Evening Star Newspaper, December 3, 1935, Page 8

THE EVENING STAR With Sunday Morning Edition. WASHINGTON, D. C. g THEODORE W. NOYES...........Editor e The Evening Star Newspaper Company. Bustness Office: 11th St and Pennsylvania Ave. New York Offce: 110 s cricage Omcs; Lake it Ruropean Office: 14 Regent St.. Rate by Carrier Within the City. Regular Edition. e Evening St Even.ne and (when 4 45c per month .80c per month (when 65¢ per month The Sunday Star. --5¢ per copy Night Final Edition. ;l.m Pinal and Sunday St ight Final Star. ilection made at th Orders may be sent by sional 5000. each month, telephone Na- Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. y and Sunda only_ onl. 1] Sunday cnly. Member of the Assoclated Press. The Associated Press is exclusively entitled to il news dispatches the use for republication of all news T Peek Steps Out. George N. Peek has taken himself out of the Roosevelt administration, for the time being, at least. He has re- signed his positions as foreign trade adviser to the President and president of the export-import banks. 8o far, there has been no indication that he will be asked to accept another post. Apparently he has gone to join that ever-increasing army of the ci-devant of this administration: Lewis Douglas, who was director of the budget; Prof. Raymond Moley, who was Undersecre- tary of State; Dean Acheson, who was Undersecretary of the Treasury; Prof. Sprague, who was financial adviser to the President, and Donald Richberg and Gen. Hugh S. Johnson, each of whom held the proud post of administrator of the N. R. A. Mr. Peek, a student for many years of the farm problem, found it impossible to go along with Wallace and Tugwell and their policy of restriction and scar- city. So Mr. Peek, who came into the Roosevelt administration as head of the A. A. A, asked for a showdown. He got it. His transfer to the position of special trade adviser was effected and later he was made president of the export-import banks. Now Mr. Peek, although he be- lieved in special trade agreements with individual nations, was not in accord with the policy of Secretary Hull, looking to a general breakdown of tariff walls through the operation of the most« favored-nation clause of the tariff act. Mr, Peek regarded the recent Canadian reciprocal trade agreement as detri- mental 10 the American farmsr) Whom he has sought to aid for many years. Apparently Mr. Peek has come to the conclusion that his days of usefulness and influence in the administration are at an end. Exit Mr. Peek. The administration retains its dream pattern. The Wallaces, the Tugwells, the Morgenthaus, the Hopkinses, the Perkinses remain. Harold Ickes, Secre- tary of the Interior and P. W. A. admin- istrator, holds on, although he has been & “pain in the neck” to some of the dreamers for a long time. Mr. Ickes has a sense of duty and he intends to see that the Government gets a quid pro quo for its money, if that be possible. James A. Farley, Postmaster General, practical and persistent, is about to step out of the cabinet, but merely because he is needed to run the Roosevelt cam- paign for re-election. Cordell Hull, Sec- retary of State, who may privately shud- der at some of the stunts of the New Deal, clings to his ideal of greater inter- national trade and business recovery through & lowering of international trade barriers. If that ideal is turned down, he, too, is likely to remove himself. There have been suggestions that he might prefer his old life in the Senate. Mr. Peek, when he first took office, was supposed to have much infiuence with the farmers of the great Midwest. Even when he broke with Wallace and Tugwell the President seemingly was reluctant to let him go. But now the administration believes that it is “solid” with these farmers. Has it not the evi- dence of the corn-hog referendum to show that it stands ace high? Mr. Peek may not be as necessary as he has been in the past. The great requirement for holding office is to be able to shed old beliefs and opinions and to keep step with the leader. In order to make communism popular in the schools it would be necessary to make it as genuinely interesting as foot ball. Finland goes helpfully back to an oid sporting rule: “Pay up and look pleas- ant.” James Henry Breasted. James Henry Breasted was the great- est archeologist America ever has pro- duced. His fleld was the world and his |. period was the future as well as the past. When he ceased from his labors Yyesterday at three score and ten years of age it could be said of him that the purposes, the effects and the influence of his career were noble. He was, in sim- ple truth, & man of whom the whole human race may be proud. ‘The motive of his career was the con- viction that living generations should be related to the processes of social evo- Iution, of which they are part, and for the progressive furtherance of which they necessarily are responsible. He believed that appreciation of civiliza- tion depends, in part at least, upon accurate knowledge and generous com- prehension of the sources from which existing institutions, manners, customs and patterns of thought have come. And through more than four decades of study and physical toil he carried back the science of ancient times some twenty or centuries. . Dr, Breasted's share in the discovery A = of the hidden tomb of Tut-ankh-Amen and in the subsequent examination of the contents of the mausoleum, 1922- 1929, constitutes only one of his claims to fame. His work at Megiddo and Per- sepolis was perhaps even more notable and successful. But of still vaster prac- tical importance were his achievements in the writing and teaching of history, the development of pragmatic philology, the gradual expansion of museum organ- ization and methodology, the invention of improved techniques and, finally, the popularization of archeological research. The list of his services is endless. Yet the victories he won by the de- voted employment of his heart, brain and hands were small affairs compared with the character of which his dedication was a manifestation. It happens that his soul was rich in qualities which would have brought him distinction in any arena he might have elected to enter. No stranger, meeting him, could fail to realize that he possessed an illuminated spirit. His courage, his enthusiasm, his earnestness, his fundamental honesty burned in his eyes for all to see and many to love. Such personalities do not die. Instead, they are remembered with a grateful pas- sion which insures their everlasting im- mortality. Dr. Breasted's name, it may be declared with assurance, will stand with those of Rawlinson, Layard, Schliemann, Doerpfeld and Evans—all destined to un- fading celebrity. He earned laurels which shall be bright forever, R Peace and Oil. Another nine days will elapse before the League Sanctions Committee meets to take final action on an oil embargo against Italy. Once voted, there would be another delay of several weeks before the prohibition would actually come into effect. It may be well into the new year by the time all necessary diplomatic and technical arrangements are complete for enforcing the penalty designed to bring Mussolini’s war machine to a dead stop. There is unmistakable method in these plans to make haste slowly, accompanied by hints that all is not proceeding quite smoothly in perfecting them. An ex- traordinary development, which has yet to be clarified, is the attitude of Canada. It has suddenly come to light that the Dominion’s representative at Geneva, in proposing an embargo on oil, acted wholly on his own initiative. While Canada adheres to purely financial and economic measures of a pacific character, it recognizes no commitment binding the Dominion to adopt military sanctions. Evidently a ban on oil, in Ottawa's opinion, comes within the latter category. Coincident with the Canadian develop- ment are reports that the British cabinet 1s not & unit on the advisability of goad- ing Mussolini into desperation by shut- ting off his oil. Naturally these har- Pingers of discord within the British Empire, sedulously depicted to Italians as the arch conspirator in the League plot to combat their Ethiopian venture, cause satisfaction in Rome, even though there is nothing in them to alleviate the hard- ships which sanctions are already spreading throughout the Fascist realm. While oil decisions hang fire, revised peace moves are under way. Britain and France make no secret of their desire to persuade Il Duce to accept & settlement of the African controversy before it becomes necessary to apply stronger coercive measures, The League powers admittedly do not relish the prospect of a European war such as the dictator threatens to provoke, even though their superior strength guaran- tees that it could only result in defeat and disaster for Italy. Certain definite proposals, making wide territorial and economic concessions in Ethiopia, have now been laid before Mussolini by Pre- mier Laval and Sir Samuel Hoare. The deliberate delay in decreeing and im- plementing an ofl embargo has the trans- parent purpose of allowing time for nego- tiations. . The British foreign secretary is about to take up his abode in Switzer- land for ostensible “rest cure” purposes. The outside world will not be far wrong in guessing that Sir Samuel is, in fact, arranging to be near the scene where decisions are imminent, which will disclose whether Italy is to be con- tent with the best kind of League-dic- tated peace she can get, or is determined to risk economic and military suicide by defying the “sanctionist” powers to do their worst. Mussolini will commit a grievous blunder, all signs indicate, if he thinks the delay about oil means that the League has thrown up.the sponge. Gugsa, in deserting the Ethiopian Army, showed an inclination to regard “safety first” as the best idea modern civilization has to offer. Pianos. One word in a paragraph in the monthly letter just issued by the Na- tional City Bank of New York for De- cember has a particular interest. The paragraph reads: “It is significant that retail reports as & rule note a broadening of demand into a wider range of merchandise, also more call for higher-priced goods. Produc- tion figures show that the gains have extended to such lines as refrigerators, washing machines, electrical apparatus, pianos, furniture, farm and garden equipment, oil burners, stokers, office equipment and similar durable goods. In all these lines, as in automobiles, business is the best in four or five years, and in the newer types of goods it is the best on record.” ’ The word in question is “piancs.” That article of trade has been steadily de- clining for a number of years. The phonograph hurt it and the radio has continued the injury. If now the’piano is coming back as an article of indi- vidual purchase there is indeed hope of broad general recovery. It is not to be rated as a necéssity. During the phono- graph-radio period it has been a veritable luxury, though greatly reduced in cost, retained in many cases as little more than an article of furniture, It may be that people are tiring of “canned music,” whether it comes from a disk or a loud speaker. Possibly these two agencies of reproduction have stimu- lated musical tastes and desires to the point where the family wishes to express itself directly and by its own skill. The teachers of music may well take hope from this single word in the bank’s re- view, which indicates that music by proxy is not wholly satisfying to the American people. The Relief Emergency. Starting with an immediate cut of ten per cent in all payments to those on the relief rolls of the District, affecting 10,500 cases, other reductions must be mede during December that will reach the point of twenty-five per cent by the end of the year. That is the effect of an order issued yesterday by Commissioner Allen; who is the works and relief admin- istrator for the Capital. Only by such reduction can the funds now available for relief be made to cover the period that must elapse before further appro- priative legislation can be had from Congress in January. It may be that 2,000 more will have reapplied for relief before the end of the month. This is a serious emergency which can be met only by a reduction of individual allowances, assuming that all those now on the rolls are worthy and actually needy. That must be regarded as the case, in view of the careful work of the relief administration in examining all the cases and finding work for the em- ployables as far as it is available. The withdrawal of Federal funds, which have in the past constituted a major part of the monshly relief allowances, is, however, the direct and specific cause of the present depletion, requiring this drastic action. After Congress assem- bles a further appropriation of District funds may be had, possibly accompanied by Federal grants. The District is carry- ing its burden at present without help. The stringency of funds has also com- pelled reduction in the force of relief workers, which is especially deplorable inasmuch as supervision and investiga- tion are even more essential after cur- tailment of the distribution. A reduc- tion from $30 & month to $22.50, which will be the immediate effect of this enforced economy, will bring many cases down to the lowest possible point of sustenance. There remains, however, the hope that in the emergency caused by the depletion, almost to the point of exhaustion, of the District's own fund, the Government, pending action by Con- gress, will renew its contribution, —_———————————— 11 Duce does not care for poets. Poets cannot be suppressed. He may succeed in developing the dangerous satirist who, by night, posted pungent remarks in the highway for all the world to read. Soldiers do not fear death and neither do some poets. The China Clipper will take many dis- tinguished Americans to the Orient. The Orient is expected to get its affairs straightened out so as to permit its reception committees to function cor- dially and with proper dignity. —————————— The Prince of Wales is a genial chap and would no doubt consent to come over to Canada and show his democratic spirit, even to the extent of going with the crowd and falling off & toboggan. Reports from the Ethiopian battle- field vary. Many Italian taxpayers won- der whether what is referred to as a slum clean-up is going to be worth the expense. —_————————— Shooting Stars. BY PHILANDER JOHNSON. P. B. How did a cocktail come to be Received in good so-ci-e-tee? It was prepared, in days afar, For men who stood before & bar And in the mirror glanced to find Some foe approaching from behind. Though several liquids it would use Its other name is just Plain Boose. Why should it social honors win! It's mostly ordinary gin, ‘Unchanged, although you place with care An olive or a cherry there. It seems an iridescent bluff, 1ts origin was surely tough. To “Flaming Youth” let’s bring the news ' A cocktail's really just Plain Booze. Standing By. “Do your constituents show & desire to stand by you?” “They do,” answered Senator Sorghum. “Each stands as close as possible so that if there is any job to be handed out he'll be in a position to grab it.” A Preliminary. Potatoes must be tagged to show ¢ They really had a right to grow, And so must pigs and dairy cows To show they're what the law allows. Omnipotence ahead we view; We wait to see what it can do, Insisting, as some fear the worst, ‘We ought to have omniscience first. Measurements. “How many potatoes do you expect to send to market?” asked Si Simlin. “I don't know,” said Farmer Corn- tassel. “They tell me there's two ways of measurin’ potatoes now—Dby the bushel basket and by the bootleg.” “People create a hero in their own imagination,” said Hi Ho, the sage of Chinatown, “and often cause & good man embarrassment because the delusion of grandeur is their own rather than his.” Moral Advance. ‘The Ethiopians impolite Had slaves, which surely isn't right. ‘Their morals should be analyzed ‘With never a defect disguised. \ Those early Romans also had Some slaves whose fate was often sad, And nations new preserved must be From such old-time iniquitee. *“Big figures,” said Uncle Eben, “makes you surprised dat dar is so much money in de world—and maybe dar ain't.” 3 ' Paying Communism an Undeserved Compliment To the Editor of The Star: I wonder whether the bitter opposi- tion to the teaching of communism in our schools does not, by implication, pay to communism & compliment which it does not deserve. The implication seems to be that if communism is taught it will spread. Those who have studied communism know that it is not adapted either to our constitutional system or to the temper of our people. There is no analogy be- tween our history and that of Russia. For many years most Russians were al- most slaves under an absolute monarchy which was also an absolute despotism. 8o downtrodden were the lower classes that any new system—even communism —was welcome, because it improved the condition of the serfs. Communism: is almost the diametric opposite of freedom. It is regimentation raised to the nth degree. Instead of leaving men free to work and to carry on business and to strive for a livelihood in an atmosphere of healthy competition, the Soviet government does all the plan- ning and tells each human being just what cog he shall represent in the great machine which the government has set up. In America the ordinary citizen is king. The whole Government exists for his protection and for his benefit. It is his servant. He is permitted and encour- aged to worship God, and is taught that the family is a sacred institution and the home a shrine. In Russia the ordinary citizen is the servant of the govern- ment, which not only tells him where to work, what to do and how to live, but warns him not to worship God and teaches him the unimportance of family life and of religion. Communism has not the slightest chance of gaining a foothold in a Nation dedicated to individual liberty and to religious freedom. A Nation which has known true liberty for a century and & half has no desire to substitufe regi- mentation for democracy, or to surrender freedom in order that men may become unimportant cogs in a gigantic state machine, Why should these things not be taught to the child? We have never hesitated to teach what an absolute monarchy is, or what evils are inherent in it. Why should we give the impression that com- munism has so much merit that it is likely to be impressing to those who study it? Why fear that a child, reared in the free atmosphere of America, lov- ing the stars and stripes, glorying in the history and traditions of our country, imbued with the fine spirit of America and loving both home and God, will pre- fer a rigid and godless regimentation to the blessings of liberty? The best way to demonstrate the evils of communism is to teach the truth about it. The best protection we can possibly have against communism is to have our children understand it. De- liberate concealment of truth is not the best method of education. WILBUR LA ROE, Jr. Why Not Start Work on Proposed Stadium Now? To the Editor of The Star. ‘Washington is the logical place to play the Army and Navy game. This game would draw s crowd of at least 80,000 were there a stadium to seat them. Be- sides this game there are several other great foot ball games that would be played in Washington were there a large stadium. There are also many other athletic events of national note to which ;: i: logical for Washington to be the 08t. [ Every effort should be made to have s stadium constructed suitable to draw these great games and athletic events. A large stadium would cause Washing- ton to become the mecca of all athleti- cally inclined, adding red-blooded life and vivacity during these occasions to the social happenings of the Nation’s capital. The Government owns several suitable sites. Secretary Ickes has the money earmarked. Why doesn’t Washington shake a leg and get the stadium? A stadium cannot be gotten by lethargy, apathy and indifference. Los Angeles, Atlanta, Miami and Chicago do not al tain their civic ends in that manner. The proposal to bulld a stadium here seems to be a subject held in the hazy dis- tance as though it were a proposal to construct thermal baths on a bathing beach in Spitzbergen. A stadium will bring millions of dollars to Washington annually. ‘Why not start building the stadium the 15th of next March? ZACK BPRATT. Game Supply Menaced By Reforestation Work To the Editor of The Star: Certainly any humane man must feel » profound sense of gratification because of the service being rendered by the C. C. C. camps. However, I, and per- haps others, have serious misgivings as to the possible effect upon wild life of the work being done in remote rural districts. In some parts of the mountains of Virginia, where one was fairly sure of finding bear, turkey and grouse, the available food supply of the game seems to be seriously depleted. I have in mind one particular section, where a hunter finds great gum trees girdled, the wild grape vines cut and other growth fur- nishing natural food and cover destroyed. The turkeys depend very much upon the wild grapes, as do the bears, who are also fond of gum berries. In this par- ticular section the farmers report the grouse coming down into farm yards for food. It seems to me that the reforestation policies carried out by C. C. C. work might very well be subjected to the scrutiny of those who are primarily in- terested in protecting game supply. Certainly it is distressing to see mag- nificent virgin trees deliberately killed. Perhaps it is necessary, but the neces- sity should be made clear. DEETS PICKETT. Status of Diplomats and Privileges of Immunity To the Editor of The Star: In your editorial of November 28, un- der the caption “An Envoy in Irons” you refer to the diplomatic representa- tives as “the official guests of the Gov- ernment.” Diplonats are not “official guests of the Government” and they are not en- inf custom of regarding diplomatic persons and diplomatic premises as subject to the law of their own countries. The envoys BY CHARLES E. TRACEWELL. l There s s,form of everyday heroism, seldom spoken of. It is displayed by thousands of men and women who work whea ill. This is s0 common that nothing much 1s thought of it, but something ought to be thought of it. Not that it does not offer recompense to the hero. He or she has known for a long time that going about the usual tasks of the day has a soothing effect. Perhaps that is the tragedy of unem- ployment, more than any other one fac- tor, except cold and hunger, that the person is deprived of the usual. There is a setting-up quality to the normal motions of getting up, eating breakfast and going to work which is recognized by right-thinking people as a mental and physical antiseptic. No matter how “poorly” one feels, one usually feels better then. % xx ‘Who is there who has not experienced the outlook of what seems to be an utterly hopeless morning? The aliment, whether & cold in the head or a sty on the eye, does not par- ticularly matter, in a sense. What matters is the getting up, and the going about, provided that no seri- ous harm will come from it. No one can say positively about the latter, that is where the essential hero- ism comes in. There is one disease, of course, in which more disposition is shown by the average worker to remain afoot than when suffering from almost any other, and it is the very one he ought to cherish at home. We speak of the common cold. Many persons have an almost fiendish ability to go to work while so suffering. ‘We have seen them almost dead on their feet, yet able to be around and give the disease to all with whom them come in contact. They snuffie, they cough, they sneeze, they exhale the very aroma of illness, yet are able to keep going. They, too, are heroes, but misguided ones. Two or three days in bed probably would end their trouble, sifice they already have such a tremendous resistance to it. There is one thing, at least, that all cold sufferers ought to do, and that is remain home at night while sneezing. ‘This good action would work two ways— by giving the sick person rest and warmth while the fever is at its height, as it usually is at night, and by removing from the crowded places, such as thea- ters and busses, many millions of cold germs. While very little that is definite is known about the common cold, either as to cause or cure, common sense tells us many things, among which is that warmth and rest are good for the pa- tient, and so for every one else, since it is very well known that colds can be “caught” from others. What is not so commonly realized, perhaps, is that catching the other fellow’s cold is more dangerous than catching one from a member of one’s own family. It may be that a certain degree of immunity is built up to one's own personal brand of cold germ, whereas little resistance is offered to the germ which comes from afar. This, at any rate, is our own per- sonal theory, based upon many years of observation. - x x = One good thing about going to work, no matter how ill one feels, is that morn- ing is the hopeful time of day. The magnifying powers of the night— how they are used to magnify pain and disaster, both physically and mentally! This must always be kept in mind, even in hours of despair, because there STARS, MEN usually is betterment when daylight comes. The light has its ancient power of chasing away the dark. The gloom of the mind, induced by pain and suf- fering, is a very real thing, let dispute it who will. If they can, they are fortu- nate. The rest of us mus’ be content with trying our best to bear up under pain. A real help is belief in the powers of the dawn. Stick it out until the light comes, and then things will be better. ‘This is the helpful idea which comes to most of us, even in darkest moments. And let us make as plain as we can that dark moments are dark moments. One will suffer more from some simple ill than another and tougher person from far greater ills. No one can judge here for another. There is little doubt that many humans have sensitive nerves and flesh far beyond the comprehension of those who are not so cursed—or should it be blessed, after all? At any rate, it is hazardous for any human being to say, “Why, you are not ill—you do not know ‘what pain is.” * x x x Let every one be forbearing, therefore, in regard to another’s ills. He may be a hero far beyond your comprehension. The man who finds something comical in the pains and aches of his neighbor is a strange creature. Usually he is the first to demand sympathy for his own ills, the last to give it to others. If there is such a thing as poetic jus- tice, he is in a dangerous position. Fortunately, most of us, in this strange journey we take through life, are ready to give the other fellow full credit for his sufferings. This ready sympathy is at once a trib- ute to Christianity and to civilization, and to human nature itself, in the last remove. It is ennobling to give and to receive sympathy, and it is one of the most ennobling things about man. % ox x ‘There is many an unsung hero and heroine going calmly about the usual tasks in the great roaring marts of business. Often they are martyrs to terrible and incurable diseases. Sometimes they are at lesser stages of heroism, but heroism none the less. ‘They do not whine about their con- dition, but bravely do the best they can. If their malady is only at certdin stages they are able to put up a good bluff and give the world the work of much bet- ter men physically. How easy it would be, on certain morn- ings, to remain at home! Every one, no matter how healthy, has experienced these mornings. It is here where over- coming comes in, the good overcoming of which we have heard so much. Our only point here is that it is seen in operation much more often than many persons are likely to credit it, for it blows no trumpets, and is not given to boast- fulness. 1t is interesting, when riding in a pub- lic vehicle, or walking along a crowded downtown street, to look at others with these ideas in mind and to attempt to discover who they are who ride or walk there in sickness. A new respect for humanity will come, and much more Teadingss 1o ToTgive and forget all the things in others which we do not like. It may be that, after all, we meet heroes and heroines every day, face to face, and know them not. They will not have the Hollywood smile, of course. Perhaps by its very lack we shall know them. AND ATOMS Notebook of Science Progress in Field, Laboratory and Study. BY THOMAS R. HENRY. Discovery of the most gigantic group of objects in known space has just been announced through the National Acad- emy of Sciences here by Dr. Harlow Shapley, professor of astronomy at Har- vard University. It is described as a “metagalactic cloud”—located approximately 50,000,000 light years from the center of the Milky Way star system in the direction of the southern constellation of Horologium. It consists, Dr. Shapley believes, of more than 10,000 individual galaxies, each galaxy probably containing billions of stars. They are distributed with a density of about one galaxy per 5,000,~ 000,000,000,000 cubic light years. They constitute, Dr. Shapley's evidence indicates, a singie large, loosely aggre- gated system. Within this metagalactic cloud, he finds, are several clusters of galaxies which are much denser than the cloud as a whole. 3 Considered as even & very loosely aggregated dynamic system, the meta- galactic cloud dwarfs anything hitherto known in creation. The Milky Way galaxy with its approximate 30 billions of stars—of which the solar system is a part—and the 8 or 10 other galaxies near enough to it in space to be con- sidered part of the same complex amount to very little in relation to it. The discovery came in the course of & general survey of faint galaxies, based on long-exposure photographs, which has been in progress for some years past both at the Harvard Observatory in the United States for Northern latitudes and the observatory in Scuth Africa for Southern latitudes. Up to date this sur- vey, now practically one-third completed, has revealed approximately 150,000 new galaxies, for the most part generally dis- persed through space. Galaxies were photographed down to approximately the nineteenth magnitude, the faintest objects to leave much im- pression on a photographic plate after long exposure. The average magnitude of the, metagalactic cloud was about the seventeenth, due to the extreme dis- tance. To the naked eye, even through a very powerful telescope, very little *would be revealed. Only by prolonged exposure was the faint light, moving through the unimaginable immensities of empty space, able to make an impres- sion on the sensitive plates. This light started on its way before the great dino- saurs were extinct on earth and when mammal life was just beginning. The actic cloud was registered on 12 long-exposed plates at the South African observatory. - It lay in a region of space free from obscuration by out- lying streamers of the Milky Way, in the general direction of the southern star constellations of Dorado, Horologium and Reticulum, but centering around the second of these. This was a region of space of which there hus been little extensive photographic observation in the past. Only 134 objects have been known, all but 25 of these found some years .ag0 on early Harvard Observatory plates. This was less than 2 per cent of the actual number now shown. There are ous distance, has it been possible to detéct any individual 'fl'u“nmmum?wvm / and at the Mount Wilson Observatory of the Carnegie Institution of Washing- ton show that there is a fairly uniform distribution of external galaxies through- out space, except in a few directions where their apparent scarcity is believed due to the fact that their light must pass through thick clouds of cosmic dust to reach the earth. Consequently the fainter ones are blotted out entirely. But the long-exposure photographs of this region of the sky showed that the galaxies were massed with more than twice the normal density, making the region by far the most crowded in space. There were also a number of even thicker clusters, now believed to belong to the same vast “cloud.” The Harvard plates now record about 7,900 galaxies. Dr. Shapley believes, however, that “this large irregular system of galaxies which appears to be centered in Horologium will be found upon the completion of the eighteenth magnitude survey to extend through several of the surrounding con- stellations.” This leads to the estimate of more than 10,000 galaxies in all. = In his report to the National Academy of Sciences Dr. Shapley refers to the metagalactic cloud as a “system.” What sort of dynamic relationships exist be- tween the thousands of galaxies com- posing the aggregation is unknown and their existence can only be surmised from the density of their distribution. ‘The individual objects making up the cloud cannot be visualized as packed r.lugly together. They only appear so because of their immense distance. Each of the 10,000 or more galaxies probably is made up of thousands—perhaps billions —of stars separated by distances of light years, like the familiar visible stars of the Milky Way system of which the sun is a fair average in size. And the galaxies themselves, it is probable, are separated by distances of thousands of light years —or at least by distances comparable to those . which separate the Milky Way galaxy from the outlying Clouds of Magellan in the Southern Hemisphere. The galaxies composing the cloud, Dr. Shapley believes, follow an approxi=- mately normal distribution curve in size and brightness. Because of the immense distance many entire smaller galaxies are far too faint ever to be recorded. Hence, says Dr. Shapley, “in both the metagalactic cloud and its involved clus- ters of galaxies a large part of the popu- lation is undoubtedly below the faintest limits of the plates.” The Harvard astronomers, Dr. Shap- ley reports, now are pushing ahead with the work of photographing the entire sky, and making a detailed study of individual nebulae in a few typical areas in order to gain a fair idea of the fre- quency distributions, magnitude, form and structural detail of the faint nebulae in general. ————————— One Place Possible. From the Grand Rapids Press. According to a leading psychologist, the average person seems unable to “find himself” these days. Has the average person thought to look in a hole? Prints. Prom the Rosnoke (Va.) Times. A San Prancisco organization is waging & campaign to popularize fingerprints. Today’s wall paper may be tomorrow’s album. A ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS By Frederic J. Haskin. A reader can get the answer to cny question of fact by writing The Washing= ton Evening Star Information Bureau, Frederic J. Haskin, Director, Washing- ton, D.C. Please inclose stamp for reply. Q. Has a six-cylinder car ever won the Indianapolis 500-mile race?—F. W. A. The only six-cylinder car to win the 500-mile race was the Marmon Wasp, which finished first in the first 500-mile race, May 30, 1911. Q. Is an electric locomotive or a steam lr(‘;cosmouve of simpler construction?— A. An electric locomotive is a much simpler structure. Q. How many days illness does the average person have in a year?—J. F. A. An insurance company has esti- mated that approximately 2 per cent of the population of the United States is ill at any given time. If this be true, in the course of a year, 7.3 days would be sick days. In other words, there would be about 7 or 8 days of sickness per person per year. Q. Where was Robinson Jeffers, the poet, educated?—E. M. A. He received his education at Occi= dental College, Los Angeles, and at the University of Zurich. Q. How many cities adopted a council gax‘:ager form of government in 1935?— A. The number of cities adopting council manager government in 1935 now stands at 17. Q. Please give some information about Alois Havrilla, winner of the American Academy of Arts and Letters medal for good diction on the radio—K. M. A. Born in Pressov, Czechoslovakia (then Austria-Hungary), Mr. Havrilla came to the United States with his parents when 4 years old and lived in a Slovak.community in Bridgeport. Conn. On hearing Havrilla’s remarkable alto voice, John Baker, director of the Bridge« port Trinity Church Choir, became in- terested in him and gave him both voice and speech lessons. After a year of study, he was given the alto role in Handel's “Messiah.” This was the be- ginning of his singing career which con= tinued almost uninterruptedly until he was 16, when his voice changed to bary= tone. He became a civil engineer’s ap- prentice with a New England railroad. Later he studied music with Percy Rec= tor Stephens and at New York Univer- sity. On the stage he sang in “Hassan.” “Mme. Pompadour,” “Louis XIV” and “The Princess Flavi He was teaching music in the Briarcliff Manor, N. Y, public schools when in 1926 he joined the National Broadcasting Co. as barye tone and announcer. Q. How many miles does the average motorist drive in a year?—J. §, A. The average is about 8,000 miles. Q. How could the battle of Jutland be called a British vietory?—F. A. G. A. Germany claimed victory because her 1055 was 11 Ships out of & total of 110, and 2,863 officers and men, while Great Britain lost 14 ships out of 149, | and 6,617 officers and men. The battle was fought in May, 1916. Great Britain accomplished her purpose in that the German fleet did not come out again until it came to surrender in November and, December, 1918. Q. How do elocution and oratory dife fer?—N. C. A. Elocution is the art of effective speaking, regarding solely the utterance or delivery. Oratory is the wider art, of which elocution is a branch. Oratory takes account also of the matter spoken. Q. Who promoted the first child wele fare building in the world?>—B. B. T. A. Sophie Irene Loeb was directly in= strumental in securing the establishment of the first building of this kind in 1921 in New York. Q. Did Charles W. Eliot teach any place except at Harvard?—S. N. A. He taught four years at Massachu- setts Institute of Technology. Shortly Afterward, in 1869, he became the twenty- second president of Harvard University. Q. How large a city is Liverpool, Enge land?—S. M. L. A. At the census of 1931, the popula- tion was 855,539. Liverpool is the prin- cipal seaport of England for the Ate lantic trade, and one of the greatest trading centers of the world. Q. Please give a biography of Gov. Alfred M. Landon of Kansas—K. G. A. Gov. Alfred Mossman Landon was born at Middlesex, Pa., September 9, 1887, son of John Manuel and Anne Mossman Landon. He was educated at Marietta Academy, receiving his LL.B at the University of Kansas in 1908; LL.D, Washburn College, 1933, Marietta Col- lege, 1934. He married Margaret Fleming of Oil City, Pa., January 9, 1915 (now deceased) and had one daughter, Mar« garet Anne, by that marriage. On Jan- uary 15, 1930, he married Theo Cobb of Topeka. They have one daughter, Nancy Josephine. During the World War he served as first lieutenant in the Chemical Warfare Service, U. 8. A. He has been an oil producer since 1912 and Governor of Kansas since 1933. Q. At what height above the world would one have to be to view its entire upper side?—D. W. B. A. Taking the equatorial radius of the earth to be 3963.3¢ statute miles, it will be necessary to ascend 968,529.96 miles above sea level to see the earth as a sphere, A Rhyme at Twilight By Gertrude Brooke Hamilton A Full Calendar My re;lnm. the one I know and choose to oW, Is a material one. The essentials are Daring to act, prudence to plan afar, Grasp of the moment, acumen. I go Thru & dominion of hard fact. , .. And you Make me remember that the sky is blue. My brain, daily in keen, commercial mood, A moving factor among other men, Must tax itself to utmost skill. And then Be taxed anew. In deep-sunk solitude 1 scan the universe ... And turn to you To know at dusk the violet's scent and hue, My future, T can take it without dread. A calendar of grim activity: Projects whose consummation I shall see; Progress attained by tireless, forward Perchance my goal. And onward ., ., Always you brush my tired eyes with kiss of dew, f A To