Evening Star Newspaper, July 6, 1930, Page 21

CALLED MO Waste Lands Reclai Workers Hospital BY POULTNEY BIGELOW. OME—Mussolini_is & ‘hero to me because I am by inheritance a farmer. Who does not honor the statesman who recognizes the importance of labor on the Jand? Mussolini is not only a farmer by birth, but he operates a farm to- day on land which, in my boyhood, was & pestilential swamp. In the two talks that he gave me I was much impressed by his genius in the fleld of political economy. In a world that has gone madly in the direc- tion of machinery, Mussolini stands | almost alone in defense of the small old-fashioned farmer cultivating his acres intensively and rearing a family devoted to this healthy life. ‘When I told him that in my part of | New York State there was a steady diminution in farm values and a per- sistent stream of young people aban- doning the countryside for city or fac- tory life, he could not understand it. His policy has the small farmer as the basis of national prosperity—woe to the land where abandoned farms are abundant! Gave Him Full Data. It is, perhaps, the best evidence of Mussolini's genuine feeling in regard to farming that he detailed two high officials of the Agricultural Bureau to motor me to every part of the Roman Campagna and explain to me what had been done since the beginning of his ministry, eight years ago. In general, it suffices to know that whatever was done by successive gov- ernments in the last 15 centuries, the | total is negligible compared to what Mussolini has accomplished in than one decade. The other great capitals of the world =—London, Paris, Toklo, have this in common, from urban to rural gradual stages—residences become less crowded—gardens more frequent and we finally come to the borderland of the semi-farmer class—the habitation for those who go dalily to the city. Rome was also thus in her days of tmperial glory. Her swampy suburbs were scientifically drained and thus made habitable for a population such as would naturally encircle the then capital of the known world. ©Old Roman Customs. She then had rulers of common gense and financial foresight—they rea- lized that it was well for the city if the suburbs were kept fertile and healthy. The well-to-do had their coun- try homes on their farms ang there was & better balance for the taf collector. ‘The mosquito mania did not frighten them as it does today—the Romans of 2,000 years ago wasted litttle time on serums, but they cleaned the ditches and pumped out the stagnant water. When the Roman Empire was wrecked all the splendid hydraulic ma- chinery that was one of the world's wonders under Trojan and Marcus Au- relius, was -allowed to decay. Malaria followed as a matter of course and the population steadily dwindled. Mussolini has called thousands of peasant farmers back on to this once cursed soil. I have seen a goodly por- tion of them—and they are pleasing to look at—about. 4,000 prosperous fam- ilies where in my childhood no family aould live and show rosy-cheeked chil- ren. Italy set us a good example—and the Rockefeller Foundation can do good by going to school here and copying Mus- solini’s methods in our own malarious, river-bottom territories, where quinine takes the place of common sense. Farmers Seen in Need. indeed, Mussolini would probably call together the various financial groups who send missionaries of a quasi-medi- cal nature to the ends of the earth, and he would talk to them somewhat thus: “Gentlemen, before you distribute any more American money amongst Chinese, Africans, Armenians or even Europeans, pray consider the deplorable condition of our own American farmers.” But missionaries prefer China to the swamps of the Mississippi—it's the lure of the far away. Only a Mussolini is capable of correcting this evil tendency. He would forbid Americans from doing | sanitary work abroad until they had | I‘lrsv made our own land fit for habita- on Mussolini now has excellent village schools throughout the Roman suburbs— vastly better than those in similar paris of the United States. Also he provides | hospitals at convenient intervals. | Had I the millions, I would have a hospital, however simple, at the center of every county in my native State, !wh;rever the population labors on the land. In cities are hospitals for disabled factory folk, but the isolated farmer is | uncared for in case of a broken leg. He is a poor man usually, and if his family manages to carry him to a town he may have to mortgage the farm to pay for medical assistance. Way Wealth Is Divided. America seems to be richer than Italy, but the wealth of Italy is more intelli- gently distributed—there is not so great a gulf between rich and poor. It is about 30 miles across this newly reclaimed Campagna of Rome, yet every small farmer of that once lonesome area has material and spiritual advantages rarely afforded the farmers of my own country, even in Ulster County of New York State. I have referred to the sanitary condi- tions. They might be classed as emer- gency hospitals, with first aid to the injured. That is to say, places where the farmer can have a bone set or wound washed and bandaged by a trained nurse. Much depends upon the very first attention given to an acci- dent case, while waiting for the doctor or an ambulance, and accidents multiply as machinery increases. The Romagna peasant of today is not limited to a spade and rake, a wooden plow or harrow. He handles the same tractors and reaping machinery that we are accustomed to see on our own big farms. Electricity is a commonplace all over Italy, not merely for lighting, but for hoisting grain to the storage ware- | house ‘and water for irrigation. Homes Are Comfortable. T would not leave the impression that Americans are less intelligent or less industrious than the farmers of Italy. I am simply pointing out that in the Jand of Mussolini the farmer is en- couraged, while in the State of New York we legislate him into pauperism. Every farm I have seen about here has a comfortable homestead of stone or brick with tile roof, and outhouses con- structed on the most up-to-date pat- tern. The government constructs these modern farms and sells them on easy terms. Where the farmer of Ulster County, N. Y., is lucky when he can borrow lttfl 2:! cent, the Mussolini government asks only 2 per cent and allows the purchaser 50 years in which to clear himself entirely from debt. This is not charity. It is a wise policy that draws to the land sturdy laborers who have a solid interest in maintaining law ai order and perpetuating their family name and inheritance. The farmer. minds his own business, he does not pass his evenings on street corners. he is mo political innovator. On the con- trary, he goes to his conjugal couch soon after dark, and is out again at the first streak of dawn. Revolutions are Given Schools and less | New York— | that we pass | conditions by | limit of | d | the Atlantic or made telegraphy pos. DEL FOR U. S. med and Contented Facilities. Medical Corps. But other countles hx"e not such exceptional men. loreover, Dr. Chandler’s hospital is In Kingston, a rich city with a popula- tion of 30,000. It depends upon th charity of its prosperous people, an charity is capricious. Plan Italy Would Adopt. Mussolini would guarantee the King- | ston_Hospital an adequate endowment; but he would also endow a dozen sub- stations at strategic points of the sparsely settled hinterland where a capable nurse would be always on hand. For instance, many a case of lock- jaw or tetanus would be prevented by a timely injection, and farmers are peculiarly exposed to this very painful germ. | . The Campagna country has been in- tersected by excellent roads, making-it | easy for the doctor or his ambulance to reach his patient—and, of course, the telephone is as common here as with us. | | _The schools that have been crected in the last eight years are delightful to look upon—mostly of solid stone or | brick_with tile roof and always with | flowers and vines about them and ample playgrounds. Indeed, had I seen | | one or two such schools I might have suspected them to have been reared as the toy of a rich benefactor, as fre- quently happens along the Hudson. But here they are—the regular every- | day school of the isolated farmer—what | corresponds to our little red school house with one room, one teacher, one iron stove, one wood pile and a dozen or so of pupils. Teaching has become a carcer in Italy since the Mussolini era and vou would not easily find country school teachers better equipped for their in- | teresting task. School Rooms Attractive. Of course, T visited many of those lonesome little schools in the Campagna and found, invariably, rosy, romping children, sturdy and intelligent “school marms” and, above all, tastefully decorated school rooms. At one school I found girls of 6 or so diligently gardening—each one having sole charge of her own small plot of soil. There was a fountain close at hand and evi- dently a lively desire to produce a good | flower display. In my youth, when first I visited | this country, there were virtually no village schools; or only such as were conducted by a parish priest. It was| | regarded as dangerous for peasants to | read or write. Education was reserved for the clergy, the nobility and the learned professions. I was not surprised to find in the | country school houses portraits of the | King and of Mussolini. 1 Mussolini insists as we do, and as| do Germany and Prance, on universal and compulsory education. He is himself a nominal Catholic, as | I myself am nominally one of seven | other creeds, but as a lover of his coun- |try and a champion of her interest he does not permit the emblem of any re- ligion to take precedence over the flag of Italy, or over her constitutional sov- erelgn and his government. During the | last few weeks in Rome I have been in many government offices and noted everywhere portraits of the King and also of the prime minister—but never one of the Po And on holidays one sees now a gen- erous display of the national colors where, in my youth, I would have seen | mostly the papal colors. Piety Is Evident. ‘This does not mean that Italy has less regard for piety; it only indicates | that they have a higher standard of civil liberty—they act on the Scrip- tural command; “Render unto Ceasar the things that are Ceasar's and unto God the things that are God In other words, do not confuse poli- tics and religion. France has a Protest- ant President and no one is alarmed. Mr. Hoover is a Quaker, yet we hear nothing about that side of him. Musso- lini has not yet been publicly received by the Pope, yet in the heart of Cath- olic Italy he is none the less trusted and admired. His daughter has just been married—according to Catholic rites—in the small parish church—only the minimum of witnesses and inti- mates—with parential blessing to say nothing of most cordial good wishes of the King and Queen. Mussolini has done so many things | well that it is not easy to frame his| epitaph in one sentence. His redemp- tion of the Campagna stands out, how ever. as a task unique in history. For this alone he deserves the Nobel prize, | if that prize ever goes to one who h done a service to humanity—who has made two blades of grass grow where only one grew before, And that is very much of under- statement, for Mussolini has made seven crops of alfafa on land where nothing grew before, save malaria and scrubby pasture. More Development Seen. This Campagna is today only on‘ the threshold of its glorious destiny. To- day we have here a scientifically out. lined beginning—a few hundred farms with about 4,000 families. He who re- turns in 1940, may find the whole cir- cumference of Rome a garden in a ra- dius of 60 miles, the whole of it irrigated and cultivated to the last square inch, as in the rich suburbs of Tokio—a mil- lion cultivators, healthy and prosperous, on land once abandoned to pestilence and prowling bandits. You tell me that Mussolini is a tyrant —an autocrat—a despot! Has anything ever been accomplished in America save by the one man—one brain energy? Washington saved his country, but it was in spite of a -per- petually jealous and interfering Coa- gress. Franklin made his country respected abroad—because Congress could not reach him. Fremont annexed all of an empire be- cause Congress could not recall him in e. McClellan was deposed because his army was close to Washington and the ‘White House. Grant gathered laurels on the Mis- sissippi because Congress could not meddle so far from the Potomac. Our Navy saved us in the Civil War becaus2 Congress left it alone. Dewey ended the colonial power of Spain because he cut the Philippine cables and said nothing until all was over. Monuments in United States. ‘The Cuban end of that war was shameful because Tampa was {00 near. The only monuments we have in our | chief cities are those reared by “tyrants” or “despots”—our fipancial Mussolinis. New York has y a splendid aqua- | rium, natural history museum, gallery of art and also hospitals. Not one of | those but is the gift of one man or group of private citizens. Even our Cen- tral Park had to be fought for by pri- vate initiative, and today it has to be perpetually defended against attacks by the Board of Aldermen. Our chief universities owe nothing to Congress. but much to_the one man— the John Harvard or Elihu Yale, and mg:flllve mn‘ltamom Tite was not a congressional commit- tee that sent the first steamship across sible, or gave us our telephone and electric washing machinery, Much less was it from a_legislative bosom that| Col. Charles A. Lindbergh drew inspira- tion when he made mighty flight into the heart of Europe. Mussolini enforces the law and has made laws which are good for those ‘who labor on the land, He has made enemies among the friends at the body of the |on the shufficboard courts. Nomads and Normaley Wanderings Abroad Should Influence and Reveal Vital Factors in F oreign Trade Problems. T i fi"}!{‘ PA o m,\\?‘\fiu}; »:‘ EVERYWHERE THE TOURIST WILL FIND EVIDENCES OF OUR FOREIGN TRADE, THE STABILIZER OF OUR BUSINESS, deterrent factor? Is the Wall Street | more than 800,000,000 good American , are keeping to the left, of course, in BY DR. JULIUS KLEIN, Assistant Secretary of Commerce. T IS likely that the coming week will witness the peak of the eastbound rush of American tourists intent upon “doing Europe in a big way.” The steamer docks are crowded wita jubilant or mildly envious throngs. The trunk and suitcase trade is booming. Thousznds of hands are being blistered Countless whales are being sighted by visual opti- mists. Tinsel hats are being worn askew at many captains’ dinners. over the eastern seascape the boulev are beckoning—and the Mona Lisa a: | cathedral spires and Wagner operas and heaps of saucers with cryptic franc marks cn their brims and the whole gamut of unfamiliar customs and expe- riences. In connection with that ocean_ ex- odus a number of related queries have been persistently appearing in the press Will there be a decrease this year in the tide of tourist travel? Have the Stoca Exchange gyrations acted as a seriously The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN., HE following is a brief summary of the mcst important news of the world for the seven days A peculiarly satisfactory kind of victory. | ended July 5: ICELAND.—Iceland has made no contribution worth mentioning to any of the other arts, though the Danish Thorwaldsen was the son of an Ice- lander, but she occuples a unique posi- tion in the supreme art of literature because of her developpment of that noble prose form, the saga, of various theme. The modern editors have ai ranged the surviving sagas in two groups, the greater sagas and the minor sagas. The father of the saga was Ari, born in 1067; the last of the classic sagamen was Sturla, who died in 1284. The events related by all the classic agamen are supposed to have occurred between 890 and 1030. Herolc action is the main theme, but nature and lqve are not ignored, and there is even a jolly comic tale of how several ancient fam- ilies banded together to extinguish the pretensions of a wealthy parvenu. Ari was a puissant genius, decisively establishing the general character of the 80 admirable saga style, with its quick turns of dialogue and its careful evolu- tion of plot (destined to very brilliant re- sults in some instances), and setting the so high romantic tone in respect of honor and courage. of Marlow, preluding more “metodious bursts.” The greatest sagas are the Njala saga, the Laxdaela saga, and the Egil saga. The Njala saga contains in the account of the death of Njala the lawman one of the most magnificent passages in all literature; the Laxdaela saga, besides its romantic flavor, deals with external nature with singular charm; and the Egil saga, besides being one of the best of tales of adventure, exhbits psychological subtlety of no mean sort. Without question the un- known authors of these prose epics “grezter sagas” are among the greatest masters of narrative the world has known. Considering, then, the small popula- tion of Iceland, her contribution to the stock of what is supremely “worth while” among the productions of the human mind and spirit is unique, orig- inal, perhaps topping all in a fair com- parison. Of Icelandic poetry I say nothing. Much of it has great merit, but it is essentially a derivative product; th~ saga is indigenous. But I may not fail to note that Icelandic literature in- cludes a magnificent translation of the New Testament, a scarcely less superb translation of the y, and a col- lection of proverbs and folk tales hold- ing much wisdom, charm and fantasy. Let us now go and read “The Saga of Grettir the Strong” and the story of Burnt Njal, both in “Every Man's Library,” and Willlam Morris’ notable translations and interpretations of the Icelandic sagas. Speak of a ‘“renaissance” of Ice- Jandic literature, as some enthusiasts do. seems to me exaggerative, but no little work since the middle of the last century has been more than respectable, including some admirable poetry. mary education is looked after very well in Iceland, and the pecple are great readers. Eighteen newspapers and sev- eral magazines, rather remarkable for a population so small and so far from opulent. e FRANCE. —On June 30 the last French soldicr left the Rhineland. The other day Premier Tardieu won his most decisive victory to date over the opposition in the French Chamber. ‘The matter in debate was the manner of dealing with native unrest in French Indo-Chin: The radical Socialists moved for a_committee of the deputies obey him, and as for posterity, every acre of Italian soil bears eloquent evi- dence to his paternal !flmkh:;fll:d his police despotism broadly benevolent. that I hold the need of adding e I feel no salaried ary he 'ht “Duce” to But he was a kind | 1 aftermath apparent in lessened pur- chases of steamer tickets? I shall not attempt to give a specifi | answer to these questions, which one | hears rather often in New York streets, in clubs and in smoking rooms of liner: and which are proper “meat” for tran: portation experts. But it is significa; that, even on pleasure trips, the Stock | Market is a recurring and seemingly | unavoidable topic of conversation. So the thought inevitably arises: Is there ‘And | not an undue preoccupation with that | theme? Is it not too much debated’ 1{And do not the very observations of | these pleasure seekers—if they are no:- mally shrewd, penetrating and “eco- | nomically minded"—prove that an ex- | cessive importance is attached to ticker | tape as a factor in the American | scheme of things? ‘ Tourists Abroad in Swarms. Let us look into that a moment- remarking first that, in the course of ! every 12-month, our tourists are leaving | to inquire into the administration of | Indo-China. The proposal was rejected and instead the government’s proposal of a commission of experts was carried. i | SYRIA—On May 22 the French high commissioner in Syria, Henri Ponsot, | promulgated a new Syrian constitution, which in general confirms the existing | system under the French mandate and in most essentials corresponds to the constitution drafted by the Syrian Con- stituent Assembly, which in_February, 1928, was dissolved by M. Ponsot for overweening. The new constitution will go into force after the next Syrian elec: Syria will then become a repub- lic, under French mandate, with a Pa: liament elected for four years and a President who will have the right to adjourn or dissolve Parliament under | stated conditions: he must be a Moslom Special arrangem<nts for the provinces sanjak of Alexandretta are perpetuated, the last named enjoying a very large measure of autonomy. Exww the second part of the report of the Simon Commission, I was unable to give adequate attention to the section dealing with the extremely important problem of the army in India. I now uote. The commissioners have ‘“no | doubt that at least for a very long time | to come it will be possible for the army | intrusted with the task of defending | India_to dispense with a very consider- | able British element, including troops of all arms, regimental officers and higher command. ‘The British Parliament can- not wash its hands of responsibility for this army. The functions of the com- | mander in chief should continue sub- stantially as at present. “The commission considers that the obligation to go forward steadfastly and sympathetically with the Indianization of the army should continue to be honored in the letter and the spirit if the army in Indla were ultimately to pass, as the commission suggests, out of the control of the government of India. of Latakia and Djebel Druse and the | INDIA —Discussing in last week's issue | dollars abroad. Countries that former], | saw but few of these tourists are now noting their presence in droves, flocks, | bevies' and swarms. Sweden, for ex- ample, just recently reported that there | has been a truly tremendous increase in | the number of Americans visiting that fascinating Scandinavian kingdom. Let us imagine that we are among these fortunate tourists who enjoy the opportunity of seeing Sweden. We are in Stockholm, let us say, on the Norr- bro—that famous bridge which ruvs from Gustavus Adolphus Place over to | the Royal Palace. Below us the clear | green_waters are swirling down from Lake Malar to the Baltic. Above us the sea gulls are circling. The little white boats are bringing their passengers to the wharves. In the distance the gilded summit of the tower on the magnificent Town Hall is gleaming majestically. A steady stream of automobiles flows across the bridge on which we are | standing. These motor cars—nearly all of them—Ilook amazingly familiar. They The commissioners appreciate the fact that in the end a self-governing India can only hope to function with reason- able prospect of success if it can com- mand military forces of its own “While we hold that the ultimate de- | velopment of the Indian policy must lie | in the direction of a solution embracing |all India, it is absolutely clear that the | native states cannot be compelled to become to any closer relationship with | British India than exists at the present | time. Indian rulers are naturally proud |of their historic position, and their rights have been Tepeatedly acknowl edged. At the same time, we believe | that they recognize more and more the | need for adjusting their future relation- | ship to the rest of India. | ‘We believe that they will only be |ready to come into the larger whole when they can see that their rights and position “will be safeguarded. The greater unity will come about when it | is felt that it is to the mutual advantage of both sides to pursue it. We desire that the new constitution should pro- vide an open door whereby, when it seems good to them, the ruling princes may enter on just and reasonable terms.” Attention is invited to the interest- ing fact that “Indian nationalism would never have developed had it not been for British rule, which the followers of Mahatma Gandhi now want to exter- minate altogether.” Discussing the recommendation to abolish dyarchy, the report say “The scheme we recommend aims at giving the maximum of provincial au- tonomy consistent with the common in- terest of all India. This means the abolition of dyarchy, for it was of the essence of that system that, while cer- tain departments were transferred to the control of ministers, the reserved side of the administration was still car- ried on under the superintendence, direction and control of the central gov- ernment. Devolution was therefore in- complete s:ys an official communique: “The general object of the civil disobedience movement directed by the working com- mittee has been to force the govern- (Continued From First Page.) in the United States any rallroad pass of the sort here described dated later than 1906. That is but a quarter of a century ago. Hundreds of these old tes- timonials of power and prestige once possessed, but now gone must rest in the files or the scrapbooks or the other repositoties of agreeble mementoes in American homes and business offices. ‘What American youth of high school or college age today (unless he has been raised on a farm that has not yet supplanted the horse with the tractor) can name the parts of a horse's harness and identify the use of each part— hames, crupper, surcingle, trace? Who among them know the meaning of “Gee” and “Haw”? Which word would cause a horse to bear to the right and which to the left? Which of a team was the “off horse”? Which ox was “Buck” and which * ? Is there left in America any old-time hotel which bears the name of the owner (not the pompously artificial names increasingly common, such as “commodore” or “La Salle”), which has been in the same family ownership for more than one generation and in'which the owner continues the custom of standing in the lobby and welcoming his_guests? v found in Towa the other day the cradle believed to be the one in which President Hoover, when & baby, rocked. Is there in America today any mnuuc&lm of mc:gd.lu? :mm-‘ that or the one was used for reap- Wheats "If one Should want & Bl , Where would one go to buy it? 1s there anywhere a a mill Henry Ford Condemns History as ‘Bunk? Becomes Both Its Maker and Custodian still running which conforms to what the 90s knew as a “grist mill"? Are any American eommunities tak- ing care to preserve their one-room school house, now being rapidly Sup- planted by “consolidated schools,” to which puplls are carried in busses? The one-room school is a victim of the revo- lution Henry Ford brought. The size of the American social unit, the cell of social life, has been enlarged by the automobile. Sicilians Produce Plays Out of Doors Each year, under the soft blue skies of Sicily, the theater fan has a chance to enjoy his show comfortably seated on a slab of stone, which time and nature have upholstered in masterly fashion. _The - National Institute of Ancinet Drama has just made public this year's program which will be ex- ecuted,. as usual, as Greek the‘ner of Syracuse. ni ni scheduled for April fl’e'lbh Euripides’ “Iphygenie in Aulls,” which will hold the bill until the 30th. Aeschy- lus’ “Agamemnon” will be next on the list with a premier on April 27 and supplementary offerings on" the 1at, 4 and 8th of May. Between these performances, National In- stitute has organized a series of con- certs, classical dances and iectures in Gepuceini. Finlly Tor the. benent of Caj or the bens of tourist “die-hards” there will be lec- ] | | | accordance with the Swedish rule of | the road, but aside from that fact we | might almost think, if we concentrated | | our ~attention on | vehicles, that we were back home on ! | Fifth or Michigan or Pennsylvania ave- | nues. | | By far the greater number of the | name plates on these automobiles are | | American. If we were to wait long | enough on that Stockholm bridge we should undoubtedly see just about every | model displayed at automobile shows in the United States. Commercial Atfache Quoted. So, when we drop in to have a chat | | with United States Commercial At~ | tache T. O. Klath, at his office in one | of the Kungsgatan “skyscrapers” (of | which Stockholmians are justly proud). we are likely to remark: “Selling a lot | of American motor cars over hers, |aren't we?” “Yes, indeed.” the t | (Continued on Fourth Page.) | ment to accept its political demands by | icreating a spirit of general disregard | \for authority and in the last resort by | paralyzing the government.” The com- | munique goes on to review the activi- | ties instituted or encouraged by the | committee by way of civil disobedience, breaches of the salt law, inauguration of a no-tax campaign by non-payment of specified taxes in certain provinces, a thorough-going policy of boycotting | foreign cloth, to be carried on by meth- ods clearly amounting to intimidation, and incitement of troops and police to fall in their duty of dealing with the civil disobedience movement. It is | clear that the committee has discarded | ordinary ‘methods of political protest yand must be considered as engaged in a deliberate attempt to subvert the gov- ernment. % CHINA —Dispatches of July 2 indi- cated rather emphatic success for the Nanking forces in their long struggle | with the Northern Alliance rebels. Dis- patches of July told of a smashing vic- tory, after a three-day battle, of Nan- king forces against a combination of forces of the Kwangsi group and of bandits near Heng Chow, in Hunan Province, south of Chang Sha, 15,000 rebels and 5.000 Nationalists going be- low the Yellow Springs. The victory iwu said to release 50,000 Nationalist troops for use in the northern front against Feng Yu Hsiang and Yen Hsi Shan. ot b | ARGENTINA.—The Argentine peso and Argentine export continue dismally to_decline. Last year Argentina was our second largest customer for automobiles, agri- cultural machinery and tractors. With recovery of Argentine prosperity, de- mand in those kinds will increase. The Argentine farmer is more and more an enthusiast for machinery, the advan- | tages of machine farming being so ob- | vious, in view of the large size of the average Argertine farm. There are now about 310,000 automotive vehicles in Argentina, almost all manufactured in find reason for satisfaction in the new liberal highway program of Argentina. * Kk ok UNITED STATES.—The second ses- sion of the Seventy-first Congress was adjourned on the evening of July 3. Only one of the three Wagner bills aimed at relief of unemployment was passed—namely, that proposing provi- slon of adequate facilities to the De- partment of Labor for collection and publication of unemployment statistics. Secretary Mellon has issued a state- ment characterizing the situation of the Treasury on June 30—end of the fiscal year—as satisfactory. There was a sur- plus “of $184,000,000, practically the same as a twelve-month previous, re- ceipts having total of $4,178,000,000, as L ' ing themselves in power for indefinite | tons are. still undware of the fund: | prised when this procession of | BOLIVIAN UPSETS INDICATE CONCEPTION OF PRINCIPLES Support of Movement Against Silés Seen as Revolt Against Latin American Dictatorships. BY WALDO DOUGLAS. ATIN AMERICA is growing safe for democracy. Formerly it was an every-day story to hear of new dictatorships being installed | in different republics of Central and South America. Periods of peace- | ful and normal political activities were | almost exceptions, oases between one | strong_government and another. The | “iron-hand” leaders, the traditional “caudillos,” seemed to be imperishable in Latin America, and public opinion there, ignorant of democratic principles and the benefits of true self-govern- nfent, was supposed to be pleased with dictatorial methods and with dictatorial rule. Hence, ambitious executives and leaders found no difficulty in perpetrat- periods of time by means of re-election, extension of terms, coups d'etat, etc. ‘The recent political events in Bolivia | seem to correct, however, the false im- | pression that the Latin American na- | mentals of democracy. The mere sus- picion that President Hernando Siles had the intention of remaining in power after his legal term had expired in August next aroused great discon- tent and opposition all over the country, which finally_broke out in an open revolt when President Siles resigned, nominally, three weeks ago and a con- vention was convoked, under his direc- | tion. to reform the constitution and | permit his re-election to the presidency. | The Bolivian constitution prohibits | re-election of the Chief Executive for | a second consecutive term, and it was | in order to escape this legal barrier | that President Siles resigned and Jleft the government in the hands of his| cabinet. This was, of course, made up of his own political friends, all appointed by himself. Nobody was, therefore, sur- the governing cabinet called general elections for a national convention which should reform the constitution and select accordingly the new head of the nation. It was well understood, since the first moment, that all this procedure, in open conflict with the provisions of the constitution, was to end with the renomination of Dr. Siles for a new term of four years, as the projected convention would be en- tirely formed by his closest political followers and partisans. Revolt Results. No sooner did this conviction begin to spread among the people, than rumors of political dissatisfaction and possible turmoils were felt in Bolivia. The first incident occurred about two | weeks ago, when Roberto Hinojosa, an element of well known communistic affiliations, seized by surprise the small town of Villazon in the Bolivian- Argentine border with the aid of some | 30 armed men. This movement, having a communistic appearance, had no moral support nor sympathy in the public opinion and was easily overcome by the intervention of an army unit which captured some of its leaders and restored order in Villazon. Now, how- ever, it is believed that the Villazon uprising was nothing' but a means to distract the government's attention from the real revolutionary plans. In effect, a few days after legal troops had been sent to the Argentine border and had defeated the so-called | communistic _rebellion, the Camacho regiment with headquarters in Oruro, | the second important city of Bolivia, issued & proclamation against the irregular government of the Siles cabinet and counting upon the moral support of public opinion demanded that a mil tary junta be established in the capital | to ‘take over provisionally the admin- istration, call free and popular elections and maintain internal order until a new normal regime had been inau- curated in accordance with the consti- | tution, The army thus presented itself as the | constitutional champion and the in- surgent Camacho regiment found no resistance at all on the part of the | surrendered | Oruro authorities, who and pledged willingly to the movemenit. Similar “pronunciamientos” took place successively in all the principal cities of the country, where the military divi- slons there stationed pledged themselves one by one to the revolutionary cause. In the meantime, La Paz, the govern- ment's seat, had been cut off from all communication with the rest of the country and with the world, the rebels being in a very favorable position to do this from Oruro, for this city is the rallway and the wireless center of Bolivia. Students Killed. Unaware of what was going on in the Test the country, the governmeit, supported by Gen. Hans Kundt, chief of staffl made itself strong in La Paz and silenced energetically all opposi- tion, until police forces fired against & public demonstration, killing two of the young students addressing the masses, This was the signal for a popular up- rising in La Paz, which forced ex-Pregl- dent Siles to seek protection in the Brazilian legation and other of his as- sociates to hide or leave the capifil. The cabinet resigned and a military ¢i- rectorate was_established by some ot the leading officers supporting the gov- ernment. This directorate refused 'wo enter into negotiations with the revolu- tionary junta of Oruro, which was in control of the rest of the republic, until the forces upon which it had counted turned their backs upon it and went over to the insurgent side. ' The military academy was the first unit to rebel in La Paz, and, although legal troops drove the cadets out to the outskirts of the city, later these same | regular troops refused to fire against the crowds in the streets of La Paz ahd | very soon the cadets, with new con- tingents from Oruro and the co-opera- tion of the national air forces, azgln entered the capital in triumph, amid-t wild cheerings of the populace and boti- quets of flowers from the women stand- ing along their path. | The constitutional movement had sic= | ceeded, and a military junta was ese | tablished in La Paz with the princimal | leaders of the Oruro movement. Thls | junta, headed by Gen. Carlos Blanco Calindo, an officer of vast prestige and high reputation, who completed his mik= tary studies in Europe, has announced its purpose of calling elections for.a nationa' convention in which all parties | and public opinion wAll freely take part in the nomination of the next Chief Evecutive. Thus the military junia aims to contribute to the re-establish- ment of normal and legal conditions in Bolivia, preserving the constitution and the democratic institutions of the coun- | try. Sentiment Fights Siles, The way in which the movement spread all over the country, finding no resistance at all from the authorities, and the way in which the overwhelm- ing_majority of the populace pledges its>If to and supported it, shows cleagly that public sentiment was not in favor of the unconstitutional designs of Dr. Siles and his followers. This unanimous support of the people is a guaranty of further normality and tranquillity .in | Bolivian politics, ‘althpugh the selection | of a new national executive still remains a very scrious problem in view of the number and the divergent standing.of the several political leaders of the oppo- | sition parties, who will now be allowed | to enter the country and participate in | the coming elections, | _ Prominent among these are former | President Ismael Montes, Liberal, and Bautista Saavedra, Republican, the two strongest leaders in present Bolivian politics, who were not allowed to enter the country by the Siles regime: Abdon Saavedra, brother of the former, who was elected Vice President when Siles became President, but was soon expelled from the country by Siles' orders: Luis Calvo, strong ~ Republican minority ader; Daniel Sanchez Bustamante, the youths' leader,” and Thomas M. Elfo, former minister of foreign affairs. Persia Strikes Decis ive Blow to Block Plea of Kurd Tribes for Independence TEHERAN. few years ago 1,500, 000 Greeks, who lived in Asia-Minor since the days of Herodotus, were repa- triated to Greece. Now it is the turn of the Kurds to be driven forth from | a large part of their homeland and transplanted into different districts. Turkey set the example and Persia is | following siut. A large section of the Kurdish tribes Luristan, who last year rebelled against the Shah's government, have already been transported into other parts of the country. About 1,000 fam- ies have been established in Kom, near Teheran. The deportees are given land to the value of the holdings they were forced to relinquish. By this means the government seeks once and for all to crush the Kurdish indepen- dence movement which has been a source of trouble to them and to the neighboring states. ‘The Kurds are a small people com- prising in all approximately 3,000,000 souls. But they have always put up a brave fight for their independence. Osman Sultans, Persian Shahs, Tur- kish and Arabian Nationalists, one and all were made to feel the Kurds’ rebel- lion against foreign domination and sup- pression. Since the war this rebellion has assumed stronger forms, for instead of bringing them freedom it has only aggravated their lot. Until the con- clusion of peace between the allies and this country. Our automotive industries | Kemal Pasha, their land had been di- vided up between two states, Turkey and Persia. The treaty of Lausanne chopped off a considerable piece and added it to the new Arab State of Iraq, with the result that today the Kurds owe allegiance to three sovereign powers. Rebellions Begun in 1918, In the Spring of 1918, when the Turkish defeat was imminent, Sheilk Mahmud Barzandhi proclaimed a Kur- dish national government in Suleimanya. In the following year, however, he wi defeated by the British and transported to India. Suleimanya and southwest Kurdistan went to enlarge the Iraq. Rebellion culminating in the revolution headed by Sheik Sald in 1925, the against $4,033,000,000 in the previous fiscal year; expenditures having totaled $3,994,000,000, as against $3,848,000,000 kn the previous fiscal year. The total gross u 000,000, representing a reduction $746,000,000 within the 12 months. * ok ok ok NOTES.—A report on Palestine re- cently issued by the British govern- ment shows economic improvement in that country in 1929, despite the dis- turbances. New openings were created for employment in agriculture and in- dustry. The demand for labor was, in- deed, greater than the supply. Jewish immigration exceeded emigration by 3,503, whereas in 1928 emigration and immigration balanced. ~The Jewish is | population at the end of 1929 is esti- mated at 165,000, as against 56,000 in 1918, A treaty between Great Britain and Iraq has just been signed, to go into effect on admission of Iraq to the League of Nations, which latter is scheduled for 1932, Iraq is to acquire complete independence on the treaty's taking effect, the British forces being withdrawn, but Iraq is to lease to Great Britain three air bases. 'ague reports indicate complete tri- Vi umfi: for a reyolution in Bolivia. It is or is not & alism. triumph for constitution blic debt on June 30 was $16,185,- 1 Kemalists continued to be the order of the day, as that government attempted the compulsory eliminaton of the Kurds. Sheik Sald started his fight for freedom with 200 men, who had fol- d him from his native village. two weeks the number of his adherents had swelled to many thou- sands and the eastern part of Turkey had been brought under his rule. The Angora government sent out 20,000 men, who took three months to capture him. Sheik Said was hung by the Kemalists. A special governor was appointed by the Angora government, reinforced by a strong military force. This governor built strategic roads in order to facilitate the movement of troops between villages. He sent an army of Turkish teachers into the Kur- dish settlements with the object of making propaganda against Kurdish nationalism among the youth and en- lm.lng them on the side of the Turks, and he started to settle the tribesmen in order to break the link between them and their leaders, Kurds Renew Revolt. But the Kurds did not give in. They prepared fresh rebellions from the base of adjoining countrie the suppression of a been reported. Turkis! that secret meetings were taking place in the villages. One night the police urprised one such meeting and ar- rested Shelk Saladdin, the leader of the movement While the repeated risings in Pare still fresh in everybody's memory were uniformly unsuccessful, the Kurds, despite the Arab nationalist | opposition, have achieved some results in the Iraq, the stronghold of their movement. In the northern districts | the government has recognized Kurde |ish as an official language. But the Kurds are not satisfied with that con. cession. They ask full territorial au- . tonomy in the districts in which they form the majority of the population and Kurdish schools for their children in the other parts of the country. Constitutional Methods Adopted. | The Iraq is perhaps the only coun= | try in which the Kurds have of late ears refrained from violence, adopting |in its place constitutional methods to |attain their en ‘They have a parlia~ mentary group of their own to press | their demands on the Arab partie: | Kurdish aspirations toward a culture | of their own may also be said to be | stronger in the Iraq than elsewhere | .. The League of Nations has recognized | the moral justification of Kurdish de- mands, The report of the inquiry commission regarding the Mossul con- |flict says: “If the ethnic argumeht alone had to be taken into account, the necessary conclusion would be that an independent Kurdish state should be created, since the Kurds form five- eighths of the population. Despite this, the Arab nationalists succeeded in | annexing this territory. | In view of the misfortune which has | befallen in the other two countries, the |future of this brave little nation now | depends in the main on the develop- ments in the new Iraq state established after the war under British protection [r:.fl t‘he territory of the former Mesopo- amia. New Museum in Rome Depicts the Yesteryear A brand-new museum showing scenes of Rome in bygone days opened on April 21, the city's birthday, and occti- pies an entire floor in an old palace Which the city recently bought in the Via dei Cerchi. Visitors here may view about 300 prints and pictures depicting characteristic scenes of the city, in- cluding many in the old ghetto amd along the banks of the Tiber, which ave been lost by the passage of time. Probably of these the most important are the famous Roesler Franz water cal- ors of “Rome Sparita”—the Rome that has disappeared. New works by such artists as Cicerchia, Bottoni, Ortolani, Lombardi and Farnese, all of whom the city department of fine arts commis- sioned to paint Plazza Aracoeli, Via Tor de Specchl, Via Alessandrina and the meclncu of the Theater of Marcellus fore the work of demolition and renp- vation began, are on exhibition. An- other room has been devoted to the old Roman carnival and contains prints and pictures depicting masked flower floats and whoopee parties. A popular ball, & public house and a Ro- man street in 1820 showing a public let- ter writer ‘aelarrnunded by onlookers are|