Evening Star Newspaper, June 8, 1930, Page 54

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- AVIATION BY JOSEPH S. EDGERTON. Nation's foremost altitude ) for the widest avenues, which, if flyer, Lieut Apollo Soucek“properly lighted by a bright sun, of the Navy, holds no hope | may appear as threadlike lines. Y for practicable commercial | A building, even a large building, viation operation at great when seen from a distance of eight eights. An altitude of 10,000 miles, is no very prominent land- feet or two miles, he believes, will | mark and when seen from straight . mark the limit of ordinary air above may even begin to look like transport operation. |nothing at all. It must seem a ““In the light of present-day|pretty vague and dreamlike world Ehowledge of conditions in the| so far below, with nothing sub- bitter cold upper air levels, Lieut. Boucek contends, there is no real basis for predictions that pas- senger lines some day will oper- ate regularly at enormous alt tudes, above the level of the high- stantial anywhere except the plane and the savage cold. And, though you may not believe it, a mere lack of temperature can assume most real and substantial form when you are exposed to it for any est clouds and storms. | length of time. Soucek said he - “We .must remember,” Soucek was not uncomfortable except said, “that there are almost un- that his hands and feet got a little varying trade winds in the upper | cold through fur and leather. But air. In this country these winds| his nose, despite a thick lined blow with unfailing regularity leather face mask, looked blue from the southwest to the north-|/and his eyes looked tired and east and at great altitudes this|strained. wind maintains tremendous veloc- | This month brings to a close ity. the chapter Lieut. Soucek has “Except for planes flying from written in the history of altitude the southwest to the northeast|flying. He is to report on June 16 there would be no benefit derived for duty with a sea-going fighter from climbing up into these great | squadron. He will become one of trade winds. It would obviously| the 18 pilots composing VF-3B be to no one’s advantage to climb Squadron, known as the “Scream- miles above the earth and then|ing Eagle” Squadron, from its in- try to buck a 75-t0-100-mile-an- | signia of a diving eagle with eyes our head wind when favorable ablaze and beak agape. VF-3B is nds might be found closer to|one of the squadrons of the U. S. e earth’s surface. | S. Lexington and now is under the i “Then, too, we must take into|temporary command of Lieut. E. Consideration the fact that the air| W, Litch, who formerly was sta- {s rare and very cold always attioned at the Anacostia station g(l)txtudes. It would be necessary and who put a finger into the lo- heat airplane- cabins and to| cal airport pie by instruction from .rovlde oxygen for passengers, | the Secretary of the Navy. and such a procedure would be “Soakem” Will Be Missed. €xpensive and would entail the “Soakem” is going to be missed arryign of heavy equipment.” here. There is no officer in the i At altitudes above 25000 feet, | leut. Soucek pointed out, me‘Navy Bureau of Aeronautics who femperature remains fairly con- stant throughout the year and dbove 40,000 feet this temperature fanges down to 76 degrees below | gero, regardless of the season on| %e earth’s surface eight miles be- W. :lolds Altitude Flying Important. | Though he does not believe that | dommercial aviation will operate normally at great altitudes, Lieut. Soucek is convinced that altitude | flying has a most important place | ih aviation development, especial- | in the progress of military geronautics. ¢ “But there is something more to titude flying than this,” he said. "When we have built an airplane | at will climb to 40,000 feet we | ve an airplane that will climb| rapidly at any altitude. We have, | in other words, obtained better | Ferformam:e throughout the en- ire range. In striving to learn the secret of the good altitude lane we learn how to build bet- er and more efficient airplanes.” ‘The altitude work on which Lieut. Soucek has been engaged | for the past two years constitutes | one of the romances of modern aviation in a day when the ro- mantic element in aviation is fad- ing away as the airplane becomes | an ever more commonplace factor in every-day life. His flight above the National Capital four days ago took him into regions visited by only one other living mortal. A third man, also an American military pilot, reached an equal altitude, but lost | his life in the attempt and so left no personal account of his experi- ences, and the meager account furnished bfv the instruments he carried could not be considered as official. ‘Waged Unseen Fight. Eight miles straight above the earth, alone in the terrible cold, with his life depending upon the | flow of a thin stream of oxygen | through a rubber tube which, clogged with ice, Lieut. Soucek waged a fight unseen by a single human eye to push his little Navy fighter up to an altitude where, beyond any question, no other man ever had been. It must have been a gallant fight, though you won't catch Soucek saying anything calcu-i lated to leave that impression. He is a laconic young man and one of the most modest pilots you will meet in many a year of flying. He says merely that when he got| above 41500 feet he apparently| reached the peak of the plane’s climb. For 20 minutes he fought | to get above 42,000 feet, but the| air was so thin his propeller could get no real hold. He drove the plane up until the air no longer would support its weight and it would fall off on the 'verge of a spin. Returning to nor- mal flight, he would force the nos up again until it fell off. During this time the altimeter hand wav- ered and trembled from the 41,500~ foot mark up to and above 000 feet. So erratic was the hand and so small the graduations on the dial that he could not be sure just what altitude was indicated. knew that he hatl to reach an al- titude of 42,122 feet to gain offi- cial recognition for a new world altitude record. The rules of the Federation Aeronautique In- He | is more respected, admired and valued as a friend. He is a quiet, soft-spoken Oklahoman and one of the “squarest shooters” in the service; the sort you like instinc- tively. Not only is he a splendid pilot, but he knows airplanes and airplane engines as few pilots ever know them. He has had wide ex- perience in the Navy, as a battle- ship officer, combat squadron pilot, expert in the naval aircraft factory at Philadelphia and en- gineering officer in the Navy Bu- reau of Aeronautics. He is thoroughgoing and capable. When trouble was experi- enced with goggles during his first altitude flights he set to work with his brother, Lieut. Zeus Soucek, then on duty in the Phil- adelphia naval plant, and devised a pair, electrically heated, which gave him perfect service on his last two flights. There were dif- ficulties with the oxygen appara- tus; valves froze, ice clogged the lines and the flow could not be regulated. He worked out a “lung” arrangement for the last two at- tempts *which is regarded as the finest type of altitude breathing equipment yet developed. In the past altityde flyers have worn every ounce of clothing they could get on their bodies; suit over suit of woolen underwear, eider- down and leather jackets and fur- lined suits, sometimes electrically heated. Soucek discarded all this. | Before his flights he strips to the skin and puts on a fur-lined leather flying suit—mothing more. His body never has been cold at the greatest heights, he says. He supervised the conditioning of the little Wasp-engined Wright Apache plane for the final assaults on the record before his departure for sea duty, the work including the most elaborate calculations of propeller types and pitches, im- provement of the supercharging |and oil cooling systems and pro- vision of special equipment. FLOATING ISLE SET UP FOR AIR FERRY LINE Novel Seadrome Serves as Landing for San Francisco Bay Air Ferry Service. SAN FRANCISCO (#).—A seadrome, built on the principal of proposed mid- sea landing places for airplanes, has been put in service by a San Francisco bay air ferry service. It is 100 feet wide, and declared to be the smallest floating island landing place in the country. Shaped like an inverted.saucer, the landing contrivance has a smooth rounded top and beneath its hull is a system of air tanks which may be regu- lated to control the depth and angle at_which the device floats. The artificial island idea is carried out with sand on the inclines to prevent the amphibians from skidding. The sand is_cemented into paint. The float is anchored at the end of a dock where more than 85 landings | & day are made with a similar number | of take-offs 'HENRY BERLINER TO BE CAPITAL AIR COMMUTER! | Plane Designer and Builder to Fly to Plant in Bal- timore. ternationale require that the former altitude record must be ex- ceeded by 100 meters before a new record may be recognized as offi- cial. This means 328 feet, and that’s a lot of feet when you're as high as Soucek was. From an altitude of more than seven miles, according to “Soak- em,” as Soucek is known to his| Navy friends, the earth’s surface begins to lose its familiar aspect. It is exceedingly easy to get lost, and when you get lost that high you get lost plenty. The miles many in every direction, includir straight down, and they can slip by in a scandalous manner, espe- cially when the winds are in excess of 100 miles an hour, as they often are. No matter how clear the air may seem from the ground, there is a dense haze when you look down through it which blots out horizons and leaves only a narrow circle of earth straight below. The light refracts around this circle and it is something like looking down through a funnels Even the small circle of the earth’s face which remains in sight may wear a confusing expression. Landmarks Disappear. Ordinary landmarks fade and disappear. Rivers dwindle and a city the size of Washington appar- ently could be covered with a post- age stamp. Streets vanish *except The National Capital is to have its | first regular afrplane commuter in the | person of Henry Berliner, noted air- plane designer and budlder and son of the late Emile Berliner. Henry Berliner, vice president of the Berliner- Joyce Aircraft Corporation, Baltimore, {Md., will fly back and forth daily be- tween his home here and the plant in Baltimore. Mr. Berliner will use a special sport | model open-cockpit biplane to do_his traveling and expects to make the trip in a few minutes, landing beside the Baltimore plant at Logan Field. | Beginning his aviation career in this city, Mr. Berliner was engaged with his father in helicopter experiments at College Park, Md., the helicopter which | they designed, built and flew now being {housed in the United States aircraft | museum here. Later he became the |operator of Hoover Field, at the south |end of Highway Birdge. The first iBeaner aircraft plant was located in | Alexandria, Va., but was moved last year to Baltimore. La addition to sev- | eral commercial models, the Berliner- Joyce plant is turning out experimental types for the Army and Navy, includ- ing a sensational new two-place Army pursuit plane which is to undergo its flight tests this Summer at Wright Ficld, Dayton, Ohio. { Radio Messages Caught. |, Radio telephone conversations be- tween pilots of the Boeing system fly- { ing over Wyoming and ground stations along the transcontinental airmail line have been picked up by local radio stations. Conversations between the operator at North Platte, Nebr, and a mail plane pilot were picked up at Nashville, Tenn. THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, IHOURLY NEW YORK AIR TRIPS PLANNED Amelia Earhart Announces Daily Schedule of New Company. The National Capital is to be the scene of one of the most interesting de- velopments in modern air transporta- tion in this country, beginning August 15, when aerial passenger service is to be established between this city and New York on a schedule of hourly trips in both directions. The announcement of the projected service, made on behalf of the operat- ing company by Miss Amelia Earhart, noted woman fiyer, who, as vice presi- dent of the organization, will occupy the most important position in aviation thus far attained by a woman, has aroused the interest of aviation people as_has no other project here this year. The line will be the most heavily traveled air transport route in the country, if not in the world, with 20 flights between the two cities by tri- motored transport planes each day, or a total of 4,000 miles flown daily. Veterans in Organization. Plans for the line are said to be the most. thorough ever made for a project of the sort in this country, surpassing even the splendid organization set up under direction of Col. Charles A. Lindbergh for the Transcontinental Air Transport Line, established a year ago. The operating organization for the new line is one of the most experienced yet assembled for a new project, including veterans in each branch, among them several who went through the organi- zation and initial operations period with the Transcontinental Air Transport or- ganization. The organization' is to be on an even larger operations scale than was the . A. T. Line, it being organized for an initial 4,000-mile daily operations schedule, as against 3,700 miles daily dor “THA, T The new line is privately capitalized on a scale which contemplates several years of operations, even though no profits should be shown during the first few years, it is claimed, and the project is expected to be the most thorough test yet made of the possibility of air transportation as an independent and self-sufficient medium of transportation in competition with the longest estab- lished existing forms of transportation. The line is to be the result of several years of the most thorough planning, and every aid of science is to be em- ployed to insure success, The Government's hourly aviation weather broadcast along the New York- Washington airway is to be supple- mented by the company’s system. Tel- etype will be used to maintain continu- ous communication between fields, and ground-to-plane, two-way radio tele- phones will be employed to keep pilots and ground stations in constant com- munication. In addition to the hourly weather information from ground sta- tions, the pilots of the planes, four of which will be in the air constantly dur- ing the 10 hours of operations each day, will make frequent reports to ground stations and to pilots of other planes of the weather conditions en- countered in flight. 26 Flights Daily Altogether. The establishment of this new service will make the New York-Washington airway the most heavily traveled by planes on scheduled servicz in the world. In addition to the 20 daily flights by the passenger planes, there are at least six flights each 24 hours by Eastern Air Transport mail planes, with frequent double-schedule flights to_increase the total. The operations personnel of the line is to be composed of skilled pilots with long experience in the operations end of the industry. Flight operations will be in charge of Paul F. Collins, known throughout the industry as “Dog” Col- lins, who is a veteran airmail pilot and who was general superintendent of the Transcontinental Air Transport Line, Mr. Collins will be a vice president. Eugene Vidal, former Army pilot, who went over to T. A. T. as traffic man, will be a vice president, in charge of traffic management of the. line. Miss Earhart, also a vice president, will be in charge of public relations. She for- merly was assistant to the traffic man- ager of T. A. T. and is the holder of a transport pilot's license, the highest granted by the Department of Com- merce, and holds the first license of the Federation Aeronautique Internationale issued to an American woman. She i: the only woman member of the ad- visory board of the National Aeronautic Association, and is also the only woman member of the contest committee of that association. Service is to start at 8 am. August 15, with planes leaving Newark Airport and Washington Airport simultaneously. They will be followed by other planes each hour until 5 p.m. The flying time is to be 1 hour and 45 minutes, with a stop at Philadelphia. Busses will carry passengers between the airport and the center of the city at each stop. ‘The planes are to be tri-motored 10- passenger Stinson monoplanes, especial- ly designed to meet the requirements of the new line. They will be powered with Lycoming engines, though pro- vision is made in the design for the later substitution of Diesel engines if these are found preferab RECORDS FOR AIRMAIL POUNDAGE ARE BROKEN 2,556,000 Pieces Are Flown Over New York-Miami Route Via National Capital. All records for airmall poundage flown over the. New York-Miami airmail route, operated by Eastern Alr Trans- port through the National Capital, were broken again in May, the fourth con- secutive month to see the record broken on this increasingly important North and South line. Last month a' total of approximately 2,556,000 pieces of mall were flnown in Eastern Air Transport planes, or a total of 58,590 pounds. This is an increase of a ton and a half of airmail over April and an increase of 50,000 pounds over May, 1928, when the contract route began operations. Every month this year has smashed all previous records except January on this line. February, though the short- est month in the year, witnessed the beginning of the record-making period, 47,682 pounds having been carried that month. March brought a further in- crease of 1,100 pounds. In April, for the first time in the history of the line, the 50,000-pound mark was passed. NAVAL PARACHUTE ACE T0 JUMP AT CULPEPER W. F. Scott, aviation chief ma- chinists’ mate, U, S, N., who barely escaped with his life in an automobile crash early in the Spring, will resume his career as the Navy's outstanding parachute jumper & week from today at Culpeper, Va, when he will make his first jump since the accident as a part of the dedication of a commercial aviation field. “Scotty” was in a hospital for weeks with & broken jaw and other injuries. It was the first time he has been hurt in any kind of an accident, though he has made approximately 275 parachute jumps under all sorts of conditions. Scott is attempting to gain au- thorization from the Navy to set a new world record for hvgh altitude para- chute jumping. He hopes to step into | space from a Navy plane at an altitude a!lbetween 75,&?‘0 ll*sd 30.00‘0 ’”ci cu& rying oxygen breathing equipment an barograph. A3 D. C, JUNE 8, 1930—PART FOUR. : EYES OF THE ARMY, 1930 MODEL Cavalry formerly functioned as the “eyes of the Army.” Today the function is performed by the observation plane, which is becoming a more and more specialized type of military aircraft and which may soon branch off into two dis- tinct types of airplanes for vario Hear All—Tell AIL” TEN WORLD'S AVIATION RECORDS| observation missions. vation Squadron setting out from a Pacific coast for a “look- see.” The picture shows a five-plane formation from the 91st Obser- The motto of Army observation aviation is “See All ~—Army Air Corps Photo. Lakes plane, Cirrus 90-horsepower en- gine, San Diego, Calif,, November 18, 1929, 15,718 feet. ‘The altitude record of 27,418 feet re- ARE BROUGHT TO U. . THIS YEAR |, e siuts o ot 118t xe ‘Ten new world's aviation records, one in the new women's category, have been brought to the United States since the | beginning of the year, according to offi- | cial notification received here by the National Aeronautic Association from the Federation Aeronautique Interna- tionale, international governing body. Of these new records five were cap- tured from France, three from Great Britain and one from Germany. The tenth is a new record, in the women's category, which has just been:estab- lished. = During the same period the United States lost two records, one to France and one to Germany. The new records gained by country are as follows: Speed with payload of 500 kilograms for 100 kilometers, Leland F. Shoenhair, in a Lockheed Vega with 450 horse- power super-charged Wasp engine, at Jacksonville, Fla., February 18, 18549 miles per hour. Speed with payload of 500 kilograms for 500 kilometers, Shoenhair in the same plane and at the same place, 171.24 miles per hour. Speed with payload of 1,000 kilograms for 100 kilometers, Shoenhair, Lockheed, this | at Roosevelt Field has not yet been | homologated by the F. A. I, but will Jacksonville, February 20, 176 miles per | stand as this year's record to date as hour. : | soon as the official word is receivad. Speed with payload of 1,000 kilograms | Since the first of the year France has for 500 kilometers, Shoenhair, same | captured nine world records, two of plane, same place, same day, 168.27 | which were taken by women. They in. miles per hour. | clude duration and distance, with pay- Speed with payload of 100 kilograms | Joad of 500 kilograms, established by | for 1,000 kilometers, Shoenhair, Lock- | Costes and Codos at Istres January 17 heed, Jacksonville, February 20, 152.7| and 18, with a time of 23 hours 22 miles per hour. Speed with 2,000 kilograms for 100 kilometers, W. J. Fleming, in a Bach monoplane with one Pratt & Whitney Wasp and two Wright J-6 engines, March 26, at Los Angeles, Calif., 142.66 miles per hour. Speed for seaplanes with payload of with two Pratt & Whitney Hornet en- gines of 575 horsepower each, at North Beach, Queens, N. Y., March 13, 165.73 miles per hour. Speed for seaplanes with payload of 2,000 kilograms for 100 kilometers, | minutes and 49 seconds, and & distance | of 2,710.4 miles; duration and distance, | with' payload of 1,000 kilograms, estab | lished by the same pilots last February; ! distance for seaplanes, set by Mermoz | April 11 and 12, at 2667 miles; speed | with payload of 2,000 kilograms for 500 | meters, and duration and distance for [ woman pilots, the first set by Mme. Lena Bernstein at Le Bourget May 2, with a time of 35 hours 46 minutes, and the second set at 1,409.27 miles airline from Istres, France, to Sidi Baramy, Egypt. German pilots captured seven records. These included duration, with 5,000 GLDER CLUB NEN FORMINGLEAGLE Central Organization Plans to Handle Competitive Meets in D. C. A league of glider clubs, operating | | under a central organization which will | handle interclub competitions and func- Ition as a general meronautical educa- tional bureau, is to be put into opera- | tion in the National Capital this month | | under the auspices of the Aviation | School of America, according to an- | nouncement by Henry R. Marks, secre- |tary and treasurer. The central body is to be known as +| the Washington Society for Aeronautics | and four principal committees have | | been organized. They are a committee | |on " education, which will supply lec- turers for schools and colleges or spe- cial meetings; a legislative committee to work for aeronautical legislation needed for the National Capital in co- | operation with similar committees of | Washington civic organizations; a com- | mittee on social activities and a com- | ;mflt?c which will publish an aeronau- tical paper. | 'The glider clubs, or units, are to con- | sist of 25 members each and will func- | tion as independent glider clubs, each | | electing its own officers and financing | its_own activities. The president of | | each unit will act as a member of a| central executive committee. The first unit has been organized | and will elect its officers this week. It | is building a glider in the old Simmons | | aireraft factory at Benning. The second unit probably ‘will be completed within | | a week and it is hoped that four units | will be completed this month. | Though each unit will be limited to | | 25 active members, an associate mem- | bership_class is planned within each | unit. Gliding is to be done at Mile | Square Field, near Alexandria, Va., and | two silver trophies already have been | two-seater light airplanes, 13,137 feet. Italy came to the front in the large plane classes, capturing six records. | These included duration, with pay- | load of 10,000 kilograms (or 52.046 | pounds), established with a giant | Caproni biplane powered with 6 Isotta- each, the time being 1 hour and 31 | minutes. This was the first such record | ever made. | With a payload of 7,500 kilograms | the same Italian plane set a duration | record of 1 hour and 31 minutes and | an altitude record of 10,597.42 feet. Sergievsky, same plane, same place, | kilogram load, of 3 hours and 2 minutes; | The same altitude was made with a pay- same date, 143.77 miles per hour. Altitude’ for seaplanes with payload | miles; speed, with the same payload, for | being allowed simultaneously. The big | of 2,000 kilograms, Sergievsky, same plane, same place, March 4, 19,065 feet. | Women's _category, planes, Miss Ruth altitude for air- Alexander, Great Coprright 1930 by Dedge Brothers Corporation DODGE BROTHERS SIX | distance, with same payload, of 311.67 | 10p kilometers and 500 kilometers; alti tutle for light airplanes, 24,672 feet; speed for 100 kilometers, light plane class, 135.42 miles per hour, and altitus |load of 10,000 kilograms, both records Italian plane also set a record for the greatest payload carried to an altitude | of 2,000 meters, taking the 10,000 kilogram load to this height. 839 AND U P, P. O.. B. FACTORY IDEAL FOR THE AMERICAN FAMILY Dodge cars have always been a prominent factor in the motoring life | Fraschini motors of 1,000 horsepower | donated as awards for interclub com= petitions. It is planned that the members of each unit shall start training on pri- mary gliders, advancing later to power gliders and on to airplanes, if the mem- bers desire and there are sufficient qualified members to warrant the pur- chase of a training plane. The Aviation School of America will graduate two classes of students with exercises Friday night at the City Club. The classes are for mechanics, with 27 pupils graduating, and for aviation welders, with 8 gradustes. In the past year the school has graduated 400 stu- dents. NATIONAL GUARD AIR UNITS INDEPENDENT Army Assistance No Longer Need- ed, According to Maj. Gen. Everson. viation units of the National Guard divisions throughout the country now arc able to stand on their own feet and to serve the needs of the Guard for | training purposes without calling upon the Army Air Corps for assistance, ac- cording to Maj. G¢n. W. G. Everson, chief of the Militia Bureau of the War | Department. As evidence of the progress made in equipping and training the National Guard aviation units, Gen. Everson said, | the plans made by the War Department for the field training of the National Guard during the present year are based on the assumption that all air service necessary to the training of other arms of the National Guard can be performed by tha militia air squadrons. In the past it has been necessary to call on the Regular Army Air Corps to assist in the training of the Guardsmen. This assistance has included the towing of anti-aircraft targets, spotting for field and coast defense artillery and occa- sionally ambulance service. ‘The necessity for calling upon the Army Air Corps, Gen. Everson said, has been a burden on the Air Corps, has been a heavy financial burden on the Militia Bureau and has not afforded the National Guard aviation units the practice they should have. The use of Guard pilots and planes for this service is expected to result in a saving to the War Department and an increase in the efficiency of the militia. FRENCH PROTEST HEEDED | | British Airship Ocean Flight to Be Broadcast in Two Languages. The progress of the British airship | R-100 across the Atlantic from London to Montreal will be broadcast in both | English and French, instead of only | English. The announcement that only English would be spoken into the air caused such a storm of protest from the Prench Canadians that the plan had to be changed. The huge craft is soon to strike out across the ocean to link London and | Canada by air for the first time. The | previous British flight by the R-34 was to New York. of the American family—because they have been dependable. And that same dependability is the foundation of this latest Dodge Brothers Six with its silent, sturdy and safe Mono-Piece Steel Body of unusual spacious- ness, with wide doors and windows, abundant head-room, leg-room and elbow-room. Under the hood is a sturdy, dependable motor that gives it smooth, flexible, powerful performance. And it is a safe car to drive with its weatherproof internal hydraulic brakes that are always posi- tively equalized. Yet, with all the advanced quality of its design and construction, with all its typical Dodge dependability, the price is lower than for any other closed car ever included in the Dodge Brothers line. SIXES AND EIGHTS UPHOLDING EVERY TRADITION OF DODGE DERENDABILITY The Trew Motor Co Sales Departmént 1509-11 Fourteenth St. N.W. I. C. Barber stablished 1914 Phones—Decatur 1910 to 1913 Maintenance Department Sales Rooms Open Daily Until 10 P.M.—Sundays Until 5 P.M. e e e Motor Co. 1805 14th St. N.W. NOW ONE PLY DODGE BROTHERS SOLD BY Gardner-Stuart Motors, Inc. 1358 Florida Ave. N.E. MO MOTORS DEALER Kaplan & C 1317-19 W Street N.W. rawford, Inc. 2329 Champlain St. N.W. OF THE LOWEST-PRICED CARS IN THE WORLD ERYWHERE

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