Evening Star Newspaper, January 5, 1930, Page 36

Restoration (Continued From First Page.) along the alleys of the park, repairs to ro.d:, pavilions, the entire restoration of the Apolio Fountain, ‘replanting of trees. Work Directed by Experts. ‘The workmen, painters, plasterers and artists have worked under the direction of experts competent to give minute di- rections as to histgical details and | ’np]oyed by the| technical processes long-dead folk who made the great cha- teaux, pavilions, connecting galleries, gardens, fountains and theaters that men call Versailles. Famous watch- makers were asked for workmen ca- pable of. repairing a clock constructed 200 years ago; celebrated art experts were requisitioned for their best car- penters, picture cleaners, retouching men, tapestry weavers and restorers. In the great state rooms restorers worked with gilt and paint mixed, according to a recipe 200 vears old. The actual job of discovering how things stood in the day of Marie An- toinette was not so difficult. Most of the records of the successive building operations exist in the museums and | state archives. The grand monarch | himself drew ur in his own hand an itinerary which is preserved in the Paris National Library. There was one gap in the record. The plan of the missing steps in the Grand ‘Trianon garden, which lead from the pillared portico to the old pool called the Mirror Basin, could not be found. It looked as if the architects would have to rely on guesswork. But, sud- denly, persistent search was rewarded— the lost plans were discovered under plles of dusty papers in one of the state archives, and from these exact replicas were made. Bringing the gar- dens of the Grand Trianon, raised by Louis Philippe, down 'to the level of Louis XV's time, was only a question | of money and labor—the details of the original layout exist. So far, around 50,000,000 francs have been spent. A lot, but nothing to what the original cost. although materials and labor were cheap then. The seed from which Versailles blossomed mon- strously was the hunting lodge of the morose Louis XIII, who built it as a refuge from a Paris court life which he detested. When his son, who became King at the age of 5 and reigned for 73 years, shook himself free from the leading strings of a masterful mother, he started to transform the little two- storied building into a country residence to which he could take ‘Queen and court. This was in 1662. Married to the fair, fat, inoffensive Marie-Therese, of Spain, Louis XIV found his new country seat a most con- venient place in which to entertain his mistresses by fetes ostensibly given in honor of the Queen. His first big af- fair was in 1664—the fetes of the Ile Enchantee which celebrated his amor- ous union with the delicate De la Val- llere. The festivities lasted a week. Decides on Real Palace. And now a constant succession of pretty women through the royal cabinets of King’s new country home. He had such a jolly week there with a new love in 1668 that he de- cided to make a real palace of the of Versailles too lightly and continued it through vanity. Do not imitate me, for war is the ruin of nations.” , . . Named Guests for All Meals. Louis used to say: “Versailles is for the court. Trianon is for m Eti- quette was easier there than at Ver- sailles. The King named the guests for all meals. They were generally |ladies. In fetes, masked balls, water | parties, eards, billiards, music, dancing and hunting he forgot the cares of state. He could revel in his new pal- ace all night and then step from the terrace onto a ded barge on the Grand Canal .and lift jaded eyes to the glory of a Summer dawn. Practical jokes enlivened the life of the court. A..sportive. bevy of ladies smoked the King's brother out of his bed room at Trianon one night. On another occasion the Duchesse de Bour- gogne, the darling of the court, exploded a series of bombs in an avenue along which the Princess d'Harcourt was be- ing carried in a sedan chair, so that the bearers dropped the chair and fled, leaving the lady shrieking inside. Her husband, the duc, went one better. At supper one evening he gave Santeuil, the foremost Latin poet of the day, a glass of wine into which he had privily emptied the contents of his snuff box. Santeuil died two days later in agony. The court was highly diverted. But even Trianon became too elabo- rate at last for this insatiable monarch and on the other side of the forest he scrapped the village of Marly and built on {ts site yet another palace, buried in foliage, with pavilions, avenues, carp ponds, cascades, bowers and terraced gardens and lakes on which gondolas floated. ‘The revolutionists destroyed this place, which had cost more than 11,000,000 francs. Today only a garden wall and a few clumps of lime {rees are left to mark the site. By the time Lcuis XIV's Queen died the life of Versailles had begun to ex- haust his vital energy, although he was only 45 (he lived to the age of 77). He turned from voluptuous beauties to Mme. de Maintenon, the austere enemy of pleasure and patroness of devots, who had been governess to his mistress’ children. Soon fetes galantes and iles enchantees passed like a scented dream. Sermons and devotional exercises re- placed the former license and gayety. Finds Court Life Exacting. But the new mistress of Versallles found court life exacting. In a letter written in 1706 she complains of the fatigues of her existence. People are always in her room and her ante- chamber—dukes, archbishops, generals, duchesses, princesses, all sorts of people. “My room is like a church,” she ex- claims. “There is a regular procession through it and an eternal coming and going. . . At dinner I am sur- rounded by a circle of ladies, so that I cannot even ask for something to drink. . . . Then there is the King's brother. He is the most difficult man in the world to entertain, because he doesn't say a word.” The King, with all the princesses and the royal family, come into her room and they make it “intolerably warm.” She is left alone lace, and to bring the government Into | 1 i, S 08, She has to “listen to it from Paris. At his ture architects, sculptors, painters, goldsmiths, garden- ers, came running. There was plenty Still, it was a job, and they were atill Ivu:znon it 10 years later, although at one time 36,000 men were laboring in the domain. It was a marvelous Alad- din's palace—Gobelin tapestries, elabo- raf celebrated Galerle des Glaces, silver furniture by Ballin in the state apartments (an empty treasury a demands later compelled Louis to send that silver furniture to the mint). The state rooms were so vast that their occupants had to huddle around the fires in Winter to warm themselves: fl !.'nmlllrch. lGfi:!.n:t 1s recorded m e froze e glasses on R o le dependents, servants, officials and other small fry could com- plain of too much space. Mme. de Staal. femme de chambre to the Duch- esse du Maine, came there from Sceaux. Sceaux been pretty bad. She had there “an entresol, so low and dark that T had to stoop when I walked, and feel my way about” and in the daytime she had to share this “hovel” with a premiere femme de chambre, ‘who passed her nights in the duchesse’s bed_room. The palace of Versailles should have struck her like the Ritz-Carlton after a park bench. But it did not. “My room at Versailles . . . was even more intolerable. No ray of sunlight had ever penetrated into it.” Smoke some- times compelled her to leave the room al er. There was also a had smell. Cramped Quarters Inevitable. Cramj quarters for the rag-tag and bcmfl were inevitable even in that enormous chateau, for the entire court had to be crammed in. The whole country was run now from the palace, where the minister and all the departments of state were quartered, along with the great nobles, the Condes, the Guises, the Rohans, courtiers and court functionaries, princes and prin- cesses, ladies of the palace. maids of honor, dukes, marquises, bishops and abbes—in all, 10,000 people. But the vast painted halls he con- sidered an appropriate frame for the man who was the state incarnate op- pressed Louis at times. Besides, there was no privacy. He dressed and un- dressed, prayed, ate and took medicine in public. (A century later, at the birth of his first child, Louis XVI had to fight his way through the throng in the Queen's bed room to open a ‘window.) So one finds him slipping -away to an attic above the royal suite on the north side of the Cour de Marbre, where the du Barry had her tiny apartment. He liked to inclose himself with this charmer in the small, stuffy nest, and himself cook a tasty little supper for them both. He was human. For some years he was content to escape thus to the little apartments oc- cupied by the favorite beauty of the moment. But at the height of his pas- sion for de Montespan—who bore him five children—he hit on the happy idea of buying up a hamlet a mile off and bullding there a miniature porcelain palace in which to enjoy the imperious siren’s cl . Loses Charm for King. ‘When the freshness of his ardor for Mme. de Montespan wore off, the porce- Iain love nest lost its charm for the . It boasted only one story. was not glorious enough. He had it pulled down. In its place went up & nfilu palace of marble and porphyry, with statues, fountains and gardens to match. This was the Grand Trianon. Some memoirs of the period record that while it was building Louis had a “ispute with Louvois, his surintendant des batiments, who was also his mini ter for war, about the dimensions of one of the windows. The King main- tained that they were out of propor- tion. The minister insisted they were all right. The King, trusting the straightness of his eye, vately sent for an architect and had the window measured. It was wrong. Then the King burst out in a T againt Louvols. “Obstinate fool! If 1 had let you have your way you would: have flnihed the whole building with that window as it is—and then I should have had to pull :;h:ll down again to ut the window ri = v Louvois went away and told his friends he had lost his influence. “five him a war that will put his buildings out of his head,” advised Villacerf, one of his intimates, “and )‘\; will goon see that you are indispensable.” *“By God, are right” agreed Louvois. And The 1688 was the result. &ermw‘ but one in true Versailles and a King who took his Queen and his mistress on his camj , and who on his deathbed said the little dauphin: “Little one, I have often begun War- is- It | hi age | king's mistress his worries if he has any, his gloomy forebodings and his vapeurs. He has no_conversation.” Then she goes to bed, undressing be- hind a screen. The King stays with her until he goes to supper. The dauphia and the Duke and Duchess of Burgundy come to say good-night. Everybody leaves her. But often she cannot sleep. When the King lay dying in the Sum- mer of 1715 she fled from him and the vast palace and was at St. Cyr when his death rattle sounded. One can under- stand that—and her. o “The King is dead! Long live the King!” they cried from the marble court under the King’s bedroom. The small Louis XV inherited Versailles, and pres- ently was enjoying it as only a man could who had inherited all the sun King's shallows and none of his depths. Half a century later they cried again: THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, Industry’s Dramatic Decade (Continued From Third Page.) have had difficulty in accomplishing ab- | rupt justment so as to keep pace with newly appearing rival industries and techniques. Ilustration of Difficulty. Leather-—one of the four distressed industries mentioned by President Hoo- ver in his recent message to Congress— affords a good illustration of the type of difficulty that has been brought down during these recent years upon & set- tled craft of long tradition. The indus- try has been caught, as it were, in a vise with two movable jaws, one of them especially unstable, On the one hand, its raw material is a by-product of the meat industry, which has felt the vari- ations of diet changes so evident during these recent years. On the other hand, the shoe industry, which in this country consumes 75 per cent of our leather out- put, has, of course, undergone profound alterations because of style variations that have succeeded themselves with al- most incredible rapidity. The craze for new types of footwear has made the lives of reptiles unsafe in remote jungles in all parts of the world. It has given European manufacturers of certain lines, notably women’s shoes, a substantial advantage over their American competi- tors because of their proximity to the style dictators in Paris and other con- tinental capitals. Indeed, it will be a major task for the future economic historian, as he looks back on this post-war decade, to give especially careful attention to the sub- tle yet penetrative influence of styles. They have affected not simply occa- sional isolated industries such as shoe making or cloth weaving, but have re- acted, or have been in turn influenced by many other factors in the rapidly shifting economic scene. For instance, the widespread develop- ment of automotive transportation has materially and swiftly modified the need for heavier footwear. The airplane has come in to serve the purposes of accel- erated transportation of style goods, whose salability is, of course, highly per- ishable. This has_made both possible and necessary the maintenance of rap- 1dly changing lines on the shelves of re- tailers. One index of this Is the fact that many large stores in such a style, line as hosiery carry 60 different colors and grades in the course of a year. ‘Wonder Child of War. ‘The almost fantastic advance in the technique of communications since the war—indeed, this is one of the real wonder-children of the great conflict— has had a considerable part in these rapid style changes. One well known manufacturer of print silks spends a good many dollars every Monday morn- ing in transatlantic telephone conver- sations with Paris getting descriptions of the frocks worn by mannequins at the popular race courses the previous afternoon. The great improvement in colored mo- tion pictures and their widespread dis- semination, the increasing frequency of style shows, the universal reporting of their striking features over the radio and the recent beautifully improved color technique of women's magazines with greatly increased circulation, have all made style changes almost instan- taneously penetrative throughout the clvilized world. Therefore when her ladyship from “the provinces” visits the great metropolis she is by no means conspicuous on account of the antiquity of her gowns, as was the case a couple of decades ago. Indeed, the reverse is quite likely to occur; the small-town damsel, with relatively fewer diversions than her city sister, is quite likely to be more keenly alert upon this major prob- lem of womankind and to follow it more assiduously through radios, “movies,” club discussions and style magazines. Coupled with these other factors ac- celerating industrial ch-nfe i, of course, the vastly improved skill and aeumen of another war-time giant, the chemical industry. 1It, too, has been playing its part in this matter of swiftly changing styles. Certainly rayon and aniline dyes, to mention but two factors at random. King is dead! Long live the King!” And now down_the corridors of Versailles trip Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, gay, laughing, blind to the wrath to come. Painted lips, powdered heads, amorous secrets, intrigues. . . . Behind hedges and thickets in_the E:mndn of the Petit Trianaon and little own to tourists, there is a small building which is like a frozen memory of that phase of luxury and folly—the private theater of Marie Antoinette. In this charming miniature theater the Queen of France played before the footlights by the light of wax candles glimmering in crystal chandeliers, and the ladies and gentlemen of the court lounged in the miniature auditorium. Roles Many and Varied. ‘There are her initials, “M. A." above the proscenium; the boards she trod, the dressing room in which she ex- changed her brocaded gown for the cot- ton garments of a shepherdess and of a waiting girl. Her roles were many and varied, for she never tired of the game of exchanging promiscuous kisses and embraces with handsome courtiers un- der the mask of an innocent enthu- siasm for amateur theatricals. But her fantastic vanity led her to make the mistake.of having the palace servants along to see her play the part, once of a shepherdess and once of a waiting girl. And so the Paris populace heard of these goings on, and growled: “Trollop!” Behind the Little Trianon she had a private village. It was great fun. There were glades, pools, a mossy cave. She could play at being & nymph. One day as she reclined at ease in. her sylvan cave she saw a page coming down the path from the Little Trianon. She called him, opened the letter he bore. It was from the King. He summoned her to the main palace. The mob was on the march from Paris, trundling its cannon, filling the road, the women shrieking menace and anticipatory abuse. ‘They arrived, the mob, and pouted down the stately avenues, splashed through the gnds and over the gardens and camped in the marble court. They helped themselves to the railings, sharpened the spikes, made pikes of them. They lit a fire and roasted a horse. ~ As night fell some of them burst into the palace, killed two of Marie Antoinette’s guards, but failed, |in that enormous labyrinth, to find the hated Queen. | Twenty-four hours later Marie An- | toinette “left her sylvan haunts: and |s0on she was dead and her headless corpse was being shoveled away under the dark earth. Versailles died with her. Only its shell remained, its spiric ad fled. ‘The busy renovators plan to spend another 9,000,000 framcs of the Rocke- feller fund in the next two years on eliminating some of Louis Philippe's “improvements,” carting away the giant statues of marshals set up in the court of honor in the last century, re- | storing the peasants’ cottages built near the Petit Trianon by Marie Antoinette for escape when she tired of palaces have been very much to the fore in this quickly shifting succession of changes in the mode. Developments in Chemistry. The new chemistry has, of course, ex- erted an influence in a multitude of other directions upon the world's eco- nomic organization in recent years. The inroads that it has made upon long- standing, firmly intrenched natural mo- nopolies has had a profound effect upon the well being of consumers everywhere. For instance, the extraordinary devel opment of synthetic nitrogen, manufac- tured out of the air in truly black magic fashion, is likely to have a primary part in that long-hoped-for rehabilitation through cost curtailment of the farming industry throughout the world. These post-war chemical advances are likewise coming to the aid of suffering mankind everywhere through the im- -provements in medical science. To take one example, we are no longer depend- ent upon the uncertainties of natural camphor from its once exclusive source in the Island of Formosa. Indeed, the vigilant chemist lurks in the background with his microscopes and test tubes primed for devastating action against any natural monopoly which undertakes, intentionally or otherwise, any exploita- tion of the consuming world.” The rub- ber control maintained for some six years by the British group promptly in- spired the search for alternative sources everywhere, and as one result we have a greatly improved technique in the use of reclaimed tires, which formerly were so largely waste. The ingenuity of this modern magi- cian with his intense and widespread war-time training of course has wrought hardship for many another in- dustry. The iceman is battling with the electric refrigerator, which, in turn, now finds itself confronted by a new gas consuming foe. Members of the ancient craft of woodworkers are ha- rassed by campaigns from manufac- tured substitutes ranging from paper to steel, and countless variations of plas- tic_compounds. . One of the most dramatic of these post-war economic battles has been that waged among the fuels and motive forces. That venerable standby, coal, has remained just about stationary so far as world-wide output is concerned. The total production for -all countries of coal and lignite was_a little under 1,500,000,000 tons in 1913. It has been wavering but little above that figure during the last six years. On the other hand, the crude petroleum output Jum) in the same time from 385.- 000,000 barrels to 1,332,000,000 in 1928, considerably more than a threefold in- crease. Developed waterpower of the world amounted to 23,000,000 horse- power in 1920, and the latest figures are well over 35,000,000. ‘Wrought Havoc With Coal. ‘The situation, of course, has wrought havoc with the ancient staple, coal, but, on the other hand, the relatively great- er adaptability of electricity and the fluid fuels -has vastly multiplied the di- versities and possibilities of industry. 1t has made possible the world-wide de- (the architects have to go to Italy to inspect the original eighteenth century designs, now a museum treasure). But soon everything will be as it was in the day when & king could say “L'etat, c'est moi!” and when the queen played at being a shepherdess and a played at being a queen. Only the actors will be missing. Gold cannot give shape again to that ancient dust. But any one who paces those avenues and roves down those corri- crosses those marble courts, and still | cannot glimpse the ghost of the regime | ancient must be deficlent in the most potent and magical of human powers— imagination. Brazil's Cotton an;ut. PARAHYBA, Brazil (#).—The four northern states of Brazil produce the dors, stands in those painted rooms and | velopment of the automobile. It has carried industry away from highly con- centrated centers and made possible the consequent spread of stabilizing in- fluence of factory employment in rural communities—a profoundly significant feature, especially in the development of American industrial strength since the war. It has consequently made possible the industrialization of many areas where the absence of coal had riously interfered with such salutary variation in economic activity. Indeed, this post-war expansion of hydro- electric force is likely to bring about the complete alteration of the economic foundations of many once struggling and overspecialized communities and commonwealths. Brazil and Chile are only two examples. It is gratifying to note the large pro- rtion of such hydroelectric undertak- ml! in all parts of the world that are now being financed with American capl- bulk of the country’s cotton crop. year's total was 113,882 tons, of which ced 25,000, Ceara, 20,000; 1o Grande | orta, do this may prime tal and brought forward under Ameri- leadershi Indeed, g5 Seesey, Haeiy Bt cantributiony et pest-war to the material ad- Vancement 5t mankinds wellbeing verywhere. e 5 Once again, we have illustrated here gfl&" in which these rapidly whirling e prospects have given opportunity on the one hand to new enterprises, new ad- ventures in the realms of industry and trade, and on the other have imperiled any whose facility for change is in the least bit halted or impaired. Premium for Resource. Here is one index of the rapidity of the new post-war tempo in industrial change: The number of applications to our Patent Office for new patents, designs and trademarks during 1920- 1929 exceeded 1,083,000, which was an increase of nearly 50 per cent over a similar span of years immediately preceding the war. The economic race these days is certainly placing a premium upon the swift, the alert, the resourceful. The universal difficulties of agricul- ture have been another outstanding feature of this post-war period. Here the farmer illustrates once more the perils of those who, unfortunately, are not able to readjust quickly, so as to capitalize new prospects. Automobiles pour”put of factories in a tidal wave of traffic-choking proportions; where- upon the number of horses in the United States decreases by some 7,500,000 during 1919-'29, with a con- sequent drastic shrinkage in the market for one of the main agricul- tural products, namely, hay. ‘The war-time acceleration of agri- cultural production was carried with an imposing momentum far into the post-war years. And soon there de- veloped in one agricultural field after another throughout the world the for- midable problem of non-marketable surpluses. In this fleld, as in =0 many others, post-war science seems to be comifig to the rescue in certain significant partic- . I have already referred to the prospect of material reduction in the cost of fertilizer. Equally striking de- velopments are evident in the transpor- tation of perishables—a major item in the perplexing problem of farm market- ing. ‘These post-war advances have ran, all the way from co-ordinated control of rolling stock, in the case of our Far Western fruit trade, to the use of airplanes to expand the market of continental vegetable and berry growers. Then, too, there came the greatly in- creased efficiency of steamship refriger- ation, permitting of long-distance trans- mission of perishables from the South- ern Hemisphere to the Northern, through the once impenetrable barriers of tropical heat. Akewise we have seen the adoption of new methods of freezing and chilling of meats, fruits and fish, thus greatly improving their salabllity and consequent market pros- pects. In general, then, a major character- istic of this post-war era which is likely to be singled out by historians of future generations is the unprecedented, wide- spreed application of research to the problems of industry and trade. As one fllustration, & group of a dozen large American companies in the chemical and metallurigical fields prob- ably will spend, according to unofficial estimates, not less than $25,000,000 for this purpose in 1930, One of the conmspicuous features of many of the international cartels or- ganized among European industries since the war has been the provision for the interchange of technical experts. For talent in this field Europe is today looking to America—a situation which was quite unthinkable only two short decades ago. Indeed, we are already beginning to collect substantial divi- dends upon the tens of millions of increased endowment which during the last few years have been poured into our technical and business schools. The estimated expenditures for all classes of education in the country have jumped by about a billion dollars, or more tha¥ 50 per cent, since the armi- stice. As a result, we increased the ratio of our college students per thousand of ?ggulanon from 81 in 1919 to 127 in 6. ‘With all of these bewildering changes in the economic field, it is only natural to expect an increasing insistence upon more prompt and more accurate statis- tical data, in order that the leaders in industry and trade might be informed as to what is going on. In no respect has the economic fabric of the world been more conspicuously strengthened than in this important factor of the precision of measurement of these mighty forces. It seems to be generally agreed that ir this field world leader- ship s now centered in the United States, which again marks a decided change from the situation a generation ago. Movement Toward Uniformity. Europe in her eagerness to analyze the post-war “rationalization” or scien- tific management of American industry soon discovered the large part played therein by timely and accurate statistics. ‘We have, therefore, seen an impressive and most gratifying movement toward world uniformity in this vital field. The international statistical agreements re- cently arrived at through the agency of the League of Nations are likely to be regarded in future years as one of the truly significant milestones in the prog- ress of reconstruction. Coupled with this has been the world-wide develop- ment of standardization of staple grades, typified in such moves as the progress made in the acceptance of uni- form grades in cotton, cereals and other raw materials. ‘The future economic 1istorian Is quite likely to refer to this period through which we have just passed as the era of associated effort. Of course, large scale industrial consolidation is not a new phenomenon: co-operatives and trade groupings of other sorts are by no means a post-war invention. But certainly a conspncuous feature of these recent years has been the spread of such collaborative efforts in all parts of the economic fleld. ‘We have mergers of all sorts in this country and a greatly speeded-up car- telization of European industries and trades. We have now some 13,000 trade associations and other types of non- official business promotive groups in the United States—which is sevéral times the number in existence just be- fore the war. Doubtless the war-time influence had something to do with the incentive to- ward such group effort, but certainly the post-war experience as to the value of collaborative attack upon all kinds of trade and industrial problems has for the first time given overwhelming, liter- ally world-wide, evidence of the utility of such co-operation. Lastly, we have the International Chamber of Com- merce, and scores of more specialized world business groupings among engi- neers, road bullders, financiers and others, to say nothing of the more for- mal aspect of the same development in the shape of the multiplying economic activities of the League of Nations. These broad trends explain more viv- idly than sheets of statistics or shelves of ponderous tomes the onward and up- ward trend of the business world dur- ing the eventful post-war years. Surely as we round out another decade the achievements of this trying period af- ford every inspiration to face the new year with courage and confident de- termination. Fiume Electricity Purchased by Serbs Business is business. Jugoslavs and and Italians periodically eat each other up for breakfast over political issues involving their countries. But the Eneo River, separating Fiume from Sussek, has momentarily put a halt to this state of affairs. Now comes the good news that na- tional sentiment could not hamper the realization of a business deal. Fiume pmuummymmflsuuek with 500,000 atts of electricity each year. The contrgct is valid for three years and Ji avs must pay 2 cents pez. kilowsth, {or. more lighty ic alterations of economic . D. C., JANUARY 5, 1930—PART TWO. ! aeer he began intelligently to discuss | Ten Years of the League (Continued From First Page.) assembled at Geneva with more nations represented than were gathered to- gether at either of the Hague confer- ences of 1899 and 1907. In each of these years, too, the Council of the League, consisting of 15 nations, has met at least every three months and sometimes oftener. In this brief pe- riod, too, & steady succession of inter- national bodies and committees has met under the auspices of the League, dealing with many kinds of human problems. Scale Widened Appreciably. In brief, the spasmodic employment before 1914 of the conference method of handling international interests has given way to a general acceptance of this new jechnique. What we did in 1787 in broadening and regularizing the scope of social contact in our own country is now being done on a far wider scale. Judged by the slow process of evolu- tion, 1914 is ages back. It is difficult to think of the world as it was then. “Let us imagine a business,” says Dr. Abraham Flexner, “with various de- partments whose heads do not for the most part confer until bankruptcy threatens. Very rarely would such eleventh-hour conference avert catas- trophe. Yet thus has the business of the world hitherto been mainly con- ducted. Each department—in this in- stance a nation—has been pursuing its own course, not only without regard fqr or conference with other departments (nations), but usually with the pur- pose of obtaining for itself some ad- vantage at some other department’s expense. Then, when the plight of the ‘world business has become lessly entangled, when interests have been created, pride wounded, passions arous- ed and force mobilized—then the de- partmental heads have been .hastily assempled, amid protestations of peace- ful id honorable intention, to bring about concerted action for the purpose of avoiding bankruptcy. Too late! The machinery of co-operation improvised in such a state of mlnd—nlfiol}‘ll and international—rarely functions. For the first time in history the na- tions have now established a central office where the departmental heads meet at regular intervals to discuss the firm's affairs. They sit around a table trying to envisage the problems that confront them all as members of a group rather than as individuals. To be sure, every departmental head is representative of his own department. It must be so; were it otherwise he would carry no weight at home. Things might have gone more smoothly if the firm had been organized to start a new business. But unfortunately the firm inherited a bankrupt and embittered business; every department was under necessity of getting on its feet and under circumstances which involved stepping on some one else’s toes, None the less, the organization was accom- plished. The League of Nations was formed. The responsible heads now meet regularly in the open. Such is the League of Nations—pri- marily a board of directors’ room, where the representatives of nations gather at, definite intervals to discuss problems and to take such steps as can be upon looking to amelioration, ad just- ment or solution. Visitors to Iceland Celebration to See Vast Progress Made in Last 25 Years (Continued From Third Page.) jthat in a few years will go to Burope via Hudson Strait. There are acrimonious debates be- tween those who want to introduce sane large scale manufacturing industry be- cause they consider it necessary for the ‘maintenance of & proper balance of ex- ports, and those who fear that the evils of industry—slums, distinct laboring classes, labor troubles—will destroy the peace and friendliness of their country. And there is much to be said for the contentions of these idealists. We Americans can furnish plenty of ex- amples to bear out the argument that when progress comes in the front door, peace and tranquillity slip out the back. But since progress, once begun, is likely to become & cumulative and almost ir- resistible force, the chances are that Iceland will some day have to develop her water power and join the ranks of industrial nations. In the meantime the power is being developed for local use—principally to furnish electricity to the cities and towns. And many a farmer has bought & generator, built himself a water wheel and installed his own power plant that supplies him with electric light and heat. eat. ‘The fishing industry is keeping pace with agriculture in modernization. Ice- landic trawlers, modern in every respect, and a fleet of motor boats, have to a large extent replaced the old open row- boats that called for hardy, fearless fishermen and yearly took their toll of lives through drowning and freezing. Airplanes, too, are being put to work for spotting shoals of herring. Indifferent to Discomfort. I have made a number of trips on trawlers of various nationalities, and I have never seen the equal of the Ice- landic fishermen. Their independence and skill is matched by a supreme in- difference to physical discomfort, their fearlessness amounts almost to reckless- ness. The calamity of a few years ago, when several of their boats were sunk in & storm between Greenland and Iceland, came as a distinct surprise. Up to that time they had put their trawlers through s0 many miracles that they considered them practically unsinkable, ‘The catching methods of the industry are as up to date in Iceland as any- where in the world, but the curing marketing methods still leave much to be desired. The catch is still cured in an age-hallowed way—by being spread in the sun to dry. The introduction of canneries, modern freezing, packing and marketing methods is a problem for the future, the solution of which not only promises higher prices for the nation's fish but should tend to shift the market from far-away Spain to nearby Eng- land. ‘Where will it all end? During 25 years of effective effort Iceland, with a total population equal to that of a minor American city, has pulled itself by its bootstraps to a high place among modern nations. Those who have a leaning toward statistical facts may ponder over the statement made be- fore—that no country in the world has as large a foreign trade per inhabitant. ‘They may be interested, too, in know- ing that Iceland stands tenth among nations in the number of telephones per inhabitant, being in this respect STOP DREAMING . STOP COVETING . STOP WORRYING STOP PLODDING . STOP HATING . . STOP WHINING . STOP AGING . . « + TRAYMOR BRIGHTON-A DENNIS-A GLASLYN-CHATHAM-A CHALFONTE-HADDON HALL-A-E (A—American Plan ahead of England, Holland, Belgium and France. And they may ponder the records of the publis heaith service and find that few civilized nations are as well off as Iceland with respect to the control of disease, especially that bur- den of the Western world, venereal dis- ease. A number of things are happening in the country, however, that show that progress as we know it is not an un- mixed blessing. With the introduction of exotic foods came the necessary in- troduction of dentists. The change in the country’s food habits in recent years has been so small as to be almost imperceptible, but the change in the country’s teeth has been enormous. Dr. Bjornson, Iceland’s health director, once told me that the only natives who have perfect teeth today are either very young children or old people who were reared on farms and spent much of their youth chewing hard, dried fish. Strikes Occur Regularly. ‘Twenty years ago labor trouble was unknown in Iceland and poverty was non-existent in so far as wealth was fairly evenly divided and everybody was poor. Today social classes are begin- ning to show themselves and strikes oc- cur with alarming regularity. Last Win- ter the most serious strike the country has yet seen tied up the fishing indus- try for weeks, and was ended only through the energetic work of Jonas Jonsson, the minister of justice, who, in accordance with a widespread polit- ical fashion of the day, has proceeded to make himself the “strong man” cf his country’s government. But tourists who plan to visit the country in search of the “quaint” need not be scared away by my arguments. They can still find plenty that is hal- lowed by age and the tradtion of cen- the problems of water-power develop- ment, but when he heard I was from New York he began to laugh. “That is | Where they build their buildings so high,” he said, “that the fire department can't squirt water to the tops.” And so I had my first, news of the famous Sherry-Netherland fire. It is this intelligence and active cu- riosity on the part of the population that lies behind the present reawaken- ing of Iceland and the amazing amount of work the country has done in the last quarter century. Fascist Birthday Fete Bathes Rome in Color Rome still maintains its reputation as the place after which “Roman candles” were named. The entire city was bathed in a flood of muiti-colored lights on the occasion of Fascism's seventh birthday, and the coincident betrothal of Crown Prince Humbert to Marie-Jose of Belgium, creating an| unforgettable spectacle. The most bril- liant sight of all was that provided by | the newly excavated Mercati Traianel, an ancient Roman office building, which was covered with & fi:lm while the medieval Torre del loomed above in & mass of red light. The Coliseum, most impressive of all Roman monuments, was covered with blazing white lights from dozens of flood lights, and_the comparatively new monument of Victor Emmanuel was outlined in living fire, furnished by thousands of torches, The front of the Pincian Hill, facing on Plazza del Popolo, was also lined with countless electric lights, while the monolith in the square, sur- mounted by the colorful tri-colored flag of Italy, was ingeniously illuminated by concealed lights. Late in the eve- ning fireworks were sent into the sky from the surrounding hills, giving the impression of a glant world’s fair, staged in the world’s most impressive setting. BumsteadsWormSynp “To children an aneel of mercy. FATE etnite ‘Scareity” and )3 . v Tost of SANTONIN. it contatne fail Stood sixty years' test. Sold or by mall, 50c a bottle. A Limited Time Offer! $50 Allowance If You Purchas turies. In 1927 I spent several nights in exactly the kind of living rooms that the farmers have used for centuries— small, dark, poorly ventilated and crowded, but made extremely livable Jjust the same through that spirit of friendliness and hospitality with which the Icelandic farmer receives wan- dering stranger. At one place I slept in the same room with 12 members of the family—the parents and 10 of their 15 children. ‘There were only four beds in the room and the only reason I had one to my- self was because the two boys who had d| been scheduled to sleep with me were chased into the haystack by their hos- pitable mother. The farm was miles from the nearest road—I had spent all day walking to it. It had no telephone and its mail was delivered twice a month by ony- back carava When my host heard T was an engi- STOP REGRETTING . 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