Evening Star Newspaper, July 6, 1930, Page 22

4 PROF, ALBERT EINSTEIN PUZZLE TO SCIENCE| Mathematical Wizard Shows Intellectual Passion of the Renafssance Philosopher. '~ (Continued From First Page was able to do a great deal of original thinking before he was exposed to the academic stamp. Born at Ulm he was moved frcm Munich to Milan and from Milan to Zurich. He had long vaca- tions from formal instruction. Finally he was placed in the model school at Aarau, where he was allowed to keep his curiosity fresh. Already the traits which he shows in manhood rendered him especially diffi- cult “to educate.” He was contem- plative, deeply unsociable, tormented— whenever subjected to schooling—by the intrusions of his teachers and schoolfellows. His will was not strong. He would not force himself to study. ‘Whenever he could he escaped from the too real present into the abstract. He played with figures and theories. It ‘was especially fortunate that he never was compelled to see mathematics other than as a game. He pursued it of his own accord. It was his belief, his relaxation. Mathematics for Spiritual Life. All through his life mathematics has been his spiritual tower room, where Einstein could get away from the rest of mankind and allow his fancy its full freedom. Nowadays, when he climbs up to his attic, there is a sort cf symbol in the isolated room from which he can look down over the great flat world of Berlin as from a mountain top. In this spreading mushroom city the sixth floor is an altitude—a pinnacle of Enter Einstein's You will objects retreat and security. retreat and look about you. find all the close, intimi which mark his inner life. Against one wall, books in profusion, yet in unloved paper covers, crowded from floo rto ceiling. Upon a raised plat- form stands a small brass telescope, ridiculously inadequate to express the grandeur of the Einsteinian concepts, vet nevertheless a trifle larger than the glass with which Galileo revolutionized cosmography. Beside the telescope there is a globe and between them a desk piled high with empressive, thick tomes. What an admirable setting for “Faust.” There is in the scene, how- ever, one unexpected element—the grand piano standing there beyond the telescope and the violin case lying open beside it, bringing one abruptly back from Einstein's work to Einstein him- self. Einstein has a particularly leisurely method of working. He believes that his ideas work themselves out with no other encouragement than his calcula- tions to support them, while the essen- tial, the creative verb which opens new vistas to learning and invention, comes while he muses, while he plays or while he wanders. Often his music helps his thoughts to form. He has a passion | for the violin and the pianoforte. In music, as in science, Einstein is a creator. Like any composer, he turns naturally to the piano after a walk or some inner experience has inspired him. He plays for himself. By his own wish his improvisations are lost as soon as he has finished them. Posing he does not relish, and he feels humiliated when any one suggests that the music which i8 his most personal solace might interest the rest of the world. There is a peculiar zelf-depreciation which runs all through his life in a grotesque counterpoint with his unshaken faith in every theory which he proposes. “Wouldn’t you rather take me stand- ing on my head?” is his classic re- joinder to the man who wanted to photograph him with his violin. Alone or with his friends_he plays Bach, Haydn, Mozart and the Beethoven chamber music. His technique is pure. Music and mathematics are his religion, and in their pursuit he is ardent. The art of architecture, which he under- stands and appreciates, appeals to him because of its relation to them. Remains Impressionable. “The Gothic cathedral,” he will ex- claim, “is nothing else than Bach crystallized.” Churches, cathedrals, rituals, in their power and symbolism, have not lost |In life their effect upon Einstein. He is still as impressionable as a boy. “The scientist,” he says, “must see all the fine and wise connections of the universe and appreciate that they are not of man’s invention. He must feel toward that what science has not yet realized like a child trying to under- stand the works and wisdom of a grown-up. As a_consequence, every really deep scientist must necessarily have religious feeling.” Einstein, for all his revolutionary theories, in life is no innovator. He holds back against the spread of dis- belief among scientists. He holds back against the troadening of education to include females and the rise of woman in the ranks of mathematicians and astronomers. “In Mme. Curle” he says, “I can see no more than a brilliant exception. Even if there were more women scien- tists of like caliber, they would serve as no argument against the fundamental weakness of the feminine organization.” For Eirstein, woman’s place is in the horne, Undoubtedly this ecoaviction springs from his first, brief marriage with a Jugoslav student—a union of scientists which ended in disaster. His present wife is his own cousin, a charm- ing, capable woman, admirably fitted to be the wife of a genius. Under her guidance his life is organ- ized. The little household consists bul of his wife and her two grown ters by a former husband. slight as it is. He dutifully presents himself at mealtime, and even “comes down out of the clouds” for them and their guests. Indeed, his work, while it may fascinate him, never becomes such an obsession that he cannot shake it off. Although, upstairs in his attic study, anything may be brewing, he shows on descending only the human side of his character—kindly, thought- ful and domestic. Entertain But Little. The Einsteins entertain but little and try to avold the responsibilities which their fame thrusts upon them. Usually they are simply en famille, yet since the family of close relatives is numerous even their most casual meal may include several cousins . from some provincial town or even from across e ocean. The perpetual boy in Einsteln, the being of impulse and wonder and senti- ment, finds himself playing now, in his turn, the role of “Uncle Jake.” Following the meal, whoever may ascend with him to his study discovers the same rigorous routine prescribed. After a silence, during wi Einstein will be ramming and priming his pipe, conversation breaks out with ~the scratching of his match. Einstein's briar has a low bowl and appears to have no phenomenal capacity, yet the quality of his weed is such that within five minutes after it has started to smolder an opaque cloud hangs over the whou‘lroom. !Lr‘m:rh this, as under an origin: chaos own making, Einstein works or_ dreams in fect happiness. Once his smoke hwu:dcr he already way he will suffer any int or, if one of the children is near, he perhaps will embark upon some form of Socratic dialogue. | | | | | terruption, of the family | through his | his self-consciousness he might really | | sclence’s sake, like art for art's sake, way the next time that you cross the Atlantic?” “No. I don't think it would work.” “But why not?” Einstein was play- ing the “Uncle Jake” with gusto. i “Because . . . well . . ., because the helicopter is too heavy to get beyond | the air which is needed to support it | ...and ... then ... of course . . the air is going round with the eart as it revolves, and so the man in the helicopter would never get anywhere.” “Good answer!” Einstein was de- lighted. He got up and clapped the boy jovially on the shoulder. “Good answer! You're a clever young man!” Einstein has a speclal sympathy and understanding for children. He him- self, instinctive and self-tutored, bears close resemblance to those great men who flourished during the .childhood of the modern mind. Were it not for be considered the reincarnation of one of those multiplex souls who enriched the Renaissance with their wide va- riety of interest. In his virtuosity on musical instruments, his curiosity be- fore the mysteries of nature and his resolute attempt to take all science as his province, he is more the man of the Quattrocento than the man of to- day. Few other physicists have such a grasp on the whole realm of knowledge once embraced by the single word “philosophy.” Leaps Amid Extremes. After his doctoral dissertation on a method of measurements for molecules, Einstein leaps to the other extreme of creation and proposes that the uni- verse, although without fixed bounda- ries because of its curving round upon itself, is none the less finite and com- mensurate. He proposes that the uni- verse has a diameter of a hundred mil- lion light years and a weight of about a billion billion suns. This would sound like some small boy bragging about his father's wealth were it not that it curlously resembles the first scientific essays oi a Leonardo. In- terpret Einstein’s self-consciousness &s & merely personal by-product . . . the ransom of his century and of his race . . . then his vast enterprise in universal science, his daring and his zest are the immortal attributes of the pathfinder, the Renaissance man in whom humanity finds a new birth THE SUNDAY 'WENTY years ago I heard a famcus editor deliver a talk on advertising before the Chicago Advertising Club. I was just out of college and had seen very few great men, 5o the talk made a deep impression. I remember the editor said that “reputation is repetition,” and he told some stories to illus- trate the point. The other night in New York I heard the same great editor speak on the same subject. To my surprise it was the very same speech. Another speaker was a cele- brated banker whom I had heard on two previous occa- sions. He also repeated him- self. As we left the dining room, one of my friends, who had noted the repetitions, remarked on them gloomily. of knowledge. Einstein is most akin to his own age through his fierce efforts to keep the theory of relativity strictly scientific and aloof from mysticism. He has discovered & mathematical fourth dimension. Nothing puts him so out of humor as the pretensions of occult- ists and spiritualists that he has proved at last what they have contended all along. “Science,” he declares, “exists for and does not go in for special pleading or for the demonstration of absurdities.” Just as Einstein remains utterly in- different to the inventions which try to harness his discoveries, he has noth- ing to say about the philosophers who try to base systems upon them. Henri Bergson has written a book showing how relativity and Bergsonism check up and corroborate each other. A Balkan professor has tried to build a whole philosophical creed on “Einsteinism.” But Einstein himself simply says: “It is impossible to break down the barriers between the world of optics, mechanics, acoutics, thermo-dynamics, chemistry and astronomy on the one hand and the world of metaphysics on the other. The one is a territory of measurement, the other of speculation. They have nothing in common.” In spite of his extraordinarily im- aginative theories about the elasticity of time and space, their fluid inter- relations and their illuminating one- ness, Einstein remains the scientist. All that he has said can be proved. Similarly, the interest which he allows himself in human development never goes out to anything but demonstrable knowledge, to national economy, so- ciology, law, medicine, or, again, music. e, a5 in sclence, Einstein has few convictions which he does not hold subject to modification. His own life, however, has fixed and hardened his attitude toward nationality and the struggle of life. Internationalist by Principle. Einstein is an internationalist by principle and by expediency. His re- spect for national integrity can be imagined from the fact that he did not hesitate to change from German to Swiss papers when it was simply & question of getting a better job in (Continued From First Page.) his intervention the position of Italy among the great powers of Europe was not a little humiliating to those patriots who remembered her past glories. We were admitted ta the fellowship of the great powers, those occasions when they required our n{g. When it 1'“1;)‘:{ turn to’Jeceh'e ald we met with little recognition at their hands. Change Wrought by Fascism. Since the advent of Fascism all this in changed, Italy has become unques- tionably a great power, and our 10,- 000,000 emigrants, scattered in Europe. America and other parts of the globe, now take a conscious pride in belonging so far as to say that those critics who seek to depreciate our country are ac- tuated solely by a feeling of uneasiness at her growing strength. In short, the strenuous efforts of Mussolini have regenerated Italy and the TItalians, and the spirit of his reforms has penetrated the entire nation, right down to the young children—the organ- ization of the Balilla, whose unbounded enthusiasm for our cause gives us some indication of what our national strength will be when they havs grown to man- 0od. The main reason of Fascism's weak- ness is the fact that this absurd and all laws of economy. Above all it is 3 torpid and costly body which makes all production difficult. Official statistics are usually imper- fect, and tell us little. Nevertheless, they demonstrate the want of order in Itallan economy as a consequence of the work of the Fascists, The official journal (Gazzetta UM- clale) has printed tables which testify to the disaster. During the years sinc> 1924 the excess of imports over expor's has increased greatly. The composition of this trade is even more alarming. In the heterogeneous decrease in imports of raw materials and increase in im- ports of certain of the most essential commodities we have a proof of the Zurich if he renounced the Father- land. Here again he is mentally of the ufmod when states were but po- litd units and nationality was an unknown word. He has recently given his nominal support to Zionism, yet the idea would not have entered his mind if an American propagandist had not visited him in his retreat and talked with him for nearly ‘24 hours. Over such a question Einstein will not argue long. He will yleld and go back to his day dreams. If pressed for some opinion on_international collaboration he will reply: ““The solidarity of any group of work- ers, scientists especially, is so strong that they will always find each other in spite of political or commercial dis- turbances . . . and they will find each are international for Einstein, the World War hardly existed except as a period of comparative zfl\llflun. ‘With an opti- mism which is banal as many another of his personal opinions he is con- vinced that the world is getting better, Inevitably, he believes, modern s will be driven toward a sense of union Jjust as the Itallan citles of the Renais- sance, finally, in self-protection, ceased g to tear one another down, Al- though Einstein is not a great reader, he is acquainted with the standard classics, and one of his favorite quota- tions is the Sophoclean line from ..An&,mm.,:k & “My worl not to hate with but to love with you.” g Lacked Self-Confidence as Child. Like every other element of Einstein's science and_personality his attitude toward conflict, be the struggle of a the struggle of petency, tion for existence or n_individual for com- s _directly traceable to his self-confidence and ambition. His, to help pacifism is really a defeatism, a moving aside to avoid all -confiict, all discord which takes him from his work. knew—to any doubtful con- wider activity. It is only passionate inte: in tics and plete and comprehension, that he hh-.lmwlsoen able to _overcome his reticencz, This “X" is the passion of his life, the key to all that he has done. It has led him to weakening of home products. Italy is & debtor country. She has 1 nt credits abroad and big debts. Thus it is very difficult to strike & balance for the payments. 1 Revenues Listed as Compensation. In the past the balance was mnm; sated by three revenues w of foreigners, money sent to Italy by emigrants and freightages collected by thym;rchnfit m'v;‘y N&w. owing u: the t policy, these three source: of revenue are constantly decreasing. Expenditures of tourists, who are con- tinually more reluctant to visit Italy and remittances from em! ts have been nearly cut in half, and the Italar merchant marine faces a serious crisis. Settlement of the commercial balan~e EEEeREs e A was voa The best Itallan industries have rs. mn ed or given away. Now | the capacity for contracting debts has ‘been almost it exhausted. The 10,000,000 Italians in foreign countries, workmen and ts, with e i S, el i violently anti-] 3 lnvzs!u!{lgnlq lnvlluly nor do they remit of their sa: . m{(uflounl lllln‘:vp].\cd the Fascist method, the cudgel and castor oil, to economic life. Everything must be done T trolled by the 3 m%eb;meon lira hl{ been stebilized at a level which cannot be maintained. Consequently, the export trade has grown very difficult, while the burden of taxation and debt has become unen- durable. The crisis is now making it- self felt through the whole economic system. % Order Relating to Bankruptcy. ‘The Itallan law courls have been in- :‘n exchange have unpald on falling due. Two thousand bills of exchange have been protested daily and left un- The number of failures in trade, of the restriction, lx'!u xm e are far ‘Ther ; oof;w‘ month. Bankruptcles in’ Ttaly than in France or Germany. film streaked and lph;:: with light make , 80 much as because, in "pumiing over the universe, he 7, certainly—but only on | to our great race. In fact, I would go | paradoxical system is in opposition to | STAR, WASHIN( 7 '// itk A “Rather discouraging to see that even the big minds have so little in them,” he sald. “Makes you wonder is human ingenuity is coming to an end.” My own reaction was exactly the opposite. I felt encour- aged. Ralph Waldo Emerson long ago remarked upon the limited number of ideas in any one mind or even in any one generation. “They say that though the stars appear S0 numberless, you cannot count more than a thousand,” he sald. “Well, there are few thoughts. Count the books and you would think that there was immense wealth; but any expert knows that there are few thoughts which have emerged in his time. Shut him in a closet and he could (Copyriv Fascism Kept Italy From Bolshevism And Made Her Into a Great Power taxation greatly increased. the reve- nues from taxation are falling. The cost of the Fascist military ma- chine steadily increases. The colonial expenses are almost entirely for the army. The poor Italian colonies have become the theater of continual inci- dents of war. Italy never governed more than 600,000 inhabitants. This means that every inhabitant costs Italy approximately $50 a year. With this extravagant system. all the wealth of Great Britain could not keep up the British colonies. Enormous sums are spent to support Fascist policy. Fascism has, perhaps, the most expensive police force in the world. There are (1) the police, (2) the carabinierl, (3) the metropolitan police, (4) the national Fascist police volunteers, (5) the rallway police, (6) the narbor police, (7) the post office and telegraph police, (8) the forest police, (9) the police for roads. The result is that Italy spends more than four times as much on her police as does France. This is not a regime of order but one of crystallized disorder. Economic Life Disorganized. ‘The Fascist regime costs so much that it disorganizes economic life. This is its weakest point. Could the Fascist {incur further debts in America they | would be able to lead an artificial life | for & time, but sooner or later the sys- tem must give way. Fascism cannot restore the life of Italy without re-establishing economic and political liberty—and this would mean the downfall of the Fascist regime. The special police would have to be abolished; the lira would have to be restored to its true value; great economies would have to be effected; freedom would have to be given to all factors of production—and these things could only be accomplished by a gov- ernment which comes within the law and restores normal life. Fascism, after all, is only a provisional govern- ment. The longer it exists the greater the danger there is of a new form of bolshevism. iTON, By O VY6, soon tell them all. They are quoted, contradicted, modified, but the amount remains com- putably small.” It is a good thing for human- ity that this is so. Nature ap- parently designed the game of human progress to last a long time, and provided that only a small advance should be made in any one generation. Sup- pose one mind should discover everything. How it would take the zest out of the game! Moreover, it is decidedly heartening to us average folks to know that only a very little difference separates us from the smartest. Lincoln remarked on it. “Ihave talked with great men,” he said, “and I cannot see wherein they differ from others.” ht, 1930.) 1930—PART TWO. ] Generally speaking, the great achieve their greatness by in- dustry, rather than by mere brilliance. The editor whom I quoted is said to be the highest paid in the world. But if you divide his salary by the more than 200 newspapers which print his editorials, he is the lowest paid worker whom each of those papers employs. He produces more than anybody else and works longer hours to do it. I was glad that I went to that dinner. It reminded me how little wisdom and genius really rule the world; how far indus- trious effort can stretch a few ideas, or even one idea. And certainly any one of us can manage, in a life time, to get hold of at least one idea. Poet Vergil’s Anniversary Finds Rome | BY E. V. D. MAGOFFIN, President of the Archaeological Institute of America. New excavations in the city of Rome are being pushed on apace, both be- | | cause of the good luck that brought| about the discovery near the Argentina | th | Theater of temples dating back to th Republican period, and even more be. | cause the Roman authorities wish t | have as much in readiness as possible | | for the thousands of pilgrims who will | | visit Ttaly during the 2,000th anniver- | sary of the birth of the Roman epic poet Vergil. | A dream of many years' standing on! the part of the Itallans is on the| { eve of fulfillment. Between the ancient | | great Forum in Rome, which is so well known to_tourists, and the Forum of Trajan, of which few know anything | jmore than the pictured column and | | the low-cut area near it, and which is | | noted more for its hundreds of cats| than for its archeological value, there are six or-eight blocks of medieval shops and houses. Both business and | residential desirability have long since departed from this area of buildings| which cover the major part of the ancient Forums of Trajan and of Au-| gustus. But now both these forums have been cleared, and the fine center of ancient Rome is again free. The best place from which to see the | newly excavated region is the top of as the Tower of Nero. many of the modern guides, who are never averse to approaching the sen- this tower that Nero, as he fiddled and sang, watched the great fire which so nearly destroyed Rome. It seems almost cruel to tell one of these guides that there seems to be one great difficulty about his explanation, namely, that the tower was built sometime in the | eleventh century A.D. when Nero had| been dead more than 1,000 years. But,| after all, what's 1,000 years among | friends? Mussolini’s Regime __(Continued From First Page) _ All must wear the mask of Fascism, but except for those whose livelihood de- nds on the Fascist government all are opposition. But they dare not criti- cize; should they do so they incur the risk of imprisonment. Not only have political elections ceased to exist, except in the form of absurd and ridiculous plebiscites for candidates selected by the Grand Coun- cil of the Fascists, but even the mu- nicipal and commercial elections have been abolished—a measure which was not even taken by the Czar of Russia. Even chamber of commerce officers are not llrz'egla ;ucxd by h-mun;en. but are appointed by the government. In spite of all this, probably on ac- count of it, Fascism is weak to its roots and is of an ephemeral character. Theie 1s no harmony; there is terror. Mussolini’s Idea Outlined. But Mussolini had realized from the first that the best means of raising the prestige of his country abroad was by setting right the disorganization which threatened her economic stability at home. To this end his most vigorous reforms have been directed. Perhaps the most outstanding measure that has yet been initiated by the Fascist regime is our famous Carta del Lavora—the ‘Workmen'’s Charter, which has been the object of so much envy and so much careful study among our neighbors, Upon the principles of this document have been drawn up many thousands of contracts and business conventions, the cumulative effect of which has been to achleve the miracle desired by Mus- solini—the elimination of class warfare and the substitution of a wholehearted co-operation by all elements in the country. Where Socialism had been able to produce nothing but discord, mflvnm by a futile and useless criti- , the Fascist ideal of equality has succeeded in eradicating those Bolshe- vist tendencies by which Italy was most seriously menaced. Magnitude of Task Outlined. In no direction, however, has the present achieved more stupen- , has he con- S i) Has Disorganized Italy’s Entire Economic Existence level, in the five years thereafter it has increased by 100 per oent. All of the government's efforts are now being concentrated on the develop- ment of the land and of agriculture, and any financial surplus is immediate- ly put aside to this end. Since our population is daily increasing, we must stimulate the productive powers of our soil 50 as to make Italy self-supporting. Another problem to which the gov- ernment is giving great attention is un- employment. Although there still re- mlfm much work for the regime to ac- complish in this direction, much prog- ress already has been achieved. Outstanding Benefit Cited. Among the many benefits which the Fascist regime has conferred on Italy, by far the greatest, and certainly the one which bears the seal of Benito Mussolini’s genius, is the reconciliation between Italy and the Vatican. By this treaty of the Lateran the Duce has solved the question which for two gen- erations has been troubling our country. No longer are the Vatican and the Quirinal forced to make a pretense of ignoring each other. The millions of voters who have sig- nified their approval of Fascism have not voted for a list of names, but for an idea. And the results of the elections have demonstrated beyond all doubt that the confidence of Italy in this idea is as unlimited as the confidence which the Duce has in himself and his mis- sion. ‘Taking all these factors into consid- eration, I have no hesitancy in saying that Italy has just entered upon a new and more splendid era of Fascism, and that we will be able to hand over to our children an Italy immeasurably greater even than the Italy of today. Italians Take Cue From Old Israelites Taking their cue from the ancient Israelites, who smeared lamb's blood on thelr doors during the Egyptian cap- tivity when the angel of the Lord was about to kill the first born of the Egyp- tians, in order that their children might be reccgnized and spared, the Ital now place white .xelhbunl in front of their houses in which children have been newly born. This custom, which was instituted in Turin, has now to Milan and is expected to be- come nationwide. show the esteem in, which the regime holds those women who, in the words of one newspaper, “have given to the country sons who tomorrow will be sol- diers.” ing is being done to; the Torre delle Milizie, popularly known | © One is told by | sational, that it was from the top of | It is designed to | Po: continue_interest in the “des aphic ‘Mussol Ready to Show Many New Discoveries For many years tourists have been | taken down into a restaurant called the Ulpia, and during dinner have had pointed out to them the great stones of the walls. As a matter of fact, the restaurant was ensconced in one of the semi-circular apses of the anclent rum of Trajan, whose Gentile name as Ulpius. Scholars have been usu- 0 go back into the gardens of certain private houses, where they have mar- veled at the Jofty walls of brick which once formed part of the great Forum of the Emperor Trajan. Apollodorus, the architect who built the Emperor his new forum, was a resi- dent of Damascus. When Trajan took over by expropriation the area on which his forum was to be built, there was a big bazaar there which housed most of the Syrian merchants in Rome. The excavations this last year have laid bare that part of the forum which gives proof of the canniness of the architect and of the wisdom of the Emperor. He must have told his architect to build a bazaar as part of his construction, and in that way to help him avold the friction or unpleasantness that might arise if the Syrians were entirely evicted. The rooms now cleared show that the archi- tect did his task satisfactorily both to the Emperor and tenants. That part of the forum is built on the same lines as the bazaars in Damascus or Aleppo Bagdad today, and the modern ba- zaars are practically the same today as they were 3,000 or 4,000 years ago. The Forum of Augustus stretches southward from the Forum of Trajan and toward the first great forum of the city. It can probably not be entirely cleared, due to one of the maxims of archeology. One may not properly de- stroy any good plece of less ancient or of medieval construction in order to lay bare something older below, unless the higher object can be safely removed or securely propped up. In the ruins of | the Forum of Augustus a great many buildings were constructed, some of them using the lofty and massive surround- ing walls of the ancient forum. On top f several stories of mixed ancient and edieval construction there was found & short time ago a gem of medieval ar- chitecture. It was the loggia of the Pri of the Knights of Rhodes, the bulldings connected therewith being the lodge for the knights when they were in the Holy City. Rare Remains Found. Several lines of trolleys or trams run from the Piazza Venezia to Trastevere (across the Tiber). All of them turn a sharp corner and run along in front of a popular theater called the Argentina. Last year, to give traffic more roo the city authorities condemned a smal area at the cormer turn. When they began to pull down the building there the wreckers came upon what we of today call the “gold mine of Italy”— 1. e, the remains of Roman antiquity. They found the steps and the lower parts of several columns which arche- ologists at once. identified as belonging to a temple of date earlier than 30 B.C Of course ancient Rome takes prece ence over modern Rome. - Work was begun at once with the usual scientific care of the Itallan archeologists, and before the clearance was complete the foundations of three rectangular tem- gl‘u and one circular temple were laid re. Perhaps no discovery of late in Rome has created so much excitement, inter- est and debate. Attributions of all the tes of various deities have been Many broken pieces of statuary and of inscriptions have also been found, but as yet there is not enough agreement to warrant a_definite state- ment as to the deities whose cults were worshiped in the four temples. The architecture, however, is not a bone of contention. The work is datable, and enough new elements have been identi~ fled to supplement also certain defi- clencies in the knowledge of the build- ing of tem?lu of the Republican epoch. Several Italian lrcthfl!fll of note, icularly Prof. Rodolfo Lanciani, ve talked and planned for years to bring about the construction “of an archeological .~ avenue which would extend from the Colosseum through the Arch of Constantine and along the foot of the Palatine Hill on the south as far as the corner of the hill under the lofty walls known as the Septizo- nium or Septizodium. The avenue would there reach the beginning of the ancient Via Appia, which Roman writ- ers often refer to as the queen of roads. The avenue would turn there and be a widened Appian Way, running out southward past the great baths of Caracalla, under the so-called Arch of , and to the St. Sebastian Gate in the Aurelian wall of the city. Famous Old Roman Tomb. Prom the Appian Way, about half way between the more ancient the rta Capena of the wall of bli- can Rome, and the Porta San Sebas- tiano of the Aurelian Wall, the old Latin Way diverged and took a course that brought it into the Alban Hills, here the modern jected Archeological Avenue and of . b otn'fll be | pany.” (Continued Prom Third Page.) scout probably will reply; “they're mighty popular here, and we d | of nearly parts in Sweden last year. In fact, in point of value the United States is automotive equipment that this pro- gressive northern kingdom buys from foreign countries. eral are thoroughly ‘sold’ on the beauty and serviceability of the American au- tomobile.” —and continue on our travels, ‘We leave the Scandinavian Penin- sula and go down through Germany to Czechoslovakia. We are in a travel agency in Prague, arranging our book- ings for Vienna. We notice a Czech girl swiftly pounding the keys of an American typewriter. Over in the cor- ner we see an American adding ma chine, Other American office equip. ment meets our gaze, So it goes all over Europe. ‘The American nomad encounters, on every hand, articles of everyday utility that remind him vividly of home, because they are the products of American fac- tories. And there is another consideration of which we must not los: sight. Sup- pose the nomad has penetrated to sun- drenched Madrid and has “checked in" at one of the hotels on the Gran Via, that fine new thoroughfare that was cut through the heart of the old Cas- looks out of the window of his room and the ‘first thing that catches his attention is a handsome, towering white structure—as impressive a building of its type as you will find anywhere in Europe. “What is that?” the nomad asks the hotel porter. “La Compania Telefonica Nacional de Espana,” is the answer—"“the Spanish Telephone Com- A few inquiries develop that out of the 50,000,000 pesetas of com- mon stock outstanding, shares to the | value of nearly 47,000,000 pesetas in the Spanish Telephone Company are owned by the International Telephone | & Telegraph Corporation, an Ameri- can enterprise. An American invest- ment of substantial proportions! U. 8. Investments All Over Europe, ‘The American traveler will find simi- lar tangible evidences of American in- vestments all over Europe—and all over the world. He may ride in fine new street cars in Warsaw, Poland; rejoice in the rehabilitation of Greek refugees in Athens; be whisked to his Charlot- tenburg hotel on the efficient Berlin subway: examine with admiration the great Norwegian plant which makes cheap fertilizers out of the air by the electric-arc process; or gaze with aston ishment at the works of the Shannon hydroelectric development in Ireland, which should mean mounting prosper- ity for that entire isiand. And, if he investigates, he will discover that there are large sums of American money in all these—and many other—foreign en- terprises. Perhaps, one day in October, last year, one of the American nomads of 1929 had rolled into Paris at the Gare du Nord and bought an English language newspaper, reading with shocked amazement the story of the on the Stock Exchange and on the Curb back home in New York City. Quite possibly he was staggered by that truly lamentable phenomenon. In momen- tary panic he may have asked himself these questions: = Was the American economic structure threatened? Did those dark days portend far-reaching injury to American business-disorgani- zation, & drastic let-down, or a period of “hard times"? If he sized up the situation soberly, on the basis of full knowledge, he could not but conclude that the phe- nomenon did not of necessity mean this s0? potent financial factor, is not a major gauge of our American well-being. For one thing, this tourist would have been reassured merely by calling up in his memory some of the things he had seen abroad, the endless commodities that represent American export trade, the many concrete objects that embody the result of American investments. Diversification Essential. Diversification, we are always told, is one of the foremost secrets of security in the purchase of stocks and bonds for the purpose of obtaining income. And tion of American economic interests throughout the world, one of our main assurances of domestic business sta- bility. Economically, America has spread out immeasurably—developed sustaining, strengthening ~roots that have their source of life in many varied sofls. All this has a tremendous “equalizing” influence, and it acts as a massive bulwark. Merely domestic disturbances may today be neutralized in part by the great ‘‘complex” of American interests beyond our national frontiers—interests which are incapable of being thrown out of equilibrium simultaneously or as a whole. Let us consider for just & moment our American exports, which were valued last year at about $5,250,000,000. What was the influence of those exports on the preservation of economic sound- ness in the United States? One may readily concede that our sales abroad represent. perhaps, not more than 10 per cent of our total American production—but - this trade has aptly been called our ‘“prosperity balance,” the margin that may spell the difference between well-being for our country and the possible pinch of economic need. Exports, to be sure, cannot accom- plish everything. Even their warmest advocates do not regard them as a means of working commercial miracles or curing all economic flls, We are compelled to admit regretfully that there has been in recent months a very marked falling off in American sales abroad—due chiefly to the existing world depression in the prices of staple raw materials (Impairing the buying power of numerous foreign peoples) as ‘well as to specific, more or less localized sarcophagus made of peperino, a stone quarried in the Alban Hills, which was a volcanic conglomerate containing in it many small shattered pieces of black lava which in the gray stone looked like peppercorns; hence the Itallan word peperino. On the sides of the sarcophagus is | eut a frieze in imitation of the frieze of the Doric style of architecture, rosettes between triglyphs. Several lines of an ancient inscription were cut on the side of the ureo&hngm. ‘This in- scription enumerates the ship and money ed from one of the enemles of Rome, in the third century B. C. On the side of the cover of the sarcopha- gus is the inscription Cornelius Cn F. Sciplo, which translated “Corne- lius Scipio, Son of Gnaeus Scipio.” An exact copy of this sarcophia was made some years aj gan as a memorial to Prof. ;glen one of Amer- ica’s earlier Latin scholars, who edited one of our first editions of Vergil for use in secondary schools. Plans have been drawn to make a splendid monument of these Scipionic tombs, and at the same time preserve the fine pine trees and medieval house which was built on top of the tombs before any one knew ti This construction will flank the Pm‘; It e for the visitors who oy Rome to the celebration in oF Boe athor of The Aeneid.” supplying more than four-fifths of the | Europeans in gen- | “That's fine!” we comment | tilian capital not so very long ago. He | dramatic drop in the prices of securities | any of those things. And why was | He could have found encouragement | in the fact that Wall Street, though a | we find, in the ever-growing diversifica- | /AMERICAN NOMADS LEARN OF U. S. TRADE Everywhere One Goes Abroad They Ap- preciate Scope and Importance of Our Foreign Business. factors, such as the unrest in Asia. In connection with those matters certain favorable elements would seem to be appearing—but whatever the prospects for export recovery may be, we must recognize quite frankly that our over- seas selling has been passing through & “doldrums” period. Foreign Trade a Stabilizer. Yet the fact will bear emphatic repe- tition that foreign trade is a stabilizer. 1t takes up the slack. It tends to keep the industrial machinery moving stead- fly. In various cases a factory's ex- ports make possible & more complete utllization of the industrial equipment and, consequently, lower prices. Viewed from another angle, export trade is something that operates to fill in gaps. If business should be dull here in our own country, an active demand for our goods may be developing abroad. It crops are unsatisfactory at home, farmers in other lands may have reaped rich harvests and be eager to spend the garnered gold. If thousands | of American college boys persist in | going around bare headed, and the | hat trade is adversely affected by this | fact, millions of Chinese, moved by the ‘modern spirit, may at the same time be cutting off their queues and | developing a demand for American | hats and caps—or the same result may | be brought about by an edict in Turkey banning the fez, or by the tendency |in Egvpt to discard that picturesque | native headgear, the tarboosh. Thus, throughout the world, the ex- | tremes ‘offset each other—hot seasons | against cold seasons; wealth against | dearth; new styles against old tastes: | ready responsiveness against ingrained | conservatism. American export indus- tries, supplying merchandise to every | country in the world, find in the diverse needs ‘and_conditions of those foreign | regions & dependable regulator or “bal- | ance wheel,” the functioning of which | is not seriously affected by speculative | frenzies or debacles in Broad street. It would be futile to deny, of course, | that the influence of the New York | Stock Exchange in foreign countries is far-reaching. and that an unfavor- | able situation in the securities market may tend to diminish certain foreign | markets for our goods. But, in view | of the immensity and almost incon- ceivable variety of the foreign field, | the principle that I have stated wili be found, I believe, to be generally | applicable. | . Then take the question of the in- fluence exerted by our investments | abroad. Stock exchange disturbances | may operate to lessen the flow of loans to foreign enterprises, but the vast | body of our foreign investments which | antedated October, 1929, remain as one | of our great economic ramparts. At | the present moment our private long- | term” investments abroad (not includ- |ing_ war debts or short-term invest- | ments) are probably in excess of $14,-- | 000,000,000, and their yield to the | Americans who furnished that money | must be very close to $900,000,000 a year. Assured Income Necessary Asset. | It is needless to elaborate on the | stabilizing power of an assured income { of that prodigious sum each year. In most powerful tones it speaks for it- | self. We hear much about the “iron and electric slaves” that we modern Americans have come to command that is, the titanic forces inherent in machinery and in power. What our foreign investments are doing is to make it possible for foreign peoples in a measure, to utilize comparab'c forces, with a portion of the benefits accruing to ourselves, ‘Those invest- ments contribute mightily to world prosperity—which means better busi- ness for us. President Hoover well said that “the making of loans to foreign countries for productive purposes not only increases our direct exports, but bullds up the prosperity of foreign peo- ples and & an economic blessing to both sides of the transaction.” S0, in these things that present them- selves 50 often in concrete and striking aspects to the American nomad as he travels here and there across the face of the earth, we find factors that reinforce our commercial confidence and thal tend to minimize any disquietude that might arise from Stock Exchange currences like those which we have witnessed with such keen regret, Other Factors Defined. | | And there are many similarly re- assuring factors here at home, in the structure of our business and the char- | acteristics of our people, as well as the | magnificent gifts that nature lavished on our land. The vast army of vaca- tionists who are now setting out on their journeyings within the boundaries of the United States will become more keenly aware of our natural resources, the efficlency with which those re- sources are being utilized and the dis- cretion and public spirit with which, for the most part, they are administered today. They will see the tremendous equipment which we devote to produc- | tive effort in this country. They will feel, consciously or unconsciously, the American enthusiasm for co-operation and mutual helpfulness and that ad- mirable quality of our people which I may call “economic adaptability.” Our people possess resilience because in many cases they are only two or three generations away from the pioneer—the courageous American path-breaker and conqueror of nature who was confronted with the roughest, toughest blems and performed prodigious feats in coping with the wilderness and con- verting it to human use. Out in the open spaces our vacationists may realize what such s struggle meant and what a heritage it has bequeathed. ‘Wall Street Not a Reliable Barometer. ‘The barometer of Wall Street prices cannot be considered a complete or even a major criterion of those deep and vital elements of the Nation's economic strength. The tourist season should do much to broaden our horizons | —economically as well as culturally— to dissipate any mood of excessive con- centration on the happenings within | the canyons of lower Manhattan Island. We may appreciate and keenly deplore such losses as have been sustained within those man-made chasms, but we are justified, I think, in feeling that the vacationist who marvels at the hap- penings within the glowing canyons of the West cannot help attaining the truer and the more wholesome view. So one can only say to the tremendous tourist crowds now pouring from our cities: Keep your eyes open and your perceptive faculties alert in the economic fleld no less than in that of leisure and of pleasure. If you do you are certain to find the soundest bases for courage and firm hopefulness. . Alien Workers in China Protest Special Tax A protest has been made by & num- ber of foreign employes of the China Merchants Steam Navigation Co, a purely Chinese concern, against a 15 per cent deduction from their pay to “soothe soldiers at the front.” The po- sition of all employes is further made worse by the fact that salaries are sev- eral months in arrears and the Nanking vernment is frequently commandeer- g the company’s vessels for troop transportation. The company has the largest fleet of uhip:l of ::z ghlneu company, oper: long angtze and up and dmmt’w China coast. 'th is the first time compelled to assist a Chinese war budget. Most of the foreigners e honor med are British navigating office: foreigners have been .-