Evening Star Newspaper, February 27, 1930, Page 34

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BY THOMAS R. HENRY. Relationship apparently is an ex- tremely complicated affair among the Eskimos who inhabit Baffin Land, Elles- mere Land and the country between Hudson Bay and the Arctic. ‘Thus a small boy may be his father’s mother, his mother's mother-in-law and his sister’s. grandmother. = His father may al call him “Mother,” and he always addresses his father as “My son” from the time he is able to talk. | And it is all simple enough once it is | understood, Right Rev. Arsene Tur- g:atll. prefect apostolic of the Hudson y region, has just reported to the Catholic Anthropological Conference at Catholic University here. Father Tur- quetil has spent nearly 20 years in the desolate Northern tundra, Extending more than 1,600,000 square miles an | with an average population of one hu- man_being for each 400 square miles, and has secured a considerable amount of information on the customs and be- liefs of one of the least known peoples | on earth, Name Means Everything. As for the apparent curious relation- he reports to the conference: For the Eskimo the name means everything. The name given an infant is that of a deceased relative. If 8 small boy receives the name of his grandmother, his father will address| him as ‘Mother’ and his mother as | ‘Mother-in-law.’ ‘The Eskimo does not, | however, believe in a real reincarnation of the soul. But, he says, the dead erson lives again through his name. ¢ is glad to see his name preserved among his own people, and these in turn are glad to perpetuate the name of the ancestor whom they loved.” ‘Without & name a person is not con- sidered an individual. If a child dies before a name is given it, there is no mourning. Because of the scanty food and hard life of the tundra, female in- fants frequently are killed. This is considered perfectly proper, because the child marked for slaughter is not named. If it bore a name, the killing would be considered murder, Father ‘Turquetil reports, and the slayer pun- ished according to the law of the tribe. A child usually is named when it is eight days old. Betrothed After Naming. “After the giving of the name,” Father Turquetil says, “comes betrothal, a commercial contract. Part of the ce agreed upon is paid at once. The | lance will be paid when the two who are betrothed reach maturity. Female infanticide is practiced only among the very small, isolated groups, where no one can learn of the birth of the child or ask for the female infant in mar- riages On the other hand, we find the grown-up men buying and paying in advance for an expected infant, under the condition that it will be a gir], with the intention of making her his | | wife later. For in many places female | infanticide has led to a scarcity of, women. Among_the Netchiliks there were recently 138 boys and only 66 girls, and even today at Cape Eskimo| the missionaries are in touch with 40 families among whom there are 20 grown-up young men unable to find wives anywhere.” ‘The central Eskimo, Father Turque- til says, has what appears to be a crude " | culture to the casual observer, but when !pursuit of game, which he can never | the sorcerer is famous for his ve one gets clase to the people they show & conscientious craftsmanship and a ‘mental alertness in adapting themselves to their hard circumstances whi astonishing. Describing one of his ex- periences, he says: “The people pointed out to us a rec- tangular, flat-bottomed boat. The frame was made of seal, walrus or caribou bones, covered with sealskin. The sail was also of sealskin. The primitive vessel belonged to a family that had Just arrived. Family Drifts With Xce. “This family was camped upon the ice, hunting seals, having nothing but | rifie and harpoon. Drifting with the ice, they reached an island 40 miles from the mainland. The island is an absolute desert. Ammunition was soon exhausted and their rifies became use- less. Needles, spears and fishhooks soon gave out. They had no matches. The| hunter adapted himself to this new en- | vironment by returning to an age of stone. Flint and cut bones sufficed for him. Thus he passed 10 years looking out, unaided, for himself and his fam- ily, which increased as the years went | on. Finally he dreamed of returning | to his country, and out of the bones and antlers of game he built his boat.” Hunting, he reports, is the predom nant element in the thoughts, folklore and religion of these wandering people. “The Eskimo,” he says, “thinks of his future life as a material paradise abound- ing in the choicest game, and one where success in hunting is assured without work. His hell, too, is a material one— a land of desolation and famine, witl out food, raiment or lamp; where he is forever engaged in the tanatlus-like overtake. | “Success in the chase does not al- ways come to the best hunter. He then | concludes that he has committed some | fault displeasing to the deity, or that evil spirits have interfered; for the Eskimo admits the double principle of good and evil. Thus the purpose of his| acts of religion is to propitiate the good | spirits and to keep at bay the evil| spirits. The deity is not inaccessible—| to the moon and to the sea. The evil spirit is but only through the ai ing spirit. and instead of being- con- ciliated he is fought with, forced to retreat, and even killed. Enjoys Great Authority. “The sorcerers are men who stab | themselves with knives, shoot them- | selves with gnns, die and come to life| -gua in an instant without any sign| of wounds. Among the more primi- | tive inland Eskimo the sorcerer is| chosen to act in the name of the tribe, and enjoys very great authority. Even if he is a child, he takes precedence over even the oldest men at the feasts. “The sorcerer sometimes makes evil| use of his art, and then we have black magic. He is supposed to make a sort of monster with the head of a bear, the body of a wolf, the tails of a fish, etc.; | give life to this formidable being and launch it in pursuit of his enemy, who will infallibly succumb. | “The Eskimo cannot live in the FOR COLDS and THROAT TROUBLES / : ATHER | EIOHN'S k\, MEDICINE OF SUCCESS EARS 75 V! PURE | VR Ll it | Northern tundra, at least in the interior, without scattering in small, wandering I know of only one locality | the train whn?'.hm is s permanent village. ich is | These little nomad groups ?m |;p unf WO the bands are reduced to amilies at the most, living together. The ex- clusively coastal Eskimo can and must ther, at least at certain periods, and form groups of 10, 15 or 20 families. Seal and walrus hunting are thus made easier. When Autumn comes they sep- arate again and scatter in all direc- tions. “Thus each group must be fully suffi- clent unto itself without deg::ldlng on the others, and mem| has to take his part in contributing toward the common welfare. Everything is in common. From the fact that the small group cannot undertake the responsibil- ity of alding the others arises indif- ferences, agoism, suspicion, hatred be- tween tribes, duels, murders and inher- ited vendettas. But in times of abun-| dance everybody is welcome and hospi- ality is a thing that is sacred.” “MUTUAL CULPABILITY” IS SEEN IN FATAL WRECK | Train, Derailed by $20 Auto, Be- lieved Traveling Faster Than Permitted by Law. By the Associated F{ru. question of “muti day entered the investigation of Sunday night's wreck on the North Shore Line, with its loss of 11 lives. Heretofore blame has been placed upon Norman E. Shinners of Milwau- kee, whose automobile, struck by the southbound electric train, caused derail- ment of the five passenger Expect SUPERIOR Satisfaction— You’ll Get It! With Superior Anthracite, there's no soot to mar your rugs or draperies—no and your city unhealthy. This clean, carefully sized hard coal may be left unwatched for hours—it is free burning but long lasting. That's why, when you ‘you cam expect superior satisfaction—and get it! us TODAY—we'll be glad nomical sizes for your furnace. . L. P. STEUART & BRO. 38 12th St. N.E. Atwood of the State Rallroad Commis- sion, ho said there was evidence much faster W at such a grade damage of the wreck | was it $1,000,000. 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