, avoiding all innova- tions and carrying through conscien- | tiously the great task of making | Britain into a highly protected country | 8o far as her industries were con- cerned. He believes in strong arma- ments, has a grave distrust of the League of Nations, would like to avoid | war, but will do little to prevent it; | yet it the peace were threatened he ‘would like to have strong allies. There is an independent majority of Con- servatives in the House of Commons, and Neville Chamberlain does not believe that there is any particular value to be obtained from the support of the Liberal section led by Sir John Simon, nor the remnant of the| National Labor Party led by Ramsay | MacDonald. | Yet his last budget, introduced on April 20, caused more outcry among | the business community than did any other budget for the last 20 years. | The trouble was caused by the new | tax on extra profits earned by industry | in the present boom arising out of the | rearmament program. It will produce | only $10,000,000 this year, but next year it will produce $100,000,000 at least, and it aroused most bitter resentment. / But for the general desire to avoid @& political upheaval just before the royal coronation there would have been a serious revolt among the tory old guard; and Mr. Baldwin would have had either to continue in office or to find some successor other than Neville Chamberlain. No longer chancellor of the ex- chequer, Mr. Chamberlain will no longer be responsible for finding the necessary money—so he will do all he can to speed up the rearmament of Britain. He will have to work as one of a team, as every prime minister does, with his cabinet; but his very great influence will be used to limit British commitments on the continent, to emasculate the League of Nations and reduce it to a mere clearing house for international ideas. He will try to buy off Germany at a price—that price being the cheapest which he can get away with. For example, the Germans are demanding colonies, and Neville Chamberlain will try to avoid giving up any of the mandates held by Britain over the former German pos- sessions. But there i. a movement on foot to placate Nazi Germany by lending them money to buy some of the Portuguese possessions. This is just the sort of bargain that would appeal to Neville Chamberlain. -~ open the ordinary, legal channels through which public disapproval might express itself peacefully or con- stitutionally. He did not realize that people down there are not always | given a chance to register their de- mands for a “new deal” at the polls. Overlooking all ‘that, but probably honestly mistaken, President Wilson | decided to put an end to those back- ward outbursts of violence which were | belittling democracy on the other side |of the Rio Grande. Knowing that | recognition by the United States was one of the essential requirements for | the subsistence of any revolutionary regime—because of the financial aid, the political significance and the | moral influence involved—he decided that no Latin American government which had been set up by uncon- stitutional means would be recognized by Washington. Such was the idealistic motivation of the non-recognition policy, ob- viously wrong even in theory and in its ethical import. However, it was in the practice, in the actual appli- cation of the policy, where this showed its worst features, by lending itself to serve as an instrument of discrimina- tion against those Latin American regimes which, for one reason or other, did not have the sympathies of Wash- | ington. | Result Called Intervention. | The result was pure and simple | intervention in the domestic concerns | of supposedly independent foreign | | states. The non-recognition policy | reserved to the President of the United | | States the right to pass upon the | soundness of the governments which | Latin American peoples had chosen | for themselves. It gave him the final | word in the selection of such govern- | ments. It gave President Wilson and his successors, in his own words, the | | opportunity “to teach the South BY C. B. ALLEN. ITH bags of stamp collectors’ souvenir “covers” and other mail piled high in her Americans to elect good men.” As | | any unbiased history of those days | may show, they took advantage of | that opportunity with great frequency, | and in most instances their decision was determined not wholly by legal | considerations. | TIs it too venturesome to think that | | the current neutrality legislation does, | potentially at least, create an equally | dangerous weapon in the discretion | | it leaves the President to apply em- | bargoes and trade restrictions in acases of civil war? The Wilson policy, now in discard, served to support | certain regimes which were favorable to United States interests and to | facilitate the overthrow of others, which were not so amenable; just as | effectively. and even more so, the | | embargo power now decreed by Con- | | gress could be employed to deny any | Latin American government which Washington disliked the means with | which to defend itself against an uprising, and so, particularly in the | case of those near the United States, | insure .its downfall. A presidential | declaration that the peace of the | | United States might be imperiled by | | the civil war in question is all that | | would be required. Of course, that was not the in- | tention of the Congressmen who ap- | proved the civil war provisions of the | | neutrality bill, but neither was it the | original intention of President Wilson ‘ that his non-recognition policy be | used to discriminate against foreign | regimes which happened to be out of favor with the powers that be at | Washington. The only guarantee | against an early misuse of the embargo | powers in the neutrality bill lies in the fact that the men entrusted with | the conduct of the foreign relations of the United States, for at least the next three and a half years, are the same who devised the ““good neighbor” policy and have already proven the | | sincerity and consistency of their | friendship for Latin America. (Copyrisght, 1937.) He will encourage ‘home agriculture and he will help the heavy industries to trustify themselves and fix prices behind the double shield of tariffs and quotas. And, above all, he will work closely | with the financial magnates of the City of London, as powerful an in- fluence as even Wall Street in its heyday. His quarrel over this year's budget is with the manufacturers, not with the bankers. Neville Chamberlain will not go out of his way to co-operate with the | United States in problems of mutual interest; but he has no anti-American bias, and he will try to avoid upset- | ting American feeling. In the Far East he will let the Japa- nese understand that they can go ahead in China so long as they do not interfere too much with British trade in the Yangtse Valley. And he will rely on a strong British fleet, now to be rebuilt, and the power of British finance to keep the Japanese from overstepping the mark. The other nations of the world will know that Britain, under the leader- ship of Neville Chamberlain, will expect them to solve their own dif- culties. If the Germans and the Russians, for example, come to blows, he will attempt by all means to in- sulate and isolate the conflict. Whether he will succeed or not remains to be seen, but his intention Wwill be that Britain in the future shall | Play the part which she played prior to 1904 in the Entente with France. There will be a halt to social legis- lation at home; for such a policy of isolation in the present state of the world is held by Conservative opinion to necessitate strong armaments to sustain it. 1f Anthony Eden falls in with these ideas he can remain as foreign secre- tary as a useful figurehead. If not, he can go, and Sir Thomas Inskip, present minister of co-ordination of defense, will probably take his place. There will be no attempt to renew debt payments to America, no “ad- veniures.” Neville Chamberlain and his party will hope to pursue a steady, humdrum, unimaginative policy of avoiding risks everywhere, and keep- ing out of any trouble that may be going. This policy will suit only a section of the British people, and at the next general election the British electorate may well decide to put the Labor party into office. . Merit Order Formed To Promote Culture By imperial ordinance Japan has established & cultural order to be awarded those making outstanding contributions to sclence, art or other departments of national culture. [} | Her trip completed 1,000,000 miles of b ' cargo compartments, the China Clipper took off from San Francisco Bay on April 21 for the first scheduled flight all the way across the Pacific. The trip bridged the last gap in Pan-American Airways’ 9,000- miic route to the Orient, which has been in regular operation since last Fall except for a 750-mile run be- tween Manila and Hongkong. Passenger service over this leg was inaugurated on April 28 and, except for the Hindenburg's tragic crash on re- | sumption of North Atlantic flying, | would have forged the final link in a | round-the-world air service by which | any one with globe-trotting ambitions | might fly from New York to New York in 16 days—thanks to United Air Lines’ overnight schedules across the con- tinent and foreign lines spanning Europe and Asla. These flights mark an epoch. in the development of commercial aviation, but they are also memorable for other reasons. The day before the China Clipper took off with her philatelic cargo, the Hawaii Clipper landed in California at the endof Pan-American's one hundredth flight over the Pacific. survey and scheduled flying on the world's largest ocean in two years of operation which have not been marred by a single accident such as beset the domestic air lines last Winter. It marked the second anniversary of | the first historic round-trip from California to Hawalli by the trail- blazing Sikorsky, Pan-American Clip- per; 32,000 miles of preparatory fly- ing; another 48.000 miles of explora- tory and survey trips, and 820,000 miles of scheduled mail flights, in- cluding 221,000 miles of passenger flying. How IU's Done. Here is an intimate picture of the | operating technique and flight routine which have made this record possible: A blanket of fog—fleecy white in the hot afternoon sun beating down above it, depressingly gray and clammy to the earthbound creatures over whom it swirls—pours in through the Golden Gate as the China cnpperQ drones out to sea, climbing steadily | toward her cruising altitude of 9,000 feet. It obliterates completely the | roadway of the great bridge with which man’s ingenuity has spanned the harbor entrance, leaving only the towers and suspension spans rising like ghostly shadows through | the top of the mist. | Passengérs exclaim over the beauties | of the scene below, pressing eager faces against the windows and mov- | ing from one side of the plane to the other ‘to get a better view. But the seven members of the 26-ton flying boat's crew, save for the steward, who is busy answering questions and pointing out landmarks, have scant time for artistic appreciation of the creeping panorama. They are too busy availing themselves of its prac- tical aspects in getting their craft off to a praper start on its 2,410-mile flight to Honolulu. In the control cabin, the Clipper's captain guides the big craft higher and higher above the:unbroken ex- panse of fog ahead. He already has donned amber glasses to protect his eyes from the sun’s dazzling glare on the endless white waste. Relaxed yet alertly attuned to every reaction of the complicated machine, he glances now and then at the air-speed and rate-of-climb indicators to make sure the ship is taking altitude with maxi- mum efficiency. He needs pay no attention to his “blind flying” in- struments, for the blue vault of the sky and the floor-like top of the fog give him a sharp natural horizon on which to hold the Clipper’'s stream- lined prow at the proper angle, thus maintaining a constant rate of climb. The captain knows by heart the Clipper’s compass cours¢ across the trackless Pacific and sets her on it, after making necessary compensations for the wind prevailing .on this par- ticular flight. Back in the chart room aft of the control cabin, the navigator is busy taking a final landfall on the receding coast line. If he has difficulty getting a bearing out the window on the headland he wants, he goes back through the passenger cabin, partially opens a hatch and sights back over the tail surfaces of the ship. Then he returns to his charts, makes a few computations and hands up a slip of paper to the captain. This oontn_in.s the point and time of departure from the coast and the corrected compass course to be flown. Meanwhile the radio operator, in his tiny cubbyhole on the starboard side of the ship just behind the pilots’ compartment and on the same raised deck, is tapping out messages to the airline’s Alameda base or scribbling down what Alameda has to say to the Clipper. Now it is time for the uncanny ground-station di- rection finders developed by Pan- American Alrways to take their first bearing on the unseen flying boat speeding westward high above the fog. The Clipper's radioman abandons The “bridge” of the Clipper his dots and dashes, holding his key down for 30 seconds so that it sends | out a continuous signal. Miles away at Alameda the “D. F.” operator, training his magic radio divining rod on the pulsating ether waves emanat- ing from the China Clipper, comes to “point” as unerringly as a bird dog questing a quail-scented breeze. Bearing Then Given. He scrutinizes a 360-degree gradu- ated scale at the base of the “D. F.” and shortly the earphones of the op- erator aboard the Clipper crackle with an incoming message giving the ship's exact bearing from her home station. The information and the time at which it was taken are passed along from the operator - to the navigator and are noted on his chart. At regular and frequent intervals, as long as the plane is in the air, one or more of the airline's “D. F.s” reaches out through fog and clouds across -the unbroken sea to give the Clipper her position. With invisible but sure fingers the Alameda “D. F.” shepherds its flying charges on their allotted course until they are half- way to Hawaii; there the Honolulu station takes over and guides the big planes into port. An effective range of 1,800 miles under the most unfavorable operating conditions it has encountered is claimed by the airline for its direction- [AY 16, 1937—PART TV Science Flies the Pacific Thrilling Story of the Clipper Ships’ Conquest of Sky and Ocean to Far-Away Cathay. —A. P. Photo. finding apparatus. Frequently Honolulu operator, 2.400 miles away, takes a practice bearing on the Clip- per's first radio “fix” out of Alameda, and it is not unsual for the “D. F.s” at Midway and Wake Islands to ac- complish the same feat. Navigator Shoots Sun. But the Clippers by no means put their sole dependence on radio bear- | Ings and compass dead reckoning to | keep them on course. Long before the sun reaches the horizon, the navigator “shoots” it frequently with his octant (the aerial counterpart of the sea cap- tain's sextant) to obtain position “fixes” by time-honored celestial methods. He gets a final “shot” just as the sun sets, and he checks and re- | checks the results of all these against his radio bearings and the ship's es- | timated position on the basis of her known cruising speed. hours flown and the compass course followed. As a rule, there is amazingly little difference between them. The radiomen, of course, contend that the “D. F.” sup- plies the most accurate navigational method of all; the navigators, on principle, swear by the sun and the stars. However, the star gazers’ convic- tions are not so strong that they believe their own calculations infal- lible. The navigator welcomes con- firmation of his “fixes” by the reassur- ing magic of the “D. F.” as he does bearings radioed the Clipper from an Fair Trade Acts Passed by 35 States To Outlaw Wars by Price Cutting BY HARDEN COLFAX. AIR trade acts are being written on State statute books in in- creasing numbers. Thirty-five out of the 48 States now per- mit the fixing of a minimum price at which goods of a trade-marked brand may be sold to the public. An- other State, Oklahoma, is consider- ing such & law which has reached the conference stage between the two Houses of the Legislature. These laws, modeled on the act passed by California in 1931, are very much alike. They provide that a producer and jobber, a producer and retailer, or a jobber and retailer may make contracts, agreeing upon the low- est sale price of the trade-marked arti- cle they are handling. While they differ in certain details, they all agree on one provision: The dealer who refuses to enter into such a contract is, nevertheless, compelled to abide by the price set by those who make such agreements. The Supreme Court has already up- held two of these laws, those of Cali- fornia and Illinois, and decisions under the laws of other States are expected shortly. 22 States Act This Year. Since the first of the present year, 22 States have written these fair trade acts on their statute books. These States are Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Ken- tucky, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, South Caro- lina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Washington (the 1935 act expires in July), Wyoming and West Virginia. In 1936 such laws were enacted in Arizona, Louisiana, Ohio, Rhode Island and Virginia. Six States, DNlinois, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and wi , enacted their fair trade laws in 1935, Ths first act following " the original California law of 1931 ‘was adopted by Iowa in 1934. Although the first minimum price law was enacted several years before there was any such Federal body as the N. iR. A, that act indicated to business men generally what restric- tions might be laid on price cutting. When the N. R. A. was declared un- constitutional by the Supreme Court many demands were made on State Legislatures for some effective means of controlling prices that would stand the test of the court. Since then fair trade acts have been increasingly popula; Apply to Intrastate Business. These various State laws fixing minimum prices, of course, apply only to business done within the State it~ self. Necessarily, therefore, a cor- poration in one State wishing to take advantage of a law in another ‘must set up some sort of subsidiary or in some other way “domesticate” itself within the other State. New legislation, in the form of what is known as the Tydings-Miller bill, is now pending in Congress to take care of this interstate situation. This new legislation would permit a producer in a State which has a fair trade law to request wholesalers and retailers in another State which has & similar law to enter into & con- tract fixing the minimum price for goods passing between them. An unfair trade practice is de- fined—in practically the same words —in these laws as “wilfully and know- ingly advertising, offering for sale or selling any commodity at less than the price stipulated in any contract entered pursuant to the act.” A person damaged by an unfair practice of this type has the right to sue in several States which provide for the cancellation of the charters of corporations found guilty of vio- lating the staute. (Coprrishs, 1937.) 3 | the The China Clipper soaring over San Francisco Bay, with the city in the background, on the start of its Pacific flight. occasional ship sighted on the ocean far below or “raised” by radio some- where along the route as the plane | | speeds on her lonely way through the heavens. When the sky is overcast with clouds that pile up above the Clipper's practical cruising level and neither sun nor stars are visible, these other aids are indispensable. Now the sun has dropped frem sight into the Pacific. The incredible flam- ing hues of & semi-tropic sunset fade into the pale prelude of night. The time in which the navigator really delights is at.hand. One by one the stars come out, growing brighter and more numerous as night advances; his octant now has not one but many ref- erence points in the sky. Arcturus, Polaris apd the constellation Orion are old and easily recognizable | friends: in the latter group he takes [n “fix” as usual on Betelguese— | “Beetle Juice," as the navigators joc- | warly dub the winking reddish star. Glass Clear and Flat. | By projecting the “lines of position” | obtained from two or more stars on his chart until they intersect, the | | navigator obtains an exact position of the speeding plane. Frequently the | Clipper, high above a cloud blanket that shuts out the sky from surface | | craft, is able to tell its location with | an accuracy denied to steamships far | below. It astonishes the passengers some- | what that the Clipper's navigator does | all of his star-shooting through the | windows, coming back from his own compartment into the cabin so as to be | out from under the flying boat's giant wing and sitting tailor fashion on the floor to get a better view of the heav- | ens from the chair-height windows. But the glass is clear and perfectly flat and does not, by refraction, dis- | tort the accuracy of his celestial sights. Above the navigator's what is really the upper deck of the Clipper—and aft of the radioman's | cubbyhole, though at a still higher | level, is the “cabane.” This is a long, | narrow space in the very top of the ship where the great hull thins up to a | streamlined juncture with the wing. | Here is the flight engineer's domain; | he sits in & small and rather cramped | seat surrounded by a maze of dials, gauges and valves even more confus- !ing than those on the instrument | | board of the control cabin. | Concentrated about him are all of the indicators that tell how the Clip- per's battery of four twin-row, radial, 950-horsepower Wasp air-cooled mo- | tors are functioning; oil temperature ! | and oil pressure gauges that warn if aught goes wrong with the life-blood of the engines; tachometers showing the speed at which each power plant {is running; manifold pressure gauges | which show when too much power is | being “pulled” out of an engine, and & thermo-couple with a selective switch which permits the engineer in an instant to take the head and base temperatures of “critical” cylin- ders in any engine. Fuel Consumption Control. Here also are tiny fuel meters, sim- ilar to those that click off the gallons of gasoline pumped into your car at roadside filling stations; they keep count of the Clipper’s fuel consump- tion—a highly important matter when the next service station is 2,400 miles ahead! The engineer officer is one of the busiest members of the Clipper's crew. Not only is he nurse to four motors upon whose flawless performance de- pends the safety of all aboard; he must also keep a detailed written record of that performance. This in- cludes fuel consumption, periodic en- gine instrument readings, altitudes at which the ship flies, outside temper- atures and numerous other data that have to be turned in with his report at the end of each flight across the Pacific. He has the least comfortable post on the plane; the “cabane” of the big Martin trans-Pacific flying boats is neither sound-proofed nor heated, and he must remain in the same cramped position for hours at a time. Even in the daytime it is cold at 10,000 feet, where the Clippers fly, despite the temperate or sub-tropic latitudes in which they operate. At night the engineer officer must don a fur-lined flying suit to keep from freezing. Members of the Clipper’s crew stand regular watches, just as though they were on a ship at sea. One or more of them is qualified to substitute at job of every man aboard, from cap- tain down. Only the steward theo- retically remains on duty all the time, catching what rest he can when his services the not in demand by passengers or Crew. Thus the Clipper's captain is in command only three hours at the beginning of a flight, before he is re- lieved for an hour by the first officer. ‘Thereafter, normal ship's routine calls for him to be in charge four hours | Toom—on | . | than four hours at a time. D—3 STRIKE THREATMAY COST FRENCH LABOR SUPPORT Hotel Walkout Wo uld Endanger Suc- and Alienate Pub- lic Opinion, Observer Says. g cess of Exposition BY WILLIAM BIRD. ARIS, May 15.—Despite the ap- peal of Premier Blum and his principal ministers, including the secretary of the Socialist | party, Paul Faure, for & “pause” or | breathing space in the march of social | reforms, unrest continues in the ranks | of labor. The latest threat is a strike in the hotel and restaurant industry, tentatively fixed for May 25, the very | day scheduled for the public opening | of the Paris International Exposition. | The labor ministry is confident it | can arrange a compromise between the hotel workers and their employers before that date, but the example of the London bus strike on the very eve of the coronation is causing much uneasiness. And even if the hotel strike does not materialize, the fact that the threat has been uttered has undoubtedly caused many foreigners to hesitate about visiting Paris. That the hotel workers have serious grievances is generally admitted. though workers in almost all other industries have obtained, during the past year, greatly improved working conditions, shorter hours and increased pay, little, it anything, has been done for the hotel and restaurant employes. During the lean years of the depres- sion, the workers had to bear the great brunt of the loss, as their fixed wages are small, most of their income com- ing from percentages on turnover or from tips. Strike Seen Inopportune. Nevertheless, from the point of Vview of the labor movement in general, the strike threat at this time is most Inopportune. The public has sym- | pathized with many of the industrial strikes that have taken place during the past year, even when they were of the “sit-down” variety, but there is absolutely no sympathy for any strike that threatens to compromise the suc- cess of the Paris exposition. This loss of public sympathy may have far more serious consequences than the workers concerned realize. The threat of a hotel strike may prove to be the last straw, which will strain public patience to the breaking point. The friendly attitude of middle- class opinion toward the labor move- ment has rendered possible the voting ! of the Blum government's immense reform program. This attitude was determined not only by a feeling that labor’s claims were just., but also by the desire to preserve the unity of the “People’s Front” as a bulwark against fascism. But if labor attempts to gain fur- ther ground by menacing the success of the exposition, middle class opinion will veer about and may even come to the point of wondering whether fascism itself is not preferable to submitting to pressure of this sort. I do not mean to assert that the French middle classes, which are pro- Al- | foundly democratic and liberal, will ever deliberately embrace fascism, but if their patience is worn out by what they consider unreasonable demands or unreasonable methods on labor's part. they will certainly desert the “Leftist” front, and the break-up of that front will unquestionably hearten the promoters of the various dictato- | rial movements. Warnings by Newspapers. It is significant that many of the “Leftist” newspapers, which have un- swervingly supported labor up to now, are today uttering solemn warnings against trying public patience too far, | The first hotel strikes in Paris oc- curred a year ago, and although they lasted only a few hours in most es- tablishments, they cost many millions | of francs to the French tourist indus- | try. Guests for the most part suf- | fered no greater inconvenience than | having to climb a few flights of stairs to their rooms, or having to go out | to the nearest cafe for breakfast, but hundreds of visitors, fearing condi- | tions might get worse, left Paris hur- riendly, while thousands of others, | hearing of the trouble, preferred to modify their itineraries and avoid Paris altogether. Public opinion, whether rightly or wrongly, is already placing the bulk of the blame on labor for the delay in opening the Paris exposition. It should have opened May 1, thus catch- ing many thousands of visitors before and after the coronation in London. | The postponement to May 25 breaks the coronation tie-up. In reality, the blame does not lie so much on labor as on the initial delays in deeiding on the plans two vears ago. Back in 1935 it was already being predicted that the exposition would have to be put off until 1938 because of the ma- terial impossibility of getting it rea this year. But the work has beer pushed rapidly, and if there is a de. lay of three weeks in the opening it is due not so much to labor as to the late start. Labor Should Be Careful. The fact that the public is clined to blame labor, however, is symptomatic. It shows that the pub- lic's sympathy with the labor move- ment in general is waning. Labor uoght to regard it as a warn and be ultra-careful during the next few months, to commit no act which the public might regard as an act of sabotage against the exposition. The exposition, its architects state, will be 85 per cent complete on the opening day and 100 per cent <om- plete by the end of June, which, as expositions go, is a fair record. But if labor disputes or political unrest keep foreign visitors away from Paris, it will be a severe blow to all classes of Frenchmen and perhaps to the la- I boring classes most of all in- and off duty the fifth until the flight [ ends. This alternation of duty runs right down through the crew. The navigator, the radio operator and the flight engineer, of course, are experts in the particular fields, and handle each flight's most important or “heavy” work. However, their re- lief men are competent substitutes and usually are working to perfect their knowledge of or increase their skill in radie operation and celestial navigation. Routine aboard the Clippers neces- sarily varies somewhat with the make-up of the crew and operating conditions encountered. A typical duty roster calls for the captain to be in command 19 out of every 24 hours his ship is in the air (the California- Hawali trip averages 18 to 20 hours, and the crew's presence aboard ship is necessary for some time both before and after the actual flight.) During the same period the first officer also is scheduled to work 19 hours and Test 5, relieving the captain when he is off duty. Twenty Hours On, Four Off. The navigator’s schedule calls for | 20 hours on duty and only 4 off—an index to his importance. The engi- | neering officer and the radio operator are on the same basis as the other members of thé crew—19 hours’ work and 5 hours’ rest, so arranged that no one is continuously on duty more At least three members of the crew—and usually four or five—are qualified | transport pilots, only the radio op- erator and the steward having no fiying esperience other than that incidental to their sky-going careers. | The same men stick with the Clipper throughout her round-trip crossing of the Pacific-——10 arduous days of flyinz, followed by two weeks' well- mezited rest. Crew quarters are immediately for- ward of the passenger lounge and in the same compartment with the navi: gator's chart room. Just behind the stand-up table at which the navigator works beneath a battery of small elec. tric lights are two bunks, constantly made up for use by members of the crew while off duty. Across the aisle are two double seats, facing each other over a Pullman-type table where the crew eat hot meals served by the steward or lounge and read magazines while waiting to go back on duty. Passengers are not allowed in this section except by special invita- tion; like all of the Clipper's five main hull compartments, it is separated from the adjacent one by a water- tight bulkhead with a door that can be shut and hermetically sealed in a few moments if any part of the big flying boat should spring a leak. Engines Throttled. Our 26-ton craft drones on £.nd on through the night. Almost as soon as he lifted her from the clinging waters of San Francisco Bay, the captain throttled his four supercharged Wasp motors until there was a drop in their power audible even to the untrained ears of those in & cabin, although the ship kept right on climbing toward her cruising altitude. When that was reached, he retarded the throttles still farther, the din of the engines falling away until it was little more than a throaty and reassuring rumble. That was hours ago. Since then the fog blanket below us has lifted closer to the speeding Clipper and broken up into the fluffy, cumulus clouds that are so prevalent over semi-tropical seas. A wide break in them looms ahead; the navigator, coming back to the passenger cabin, opens a window and mounts his drift indicator on the sill. Then he breaks the metal seal on a small canister of calcium carbide and drops it overboard. After an interval so long that every one is certain the “drift bomb” has failed, the unseen can plunges at last into the sea and s wavering light flares up as the water reaches its con- tents, generating and spontaneously igniting & crude W of acetylens gas. The navigator trains his drift in= dicator on the slowly receding flame far below, and in a few moments he has ascertained the direction and force of a quartering tail wind which tends to push the Clipper off her course to the right. By day the “drift bomb™ he uses is a cheap, long- necked laboratory flask filled with fine aluminum powder; the powder spreads in a great metallic spot, ideal for sighting purposes, when impact With the waves shatters the thin glass container. A marker is imperative, day or night, in order to take a drift sight. The waves all look alike and besides, they are traveling in some direction. This motion makes them valueless as reference points. | New Day Appears. At last a new day creeps up the eastern horizon behind the Clipper and the stars begin to pale over our | heads. The navigator gets a final | {fix” from the vanishing chart of the heavens and a little later, as day- | light grows, the two men sitting at | the Clipper's controls pick up their | first landfall—a mountain peak jutting | up through the clouds far ahead on the starboard bow. | Hawaii—journey's end for the day. Or, rather, it is the Island of Molokai of the Hawaiian group; Oahu and its capital city of Honolulu are dead ahead. Soon the Clipper will be swing- ing by Makapuu Point and Diamond Head, dropping low over Waikiki Be:\;h finddmp Honolulu water front as she heads for her landi; Sl ding at Pearl As soon as the plane touches water the steward .produces an insect gun, surcharging the whole hull with a sickish sweet spray, lest some one should smuggle a contaminating mos- quito across the Pacific to Hawaii, There is also a gauntlet of hula danc-. |ers to be run before the passengers and crew are free to disperse for a | day and night of rest in preparation for tomorrow’s takeoff; but there are {no complaints about this particular Hawalian formality with visitors, | At dawn the Clipper soars on her | ¥a8y again, this time for Midway | Island, 1,380 miles to the west and |morth of Honolulu. Another over- | night halt at this tiny mid-ocean | cable relay station and air base and | she flies on to Wake Island, a solitary | coral atoll 1,252 miles from Midway, | which the Clipper hits “on the nose" Wwith uncanny precision after nearly nine hours’ flying over the Pacific. Another day takes the big craft | 1,560 miles to Guam, and the follow- ing one another 1,600 miles to Manila, beginning of the recently opened “shuttle” service to Macao and Hong Kong. After two days of overhaul for the plane and her motors and of Tecuperation for her crew, the Clipper is ready to leave the Philippines for her 8,200-mile, five-day return trip to San Francisco. | Nations Will Unite To Kill Off Locust BOMBAY (#)—Within 10 years, it is prophesied here, the locust, said to be the oldest enemy of mankind in the insect world, will be subdued. Several countries in Europe, Asia and Africa are preparing a joint cam= paign to exterminate the insect. An Indian gqvernment survey shows that the permanent breeding grounds of the locusts extends far over the sandy soil along the Arabian Sea, the interior of Makran and the Great Indian Desert, although the locuss population at any particular place ig subject to great fluctuation. A system of marking locusts and then liberating them has been tried to determine their movements. Exe tensive research also has been cone ducted into breeding and habits of the locusts. Effects of weather and food on breeding have been charted, and it will be possible soon, it is bee lieved, to warn provinces or countrieg beforehand as to when a locust ine vasion iy likely.